No , Mohamed Ib ahim; Moge, Abdulkadi Mohamed
A icle
Examining he c i ical success ac o s o clima e-inclusi e
inancing o du able solu ions in con lic -a ec ed Baidoa
ci y, Somalia
Cogen Business & Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: No , Mohamed Ib ahim; Moge, Abdulkadi Mohamed (2024) : Examining he
c i ical success ac o s o clima e-inclusi e inancing o du able solu ions in con lic -a ec ed Baidoa
ci y, Somalia, Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo & F ancis, Abingdon, Vol. 11,
Iss. 1, pp. 1-26,
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Examining he c i ical success ac o s o clima e-
inclusi e financing o du able solu ions in
conflic -affec ed Baidoa ci y, Somalia
Mohamed Ib ahim No & Abdulkadi Mohamed Moge
To ci e his a icle: Mohamed Ib ahim No & Abdulkadi Mohamed Moge (2024) Examining
he c i ical success ac o s o clima e-inclusi e financing o du able solu ions in conflic -
affec ed Baidoa ci y, Somalia, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1, 2398714, DOI:
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2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2398714
Examining he c i ical success ac o s o clima e-inclusi e inancing
o du able solu ions in con lic -a ec ed Baidoa ci y, Somalia
Mohamed ib ahim no a and abdulkadi Mohamed Mogeb
aFacul y o Managemen sciences, siMaD uni e si y, Mogadishu, somalia; bins i u e o a ica P ospe i y, Baidoa, somalia
ABSTRACT
his s udy explo es he c i ical ac o s o clima e-inclusi e inancing o du able solu ions
o o cibly displaced pe sons (DSFS) in Baidoa, Somalia, ocusing on he in e play
be ween inancial au onomy, go e nance, and spa ial dynamics. U ilizing mul iple
eg ession analysis, he esea ch in eg a es a ious p edic o s in o a cohesi e model,
based on su ey da a om 66 expe s in ci y go e nance, inancial au onomy, and
spa ial ac o s. he s udy inds ha limi ed inancial independence (Fica) hinde s DSFS
success, while p oac i e ci y-le el in e en ions posi i ely in luence ou comes. in e ac ion
e ec s show ha Fica combined wi h o he ac o s can enhance in e en ion success.
he spa ial dis ibu ion o o cibly displaced pe sons (FDPs) nega i ely impac s policy
implemen a ion. enhancing ci y au ho i ies’ inancial au onomy could imp o e DSFS
success. Policymake s should a ge s a egic in e en ions ha add ess FDP needs,
conside u ban spa ial challenges, and inco po a e clima e-inclusi e inancing models.
his s udy o e s no el insigh s in o he oles o inancial au onomy and spa ial dynamics
in DSFS, con ibu ing o u ban planning and go e nance in agile con ex s. he
esea ch adds o he li e a u e on u ban displacemen , go e nance, and clima e inance,
highligh ing he key ac o s in luencing DSFS.
In oduc ion
Somalia, a na ion ha has endu ed decades o con lic and ins abili y, is a a c i ical junc u e in he
pu sui o du able solu ions o peace and de elopmen (no & Mas on, 2018, 2019). he p esence o
con lic , iolence, insecu i y, and signi ican na u al disas e s in Somalia has esul ed in a popula ion o
o e 2.9 million in e nally displaced pe sons (iDPs). consequen ly, add essing he a ious challenges asso-
cia ed wi h displacemen is o u mos impo ance in o de o iden i y sus ainable solu ions o p olonged
displacemen and a o d millions o displaced indi iduals he oppo uni y o achie e sel -su iciency and
main ain hei digni y (Mumin e al., 2022). acco ding o a s udy conduc ed by wa same e al. (2021),
Somalia has a signi ican suscep ibili y o clima ic shocks. he ecu ing d ough s o 2016/2017 and
2017/2018 had a de imen al impac on he popula ion esiding in he Sou hwes S a e o Somalia,
esul ing in he displacemen o many communi ies om u al a eas o u ban and semi-u ban se ings.
Owing o consecu i e episodes o inadequa e and unsuccess ul p ecipi a ion in he a ea, communi ies
engaged in pas o al and ag o-pas o al ac i i ies ha e been compelled o abandon hei o iginal habi a s
and mig a e o u ban cen e s in pu sui o i al ameni ies (Osman, 2021). Fu he mo e, displaced indi id-
uals a e compelled o s ay inside u ban cen e s ha o e a somewha highe le el o p o ec ion. his is
mos ly because o he pe sis en p esence o insecu i y, h ea s, and p essu e exe ed by non-s a e-a med
playe s.
acco ding o Baidoa ci y Mayo (wa iin, 2020), he subs an ial inc ease in he numbe o o cibly dis-
placed pe sons (FDPs) in Baidoa in ecen yea s has played a key ole in he expansion o u ban a eas.
Mayo asse ed ha he expansion o he buil -up a ea has been accompanied by a signi ican inc ease
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Mohamed ib ahim no Facul y o Managemen sciences, siMaD uni e si y, Mogadishu 252, somalia
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2398714
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 12 Feb ua y
2024
Re ised 22 augus 2024
accep ed 26 augus 2024
KEYWORDS
Fo cibly displaced
pe sons; inancial
independence; ci y
au ho i y; u ban
planning; spa ial
dis ibu ion
SUBJECTS
Finance; Poli ical
economy; en i onmen al
economics
2 M. i. nOR anD a. M. MOge
in he ci y’s densi y. his can be a ibu ed o he compac na u e o FDP communi ies, which a e dis-
pe sed ac oss bo h he ci y cen e and i s su ounding a eas. acco ding o he Mayo and iDP
commissione , ac o s such as a signi ican dis ance o a el on oo , he p esence o makeshi shel e s,
insu icien ligh ing, and p oximi y o a med indi iduals can po en ially con ibu e o ins ances o
gende -based iolence among ulne able popula ions. acco ding o Somalia (2020), a signi ican p opo -
ion o FDP g oups mos ly eside in communi ies si ua ed on p i a ely o publicly owned land, ende ing
hem suscep ible o he cons an isk o displacemen , which may be ini ia ed by ei he p i a e landown-
e s o go e nmen al en i ies. i is highly p obable ha he u u e u ban landscape will encompass a
combina ion o neighbo hood ex ensions and in ills wi hin p e-exis ing a eas. Bo h o ms o g ow h will
mani es in p e-exis ing communi ies ha possess es ablished alues, aspi a ions, mo i es, li es yles, and
sel -pe cep ions (Un-Habi a , 2020).
i is an icipa ed ha he e will be a con inued end o mig a ion in o me opoli an a eas on a
global scale, bu a a educed a e ( an Heelsum, 2016). in ligh o ecen clima e shocks, i is an ic-
ipa ed ha Baidoa will unde go mo e mig a ion. as a esul , i is an icipa ed ha he u ban popu-
la ion will each a o al o wo million indi iduals, and he cu en mig a o y end will con inue o e
he cou se o se e al yea s. Baidoa is an icipa ed o eme ge as a p ominen egional cen e o
se ice deli e y and a key na ional supply chain ac oss se e al indus ies, along wi h he g ow h in
land demand and in as uc u e needs. his de elopmen encompasses he expansion o he eal
es a e and p ope y sec o s. o add ess he needs o he popula ion adequa ely, i is impe a i e o
conside he necessa y social in as uc u e. addi ionally, i is c ucial o de e mine he op imal place-
men and scale o acili ies and se ices, as emphasized by he mayo . addi ionally, i is plausible
ha he ci y may equi e a dis inc o m o social in as uc u e in he u u e compa ed o i s cu en
s a e, hus p esen ing an addi ional obs acle. he e o e, in con empo a y imes, i is impe a i e o
s a egize he de elopmen o social in as uc u e ha possesses cha ac e is ics such as lexibili y,
mul ipu pose unc ionali y, adap abili y, inclusi i y o di e se g oups, and in eg a ion wi h ac i i y
hubs and ansi ne wo ks. addi ionally, i is c ucial o gua an ee uni e sal accessibili y o his
in as uc u e.
clima e-inclusi e inancing ep esen s a ans o ma i e app oach o esou ce alloca ion ha in eg a es
clima e change conside a ions in o economic planning and in es men decisions, ensu ing ha inancial
mechanisms no only add ess immedia e economic needs bu also con ibu e o long- e m clima e esil-
ience, mi iga ion, and adap a ion e o s. his app oach p io i izes in es men s in sus ainable in as uc-
u e, enewable ene gy, and clima e- esilien p ojec s while ensu ing ulne able communi ies ha e access
o necessa y inancial esou ces (Pauw e al., 2016). By inco po a ing clima e isks and oppo uni ies in o
inancial decision-making, clima e-inclusi e inancing p omo es sus ainable de elopmen and enhances
he capaci y o communi ies and ecosys ems o wi hs and clima e impac s (Micale e al., 2018).
Fu he mo e, he collabo a ion be ween public and p i a e sec o s in mobilizing clima e inance, along-
side anspa en and accoun able alloca ion p ocesses, is c ucial o achie ing global clima e goals
(Buchne e al., 2014; no & Mohamed, 2024). his comp ehensi e s a egy aligns economic g ow h wi h
en i onmen al sus ainabili y, making i a c i ical componen o con empo a y inancial and en i onmen-
al policy amewo ks.
