S., Sandhya D.
A icle
A concep ual amewo k o he wo k–li e balance o
police o ice s: a pos -COVID-19 pe spec i e
Cogen Business & Managemen
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A concep ual amewo k o he wo k–li e balance
o police office s: a pos -COVID-19 pe spec i e
Sandhya D. S.
To ci e his a icle: Sandhya D. S. (2024) A concep ual amewo k o he wo k–li e balance o
police office s: a pos -COVID-19 pe spec i e, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2304429,
DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2304429
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2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2304429
A concep ual amewo k o he wo k–li e balance o police o ice s:
a pos -COVID-19 pe spec i e
Sandhya D. S.
school o Business and Managemen , CHRis (Deemed o be uni e si y), Bengalu u, india
ABSTRACT
his s udy has unde aken a comp ehensi e e iew o li e a u e om 2019 o 2021,
encompassing wo k/li e balance e iew a icles o iden i y he esea ch gap in he
wo k/li e balance a ea. employing he PRiSMa amewo k o sys ema ic li e a u e
e iew, he s udy iden i ied p ospec i e a eas o u u e esea ch on wo k/li e
balance and a iables associa ed wi h wo k/li e balance in he police sec o . he
a icles published be ween 2013 and 2023 ela ing o he police o ce o e he pas
decade we e e iewed o ame a concep ual amewo k o he wo k/li e balance
o police o ice s. Fu he li e a u e e iew a es s ha he e is a esea ch gap in he
police sec o . he p ima y goal is o iden i y he a ea (wo k/li e balance in he
police sec o ) ha lacked esea ch and es ablish a concep ual amewo k add essing
he wo k/li e balance o police o ice s, e en in challenging si ua ions like cO iD-19.
he a icles ela ed o police om 2013 o 2023 we e sc u inised h ough he
PRiSMa amewo k o iden i y a iables necessa y o cons uc ing he concep ual
amewo k o police o ice s. his a icle, se in he pos -cO iD-19 e a, del es in o
he ac o s in luencing police o ice s’ capaci y o uphold a heal hy wo k–li e
balance. By pinpoin ing hose esea ch gaps, he a icle p oposes a concep ual
amewo k designed o help police o ice s balance hei p o essional and pe sonal
li es. Such a amewo k can aid o ganisa ions in o mula ing e ec i e s a egies o
employee well-being, acili a ing wo k–li e balance e en in challenging ci cums ances,
such as hose imposed by he cO iD-19 pandemic.
IMPACT STATEMENT
in es iga ing wo k/li e balance wi hin he police o ce holds subs an ial ad an ages
o he communi y and law en o cemen o ganisa ions. Fo emos , a police o ce ha
main ains equilib ium and men al well-being is be e equipped o sa egua d and
se e he public. his esea ch aims o pa e he way o o mula ing policies and
me hodologies ha s eng hen he wel a e o o ice s, esul ing in heigh ened le els
o public sa e y. when o ice s ha e ample ime o es and pe sonal li e, hey a e
mo e inclined o make a ional decisions, exhibi sound judgmen , and espond
e ec i ely o challenges like he cO iD-19 pandemic. Del ing in o his a ea o
esea ch sheds ligh on he in ica e challenges police o ice s ace as hey s i e o
ha monize hei pe sonal and p o essional li es, pinpoin ing a eas necessi a ing
addi ional suppo and esou ces. By add essing hese hu dles, police depa men s
can cul i a e a mo e a ou able wo k en i onmen , ul ima ely bene i ing he
communi y.
