Teplická, Ka a ína; Khou i, Same ; Mehana, Ib ahim; Pe o ská, I ana
A icle
Ene gy cos educ ion in he adminis a i e building by he
implemen a ion o echnical inno a ions in Slo akia
Economies
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Teplická, Ka a ína; Khou i, Same ; Mehana, Ib ahim; Pe o ská, I ana (2024) :
Ene gy cos educ ion in he adminis a i e building by he implemen a ion o echnical inno a ions
in Slo akia, Economies, ISSN 2227-7099, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 12, Iss. 10, pp. 1-17,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies12100260
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Ci a ion: Teplická, Ka a ína, Same
Khou i, Ib ahim Mehana, and I ana
Pe o ská. 2024. Ene gy Cos
Reduc ion in he Adminis a i e
Building by he Implemen a ion o
Technical Inno a ions in Slo akia.
Economies 12: 260. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/economies12100260
Academic Edi o : An ónio
Ca doso Ma ques
Recei ed: 15 Augus 2024
Re ised: 5 Sep embe 2024
Accep ed: 15 Sep embe 2024
Published: 25 Sep embe 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
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condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
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4.0/).
economies
A icle
Ene gy Cos Reduc ion in he Adminis a i e Building by he
Implemen a ion o Technical Inno a ions in Slo akia
Ka a ína Teplická1,* , Same Khou i 2, Ib ahim Mehana 2and I ana Pe o ská2
1Depa men o Managemen , Facul y BERG, Technical Uni e si y o Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slo akia
2Ins i u e o Ea h Resou ces, Facul y BERG, Technical Uni e si y o Košice, 040 01 Košice, Slo akia;
same [email p o ec ed] (S.K.); [email p o ec ed] (I.M.); [email p o ec ed] (I.P.)
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +421-556022997
Abs ac : The p esen ed a icle in es iga es he e ec s o echnical inno a ions in adminis a i e
buildings on he inancial side o he business, wi h a main ocus on educing ene gy cos s and ene gy
consump ion. The adminis a i e buildings in a business con ibu e signi ican ly o he business’s
o al ene gy consump ion. The basic pilla o Indus y 4.0 is he op imiza ion o esou ces such as
ene gy, which, in p oduc ion en e p ises, ep esen s economic alue—cos s. The a icle is o ien a ed
o in es iga e he e ec o he echnical inno a ions o adminis a i e buildings on he inancial
side o he en e p ise, wi h a main ocus on educing ene gy cos s and ene gy consump ion. This
esea ch was conduc ed in Slo akia’s manu ac u ing sec o . In his esea ch, we used economic and
inancial analysis and economic indica o s. This esea ch was conduc ed be ween 2019 and 2023.
In his pe iod, he esul s we e posi i e. The esul s indica ed a educ ion in ene gy consump ion
o 143 GJ (39,722 kWh), educed ene gy cos s o EUR 6356, educ ion in he ene gy cos s uc u e
o 1.3%, and he indica o , he payback pe iod, was de e mined o be in he ange o 6 o 12 yea s
o indi idual echnical inno a ions. The new design o adminis a i e buildings is an ad an age
o manu ac u ing en e p ises and can be used as a ma ke ing ool o a ac bo h cus ome s and
supplie s. The sugges ed ene gy, en i onmen al, and economic sus ainabili y model will allow
p oduc ion en e p ises o imp o e hei ene gy use in adminis a i e buildings.