Based on he e i ied iDP Si es epo o July 2022, Baidoa accommoda es 498 in e nally displaced
pe sons (iDP) si es, comp ising 89,476 households ha ha e been displaced, encompassing a popula ion
o 59,693 indi iduals. able 1 illus a es he signi ican g ow h in FDP si es om 2016 ollowing an expo-
nen ial pa e n. Due o a signi ican inc ease in he numbe o households displaced and eloca ing o
Baidoa, he e was a wo old ise in he numbe o FDP (Fo cibly Displaced Pe sons) si es in 2017.
addi ionally, he popula ion o FDPs expe ienced a i e old su ge, escala ing om 5,600 households o
25,800 households. in 2018, he numbe o homes classi ied as FDP doubled, amoun ing o 44,995
(app oxima ely 286,778). Since hen, he e has been a no able inc ease in he numbe o FDP loca ions,
homes, and indi iduals, wi h an a e age annual g ow h a e o 15%, excluding he yea 2022. he FDP
household and indi idual da a showed a signi ican inc ease in 2022. in 2022, he e was a no able
decline in he 74 in e nally displaced pe sons (iDP) si es. Howe e , in he same yea , he e was a signi -
ican inc ease o 30% in he numbe o amilies, and a co esponding inc ease o 26% in he numbe o
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 3
indi iduals a ec ed by displacemen . he decline in FDP si es can be linked o echnical easons, po en-
ially s emming om he equi emen o ce ain si es o ul ill he equi emen s o being classi ied as
FDP si es. acco ding o ecen da a p o ided by he Sou hwes S a e commission o Re ugees and
in e nally Displaced Pe sons (iDPs), 82 addi ional si es o o cibly displaced pe sons (FDPs) we e buil
in 2022.
he p essing need o in es iga e du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons in Somalia is
unde pinned by heo e ical amewo ks ha emphasize he in e play be ween con lic , en i onmen-
al deg ada ion, and socio-economic ins abili y. heo ies o o ced mig a ion and de elopmen eco-
nomics p o ide a c i ical lens h ough which he ch onic issues acing displaced communi ies can
be sc u inized. hese amewo ks help in unde s anding he cyclical na u e o displacemen d i en
by pe sis en con lic and clima ic shocks, e ealing he complex dynamics ha in luence mig a ion
pa e ns and he o ma ion o displaced communi ies. his explo a ion is essen ial no only o con-
s uc ing e ec i e policy esponses bu also o os e ing sus ainable de elopmen s a egies ha
add ess he oo causes o displacemen and aim a long- e m s abili y and ein eg a ion o a ec ed
popula ions.
Somalia p esen s a unique case s udy o he explo a ion o o ced displacemen and he sea ch o
du able solu ions due o i s p olonged expe ience wi h s a e collapse, ch onic con lic , and en i onmen-
al c ises. Since he collapse o i s cen al go e nmen in 1991, Somalia has epi omized he challenges
o managing displacemen wi hin a con ex lacking obus go e nmen al s uc u es and endu ing sub-
s an ial socio-economic ha dships. his con ex o e s a dis inc i e backd op agains which he e ec i e-
ness o in e na ional and local in e en ions can be e alua ed. insigh s de i ed om Somalia’s expe ience
a e c ucial o in o ming b oade deba es on displacemen and de elopmen in simila agile and
con lic -a ec ed se ings.
Despi e he ex ensi e documen a ion o displacemen dynamics and in e en ions in Somalia, he e
emains a no able gap in comp ehensi e, empi ically-g ounded esea ch ha in eg a es socio-economic
and poli ical analysis wi h on- he-g ound eali ies o displaced communi ies. he exis ing li e a u e
o en ocuses on immedia e humani a ian esponses and sho - e m managemen s a egies wi hou a
ho ough in eg a ion o long- e m sus ainabili y and communi y in eg a ion pe spec i es. he e is a
c i ical need o mo e nuanced s udies ha e alua e he long- e m impac s o displacemen on u ban-
iza ion, local economies, and social s uc u es in Somalia. Such esea ch is i al o de eloping holis ic
and sus ainable app oaches o he challenges o o ced mig a ion and o ensu ing ha solu ions a e
bo h p ac ical and cul u ally app op ia e, p o iding eal bene i s o displaced pe sons and hos com-
muni ies alike.
his s udy a gues ha inancing du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons in Somalia equi e a
mul i ace ed app oach ha ex ends beyond immedia e humani a ian elie , in eg a ing long- e m de el-
opmen al and social in eg a ion s a egies. Mo i a ed by he pe sis en challenges aced by displaced
popula ions wi hin he complex socio-poli ical landscape o Somalia in pa icula Baidoa ci y, his esea ch
aims o c i ically examine he e ec i eness o exis ing du able solu ion amewo ks and hei applicabili y
o agile con ex s ma ked by p o ac ed displacemen . he pu pose o he s udy is o explo e c i ical
ac o s a ec ing he success o inancing du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons (DSFS) in he
con ex o Baidoa ci y, Somalia. By ocusing on he Baidoa ci y con ex , he s udy aims o con ibu e o
he b oade discou se on o ced displacemen and esilience, o e ing insigh s ha can guide policy o -
mula ion and implemen a ion in simila se ings globally, he eby enhancing he e icacy o in e na ional
and local esponses o global displacemen c ises.
Table 1. FDP si es.
Yea FDP si es %FDP households %FDP indi iduals %
2016 80 n.a 5,600 n.a 33,000 n.a
2017 165 106.25 25,800 360.71 155,000 369.70
2018 377 128.48 44,995 74.40 286,768 85.01
2019 435 15.38 51,322 14.06 327,092 14.06
2020 517 18.85 59,921 16.75 381,896 16.75
2021 572 10.64 68,634 14.54 475,035 24.39
2022 498 (12.94) 89,476 30.37 596,931 25.66
4 M. i. nOR anD a. M. MOge
Li e a u e e iew
Unde s anding du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons
Fo cibly displaced people, including e ugees and in e nally displaced people, ace nume ous challenges
in hei ques o sa e y, s abili y, and a be e u u e. Du able solu ions a e c ucial o add essing hese
challenges and p o iding las ing esolu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons. hese solu ions encompass a
ange o s a egies aimed a acili a ing he ein eg a ion, ese lemen , o local in eg a ion o displaced
pe sons (linde e al., 2021; u ini e al., 2021). One o he key du able solu ions o o cibly displaced
pe sons is olun a y epa ia ion (Maconachie e al., 2006). olun a y epa ia ion is he p e e ed solu ion
o many o cibly displaced people, as i allows hem o e u n o hei places o o igin o habi ual esi-
dence in sa e y and digni y.
Du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons, such as olun a y epa ia ion, play a c ucial ole in
p o iding las ing esolu ions and ebuilding li es o hose o ced o lee hei homes (Janmy , 2022).
hey a e a means o ensu e he sa e y, digni y, and well-being o displaced pe sons and con ibu e o
hei sus ainable ein eg a ion in o hei communi ies (akilo a e al., 2022; e e a, 2012). Howe e , ol-
un a y epa ia ion as a du able solu ion is no wi hou i s challenges and conce ns. olun a y epa ia-
ion as a du able solu ion o o cibly displaced pe sons is complex and equi es ca e ul planning and
coo dina ion (akik e al., 2022; Benson, 2020; u ini e al., 2021). olun a y Repa ia ion as a Du able
Solu ion, is an issue o public conce n because i can dis up he li es o bo h e u nees and esidual
e ugees (Dako-gyeke & adu, 2017). i is impo an o conside he ansi ional pe iod and he po en ial
con lic s ha may a ise be ween e u nees and hos communi ies du ing he olun a y epa ia ion p o-
cess. Fu he mo e, i is essen ial o acknowledge ha olun a y epa ia ion a ec s no only he displaced
pe sons hemsel es bu also he hos communi ies ( e me & Schue le , 2021).
local in eg a ion is ano he du able solu ion o o cibly displaced indi iduals. local in eg a ion e e s
o he p ocess o in eg a ing displaced pe sons in o he local communi y and socie y o he coun y in
which hey ha e sough e uge (agblo i & g an , 2019; Oginni e al., 2020). local in eg a ion, as a du a-
ble solu ion o o cibly displaced pe sons, aims o p o ide hem wi h he legal s a us, igh s, and oppo -
uni ies needed o ebuild hei li es and achie e sel - eliance in hos communi ies (Ho il & Maple, 2022;
Spiegel & Mhlanga, 2022). while olun a y epa ia ion is o en conside ed he mos du able solu ion,
local in eg a ion plays a signi ican ole in p o iding s abili y and oppo uni ies o o cibly displaced
people (Ho il & Maple, 2022; Maconachie e al., 2006). local in eg a ion is ecognized as a du able solu-
ion o o cibly displaced pe sons, p o iding hem wi h he oppo uni y o ebuild hei li es in he hos
loca ion and con ibu e o he de elopmen o hei new communi ies (akua-Sakyiwah, 2020).
non- e oulemen plays a c ucial ole in olun a y epa ia ion as a du able solu ion o o cibly displaced
people. he in e na ional communi y, led by he UnHcR, ecognizes olun a y epa ia ion as a unda-
men al igh and a p e e ed du able solu ion o o cibly displaced pe sons (Mohee, 2021). olun a y
epa ia ion is he p e e ed du able solu ion o many o cibly displaced people, as i allows hem o
e u n sa ely and olun a ily o hei a eas o o igin (Ho il & Maple, 2022; Maconachie e al., 2006).