In oduc ion
O e he pas 50 yea s, changes in wo k, jobs, gende oles, and amilies ha e led o inc eased esea ch
on wo k/li e balance (Powell e al., 2019). F om 1970 o 1977, he ph ases ‘wo k/li e’, ‘ amily’, ‘wo k’, and
‘non-wo k’ gene a ed only 68 hi s. Howe e , in 2010, he e we e mo e han 5000 hi s (Powell e al.,
2019). longe wo king hou s demanded by companies o en esul in less ime o o he
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT sandhya D. s. sandhya.ds@ es.ch is uni e si y.in, [email protected] school o Business and Managemen , CHRis
(Deemed o be uni e si y), Bengalu u, india.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2304429
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 2 augus 2023
Re ised 8 Janua y 2024
accep ed 8 Janua y 2024
KEYWORDS
wo k/li e balance; police
o ice s; social suppo ;
esilience; job sa is ac ion
REVIEWING EDITOR
ansa abbas, Uni e si as
ai langga - Kampus B,
indonesia
SUBJECTS
wo k & O ganiza ional
Psychology; O ganiza ional
S udies; O ganiza ional
heo y & Beha io
2 SanDHYa D. S.
esponsibili ies in li e, depending on he o ganisa ion and ype o employmen . addi ionally, he pa -
icipa ion o bo h men and women in he wo k o ce has esul ed in less ime o o he esponsibili ies
in li e. adi ionally, men ocused on hei jobs as he ‘b eadwinne s’, while women ook ca e o he
house as he ‘homemake s’ (asiedu-appiah & Zoogah, 2019; Powell e al., 2019; wood & eagly, 2012).
Howe e , globalisa ion and libe alisa ion ha e enabled women o en e he wo k o ce and aise amily
incomes o le els compa able o hei male coun e pa s, allowing hem o balance wo k and li e.
Despi e his p og ess, women wi h p o essional and amily du ies s ill bea an unequal bu den, making
i challenging o manage bo h esponsibili ies and he imbalance o wo k and li e (lekchi i & e e sole,
2020). wi h dual ea ne s and he blending o gende oles b ough on by he same equali y, he amily
s uc u e has changed (Powell e al., 2019), lea ing less ime o managing pe sonal and amily
esponsibili ies.
he e ol ing amily s uc u e signi ican ly impac s bo h wo k and pe sonal li e, c ea ing a ipple e ec
in bo h a eas. as emo e wo k gains ac ion in he pos -pandemic e a, he ele ance o wo k–li e bal-
ance o police o ice s comes in o ques ion. Howe e , he answe is clea : yes, i is s ill essen ial. while
some employees may solely comple e o ice asks online om home, police o ice s ha e di e se espon-
sibili ies equi ing hei physical p esence. hese include in e oga ing suspec s, sol ing c imes, and
a ending p i a e mee ings. al hough he e may be some adminis a i e asks ha can be comple ed
emo ely, he blending o wo k and pe sonal li e occu s less equen ly in policing compa ed o o he
p o essions.
acco ding o Kyp ianides e al. (2021), he cO iD-19 pandemic has had a signi ican impac on
police p ac ices and men al heal h. Police o ice s mus ope a e mo e e ec i ely and p io i ise he
gene al public’s sa e y in he pos -pandemic e a (Kyp ianides e al., 2021). Howe e , he pandemic has
p esen ed challenges o police o ice s in e ec i ely managing hei p o essional du ies and pe sonal
esponsibili ies. Despi e hese challenges, police o ice s ha e con inued in es iga ing c imes and
adap ing o he new egula ions and acing di icul ies a wo k while in e ac ing wi h a signi ican
po ion o socie y. he cO iD-19 pandemic has also led o changes in go e nmen policies and guide-
lines, making i inc easingly di icul o police pe sonnel o do hei jobs. no ably, police o ice s ha e
been pa icula ly ulne able o he i us due o hei on -line wo k, which has o en esul ed in eel-
ings o sadness and anxie y (Kyp ianides e al., 2021). addi ionally, he pandemic has inc eased he
s ain on police o ice s and o he policing esou ces, making i c ucial o e alua e how police o ice s
manage hei p o essional and pe sonal li es. in his s udy, a concep ual amewo k is pu o h o
add ess police o ice s’ capaci y o manage p o essional and pe sonal obliga ions in he wake o he
pandemic, as i is c ucial o e alua e how police o ice s manage hei p o essional and pe sonal li es.
h ough he esea ch gap, his s udy examines he heo e ical unde pinnings o police o ice s’ wo k–
li e balance.