Keywo ds: inno a ions; ene gy cos s; ene gy consump ion; ene gy managemen ; op imiza ion
1. In oduc ion
The basic pilla o Indus y 4.0 is esou ce op imiza ion, including ma e ials, ene gy,
echnical, echnological, pe sonnel, and inancial, which, in p oduc ion en e p ises, ep e-
sen economic alue as he co e cos s o he business. Ozbal a e al. (2021) commen ed ha
he ene gy e iciency concep , including no ions o en i onmen al sa e y, is oday he majo
heme o all buildings in p oduc ion en e p ises. This p oblem also a ec s adminis a i e,
as well as p oduc ion, buildings. All p oduc ion en e p ises use adminis a i e buildings
o adminis a i e ac i i ies. This esea ch ills in he gap in he esea ch ega ding ene gy
and economic e iciency in adminis a i e buildings. This gap exis s because his a ea is
conside ed less impo an o p oduc ion en e p ises. Adminis a i e buildings make a
signi ican con ibu ion o a business’s o al ene gy consump ion, so i is c ucial o imp o e
hei ene gy pe o mance a bo h he en i onmen al and economic le els. The economic
iew means ha ene gy cos s a e an impo an pa o ope a ional cos s, and hei educ ion
is based on lowe ene gy consump ion and using enewable esou ces. Ekung e al. (2020)
said ha he cos s o clean-ene gy echnologies a e e y high and hei implemen a ion
in adminis a i e buildings is olun a y. The bes s a egies o pho o ol aic cos educ-
ion a e manda ing g een buildings, ensu ing building design s anda diza ion, he use
o pho o ol aic componen s, acili a ing impo licensing, and massi e public educa ion.
De eloping hese s a egies o imp o e he pho o ol aic alue chain will inc ease he sup-
ply capaci y o clean ene gy, which is one o he solu ions o imp o ing adminis a i e
Economies 2024,12, 260. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies12100260 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/economies
Economies 2024,12, 260 2 o 17
buildings. Shukla Siddha h e al. (2022) said ha he e is signi ican in e es in using
anspa en o ganic pho o ol aics o gene a e on-si e elec ici y and educe building ene gy
demand. The ne ene gy bene i is posi i e o all buildings in a ious loca ions. This
means ha mo e ene gy is p oduced o sa ed han used. The payback imes a e less han
o he buildings using in eg a ed pho o ol aic echnologies. This s udy aims o in es iga e
he e ec s o echnical and echnological modi ica ions o adminis a i e buildings on he
inancial side o he en e p ise. The main ocus is on educing ene gy cos s and ene gy con-
sump ion. The s udy is o ien a ed owa d sol ing he a ious echnical inno a ions in he
adminis a i e buildings ha will help b ing abou imp o emen s in ene gy consump ion.
Th ough app op ia ely chosen inno a ions, ene gy cos s and ene gy consump ion should
be educed.
This app oach b ings scien i ic and p ac ical bene i s (sugges ion o possibili ies o
ene gy sa ing o adminis a i e buildings), social bene i s (mo i a ion o employees o
engage wi h low-cos measu es), and economic bene i s ( educing ene gy cos s). Op imiza-
ion o esou ces is a cen al componen o Indus y 4.0. This aspec is aimed a ene gy,
en i onmen al, and economic (EEE) sus ainabili y, and using a ious models o esou ce
imp o emen is a p io i y. The p io i y documen in he EU o ene gy sus ainabili y is
he ans o ma i e powe o he 2030 Agenda. The 2030 Agenda was de e mined by he
17 Sus ainable De elopmen Goals. The in eg a ion elemen is mani es ed in he agenda as
a connec ion o all h ee dimensions o sus ainable de elopmen : economic, social, and en-
i onmen al. This esea ch is o ien ed owa ds ene gy cos educ ion in he adminis a i e
building o a manu ac u ing en e p ise in Slo akia h ough he implemen a ion o ene gy
managemen wi h echnical inno a ions. This pape in es iga es he ollowing hypo hesis:
implemen ing inno a ions b ings posi i e esul s in educing he ene gy cos s o adminis-
a i e buildings and hei o al ene gy consump ion. The e o o sol e he p oblem o
ene gy consump ion was s a ed in he Eu opean Union Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings
Di ec i e and in he s a e s a emen o ene gy pe o mance. Ga e al. (2020) commen ed
ha he complex eno a ion o buildings o ensu e nea ly ze o ene gy consump ion and
add essing “sma - eadiness” is a possibili y o sol ing he ene gy consump ion p oblem.
The bene i s a e educed ene gy cos s o adminis a i e buildings and educed ene gy
consump ion. The bes manage ial ins umen is ene gy managemen implemen a ion.
Ene gy managemen implemen a ion enables he managemen o ene gy consump ion and
con ibu es o ene gy, en i onmen al, and economic sus ainabili y.