Rese lemen is conside ed a las - eso solu ion o displaced pe sons, as i in ol es pe manen mo e-
men o a new loca ion. Rese lemen is a iable op ion o displaced people when o he du able solu-
ions, such as olun a y epa ia ion o local in eg a ion, a e no possible o sus ainable (wanninayake,
2021). Rese lemen is a aluable op ion o indi iduals and amilies who a e unable o e u n o hei
loca ion o o igin because o ongoing con lic o pe secu ion (wanninayake, 2019). Rese lemen o e s
hem an oppo uni y o ebuild hei li es in a sa e and s able en i onmen . while olun a y epa ia ion
and local in eg a ion a e o en p io i ized as he p e e ed du able solu ions o e ugees, ese lemen
se es as a c ucial las eso o hose who a e unable o e u n o hei coun y o o igin o in eg a e
in o hei hos communi ies (Bo gg ä e, 2020). i o e s a li eline o indi iduals and amilies who ace
ongoing con lic , pe secu ion, o o he ba ie s o achie ing a sa e and s able li e. Rese lemen p o ides
e ugees wi h he oppo uni y o ebuild hei li es in a coun y ha is willing o o e hem pe manen
esidency (albe s e al., 2021).
add essing he oo causes o o ced displacemen is c ucial o e ec i ely add essing he e ugee
c isis and inding du able solu ions. add essing he oo causes o o ced displacemen in ol es ackling
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 5
ac o s such as con lic , pe secu ion, human igh s abuse, po e y, and en i onmen al deg ada ion
(abidde, 2021; SchRa en, 2019). By add essing hese issues, i is possible o p e en u he displacemen
and c ea e condi ions o sus ainable peace and de elopmen . Fu he mo e, i is impo an o iden i y
and p io i ize ulne able g oups in ese lemen p og ams. Rese lemen p og ams play a c ucial ole in
p o iding sa e and pe manen solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons who canno e u n o hei loca-
ion o o igin o be locally in eg a ed (Fagen, 2009; Ze e , 2011). ensu ing he success ul epa ia ion and
sus ainable ein eg a ion o o cibly displaced pe sons equi es a comp ehensi e app oach. i in ol es
p o iding suppo and assis ance o e u nees in a eas such as housing, li elihoods, educa ion, heal h-
ca e, and psychosocial suppo (F ede ico e al., 2023). i also equi es add essing he social, economic,
and poli ical challenges ha e u nees may ace upon e u ning. i is impo an o p o ide suppo and
esou ces o e u n o indi iduals and communi ies o ensu e success ul ein eg a ion. his may include
assis ance wi h housing, access o basic se ices, skill aining, and job oppo uni ies (kandilige &
adiku, 2020).
in e na ional coope a ion plays a i al ole in he implemen a ion o du able solu ions o o cibly
displaced indi iduals (Be s, 2011). i is essen ial o coun ies and in e na ional o ganiza ions o wo k
oge he o suppo he sa e and olun a y e u n o displaced indi iduals, p o ide he necessa y
esou ces and assis ance o hei ein eg a ion, and add ess he oo causes o displacemen o p e en
u u e c ises (Mencu ek, 2022). wi hou in e na ional coope a ion, he bu den o inding du able solu-
ions o o cibly displaced pe sons would all solely on hos coun ies, leading o inc eased s ain on
limi ed esou ces and a lack o comp ehensi e and coo dina ed e o s o e ec i ely add ess he issue
e ec i ely (Bha acha ya & Biswas, 2021). o e ec i ely implemen du able solu ions, i is impo an o
mul iple s akeholde s and sec o s, including local go e nmen s, non-go e nmen al o ganiza ions, in e -
na ional o ganiza ions, esea ch cen e s, and uni e si ies o come oge he and collabo a e (copes ake &
wella d, 2023; Mubangizi, 2022). i also allows o he sha ing o bes p ac ices, expe ise, and esou ces
as well as he pooling o inancial suppo o add ess he complex challenges associa ed wi h p o ac ed
displacemen and he ees ablishmen o s abili y and sel - eliance o displaced indi iduals (Mo ales-Muñoz
e al., 2020). wi hou i , he success ul ein eg a ion o o cibly displaced indi iduals in o hei communi-
ies would be challenging, and long- e m solu ions o displacemen would be less e ec i e (c isp, 2010;
c isp e al., 2012).
Res o ing digni y and igh s h ough du able solu ions is pa amoun o add essing he pligh o o c-
ibly displaced pe sons. Res o ing digni y and igh s h ough du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe -
sons is an essen ial s ep owa ds empowe men and success ul in eg a ion in o socie y (Pu key, 2014).
Res o ing digni y and igh s h ough du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons is essen ial o
ensu ing hei well-being, inclusion, and abili y o ebuild hei li es (kam uzzaman, 2022). while i is
impo an o p io i ize he economic, de elopmen al, and demog aphic impac s o displacemen , i is
equally necessa y o conside he po en ial d awbacks o implemen ing du able solu ions o o cibly
displaced pe sons (Be s e al., 2017). One po en ial conce n is he limi ed esou ces a ailable o accom-
moda e and in eg a e many displaced indi iduals in o hos communi ies. his can c ea e s ain on local
go e nmen s, pa icula ly in e ms o p o iding housing, employmen oppo uni ies, and access o basic
se ices.
addi ionally, he p ocess o implemen ing du able solu ions may inad e en ly pe pe ua e a cycle o
dependency on ex e nal assis ance (e zold e al., 2019). he e o e, i is c ucial o design and implemen
du able solu ions ha p omo e sel - eliance, empowe men , and long- e m sus ainabili y o displaced
pe sons. o add ess hese conce ns and ensu e he success ul implemen a ion o du able solu ions, i is
c ucial o adop a comp ehensi e and igh -based app oach. his app oach should p io i ize he p o ec-
ion o displaced pe sons’ human igh s, including hei igh s o sa e y, secu i y, eedom, and an ade-
qua e s anda d o li ing (Howa d-Hassmann, 2012). his app oach should in ol e he ac i e pa icipa ion
o displaced pe sons in decision-making p ocesses, ensu ing ha hei oices a e hea d and hei igh s
a e espec ed, including access o educa ion and skills aining, heal hca e se ices, legal igh s and em-
edies, and suppo o communi y in eg a ion and social cohesion (Ha ley & Hobbs, 2020). Fu he mo e,
i is impo an o engage a wide ange o s akeholde s, including local communi ies, hos go e nmen s,
humani a ian o ganiza ions, and in e na ional ac o s and he p ocess o implemen ing du able solu ions
6 M. i. nOR anD a. M. MOge
should be accompanied by e o s o add ess he oo causes o displacemen , such as con lic , pe secu-
ion, and inequali y (c isp e al., 2012; Janicka, 2020).
Fo ced displacemen , po e y, and du able solu ions in he con ex o Somalia
Somalia has eme ged as he mos no able example o a s a e collapse in con empo a y his o y, ol-
lowing he coun y’s collapse in 1991 (Powell e al., 2008). he poli ical disin eg a ion o he egion,
cha ac e ized by iolen con lic , ana chy, and s a elessness, has become a highly cap i a ing subjec
o s udy (Mohamed Haji ingi iis, 2020). acco ding o Mohamed Mohamud (2020), Somalia has con in-
uously e ained i s posi ion as one o he i e poo es na ions globally o e he pas 20 yea s. he
cu en si ua ion can be a ibu ed o he ou s anding social and economic challenges ha ha e
eme ged as a esul o he s a e collapse. he Ho n o a ica equen ly expe iences mass mig a ion
and displacemen as a esul o en i onmen al s esso s, iolen con lic s, and po e y (co be &
Záhořík, 2022).
he socioeconomic and poli ical landscape in Somalia wi nessed a pe iod o decline du ing he 1980s
and he ea ly 1990s, as many a med ac ions ose agains he mili a y egime (Bakonyi, 2009; Ha bom
e al., 2008). Be o e and du ing he occu ence o s a e ailu e, a signi ican numbe o indi iduals esid-
ing in u al egions became cognizan o he possible eme gence o clan wa s, esul ing in social and
poli ical unce ain ies (Mohamed H ingi iis & Hoehne, 2013; Mohamed Mohamud, 2020). Owing o immi-
nen poli ical iolence, a conside able numbe o indi iduals ha e been compelled o eloca e ac oss
a ious egions, including e hiopia, kenya, Djibou i, Yemen, and o he loca ions (Hammond, 2014). he
absence o a social sa e y mechanism in Somalia has been no ed by schola s such as (Dunn & B ewin,
2014; Flo ence e al., 2021). Fu he mo e, Somalia lacks bo h na ional and subna ional ini ia i es aimed
a os e ing he g ow h o obus social mechanisms wi hin i s communi y suppo ne wo ks (lwanga-n ale
& Owino, 2020). in he a e ma h o he con lic in Somalia, he absence o social p o ec ion p og ams,
se ices, and suppo has esul ed in a comple e dependence on nongo e nmen al humani a ian o ga-
niza ions o he p o ision o eme gency elie (ca u h, 2018).