Re iew o li e a u e
Wo k/li e balance and Police
he ph ase ‘wo k/li e balance’ has been used in o dina y speech since 1986 (lockwood, 2003). wo k/
amily balance was once mo e equen ly u ilised han wo k/li e balance. he e m ‘balance’ is a com-
plex one in he english language and has se e al di e en meanings (gues , 2002). a ‘balance’ is a
e m ha e e s o a se o scales, a weighing ins umen , and he egula ing mechanism in a clock.
Balance occu s when he e is an ‘equal dis ibu ion o weigh o amoun ’ using scales (gues , 2002).
Fu he mo e, he kind o balance ha many people seek may include di e en weigh s o each side.
Howe e , i can also e e o he ‘s abili y o body and mind’, bo h physically and psychologically
(gues , 2002). a pe son employs wo k/li e balance o se aside speci ic ime o wo k and non-wo k-
ela ed ac i i ies. homas Kallia h, a p o esso and esea che in wo k– amily con lic and en ichmen
and wo k engagemen , s a ed ha ac ions ca ied ou in bo h wo k and non-wo k domains a e
included in wo k/li e balance (Kallia h & B ough, 2008). he concep o wo k–li e balance oday encom-
passes bo h wo k- ela ed and non-wo k- ela ed ac i i ies (lockwood, 2003). he compe ing esponsi-
bili ies ha oday’s wo k o ce mus manage—wo k, kids, housewo k, olun ee ing, and aking ca e o
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 3
aging pa en s and spouses—pu s ess on indi iduals, amilies, and he communi ies in which hey
eside, making i di icul o balance wo k and li e (Dhas, 2015). his challenge is u he in ensi ied by
he escala ion in emale labou o ce pa icipa ion, he ise in single-pa en households, and he p e -
alence o dual-ea ne amilies, all o which con ibu e o he g owing complexi y o managing mul iple
esponsibili ies (Dhas, 2015).
i is essen ial o unde s and he wo k/li e balance o he police o ce who a e esponsible o
sa egua ding he na ion. Policing, cha ac e ised by i s in ol emen wi h cases o abused women and
child en, human su e ing, and he necessi y o sudden decisions wi h po en ial li e-o -dea h con-
sequences, is commonly pe cei ed as mo e s ess ul han many o he occupa ions ( iegas &
Hen iques, 2020). i also includes educing c imes ha a ec people and p ope y, p o iding eme -
gency se ices, and in es iga ing c imes o ga he e idence. Because o hei ci cums ances a wo k,
police o ice s expe ience s ess. O ice s mus ecall e e y ac ion aken in hei p esence and epo
i in he o ma speci ied (gu shall e al., 2017). he job is ega ded as one o he mos s ess ul due
o he i egula long hou s and he na u e o hei wo k, ad e sely a ec ing police o ice s’ men al
and physical heal h (ay ac, 2015). Du ing cO iD-19, he day- o-day esponsibili ies o police o ice s
changed due o a dec ease in he and bu gla y cases and an inc ease in domes ic iolence and
child abuse cases due o he pandemic (Mohle e al., 2020). Due o he na u e o hei jobs, hey
a e expec ed o wo k and emain calm in all ci cums ances, e en when hei li es a e a isk (gu shall
e al., 2017).