2. Li e a u e Re iew
V anayo áe al. (2020) commen ed ha buildings in he EU accoun o 40% o o al
ene gy consump ion and 36% o o al CO
2
emissions. The co ne s one o EU policy in
he ield o ene gy e iciency is he educ ion in ene gy consump ion, s eng hening he
ene gy e iciency o buildings, he apid pace o building eno a ion, he minimiza ion o
ene gy cos s, he cons uc ion o buildings a he A1 le el (ul a-low-ene gy buildings), and
he design o buildings wi h ze o ene gy needs a he A0 le el. In indus ial en e p ises,
he main goal o he sys em ene gy-sa ing ins umen is o imp o e ene gy use and
educe ene gy cos s by implemen ing a ious echnical inno a ions. Lukáˇc e al. (2021)
commen ed ha ene gy e iciency and cos s a e impo an economic, en i onmen al, and
ene gy sus ainabili y pa ame e s. S a egic modi ica ions ( echnical, echnological, social,
pe sonal, and o he ) o all business p ocesses c ea e he base o pe o mance e alua ion in
en e p ises ( o example, EVA indica o ) and build he ame o sus ainable de elopmen .
Hu e al. (2023) c ea ed a mul i-objec i e ma hema ical op imiza ion model o ene gy
sys ems. This model conside ed ene gy cos educ ion, and e iciency maximiza ion a he
han objec i e unc ions. This ma hema ical model sol ed he economic side o ene gy
e iciency. Al Muala e al. (2023) p esen ed how o educe ene gy cos s by using enewable
ene gy sou ces and s o age sys ems in buildings. The esul s o hei esea ch we e he
ene gy managemen sys em implemen a ion as a manage ial ins umen . The esul s
showed ha he p oposed sys em educed he eal cos , and ene gy losses in buildings.
Economies 2024,12, 260 3 o 17
Sayed e al. (2023) commen ed ha he enewable and ecologically iendly al e na i es o
ene gy consump ion a e enewable ene gy sou ces. Signi ican p og ess has been made
o p oduce enewable ene gy sou ces wi h accep able p ices a a comme cial ange such
as sola , wind, and biomass ene gy. This success has been due o echnological g ow h
ha can use enewable ene gy sou ces e ec i ely a lowe p ices. Renewable ene gy
sou ces gene a ed new ba ie s such as isualiza ion e ec s, noise, s ink, and o he s. Bee
e al. (2023) in es iga ed he in e se isual in luence associa ed wi h in as uc u e o he
enewable ene gy. The ene gy in as uc u e may p e en hei wide deploymen in he
ene gy mix. Knigh e al. (2022) showed ela ionships be ween cos s and ene gy sa ings
in he ma hema ical model. The base o ene gy e iciency is cos -e ec i eness. Based on
an analysis o cos s ene gy sa ings a e ollowed such as ene gy e iciency indica o s. This
app oach is he possibili y o elec ic u ili ies and s a e egula o s in he ene gy e iciency
a ea. Pa ama i e al. (2022) deal wi h he ole o en i onmen al echnologies. In his
a ea o ene gy demand, ene gy capabili y and pe o mance a e impo an ac o s. The
esul s o hei esea ch, ac oss a ious es ima es, con i m ha hose echnologies ha e
a signi ican e ec on ene gy consump ion. En i onmen al echnologies play a majo
posi ion in imp o ing ene gy e iciency h ough ene gy in ensi y educ ion and ene gy
cos . A umägi and Kalamees (2020) demons a ed he op ions o ene gy educ ion and
cons uc ion cos s. They p o ided e idence ha wooden nea ly ze o-ene gy buildings
a e echnically possible. The no el design p ocesses and p ocu emen models educe
cons uc ion cos s and ene gy cos s. Financial calcula ions we e based on he in es men
needed o achie e nea ly ze o ene gy le els. Wu and Skye (2021) commen ed on ad ances
in ne -ze o-ene gy esiden ial buildings (NZEB—ne -ze o-ene gy buildings) ha could
educe ene gy consump ion, ene gy cos s, and g eenhouse gas emissions. NZEB p oposals
a e connec ed by ene gy in as uc u e in e connec ions, enewable ene gy sou ces, and
ene gy e iciency measu es. Te és-Zubiaga e al. (2020) showed ha building eno a ion
plays a main posi ion in educing g eenhouse gas emissions. This app oach achie es
clima e p o ec ion goals and ene gy cos educ ion. Cos -e ec i e building eno a ion
combines ene gy e iciency and enewable sou ces. The solu ion is using cos -e ec i e
in e en ions ha can lead o signi ican educ ions in g eenhouse gas emissions and non-
enewable p ima y ene gy use. Zhao and Mo (2023) p esen ed in he a icle ha buildings
a e esponsible o signi ican ene gy consump ion and ca bon emissions. G een buildings
o e a solu ion o educe ene gy consump ion. The ene gy cos s should be calcula ed
du ing he complex building p ojec s and ene gy policy o sus ainable de elopmen .