acco ding o a s udy published in 2013 by he wo ld Bank g oup, o ced displacemen in Somalia has
been d i en by socio-poli ical ac o s ha d i e people and communi ies o mig a e wi hin he coun y
as o ced displaced pe sons (FDPs) o ou side he coun y as e ugees (Ruiz & a gas-Sil a, 2013). his
s udy illus a es he in e ac ion be ween he inhe en agili y and suscep ibili y o pas o al nomadic and
ag a ian communi ies o en i onmen al and con lic shocks. Due o cyclical d ough s, clan-based con-
lic s, and weak o absen social p o ec ion mechanisms, many amilies and communi ies a e o ced o
lea e hei na i e habi a s o u ban cen e s whe e basic suppo o new o ms o li elihood a e a ailable
(Mohamed Mohamud, 2020). al hough he s udy indica es ha na ional and subna ional au ho i ies a e
ill-equipped o assis FDPs, hey also lack adequa e policies and esou ces (Mohamed Mohamud, 2020).
Due o buzzing ma ke s and lashy occupa ional oppo uni ies, FDPs lock o u ban cen e s o shel e ,
secu i y, and li elihood.
when examining po e y, schola s ha e employed a mul idimensional app oach (F ansman & Yu, 2019;
Hughes & Bushell, 2013). when assessing po e y, i is common o conside ou dimensions: money,
educa ion, heal h, and li ing s anda ds (alki e & Fang, 2019; chak a a y & lugo, 2019; ellis, 1984).
Po e y can be comp ehensi ely explo ed by examining i s unde lying o igins, in e media e causes, and
esul an epe cussions. in Somalia, a signi ican numbe o households and indi iduals expe ience ha d-
ship in one o mo e a eas o po e y, as ou lined in he 9 h na ional De elopmen Plan (nDP-9,9, 2020).
among he mos ulne able g oups wi hin he na ion, in e nally displaced people (iDPs) a e he mos
ob ious examples o he impac o mul idimensional dep i a ion (admasu e al., 2021; nDP-9,9, 2020).
he po e y analysis unde aken by nDP-9 u ilized da a acqui ed om High-F equency Su eys (SHFS).
acco ding o he indings o he s udy, a signi ican p opo ion o he Somali popula ion, speci ically 69
pe cen , alls below he in e na ionally ecognized po e y h eshold o US$1.90 pe day, as measu ed in
2011 pu chasing powe pa i y (PPP) dolla s. he demog aphic g oups ha expe ience he highes le els
o mone a y po e y include o cibly displaced pe sons (FDPs) and u al communi ies, speci ically,
ag o-pas o alis s and nomads. acco ding o an nDP-9 epo published in 2020 (nDP-9,9, 2020), app ox-
ima ely 10% o he Somali popula ion esides wi hin a ange o 20% below he po e y line. his s a is ic
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 7
indica es ha oughly 80% o he Somali popula ion is suscep ible o a ious ex e nal ac o s such as
na u al calami ies, con lic s, and economic shocks.
in Somalia, o he dimensions o dep i a ion a e less e iden han inancial po e y. he p esence o
se e al socioeconomic ou comes sugges s ha po e y is a mul i ace ed phenomenon, wi h heal h, edu-
ca ion, and li ing s anda ds alling behind bo h egionally and globally (admasu e al., 2021; Seadya,
2022). acco ding o an den akke and an Roosmalen (2016), Somalia has ele a ed ma e nal mo ali y
a es, s un ing, and unde - i e mo ali y a es, which a e among he highes globally. P ima y school
a endance a es in a ious egions o he coun y exhibi a pe sis en pa e n o being e y low, pa ic-
ula ly among u al, nomadic, and emale popula ions (Moyi, 2012). in addi ion o a ious o he dimen-
sions o dep i a ion, i has been shown ha indi iduals o Somali descen ace challenges ela ed o
physical sa e y and empowe men (Radina, 2009). Bo h con lic and clima e eme gencies ha e led o
eelings o insecu i y and displacemen (Mason, 2014). he e is a mixed pic u e ega ding access o jus-
ice and police o u al inhabi an s, wi h he majo i y elying on adi ional, clan-based sys ems o
esol e dispu es (le Sage, 2005; Ma ins, 2014). he absence o empowe men has esul ed in he phe-
nomenon o exclusion, a cha ac e is ic o po e y ha disp opo iona ely impac s women, in e nally dis-
placed indi iduals, and young people in e ms o hei economic engagemen (nDP-9,9, 2020). Despi e
he comple ion o he mos ecen Popula ion es ima e Su ey (PeS, 2014), es ima ions o pe inen
demog aphic ca ego ies we e made. acco ding o he 2014 PeS epo , he emale popula ion cons i u es
56 pe cen o he o al popula ion and is esponsible o gene a ing 70 pe cen o household income.
Howe e , i has been obse ed ha he e is a lack o adequa e ep esen a ion o his pa icula g oup in
he o icial labo o ce, as no ed by adams and k uppenbach (1987) in hei s udy conduc ed in 1987.
Somalia aces many challenges and obs acles in inding a du able solu ion o o ced displacemen
(Owino, 2021). S a e ebuilding and peacebuilding a e unde mined by p o ac ed displacemen , which is
one o he leading causes o agili y h oughou he Ho n o a ica (Ze e , 2011; Ze e & long, 2012).
a coali ion o humani a ian, de elopmen , peace, and s a e-building ac o s, oge he wi h he suppo o
pa ne s, was necessa y o add ess he oo causes o displacemen holis ically unde he leade ship o
local au ho i ies and in o med by communi ies a ec ed by displacemen (nDSD, 2020; Owino, 2021). Due
o he eme gence o Fede al Membe S a es (FMS), displacemen issues ha e been be e coo dina ed,
and go e nmen owne ship has inc eased (nDSD, 2020). in 2016, Somalia’s na ional and local au ho i ies
gained mo e in luence a he no ma i e ins i u ional and ope a ional le els owing o s ong poli ical
commi men s o achie ing du able solu ions o Displaced a ec ed communi ies (Dacs) (nDSD, 2020).
Fo ins ance, inco po a ing du able solu ions in o na ional and local de elopmen plans and in es men s
has led o he e olu ion o Somali ins i u ional amewo ks (long, 2010; S ein, 1986). addi ionally,
Somalia’s Social De elopmen p io i ies ha e acili a ed he de elopmen o mo e inno a i e and impac -
ul du able solu ion ini ia i es by ancho ing wo k on du able solu ions wi hin hem (nDSD, 2020). Somalia
has adop ed se e al policies o add ess abuse, inequali y, impuni y, and exclusion ha ha e led o dis-
en anchisemen and g ie ances among he Dacs (nDSD, 2020).
Fu he mo e, i is wo h no ing ha he go e nmen ’s dedica ion o po e y educ ion and he suc-
cess ul implemen a ion o he highly deb ed poo coun y ini ia i e en ails a ocus on p io i izing dis-
placemen wo k (eas e ly, 2002). acco ding o he na ional De elopmen S a egy o Du able Solu ions
(nDSD, 2020), in Somalia, Displaced a ec ed communi ies end o be concen a ed in u ban egions ha
a e easily accessible. as a esul , in e en ions aimed a educing po e y can be implemen ed a a as e
pace han in o he impo e ished communi ies. in gene al, he p o ision o go e nmen unding o his
magni ude subs an ially enhances he likelihood o du able solu ions a aining wide- anging in luence
(nDSD, 2020). in 2019, he Du able Solu ions Sec e a ia was es ablished by he Fede al go e nmen o
Somalia (FgS) in esponse o he ecogni ion o he necessi y o comp ehensi e ins i u ional in ol e-
men in add essing he issue o o ced displacemen (nDSD, 2020). o p io i ize and implemen du able
solu ion ini ia i es in Somalia, i was essen ial o align hem wi h he 9 h na ional De elopmen Plan
(nDP-9), Resilience and Reco e y F amewo k (RRF), and o he pe inen go e nmen policies and ame-
wo ks. o achie e his, a go e nmen -led en i y comp ising 14 go e nmen ins i u ions o e s echnical
expe ise and high-le el s a egic guidance (nDSD, 2020).