Fu he mo e, hey con end wi h an inc easing demand s emming om public occu ences such as
e o is a acks, poli ical e en s, c iminal ac i i ies, and inciden s like he cO iD-19 pandemic. Police
o ice s’ wo king condi ions ha m hei wo king memo y and cogni i e pe o mance (gu shall e al.,
2017). in addi ion, s ess symp oms, s ess sou ces, and ange a e ela ed o each o he , a ec ing hei
men al heal h al oge he . as a esul o highe s ess le els, he e a e mo e physical and psychological
issues among police o ice s (ay ac, 2015). anyhow, i has been seen ha wo ke s wi h a s ong wo k/
li e balance ha e ewe men al heal h p oblems and ewe un a ou able a i udes owa ds men al
heal h p oblems. he e o e, men al heal h p oblems and a i udes a e associa ed wi h wo k/li e bal-
ance (Ko e a e al., 2019). in o de o achie e a wo k–li e balance whe e heal h is alued equally by a
amily (g agnano e al., 2020), i is c ucial o o ganisa ions, including police depa men s, o ocus on
he well-being o hei wo k o ce. o be mo e p ecise, when coping wi h e e yday s esso s, g a e ul
people ha e an op imis ic pe spec i e owa d hemsel es and help elie e he ad e se e ec s o
s esso s, which inc eases esilience and aises le els o well-being (Kong e al., 2020). Suppo om
amily, iends, o ganisa ions, supe iso s, and co-wo ke s is necessa y o build esilience among
employees o educe s ess le els (Bahadı Yılmaz, 2017), wi h educed wo k hou s and hi ing mo e
wo k o ce.
he police p o ession has a e y high le el o occupa ional s ess ha nega i ely impac s bo h
sphe es ( iegas & Hen iques, 2020). Unce ain wo kplace condi ions such as isola ion, which
in ol es wo king alone, expe iencing o ganisa ional isola ion, and eeling unlo ed and unca ed
o , impac he well-being and job o police o ice s (Riccia delli, 2018). Occupa ional s ess ha ms
job sa is ac ion and employee pe o mance (nisa & Rasheed, 2019). he condi ions men ioned
abo e a e ela ed o he wo k/li e balance concep (gues , 2002), which s a es ha indi iduals’
wo k and home cul u es also de e mine he balance be ween hei wo k and pe sonal li es. he
high le els o s ess ha come wi h being a police o ice a ec bo h wo k and pe sonal li e
( iegas & Hen iques, 2020). wo k and amily a e conside ed a pe son’s wo p ima y sphe es o
exis ence. Police o ice s expe ience high s ess le els and a ious unpleasan scena ios a wo k,
educing job sa is ac ion ( iegas & Hen iques, 2020). like nega i e wo k ea u es, low le els o
posi i e wo k aspec s, and wo k suppo , which a e also associa ed wi h highe le els o dep es-
sion and s ess (nelson & Smi h, 2016), suppo o wo k/li e balance s a egies wi hin o ganisa-
ions lessen he ad e se e ec s o wo k on employees (Poulose & Dhal, 2020). enhancing wo k/li e
quali y in o ganisa ions suppo s employee p oduc i i y, skill deploymen , and wo k/li e balance
(Bhende e al., 2020). he bes wo k/li e balance p ac ices and wo k/li e balance p og ams equi e
a ou able in e pe sonal and o ganisa ional suppo among manage s, supe iso s, and co-wo ke s
4 SanDHYa D. S.
(Olumuyiwa Oludayo & Ojo Omonijo, 2020), as his imp o es he quali y o wo k and li e. Since
wo k/li e quali y a ec s wo k/li e balance, suppo om he company, manage , co-wo ke s, iends,
and amily can help o imp o e i . acco ding o eisenbe ge e al. (1986), a enowned esea che
and p o esso in employee–o ganisa ion in e ac ions, employee engagemen , and inno a ion,
men ioned o ganisa ional suppo is c ucial since i shows ha he company alues and ca es o
i s employees. an o ganisa ion mus p o ide employees wi h wo k/li e balance policies and imple-
men coping s a egies o minimise men al heal h conce ns o achie e good company and
employee pe o mance and imp o e employee and company pe o mance (wi adendi wolo e al.,
2020). Police o ice s ha e also esponded o he cO iD-19 pandemic by sa egua ding he public
om dange , handling ci il un es , looking in o c imes, and add essing he challenges o mee ing
he g owing demands e en in scena ios like cO iD-19 ( eh ani, 2022). in con as o mos p e i-
ous signi ican e en s, cO iD-19 has emained a se e e public heal h eme gency o an ex ended
ime, making he si ua ion much mo e challenging due o his pandemic ( eh ani, 2022). all hese
job- ela ed si ua ions and condi ions impac police o ice s’ wo k–li e balance and men al and
physical heal h.