Re o i ing o e s g ea po en ial o p omo e he g een building mo emen . This esou ce
sugges s e ec i e subsidy p og ams as a public policy implica ion.
Asim e al. (2022) deal wi h he inc easing demand o hea ing, en ila ion, and
ai -condi ioning (HVAC) sys ems. Thei impo ance, as he espi a o y sys em o buildings,
in de eloping and sp eading a ious mic obial con amina ions and diseases wi h hei
huge global ene gy consump ion was he main goal o esea ch. The esul s o he esea ch
p esen ha he indus ies ha e o ocus on imp o ing he sus ainabili y o HVAC sys ems.
The g ea es oppo uni ies o imp o ing he sus ainabili y o HVAC sys ems exis a he
design s age o new acili ies and he e o i ing o exis ing equipmen . Mi naghi and
Haghigha (2020) commen ha he abno mal ope a ion o HVAC sys ems can esul in
an inc ease in ene gy usage as well as poo indoo ai quali y, he mal discom o , and
low p oduc i i y. Building au oma ed sys ems (BAS) collec s a massi e amoun o da a
ela ed o he ope a ion o each componen o HVAC sys ems. These da a suppo o
imp o emen o HVAC sys ems.
Chen e al. (2023) p esen ed he impo ance o da a-d i en aul de ec ion. The
diagnos ics o building hea ing, en ila ion, and ai -condi ioning sys ems (HVAC) is he
base o de ec ion. This p ocess is di ided in o he ollowing s eps: da a collec ion, da a
cleansing, da a p ep ocessing, baseline es ablishmen , aul de ec ion, aul diagnos ics,
and po en ial aul p ognos ics. This ins umen is impo an o building an e ec i e
HVAC sys em. A oz e al. (2018) said ha he app op ia e applica ion o ad anced
Economies 2024,12, 260 4 o 17
con ol s a egies in hea ing, en ila ion, and ai -condi ioning (HVAC) sys ems is he key o
imp o ing he ene gy e iciency o buildings.
Umoh e al. (2024) commen ed on g een a chi ec u e and ene gy e iciency. G een
a chi ec u e has become an impe a i e conside a ion in con empo a y cons uc ion p ac-
ices. Thei esea ch p o ides a e iew o inno a i e design and cons uc ion echniques
employed in g een a chi ec u e o enhance ene gy e iciency. Guyoma d e al. (2023) p e-
sen ed ha g een a chi ec u e elies on h ee ins umen s: eco-schemes, ag o-en i onmen
measu es, and clima e measu es. Elsha ei e al. (2021) commen ed ha g een s uc u es
u ned in o a huge pa h o an economic u u e. G een building ou lines include inding
he ha mony be ween li ing and a main ainable en i onmen . In hei esea ch, he usage
o mode n echnologies is seen as pa o g eene cons uc ion changes and u ilizing he
gene ic algo i hms inno a ions.