Despi e he eme gence o nume ous excellen p ac ices, signi ican ad ancemen s in he es ablish-
men o in as uc u e, and he p omo ion o c oss-go e nmen s a egies o main ain du able solu ions,
14 M. i. nOR anD a. M. MOge
One-way ANOVA
able 7 p esen s esul s om mul iple analysis o a iance (anO a) es s, showing a iabili y wi hin and
be ween di e en g oups ac oss se e al ac o s. in one signi ican esul , he F-s a is ic o 10.055 wi h a
co esponding p- alue o .003 indica es a s a is ically signi ican di e ence among g oup means o one
o he ac o s wi h a single deg ee o eedom, sugges ing a s ong in luence o his ac o on he depen-
den a iable. Howe e , o he ac o s displayed in he subsequen ows, wi h F- alues o 2.031 and 1.434,
show lowe le els o s a is ical signi icance (p = .043 and p = .186, espec i ely), sugges ing a mo e
mode a e impac . no ably, se e al in e ac ions and main e ec s ac oss di e en se ups a e no signi i-
can , wi h high p- alues (.295, .884, .854, .728, .652), indica ing ha hese ac o s do no con ibu e
subs an ially o he a ia ion in he dependen a iable. his comp ehensi e anO a assessmen high-
ligh s bo h c i ical and negligible in luences, p o iding a nuanced unde s anding o he ac o s ha
a ec he unde lying esponse a iable wi hin he da ase .
Key eg ession assump ion es s
he success ul alida ion o s a is ical assump ions unde pins he obus ness and c edibili y o his s udy’s
indings ega ding he success o inancing du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons (DSFS). each
es plays a c ucial ole in ensu ing he in eg i y and in e p e abili y o he eg ession analysis, as
de ailed below:
No mali y o esiduals
he assump ion o no mali y o he esiduals is undamen al in eg ession analysis, as i suppo s he
alidi y o s a is ical es s o coe icien s. he applica ion o he kolmogo o -Smi no (D(223) = 0.11,
Table 7. one-way anoVa.
sum o
squa es d Mean squa e F sig
educa ion Be ween g oups (Combined) 7.454 11 .678 2.031 .043
Linea e m Weigh ed 3.355 1 3.355 10.055 .003
De ia ion 4.099 10 .410 1.229 .295
Wi hin g oups 17.684 53 .334
o al 25.138 64
sec o Be ween g oups (Combined) 3.931 11 .357 .516 .884
Linea e m Weigh ed .191 1 .191 .276 .601
De ia ion 3.740 10 .374 .540 .854
Wi hin g oups 36.684 53 .692
o al 40.615 64
Posi ion Be ween g oups (Combined) 11.110 11 1.010 1.434 .186
Linea e m Weigh ed 1.149 1 1.149 1.632 .207
De ia ion 9.961 10 .996 1.414 .200
Wi hin g oups 37.328 53 .704
o al 48.438 64
age11 Be ween g oups (Combined) 3.703 11 .337 .705 .728
Linea e m Weigh ed .002 1 .002 .003 .955
De ia ion 3.701 10 .370 .775 .652
Wi hin g oups 25.313 53 .478
o al 29.015 64
Table 8. no mali y o e o s.
s a is ics p
Kolmogo o -smi no 0.11 .44
Kolmogo o -smi no (Lillie o s Co .) 0.11 .072
shapi o-Wilk 0.97 .179
ande son-Da ling 0.48 .229
Table 9. au oco ela ion o he Residual.
au oco ela ion s a is ics p
0.06 1.85 .565
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 15
p = .44), Shapi o-wilk (w = 0.97, p = .179), and ande son-Da ling (a = 0.48, p = .229) es s con i med ha
he esiduals om his model a e no mally dis ibu ed as depic ed in able 8. his no mal dis ibu ion
sugges s ha he e o e ms do no exhibi skewness o ku osis ha could bias he esul s, ensu ing
ha he in e ence d awn om he eg ession coe icien s is based on a sound s a is ical ounda ion.
Au oco ela ion
he Du bin-wa son s a is ic (d = 1.85, p = .565) add esses he conce n o au oco ela ion among he esid-
uals, which could indica e ha he da a iola e he independence assump ion (see able 9). he absence
o signi ican au oco ela ion, as indica ed by he Du bin-wa son s a is ic, a i ms he independence o he
esiduals, alida ing he eg ession model’s assump ions and i s subsequen in e p e a ions.
Mul icollinea i y
Mul icollinea i y e e s o he si ua ion whe e independen a iables in a eg ession model a e highly
co ela ed, po en ially in la ing he a iance o he es ima ed coe icien s and making hem un eliable.
he ole ance and a iance in la ion Fac o ( iF) me ics a e used o assess his issue. in his analysis, all
p edic o s exhibi ed iF alues ( anging om 1.13 o 2.00) well below he commonly used h eshold o
10, and ole ance le els we e abo e he c i ical le el, sugges ing no p oblema ic mul icollinea i y (see
able 10). his ensu es ha he eg ession coe icien s a e s able and in e p e able.
He e oskedas ici y
He e oskedas ici y occu s when he a iance o he esiduals is no cons an ac oss all le els o he inde-
penden a iables, po en ially unde mining he eliabili y o coe icien es ima es. he isual inspec ion
o esidual plo s agains p edic ed alues e ealed no appa en pa e ns indica i e o he e oskedas ici y,
sa is ying he cons an a iance assump ion (see Figu e 1). his uni o mi y in a iance ac oss p edic ions
con i ms he model’s homoscedas ici y, enhancing he us wo hiness o he es ima ed s anda d e o s
and coe icien signi icance es s (Figu e 2).
Table 10. Mul icollinea i y.
Model ole ance ViF
Limi ed Financial independence o he Ci y au ho i y (FiCa) 0.72 1.39
in e ac ion o Ci y au ho i y wi h FDPs 0.8 1.25
in eg i y o he Ci y au ho i y 0.5 1.98
in e en ions o he Ci y au ho i y 0.5 2
in e ac ion be ween FiCa and DsFs 0.75 1.33
spa ial Dis ibu ion o FDPs 0.88 1.13
Figu e 1. ▪▪▪.
16 M. i. nOR anD a. M. MOge
Residuals s a is ics
as shown in able 11, he dis ibu ion o esiduals is c i ically examined o assess he p edic i e accu acy
and eliabili y o he model. he minimum esidual, -0.89, signi ies he g ea es unde es ima ion by he
model, while he maximum esidual o 1.34 indica es he mos signi ican o e es ima ion. his ange unde -
sco es he a iabili y in p edic ion e o s. no ably, he median o -0.04 and a mean o ze o sugges ha
he model does no sys ema ically bias p edic ions in ei he di ec ion, indica ing o e all model neu ali y.
he i s and hi d qua iles, -0.39 and 0.29 espec i ely, delinea e he sp ead o he middle 50% o esid-
uals, highligh ing a balanced dis ibu ion o unde and o e es ima ions. he s anda d de ia ion p o ides
insigh in o he ypical magni ude o p edic ion e o s, and he absence o s anda dized esiduals beyond
he ±3 h eshold sugges s ha ex eme ou lie s a e no p esen . his analysis con i ms he model’s capa-
bili y o p edic wi h a easonable deg ee o accu acy, while also iden i ying po en ial a eas o e inemen .
E ec size
in he eg ession analysis unde conside a ion, he e ec sizes ep esen ed by cohen’s 2 indica e ha
each a iable possesses a subs an ially la ge in luence on he ou come a iable. he alues o a iables
as illus a ed in able 12 signi ican ly su pass he h eshold o a la ge e ec (0.35 as pe cohen’s bench-
ma ks), sugges ing ha hese p edic o s a e c i ical d i e s in he model. Such p onounced e ec sizes
unde sco e he impo ance o hese a iables in he p edic i e amewo k, p o iding compelling e i-
dence o hei subs an ial impac on he model’s explana o y powe . his analy ical insigh is c ucial o
p io i izing ac o s in policy implemen a ion o u he academic s udy.
Figu e 2. Comp ehensi e amewo k o inancing du able solu ions.
Table 11. Residuals s a is ics.
Min Q1 Median Q3 Max Mean sD
Residual −0.89 −0.39 −0.04 0.29 1.34 0 0.52
s d. Residual −1.8 −0.79 −0.08 0.55 2.79 0 1.02
Table 12. Cohens 2.
2
Limi ed Financial independence o he Ci y au ho i y (FiCa) 2.47
in e ac ion o Ci y au ho i y wi h FDPs 2.49
in eg i y o he Ci y au ho i y 2.5
in e en ions o he Ci y au ho i y 2.47
in e ac ion be ween FiCa and DsFs 2.45
spa ial Dis ibu ion o FDPs 2.44
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 17
Reg ession esul s
as epo ed in able 13, he eg ession analysis demons a ed a obus i , wi h an R-squa e alue o 0.74,
indica ing ha app oxima ely 74% o he a iabili y in DSFS success is explained by he independen
a iables inco po a ed in he model. he adjus ed R-squa e, a 0.71, u he subs an ia es he s eng h o
he model, ac o ing in he numbe o p edic o s used. his high deg ee o explained a iance, coupled
wi h a ela i ely low s anda d e o o es ima e a 0.55, unde sco es he model’s e icacy in cap u ing he
dynamics o DSFS success. addi ionally, he anO a esul s u he alida e he model’s s a is ical signi i-
cance (F = 27.36, p < .001), a i ming ha he p edic o s signi ican ly di e en ia e le els o DSFS success.
his collec i e e idence suppo s he eliabili y and ele ance o he eg ession model in he con ex o
DSFS success analysis.