all he e en s men ioned abo e, ci cums ances, and condi ions in luence indi iduals’ p o essional and
pe sonal aspec s (S aines, 1980). a posi i e wo k en i onmen con ibu es o con en men in one’s pe -
sonal li e, he eby es ablishing a pa allel be ween e en s in he wo k and amily domains (S aines, 1980).
enhancing job sa is ac ion and cul i a ing esilience is c ucial o he abo e easons, as i enhances indi-
iduals’ capaci y o cope wi h he inhe en s esso s associa ed wi h policing oles and wo king condi-
ions (Heske h e al., 2019). he e o e, i has become essen ial o examine he wo k/li e balance o police
o ice s. his a icle aims o iden i y he esea ch gap in he wo k/li e balance a ea and de elop a con-
cep ual amewo k o police o ice s.
Objec i e
he a icle aims o iden i y he esea ch gap in he a ea o wo k/li e balance h ough e iew a icles.
he esea ch gap in wo k/li e balance can be seen in wo a icles. Rashmi and Ka a ia (2021) men-
ioned he esea ch gap wi hin any sec o ela ed o con ex ual (si ua ional), psychological, and
o ganisa ional ac o s in wo k/li e balance in de eloped and de eloping economies. hilaga a hy
and gee ha (2020) ound a sec o -wise esea ch gap; he police sec o is one o hem in de eloped
and de eloping coun ies. hen, his a icle aims o de elop a concep ual amewo k o police o i-
ce s o balance wo k and li e e en in challenging ci cums ances, such as hose imposed by he
cO iD-19 pandemic.
Resea ch gap
ex ensi e esea ch has been conduc ed on wo k–li e balance ac oss a ious indus ies. no ably, mos
o his esea ch has ocused on he se ice sec o , while wo k/li e balance needs o be s udied mo e
in he police sec o ( hilaga a hy & gee ha, 2020). Rashmi and Ka a ia (2021) men ioned he need
o examine how con ex ual (si ua ional) ac o s, psychological ac o s, and o ganisa ional cul u e
a ec wo k/li e balance in de eloped and de eloping economies. F om he abo e wo pape s, i is
unde s ood ha he e is a need o s udy wo k/li e balance in he police sec o conside ing con ex-
ual ( amily and iends suppo ), psychological esou ces ( esilience), and o ganisa ional cul u e
(supe iso , co-wo ke , and o ganisa ional suppo ) (Rashmi & Ka a ia, 2021; hilaga a hy & gee ha,
2020). Mo eo e , in hei sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, Singh e al. (2022) disco e ed only one esea ch
a icle add essing wo k/ amily con lic wi hin he con ex o police. addi ionally, he sys ema ic li -
e a u e e iew ollowing he PRiSMa amewo k on he police sec o o aming he concep ual
model ga e poin s ha he e is a lack o esea ch in he police sec o in he domain o wo k/li e
balance.
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 5
he exis ence o a esea ch gap wi hin he police sec o is pe cep ible, by he a o emen ioned
esea che s, and he sys ema ic li e a u e e iew e eal he exis ing esea ch gap o be add essed.
Rega ding he a iables in he s udy, he combined (social suppo ) and single e ec o he supe iso ,
co-wo ke , amily, and iends, and o ganisa ional suppo can be s udied as he e is a esea ch gap
(Rashmi & Ka a ia, 2021; hilaga a hy & gee ha, 2020) and also a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew ound
ha hese a iables a e no used in he con ex o wo k/li e balance in police o ice s. a hema ic
analysis o police li e a u e spanning om 2013 o 2023 e eals a ecu ing ocus on he impo ance
o esilience in enhancing he o e all well-being o he police wo k o ce (Heske h e al., 2015).
addi ionally, he li e a u e consis en ly unde sco es job sa is ac ion as a pi o al ac o in luencing
police o ice s in execu ing hei du ies (Paoline & gau, 2019). also, he li e a u e e iew ound ha
esea ch needs o be done conside ing social suppo , job sa is ac ion, and esilience ela ing o he
wo k/li e balance o police o ice s.