Economidou e al. (2020) p esen ed a key pilla o he Eu opean Union’s clima e and
ene gy s a egy. This documen in o ms he educ ion in ene gy demand in buildings by
using ene gy e iciency. Ene gy e iciency in he EU ene gy policy agenda was p og essi ely
ans o med acco ding o he eal si ua ion. da Cunha and de Aguia (2020) p esen ed
ha he ene gy e iciency o buildings is one o he bigges p eoccupa ions due o he high
nega i e impac s on he en i onmen , economy, and socie y. Hummel e al. (2023) said
he main key o eaching clima e p o ec ion a ge s is educing CO
2
emissions o space
hea ing and ho wa e p epa a ion in buildings. In his case, i is impo an o unde s and
he balance be ween CO
2
educ ion h ough he mal eno a ion ac i i ies and he change
o hea ing sys ems. The esul s show a high sha e o he mal eno a ion un il 2050 is
cos -e icien o each a 95% CO
2
educ ion. In o al, 90% o he buildings a e applicable
o he mal eno a ion. Ene gy needs a e educed mo e in olde buildings han in newe
buildings. B ockway e al. (2021) p esen ed a mac oeconomic iew o ene gy e iciency.
Mos global ene gy p edic ions an icipa e a s uc u al b eak in he ela ionship be ween
ene gy consump ion and g oss domes ic p oduc (GDP). The esul s o hei esea ch
showed a ela ionship be ween ene gy consump ion and GDP. They conclude ha global
ene gy p edic ion may unde es ima e he u u e g ow h a e o global ene gy demand.
Chen e al. (2024) said ha ene gy e iciency accoun s o app oxima ely 40% o he
possibili y o educing g eenhouse gases. The c i ical challenge is mi iga ing clima e change
while main aining economic g ow h. Thei esea ch in es iga ed he impac o ene gy
e iciency on economic g ow h and en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Figu e 1).
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 18
Figu e 1. View on ene gy efficiency. Sou ce: Chen e al. (2024).
The esul s show ha ene gy in ensi y was posi i ely associa ed wi h CO2 emissions,
ecological oo p in , and economic g ow h. Ene gy deple ion was nega i ely associa ed
wi h economic g ow h and posi i ely ela ed o CO2 emissions and ecological oo p in .
These indings demons a e ha ene gy in ensi y posi i ely impac s economic g ow h
and deg ades he en i onmen . Sun e al. (2021) commen ed ha echnical and echno-
logical modi ica ions and op ions educe ene gy in ensi y and ca bon emissions wi hou
comp omising global economic g ow h. Zhao e al. (2022) p esen ed an ene gy efficiency
s udy in es iga ing he effec o g een-bond inancing on ene gy efficiency in es men o
g een economic eco e y. The s udy’s indings showed ha g een bonds a e he p ima y
inancing sou ce o ene gy efficiency p ojec s.
3. Me hodology
This esea ch deal wi h ene gy cos educ ion and ene gy consump ion a e ech-
nical inno a ions and modi ica ions. The pu pose o he esea ch was ealized in a p o-
duc ion en e p ise in Slo akia ha uses an adminis a i e building o adminis a i e
ac i i ies o 100% ooms. This adminis a i e building c ea es high ene gy and ope a-
ional cos s. This eason is he ins umen o changes in he adminis a i e building. The
adminis a i e building is e y old—i s li e ime is 30 yea s. Du ing i s li e ime, small
modi ica ions and ope a ional cos s we e accep able. The adminis a i e building is used
o adminis a i e ac i i ies such as an office space. The building has 4 loo s— he
g ound loo and 3 loo s. The a ea o he building is 1266 m2. Since he yea 2019, he
ope a ional cos s o adminis a i e buildings ha e inc eased. This ac is a big p oblem in
he en e p ise in he inancial a ea, ene gy consump ion and ene gy cos s and he sa e y
o buildings.
As pa o he esea ch, we es ablished he basic hypo hesis o ene gy cos educ-
ion: implemen ing inno a ions b ings posi i e esul s in educing ene gy cos s o ad-
minis a i e buildings and ene gy consump ion. We es ed his hypo hesis.
The basis o es ing was economic, inancial, and compa a i e analysis a e im-
plemen ing echnical modi ica ions and o he wi hou and low measu es in he adminis-
a i e building in selec ed en e p ises in Slo akia. The yea 2022 was a c i ical momen
o inno a ions in he adminis a i e building. The s a e o he adminis a i e building
was c i ical and ene gy, ope a ional cos s we e oo high. The adminis a i e building did
no do modi ica ions in he yea 2019–2022. The main enance p ocess was p o ided ac-
co ding o he eal si ua ion and c isis. All he ooms o he adminis a i e building we e
used. In he adminis a i e building, new clima ic condi ions (highe empe a u e) we e
accep ed because he en e p ise did no ha e he inancial esou ces o inno a ions and
Figu e 1. View on ene gy e iciency. Sou ce: Chen e al. (2024).