Limi ed inancial independence o he Ci y Au ho i y (FICA)
he limi ed Financial independence o he ci y au ho i y (Fica) eme ges as a c i ical de e minan in he
ques o he success o inancing du able solu ions (DSFS), wi h i s in luence being ma kedly nega i e.
he eg ession analysis unde sco es lFica’s signi ican nega i e impac on DSFS, e idenced by a coe i-
cien (B = -0.87, p < .001). his inding sugges s ha cons ain s on inancial au onomy hinde he ci y
au ho i y’s abili y o e ec i ely suppo and implemen du able solu ions p og ams, implying ha
enhancing inancial independence could po en ially enhance he success a es o du able solu ions
o FDPs.
In e ac ion o Ci y Au ho i y wi h o cibly displaced pe sons (FDPs)
he s udy also del es in o he dynamics be ween he ci y au ho i y and o cibly displaced pe sons,
unco e ing a s a is ically non-signi ican ela ionship (B = -0.15, p = .341). his ou come indica es ha
while he in e ac ions be ween ci y au ho i ies and FDPs a e in ui i ely i al, hei di ec impac on DSFS
emains inconclusi e wi hin his analysis. i sugges s a complexi y in he in e ac ion dynamics ha may
no di ec ly ansla e o measu able ou comes in DSFS, necessi a ing u he in es iga ion in o he qual-
i a i e aspec s o hese in e ac ions.
In eg i y o he Ci y Au ho i y
he in eg i y o he ci y au ho i y, ep esen ing i s e hical conduc and commi men o se ing FDPs,
p esen s a ma ginally signi ican nega i e e ec on DSFS (B = -0.08, p = .087). his esul highligh s a
nuanced ela ionship whe e he pe cei ed in eg i y o ci y o icials plays a ole in in luencing DSFS ou -
comes, albei wi h a ma ginal signi icance ha calls o a deepe explo a ion o in eg i y’s mul i ace ed
impac on policy implemen a ion and e ec i eness.
Table 13. Mul iple eg ession esul s.
independen a iables Coe icien -s a is ic
(Cons an ) 2.01 5.55***
Limi ed Financial independence o he Ci y
au ho i y (FiCa)
−0.4 −5.09***
in e ac ion o Ci y au ho i y wi h FDPs −0.07 −0.96
in eg i y o he Ci y au ho i y −0.16 −1.74*
in e en ions o he Ci y au ho i y 0.21 2.26**
in e ac ion be ween FiCa and DsFs 0.96 12.4***
spa ial Dis ibu ion o FDPs −0.19 −2.69***
R-squa ed (R2) 0.74
adjus ed (adj. R2) 0.71
F-s a is ics (p ob) 27.36 <.001
no es: Dependen Va iable he success o Financing Du able solu ions (DsFs).
*p < 0.10.
**p < 0.05.
***p < 0.01.
18 M. i. nOR anD a. M. MOge
Ci y Au ho i y in e en ions
ci y au ho i y in e en ions ha e been empi ically alida ed o make a posi i e con ibu ion owa ds he
success o inancing du able solu ions (DSFS), wi h a coe icien indica ing a signi ican posi i e impac
(B = 0.21, p = .027). his inding highligh s he c i ical ole ha a ge ed in e en ions by ci y au ho i ies
play in enhancing he e icacy o DSFS. Such in e en ions, which may ange om policy e o ms o
di ec suppo and esou ce alloca ion o o cibly displaced pe sons, e iden ly se e as pi o al mecha-
nisms o acili a ing success ul ou comes. he posi i e coe icien unde sco es he e ec i eness o s a-
egic, well-implemen ed ci y au ho i y ac ions in os e ing en i onmen s conduci e o du able solu ions,
he eby ein o cing he impo ance o p oac i e, in o med policy-making and implemen a ion a he
ci y le el.
In e ac ion be ween LFICA and he success o inancing du able solu ions (DSFS)
he in e ac ion e m be ween he limi ed Financial independence o he ci y au ho i y (Fica) and
DSFS e eals a compelling insigh in o he dynamics a play, wi h a s ong posi i e impac on DSFS
success (B = 0.41, p < .001). his signi ican posi i e ela ionship indica es ha he e icacy o inancial
independence in suppo ing du able solu ions is no me ely addi i e bu mul iplica i ely enhances
he success o DSFS when in e ac ing wi h o he ac o s. i sugges s ha inancial au onomy, when
e ec i ely le e aged in conjunc ion wi h speci ic condi ions o in e en ions, can subs an ially ampli y
he po en ial o achie ing sus ainable ou comes o o cibly displaced pe sons. his esul unde -
sco es he nuanced in e dependencies be ween inancial independence and he s a egic deploymen
o esou ces and in e en ions, highligh ing a c i ical a ea o policy inno a ion and execu ion.
Spa ial dis ibu ion o FDPs (spa ial)
he spa ial dis ibu ion o o cibly displaced pe sons wi hin u ban en i onmen s is shown o signi i-
can ly in luence he success o DSFS, albei in a nega i e di ec ion (B = -0.30, p = .009). his inding
sugges s ha he geog aphic dispe sion and li es yle a ia ion o FDPs can pose challenges o he
implemen a ion and e ec i eness o du able solu ions. he nega i e impac could s em om ac o s
such as esou ce dilu ion, logis ical hu dles in se ice deli e y, o he exace ba ion o social ensions,
which collec i ely hinde he ealiza ion o DSFS goals. his insigh in o he spa ial dynamics a play
calls o a e ined app oach o u ban planning and in e en ion s a egies, emphasizing he need o
spa ially awa e policies ha mi iga e he ad e se e ec s o FDP dis ibu ion on du able solu ion
ou comes.
De eloping a comp ehensi e amewo k o inancing du able solu ions
a e analyzing and e alua ing he indings, we de eloped he ollowing model as a amewo k o
inancing du able solu ion ini ia i es o assis FDP g oups in secu ing sus ainable inancing o hei ini-
ia i es. as shown in Figu e 1, i is impo an o no e ha he e a e se e al c i ical success ac o s in his
model, bu he whole model p o ides a mo e comp ehensi e pic u e o how ci y au ho i ies and de el-
opmen pa ne s collabo a e o ensu e ha FDP g oups a e p o ided wi h basic social se ices, employ-
men oppo uni ies, and be e li ing condi ions.
Discussion o he esul s
he co e objec i e o his s udy is o explo e c i ical ac o s a ec ing he success o inancing du able
solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons (DSFS) in he con ex o Baidoa ci y, Somalia. hese c i ical ac o s
include he limi ed Financial independence o he ci y au ho i y (lFica), he ci y au ho i y’s in e ac ions
wi h FDPs, he in eg i y o he ci y au ho i y, ci y au ho i y in e en ions, and he spa ial dis ibu ion o
FDPs. employing a obus mul iple eg ession amewo k, his esea ch has sys ema ically unco e ed how
hese in e wined elemen s collec i ely in luence he success o inancing du able solu ions, wi h he
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 19
goal o u nishing ac ionable insigh s o e ine policy and imp o e ou comes. no ably, he indings e eal
ha while lFica nega i ely a ec s he DSFS, in e en ions a he ci y le el show a posi i e e ec , high-
ligh ing a complex in e play o a iables a wo k. he eg ession analysis u he p o ided quan i a i e
subs an ia ion o he ela ionships be ween hese a iables and he success o inancing du able solu-
ions (DSFS). he analysis indica ed ha app oxima ely 74% o he a iabili y in DSFS could be explained
by he ac o s conside ed, wi h signi ican implica ions o enhancing he inancial and ope a ional inde-
pendence o ci y au ho i ies. hese insigh s a e ins umen al in guiding policymake s owa d a ge ed
imp o emen s ha could bols e he success a es o ini ia i es aimed a assis ing FDPs, he eby con ib-
u ing o he b oade discou se on u ban managemen and displacemen .
his s udy’s highligh s he di e gen impac s o a ious go e nance and policy- ela ed a iables on
he success o inancing du able solu ions o FDPs. he nega i e in luence o limi ed inancial au onomy
(lFica) s a kly con as s wi h he posi i e ou comes de i ed om p oac i e ci y-le el in e en ions. his
dispa i y unde sco es he c i ical na u e o inancial independence in acili a ing e ec i e go e nance and
he implemen a ion o success ul du able solu ions. By compa ing hese elemen s, he s udy no only
delinea es he limi a ions imposed by inancial cons ain s bu also emphasizes he po en ial gains om
s a egic municipal ac ions. Fu he mo e, he compa a i e amewo k e eals how di e en dimensions o
ci y au ho i y beha io — anging om inancial managemen o e hical conduc —a ec he o e all suc-
cess o policies aimed a suppo ing FDPs. Fo ins ance, while inancial cons ain s impede p og ess, he
in eg i y o ci y ope a ions and hei di ec in e ac ions wi h FDPs play nuanced oles ha may no
always ansla e di ec ly in o measu able ou comes. hese insigh s highligh he need o a mul i ace ed
app oach in policy o mula ion and implemen a ion, aking in o conside a ion bo h he inancial and
e hical dimensions o ci y go e nance.