Me hodology
his esea ch a icle aims o iden i y he esea ch gap in wo k/li e balance. he sea ch was con-
duc ed h ough a da abase p o ided by he Uni e si y, which has access o da abases like Sage,
aylo and F ancis, and Sp inge . Sea ch e ms such as ‘wo k-li e Balance’ and ‘Balancing wo k-li e’
we e used o ind a icles published be ween 2019 and 2021. a o al o 121 a icles ela ed o he
sea ch e ms we e ound. he sea ch esul s we e il e ed using he jou nal op ion and n = 65 a icles
we e accessible in ull ex . he sea ch was hen e ined o ocus on e iew a icles. h ough
Mendeley and inclusion and exclusion c i e ia, a icles we e sc eened o duplica ion and ele ancy.
N = 2 e iew a icles we e iden i ied o de eloping he concep ual model and inding he
esea ch gap.
Schola ly esea ch a icles ela ed o police we e iden i ied using he sea ch e ms ‘Police’, ‘Police-o ice s’,
and ‘Policing’ o he pe iod be ween 2013 and 2023 o ame he concep ual amewo k. a o al o
n = 254 a icles we e ound. he sea ch esul s we e il e ed using he jou nal op ion, and n = 84 a icles
we e accessible in ull ex . h ough inclusion and exclusion c i e ia, selec ed esea ch a icles we e
sc eened o duplica ion and he ele ance in Mendeley. N = 44 a icles we e selec ed o iden i y he
a iables ela ed o police o ice s’ wo k and li e. O hese, nine a icles speci ically add essed keywo ds
like ‘wo k’, ‘li e’, ‘wo k/li e’, and ‘wo k/ amily’.
hese nine a icles highligh ed a iables such as well-being, emo ional in elligence, o ganiza ional
suppo , esilience, wo k/li e balance, s ess, gende , job s ess, job sa is ac ion, s ess, and u no e
in en ions. in hese a iables, job sa is ac ion appea ed mos equen ly in 22 a icles, esilience in
10 a icles, and wo k/li e balance and emo ional in elligence in only one a icle among he selec ed
n = 44 a icles. he li e a u e e iew iden i ied a need o s udy wo k/li e balance in he police sec o .
Fo hema ic analysis, n = 24 a icles we e selec ed using he a iables iden i ied h ough he key-
wo ds ‘wo k’, ‘li e’, ‘wo k/li e’, and ‘wo k/ amily’. i is ound ha he key o main aining and enhancing
he well-being o he police wo k o ce is inc easing hei esilience (Heske h e al., 2015), and one
o he c i ical elemen s o police o ice s o ha e a good li e is job sa is ac ion (lambe e al.,
2016). also, job sa is ac ion is pi o al in in luencing police o ice s o execu e hei du ies (Paoline &
gau, 2019). N = 24 a icles a e selec ed o ame he concep ual amewo k h ough hema ic analysis
( ables 1 and 2; Figu es 1 and 2).
Table 1. inclusion and exclusion pa ame e s o iden i ying he esea ch gap.
inclusion c i e ion exclusion c i e ion
• a icles om business and managemen , psychology and social
sciences subjec s we e included.
• a icles om he subjec s which a e no in he inclusion
c i e ion.
• Re iew pape s • empi ical pape s
• Pape s published in english language • Books, disse a ions, book e iews and con e ence p oceedings
• Pape s published o he han in english language
sou ce: singh e al. (2022) and au ho ’s wo k.