The esul s show ha ene gy in ensi y was posi i ely associa ed wi h CO
2
emissions,
ecological oo p in , and economic g ow h. Ene gy deple ion was nega i ely associa ed
Economies 2024,12, 260 5 o 17
wi h economic g ow h and posi i ely ela ed o CO
2
emissions and ecological oo p in .
These indings demons a e ha ene gy in ensi y posi i ely impac s economic g ow h
and deg ades he en i onmen . Sun e al. (2021) commen ed ha echnical and echno-
logical modi ica ions and op ions educe ene gy in ensi y and ca bon emissions wi hou
comp omising global economic g ow h. Zhao e al. (2022) p esen ed an ene gy e iciency
s udy in es iga ing he e ec o g een-bond inancing on ene gy e iciency in es men o
g een economic eco e y. The s udy’s indings showed ha g een bonds a e he p ima y
inancing sou ce o ene gy e iciency p ojec s.
3. Me hodology
This esea ch deal wi h ene gy cos educ ion and ene gy consump ion a e echnical
inno a ions and modi ica ions. The pu pose o he esea ch was ealized in a p oduc ion
en e p ise in Slo akia ha uses an adminis a i e building o adminis a i e ac i i ies o
100% ooms. This adminis a i e building c ea es high ene gy and ope a ional cos s. This
eason is he ins umen o changes in he adminis a i e building. The adminis a i e
building is e y old—i s li e ime is 30 yea s. Du ing i s li e ime, small modi ica ions and
ope a ional cos s we e accep able. The adminis a i e building is used o adminis a i e
ac i i ies such as an o ice space. The building has 4 loo s— he g ound loo and 3 loo s.
The a ea o he building is 1266 m
2
. Since he yea 2019, he ope a ional cos s o adminis a-
i e buildings ha e inc eased. This ac is a big p oblem in he en e p ise in he inancial
a ea, ene gy consump ion and ene gy cos s and he sa e y o buildings.
As pa o he esea ch, we es ablished he basic hypo hesis o ene gy cos educ ion:
implemen ing inno a ions b ings posi i e esul s in educing ene gy cos s o adminis a i e
buildings and ene gy consump ion. We es ed his hypo hesis.
The basis o es ing was economic, inancial, and compa a i e analysis a e imple-
men ing echnical modi ica ions and o he wi hou and low measu es in he adminis a i e
building in selec ed en e p ises in Slo akia. The yea 2022 was a c i ical momen o in-
no a ions in he adminis a i e building. The s a e o he adminis a i e building was
c i ical and ene gy, ope a ional cos s we e oo high. The adminis a i e building did no
do modi ica ions in he yea 2019–2022. The main enance p ocess was p o ided acco ding
o he eal si ua ion and c isis. All he ooms o he adminis a i e building we e used. In
he adminis a i e building, new clima ic condi ions (highe empe a u e) we e accep ed
because he en e p ise did no ha e he inancial esou ces o inno a ions and modi ica-
ions. In he yea 2022, inancial sou ces we e p epa ed in he amoun o EUR 65,000 o
in es men in he adminis a i e building om eason o he c i ical si ua ion. The eason
was known—high ene gy cos s and he c i ical s a e o he adminis a i e building. This
si ua ion needed o be sol ed in he adminis a i e building o he en e p ise.
The esea ch was conduc ed based on he algo i hm (Figu e 2).
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 18
modi ica ions. In he yea 2022, inancial sou ces we e p epa ed in he amoun o EUR 65
000 o in es men in he adminis a i e building om eason o he c i ical si ua ion. The
eason was known—high ene gy cos s and he c i ical s a e o he adminis a i e build-
ing. This si ua ion needed o be sol ed in he adminis a i e building o he en e p ise.
The esea ch was conduc ed based on he algo i hm (Figu e 2).
Figu e 2. Algo i hm o esea ch ealiza ion.