he esea ch sheds ligh on he unde lying dynamics ha in luence he success o inancing du able
solu ions o FDPs. he signi ican nega i e impac o lFica poin s o he c i ical ole ha inancial au on-
omy plays in enabling e ec i e policy implemen a ion. On he o he hand, he posi i e impac o
ci y-le el in e en ions sugges s ha s a egic, well-planned ini ia i es can signi ican ly o e come he
ba ie s posed by inancial limi a ions. his dual pe spec i e unde sco es he impo ance o unde s and-
ing bo h he cons ain s and he oppo uni ies ha ci y au ho i ies ace in dealing wi h FDPs. addi ionally,
he s udy’s indings on he in e ac ion be ween ci y au ho i ies and FDPs, hough s a is ically
non-signi ican , hin a he complex and possibly indi ec e ec s ha such in e ac ions can ha e on he
success o du able solu ions. Simila ly, he ma ginal signi icance o he ci y au ho i y’s in eg i y sugges s
ha e hical go e nance, while sub ly in luen ial, equi es u he explo a ion o ully comp ehend i s
impac on policy e ec i eness. hese esul s highligh he nuanced oles hese a iables play in shaping
he ou comes o in e en ions o FDPs.
he s udy also illumina es se e al con ex ual ac o s ha c i ically in luence he success o inancing
du able solu ions o FDPs. he spa ial dis ibu ion o FDPs wi hin u ban se ings, o example, plays a
signi ican ole in shaping he e ec i eness o in e en ions. he indings sugges ha geog aphical ac-
o s, such as he concen a ion and dispe sion o FDP popula ions and li es yle o FDPs can exace ba e
challenges like esou ce dilu ion and logis ical hu dles, he eby in luencing he implemen a ion o du a-
ble solu ions. his insigh calls o a spa ially awa e app oach in u ban planning and policy-making o
mi iga e hese ad e se e ec s. Mo eo e , he in eg i y and in e ac ion dynamics be ween ci y au ho i ies
and FDPs, hough no s ongly signi ican in s a is ical e ms, highligh he complexi y o go e nance and
i s impac on policy success. hese con ex ual elemen s unde sco e he necessi y o a deepe unde -
s anding o he local go e nance landscape and he in e ac ions be ween di e en s akeholde s. By con-
side ing hese ac o s, policymake s can be e ailo hei s a egies o he unique ci cums ances o each
u ban en i onmen , enhancing he o e all e ec i eness o hei in e en ions.
clima e-inclusi e inancing plays a c ucial ole in he success ul implemen a ion o du able solu ions
o o cibly displaced pe sons (FDPs), pa icula ly in con ex s like Baidoa ci y, Somalia. By in eg a ing
clima e change conside a ions in o economic planning and in es men decisions, his ans o ma i e
app oach ensu es ha inancial mechanisms no only add ess immedia e economic needs bu also con-
ibu e o long- e m clima e esilience, mi iga ion, and adap a ion e o s. P io i izing in es men s in sus-
ainable in as uc u e, enewable ene gy, and clima e- esilien p ojec s can signi ican ly enhance he
capaci y o communi ies o wi hs and clima e impac s, he eby suppo ing he s abili y and sus ainabili y
20 M. i. nOR anD a. M. MOge
o FDP in e en ions. he collabo a ion be ween public and p i a e sec o s in mobilizing clima e inance,
coupled wi h anspa en and accoun able alloca ion p ocesses, is essen ial o achie ing global clima e
goals and os e ing sus ainable de elopmen . in he con ex o Baidoa, whe e limi ed inancial indepen-
dence signi ican ly hinde s he success o du able solu ions, enhancing he inancial au onomy o ci y
au ho i ies h ough clima e-inclusi e inancing could p o ide he necessa y esou ces o add ess he
unique challenges aced by FDPs. his app oach no only aligns economic g ow h wi h en i onmen al
sus ainabili y bu also ensu es ha ulne able communi ies ha e access o necessa y inancial esou ces,
ul ima ely leading o mo e e ec i e and adap able policies.
he indings o his s udy ha e p o ound implica ions o policy and p ac ice, especially in imp o ing
he success o inancing du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons. he nega i e impac o limi ed
inancial independence (lFica) on he success o hese solu ions sugges s ha policies aimed a inc eas-
ing he inancial au onomy o ci y au ho i ies could lead o mo e e ec i e and sus ainable ou comes.
enhancing inancial independence would enable ci y au ho i ies o implemen a ge ed in e en ions
mo e e ec i ely, wi hou being o e ly cons ained by budge a y limi a ions. Fu he mo e, he posi i e
e ec s o ci y-le el in e en ions indica e ha well-designed and s a egically implemen ed policies can
signi ican ly imp o e he success inancing o du able solu ions. Policymake s should ocus on de elop-
ing and implemen ing in e en ions ha a e no only inancially sus ainable bu also con ex ually
adap ed o he speci ic needs o FDPs. his app oach equi es a deep unde s anding o he local con ex
and a commi men o con inuous e alua ion and adjus men o policies o ensu e hei e ec i eness and
sus ainabili y.
he indings o his s udy align well wi h exis ing li e a u e, which emphasizes he impo ance o inancial
au onomy and a ge ed in e en ions in he managemen o u ban displacemen and he implemen a ion
o du able solu ions (see o ins ance, Shehu and abba (2020), Spiegel and Mhlanga (2022), cha ela d (2012),
Janicka (2020), and Ho il and Maple (2022)). he signi ican impac o inancial limi a ions as highligh ed in
his s udy co obo a es p e ious esea ch sugges ing ha inancial independence is c ucial o e ec i e go -
e nance and policy implemen a ion in he con ex o FDPs (see o ins ance, ganguly-Sc ase and lahi i-Du
(2016), Shehu and abba (2020), B yld e al. (2020), B yld e al. (2020), and adelman (2021)). his alignmen
no only ein o ces he alidi y o he cu en s udy’s esul s bu also con ibu es o a mo e nuanced unde -
s anding o how inancial cons ain s a ec policy ou comes. addi ionally, he bene icial e ec s o ci y-le el
in e en ions obse ed in his s udy echo he indings in he li e a u e ha p oac i e and well-planned ci y
go e nance can lead o be e ou comes in handling u ban displacemen (see o ins ance, (ea le, 2016),
(nikuze, 2022), (ayonga, 2022), and (ea le e al., 2020)). his cong uence be ween he s udy’s esul s and
exis ing esea ch p o ides a solid ounda ion o u u e in es iga ions, o e ing a clea e pa h o he de el-
opmen o policies ha can e ec i ely add ess he challenges aced by o cibly displaced popula ions.
he heo e ical implica ions o his s udy a e signi ican , o e ing new insigh s in o he dynamics o
inancing du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons. he in e ac ion be ween inancial au onomy
and o he a iables, pa icula ly he mul iplica i e e ec s obse ed, sugges s a complex heo e ical
amewo k whe e inancial au onomy in e ac s wi h o he ac o s o enhance he e icacy o in e en-
ions. his inding challenges and ex ends exis ing heo ies ha p edominan ly ocus on he di ec e ec s
o inancial esou ces on policy ou comes, sugges ing a mo e nuanced unde s anding o inancial dynam-
ics in u ban go e nance. Mo eo e , he non-signi ican and ma ginally signi ican indings ela ed o he
in e ac ions be ween ci y au ho i ies and FDPs, as well as he in eg i y o ci y go e nance, in i e u he
heo e ical explo a ion in o how hese so e ac o s in luence policy success. hese aspec s sugges ha
adi ional models o policy analysis may need o be e ised o expanded o inco po a e hese less an-
gible bu po en ially in luen ial ac o s, enhancing he heo e ical amewo ks used o unde s and and
p edic he success o in e en ions in u ban se ings.
his s udy makes a no el con ibu ion o he ield by highligh ing he signi ican ole o he in e ac-
ion be ween inancial independence and he success o du able solu ions in an u ban con ex . his
in e ac ion, which was ound o mul iplica i ely enhance he success o in e en ions, in oduces a
unique aspec o he discou se on u ban go e nance and displacemen . Such insigh s a e a e in he
exis ing li e a u e, which o en ea s inancial esou ces and policy ou comes as sepa a e o me ely addi-
i e ac o s. Fu he mo e, he comp ehensi e app oach used in his s udy, inco po a ing mul iple eg es-
sion analysis o explo e a ange o a iables a ec ing he success o inancing du able solu ions, p o ides
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 21
a unique con ibu ion by o e ing a holis ic iew o he ac o s a play. his app oach no only enhances
ou unde s anding o indi idual impac s bu also elucida es he complex in e ac ions be ween di e en
a iables, p o iding a iche , mo e de ailed pic u e o he u ban displacemen landscape.
his s udy signi ican ly con ibu es o he exis ing li e a u e by p o iding empi ical e idence o he
complex in e ac ions be ween inancial independence, ci y au ho i y in eg i y, and he success o inanc-
ing du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons. he indings ex end p e ious esea ch by demon-
s a ing he nega i e impac o limi ed inancial au onomy on he e icacy o du able solu ions and he
posi i e ole o a ge ed ci y-le el in e en ions. hese insigh s en ich he academic discou se by adding
dep h and nuance o ou unde s anding o how inancial and adminis a i e ac o s in luence policy
ou comes in he con ex o u ban displacemen . addi ionally, he s udy’s explo a ion o he spa ial dis-
ibu ion o FDPs and i s impac on he success o du able solu ions o e s a aluable addi ion o he
li e a u e. his aspec o he s udy highligh s he impo ance o conside ing geog aphical and spa ial
ac o s in policy o mula ion and implemen a ion, an a ea ha has been ela i ely unde explo ed in p e-
ious esea ch. By add essing hese gaps, he s udy no only con ibu es o a mo e comp ehensi e
unde s anding o he challenges and oppo uni ies in inancing du able solu ions bu also p o ides a
ounda ion o u u e esea ch aimed a enhancing policy e ec i eness in u ban en i onmen s.