6 SanDHYa D. S.
A heo e ical basis o he de elopmen o he concep ual amewo k
he spillo e and conse a ion o esou ce heo ies a e conside ed as he heo e ical ounda ion o he
cu en s udy. he "conse a ion o Resou ces" (cOR) heo y is in oduced in 1989 by au ho and
esea che S e en e. Hob oll in s ess, anxie y, and esilience. in Hob oll’s (1989) opinion, he p ima y
mo i a ion o indi iduals is accumula ing, p ese ing, and de eloping hei esou ces o sa egua d hei
well-being and he social ies holding hem oge he . Such an idea o e s a amewo k o p ese ing he
esou ces equi ed o pe o ming app op ia e beha iou s. acco ding o cOR heo y, esou ces a e c ucial
in s ess ul si ua ions ha help indi iduals cope wi h s ess. hese esou ces include objec s (a house and
a ca ), pe sonal cha ac e is ics (sel -es eem, appea ance), condi ions (a happy ma iage and social
Figu e 1. PRisMa low cha o iden i ica ion o esea ch gap on wo k/li e balance.
sou ce: Mohe e al. (2009) and au ho ’s wo k.
Table 2. inclusion and exclusion pa ame e s o iden i ying he a iables o concep ual amewo k.
inclusion C i e ion exclusion c i e ion
• a icles om business and managemen , psychology and social
sciences subjec s we e included.
• a icles om he subjec s which a e no in he inclusion
c i e ion.
• Resea ch pape s • Pape s published o he han in english language
• only pape s published in english language • Books, disse a ions, book e iews and con e ence p oceedings
• in accessible a icles o iden i y he a iables o concep ual
amewo k keywo ds like “Wo k”, “Li e”, “Wo k/li e” and “Wo k/
amily” we e used.
• Re iew pape s
sou ce: singh e al. (2022) and au ho ’s wo k.
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 7
suppo ), as well as ene gies (knowledge, money, and ime) ha indi iduals alue and ha enable hem
o mee demands mo e quickly han hey could wi hou hem (Hob oll, 1989). as pe he heo e ical
eadings, esilience becomes one o he pe sonal cha ac e is ics. Mo eo e , looking a S aines’s (1980)
spillo e heo y, he epe cussions o wo k e lec a home. indi iduals who a e con en a wo k a e yp-
ically con en a home. Simila ly, dissa is ac ion a wo k migh esul in a s ained ela ionship wi h amily
membe s.
Concep ual amewo k
Saunde s e al. (2007) s a e ha "a concep ual amewo k p esen s he esea che ’s pe spec i e on he
concep in ol ed in he esea ch and ela ionship be ween he concep s." he e alua ion o he li e a-
u e esul s in he concep ual amewo k, which se es as a guide o he esea ch (abdullah al Mamun
& nazmul Hasan, 2017). he elemen s o a iables o his concep ual amewo k we e d awn om a
li e a u e e iew and a esea ch gap abou wo k–li e balance. gues (2002), in his model, men ioned
cul u e a wo k and home e ec (social suppo being one o he de e minan s), an indi idual’s wo k/
li e balance, and also, acco ding o Hob oll’s (1989) conse a ion o esou ces heo y. e e y indi idual’s
a emp o ha e a wo k/li e balance (dependen a iable) achie ing equilib ium be ween p o essional
and pe sonal li e using esou ces, ha is, condi ions like social suppo (independen a iables), pe -
sonal cha ac e is ics like esilience (Hob oll, 1989) (a media ing a iable), o main ain wo k–li e balance
Figu e 2. PRisMa low cha o iden i ying he a iables o concep ual amewo k o police o ice s.
sou ce: Mohe e al. (2009) and au ho ’s wo k.
14 SanDHYa D. S.
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Appendix
sl. no Ques ions s ongly disag ee Disag ee neu al ag ee s ongly ag ee
Wo k/li e balance 1 2 3 4 5
1My pe sonal li e does no su e because o
wo k.
2My job does no make my pe sonal li e
di icul .
3i do no neglec pe sonal needs because o
wo k.
4i do no pu pe sonal li e on hold o wo k.
5i do no miss pe sonal ac i i ies because o
wo k.
6i do no s uggle o juggle wo k and non-wo k.
7i am happy wi h he amoun o ime o
non-wo k ac i i ies.
8My pe sonal li e does no d ains me o ene gy
o wo k.
9i am no oo i ed o be e ec i e a wo k.
10 My wo k does no su e because o my
pe sonal li e.