Conclusion
his s udy unco e ed se e al c i ical ac o s in luencing he success o inancing du able solu ions o
o cibly displaced pe sons (FDPs). he analysis e ealed ha he limi ed Financial independence o
he ci y au ho i y (lFica) signi ican ly impedes du able solu ion ou comes, whe eas ci y-le el in e -
en ions demons a e a obus posi i e impac . he in e ac ion e m be ween lFica and he success
o du able solu ions highligh ed a complex, mul iplica i e ela ionship, enhancing in e en ion e i-
cacy unde speci ic condi ions. addi ionally, he spa ial dis ibu ion o FDPs wi hin u ban en i on-
men s was ound o nega i ely a ec solu ion success, p esen ing logis ical and esou ce alloca ion
challenges.
heo e ically, his esea ch con ibu es o u ban go e nance and policy li e a u e by highligh ing he
nuanced ole o inancial independence in he e ec i eness o in e en ions aimed a suppo ing FDPs.
i challenges exis ing amewo ks by in oducing he idea o mul iplica i e e ec s be ween inancial
au onomy and o he ope a ional ac o s, sugges ing a mo e complex in e ac ion han p e iously acknowl-
edged. his s udy also expands he heo e ical discou se by inco po a ing spa ial and in eg i y- ela ed
a iables, p o iding a b oade lens h ough which o iew he dynamics o u ban displacemen .
F om a policy pe spec i e, he indings ad oca e o enhancing he inancial au onomy o ci y au ho -
i ies as a means o imp o e he success a es o du able solu ions. he s udy unde sco es he impo ance
o a ge ed, well-c a ed ci y-le el in e en ions ha can e ec i ely u ilize a ailable esou ces and adap
o he speci ic needs o displaced popula ions. hese insigh s a e c ucial o policymake s seeking o
op imize he impac o hei ini ia i es and ensu e sus ainable ou comes o FDPs.
P ac ically, he s udy o e s ac ionable insigh s o ci y planne s and local go e nmen s. By unde -
s anding he de imen al impac o limi ed inancial independence and he bene i s o s a egic in e en-
ions, ci y au ho i ies can be e plan and implemen policies ha a e bo h e ec i e and esponsi e o
he challenges posed by he spa ial dis ibu ion o FDPs. his esea ch hus se es as a guide o de el-
oping mo e cohesi e and p ac ical s a egies in u ban se ings plagued by displacemen issues.
he o e all signi icance o his esea ch lies in i s comp ehensi e examina ion o ac o s ha a ec he
success o inancing du able solu ions in u ban en i onmen s. By in eg a ing heo e ical insigh s wi h
empi ical da a, he s udy p o ides a mul i ace ed unde s anding o how inancial, adminis a i e, and
spa ial ac o s con e ge o in luence policy ou comes, o e ing a aluable esou ce o schola s, policy-
make s, and p ac i ione s alike.
his s udy acknowledges se e al limi a ions ha could a ec he gene alizabili y o i s indings. Fi s ly,
he s udy is based on a ela i ely small sample size. while his was deemed app op ia e o he speci ic
con ex and p elimina y na u e o his inqui y, i may limi he gene alizabili y o he esul s. hus, cau-
ion should be exe cised be o e ex apola ing hese indings o b oade popula ions. addi ionally, he
scope o his s udy is con ined o Baidoa ci y. consequen ly, he insigh s de i ed may no ully ep esen
22 M. i. nOR anD a. M. MOge
he expe iences o condi ions o ci y au ho i ies in o he egions. his geog aphic limi a ion es ic s he
s udy’s applicabili y o a wide con ex , which migh di e signi ican ly in e ms o demog aphic, eco-
nomic, o cul u al cha ac e is ics.
conside ing he limi a ions iden i ied, u u e esea ch should ocus on expanding bo h he scope and
scale o in es iga ion. o enhance he obus ness and applicabili y o he indings, subsequen s udies
should inco po a e la ge sample sizes, which would p o ide a mo e eliable basis o gene aliza ion. his
would no only s eng hen he s a is ical powe o he s udy bu also allow o mo e nuanced analyses
o subg oups wi hin he popula ion. Mo eo e , ex ending he esea ch o include mul iple ci ies and
di e se egions would o e a compa a i e pe spec i e ha could un eil egional a ia ions and con ib-
u e o a mo e comp ehensi e unde s anding o he dynamics a play. Such explo a ions would be in alu-
able in o mula ing policies and in e en ions ha a e bo h e ec i e and cul u ally compe en .
in conclusion, his s udy makes signi ican s ides in dissec ing he mul i ace ed aspec s o inancing
du able solu ions o o cibly displaced pe sons, o e ing c i ical insigh s in o he in e play o inancial
au onomy, policy in e en ions, and spa ial dynamics. By p o iding a deepe unde s anding o hese com-
plex ela ionships, he esea ch no only con ibu es o academic discou se bu also aids in he o mula ion
o mo e e ec i e policies and p ac ical app oaches o managing u ban displacemen . his wo k lays a oun-
da ion o ongoing explo a ion and unde sco es he need o con inued a en ion o he challenges and
oppo uni ies inhe en in os e ing sus ainable u ban en i onmen s o displaced popula ions.
E hical app o al
his s udy was conduc ed in acco dance wi h e hical s anda ds, ha ing secu ed app o al om he SiMaD Uni e si y’s
cen e o Resea ch and De elopmen e hical commi ee, which included ensu ing in o med consen , con iden iali y,
and p o ec ion o pa icipan s’ igh s and well-being.
Consen o publica ion
we he eby p o ide ou pe mission o he publishing o his manusc ip , which includes any associa ed images o
da a co e ed wi hin he ex .
Au ho con ibu ions
Mohamed Ib ahim No : concep ualiza ion; S udy Design; Me hodology; Fo mal analysis; in es iga ion; w i ing-o iginal
d a ; P ojec adminis a ion; acqui ing he necessa y unding o he p ojec . Abdulkadi Mohamed Moge: So wa e;
Da a cu a ion; Fo mal analysis; in es iga ion; w i ing - e iew & edi ing; he isualiza ion o da a and esul s.
Diclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Funding
his esea ch was suppo ed by he Uni ed na ions capi al De elopmen Fund (UncDF) in Somalia.
Abou he au ho s
D . Mohamed Ib ahim No , a dis inguished economis and inance expe , is cu en ly se ing as he S a e Minis e
o P esiden ial a ai s in he Sou hwes S a e o Somalia. wi h a Ph.D. in in e na ional Finance om Malaysian
Science Uni e si y, no has a ich backg ound in go e nmen and academia. He p e iously held he posi ion o chie
economis and Pe manen Sec e a y a he P ime Minis e ’s o ice in Somalia. D . no has also wo ked a he wo ld
Bank as a Senio Da a analys o he Minis y o educa ion. He has been eaching economics, Banking, and Finance
a SiMaD Uni e si y since 2009 and se ed as Depu y Rec o o academics o o e se en yea s. D . no is a p oli ic
esea che , ac i e e iewe , and membe o p es igious associa ions like he B i ish Royal economic Socie y, ame ican
economic associa ion, and ame ican Finance associa ion.
cOgen BUSineSS & ManageMen 23
Abdulkadi Mohamed Moge is a seasoned Public Financial Managemen (PFM) ad ise wi h ex ensi e expe ience in
Somalia’s public inance sec o . He has played a pi o al ole in he SSF and PReMiS-PFM p og ams, suppo ing he
implemen a ion o he i s PFM Dec ee and BiSan sys ems. as a Sys em adminis a o o BiSan, he became a
leading expe in PFM i sys ems, con ibu ing o budge o mula ion and inancial s a emen de elopmen in com-
pliance wi h in e na ional s anda ds. His e o s we e c ucial in secu ing wo ld Bank unding o he s a e. abdulkadi
holds a bachelo ’s deg ee in business adminis a ion om indian Ocean Uni e si y and has comple ed in e na ional
aining cou ses in inance, go e nance, and p ojec managemen .
ORCID
Mohamed ib ahim no h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-3695-9657
Da a/ma e ials a ailabili y s a emen
Da a will be made a ailable on easonable eques .
Re e ences
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