11 i is no ha d o wo k because o pe sonal
ma e s.
12 My pe sonal li e gi es me ene gy o my job.
13 My job gi es me ene gy o pu sue pe sonal
ac i i ies.
14 i ha e be e mood a wo k because o
pe sonal li e.
15 i ha e be e mood because o my job.
Resilience 1 2 3 4 5
16 i end o bounce back quickly a e ha d imes.
17 i ha e a ha d ime making i h ough s ess ul
e en s*.
18 i does no ake me long o eco e om a
s ess ul e en .
19 i is ha d o me o snap back when some hing
bad happens*.
18 SanDHYa D. S.
sl. no Ques ions s ongly disag ee Disag ee neu al ag ee s ongly ag ee
20 i usually come h ough di icul imes wi h li le
ouble.
21 i end o ake a long ime o ge o e se -backs
in my li e*.
*i ems a e e e sed.
sl. no. Ques ions
s ongly
disag ee Disag ee
sligh ly
disag ee
nei he ag ee
o disag ee
sligh ly
ag ee ag ee
s ongly
ag ee
Job sa is ac ion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
22 all in all, i am sa is ied
wi h he wo k o my
job.
23 all in all, i am sa is ied
wi h my co-wo ke s.
24 all in all, i am sa is ied
wi h he supe ision.
25 all in all, i am sa is ied
wi h my pay ( o al
wages and ips).
26 all in all, i am sa is ied
wi h he p omo ional
oppo uni ies.
emo ional in elligence
27 i ha e a good sense o
why i ha e ce ain
eelings mos o he
ime.
28 i ha e good
unde s anding o my
own emo ions.
29 i eally unde s and wha i
eel.
30 i always know whe he o
no i am happy.
31 i always know my iends’
emo ions om hei
beha iou .
32 i am a good obse e o
o he s’ emo ions.
33 i am sensi i e o he
eelings and emo ions
o o he s.
34 i ha e good
unde s anding o he
emo ions o people
a ound me.
35 i always se goals o
mysel and hen y
my bes o achie e
hem.
36 i always ell mysel i am a
compe en pe son.
37 i am a sel -mo i a ed
pe son.
38 i would always encou age
mysel o y my bes .
39 i am able o con ol my
empe and handle
di icul ies a ionally.
40 i am qui e capable o
con olling my own
emo ions.
41 i can always calm down
quickly when i am e y
ang y.
42 i ha e good con ol o my
own emo ions.
sL.no Ques ions
s ongly
ag ee ag ee Disag ee
s ongly
disag ee
social suppo 1 2 3 4
Family and F iends
suppo
43 i ha e he suppo i need
om my amily and
iends when i ha e a
pe sonal p oblem.
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 19
sl. no. Ques ions
s ongly
disag ee Disag ee
sligh ly
disag ee
nei he ag ee
o disag ee
sligh ly
ag ee ag ee
s ongly
ag ee
44 i ha e he inancial
suppo i need om
my amily when i ha e
a inancial p oblem.
supe iso suppo
45 My supe iso o manage
is esponsi e o my
needs when i ha e
amily o pe sonal
business o ake ca e
o – o example,
medical appoin men s,
mee ing wi h child’s
eache , e c.
46 My supe iso o manage
is unde s anding when
i alk abou pe sonal
o amily issues ha
a ec my wo k.
47 i eel com o able
b inging up pe sonal
o amily issues wi h
my supe iso o
manage .
48 My supe iso o manage
eally ca es abou he
e ec s ha wo k
demands ha e on my
pe sonal and amily li e
Co-wo ke suppo
49 i ha e he suppo om
cowo ke s ha i need
o do a good job.
50 i eel i am eally a pa o
he g oup o people i
wo k wi h.
51 i ha e suppo om
cowo ke s ha helps
me o manage my
wo k and pe sonal o
amily li e.
o ganisa ional suppo
52 a my place o
employmen ,
employees ha e o
choose be ween
ad ancing in hei jobs
o de o ing a en ion
o hei amily o
pe sonal li es