In he i s s ep o he esea ch, we collec ed da a (Table 1) o economic and inancial
analysis in he selec ed en e p ise. We ob ained da a om he SAP sys em, and POHODA
accoun ing so wa e ( e sion STORMWARE 1.8 POHODA), a he indi idual depa -
men s o he p oduc ion en e p ise in Slo akia. The a e o ene gy acco ding o he law
was EUR 0.16/kWh and du ing he ime pe iod 2019–2023 was uni o m. We selec ed da a
om 2019 o 2023 because, since he yea 2019, he ene gy consump ion inc eased om
890 GJ o 1050 GJ. We ob ained da a—complex cos s o adminis a i e buildings and
hei ope abili y.
Table 1. Economic alues o adminis a i e building.
Time Pe iod (yea ) Ene gy
Consump ion (GJ)
Labo
Cos s (EUR)
Ma e ial
Cos s (EUR)
Se ices
Cos s (EUR)
2019 890 40,230 2600 1500
2020 980 43,530 5000 2300
2021 941 46,428 5100 5200
2022 1193 37,000 13,000 4900
2023 1050 38,500 7000 5400
Economic and inancial analysis:
Economic analysis has used he coun o ene gy cos s (mul iply ene gy a e and en-
e gy consump ion), he de elopmen end o he alues (cos s) (sha e o cos in he cu -
en pe iod and in he based pe iod), and he s uc u e o cos s (index o one kind o cos s
and SUM o cos s) (Fo mulas (1)–(3)). The inancial analysis con ains he indica o — he
payback pe iod o in es men (numbe o yea s o he back o in es men ) in he man-
u ac u ing en e p ise (Fo mula (4)).
Fo mula (1): Ene gy cos s (EUR)
Ce (€) = R × Co (1)
Fo mula (2): De elopmen end o cos s
Figu e 2. Algo i hm o esea ch ealiza ion.
Economies 2024,12, 260 6 o 17
In he i s s ep o he esea ch, we collec ed da a (Table 1) o economic and inancial
analysis in he selec ed en e p ise. We ob ained da a om he SAP sys em, and POHODA
accoun ing so wa e ( e sion STORMWARE 1.8 POHODA), a he indi idual depa men s
o he p oduc ion en e p ise in Slo akia. The a e o ene gy acco ding o he law was
EUR 0.16/kWh and du ing he ime pe iod 2019–2023 was uni o m. We selec ed da a
om 2019 o 2023 because, since he yea 2019, he ene gy consump ion inc eased om
890 GJ o 1050 GJ. We ob ained da a—complex cos s o adminis a i e buildings and hei
ope abili y.
Table 1. Economic alues o adminis a i e building.
Time Pe iod
(Yea )
Ene gy
Consump ion (GJ)
Labo
Cos s (EUR)
Ma e ial Cos s
(EUR)
Se ices
Cos s (EUR)
2019 890 40,230 2600 1500
2020 980 43,530 5000 2300
2021 941 46,428 5100 5200
2022 1193 37,000 13,000 4900
2023 1050 38,500 7000 5400
Economic and inancial analysis:
Economic analysis has used he coun o ene gy cos s (mul iply ene gy a e and ene gy
consump ion), he de elopmen end o he alues (cos s) (sha e o cos in he cu en
pe iod and in he based pe iod), and he s uc u e o cos s (index o one kind o cos s and
SUM o cos s) (Fo mulas (1)–(3)). The inancial analysis con ains he indica o — he payback
pe iod o in es men (numbe o yea s o he back o in es men ) in he manu ac u ing
en e p ise (Fo mula (4)).
Fo mula (1): Ene gy cos s (EUR)
Ce (€)=R×Co (1)
Fo mula (2): De elopmen end o cos s
T = C1/C0 (2)
Fo mula (3): S uc u e (%)
S = Cj/Cc ×100 (3)
Fo mula (4): Payback pe iod (yea s)
Pp = I/CF (4)
whe e R—ene gy a e, Co—consump ion (Kwh), Ce—ene gy cos , T— end, C—cos s,
(0, 1)— ime pe iod, S—s uc u e, Cj—uni cos , Cc— o al cos , Pp—payback pe iod,
I—in es men , and CF—cash low in yea s.
The economic analysis was chosen because o he es ablished goal o he esea ch,
which was he educ ion in ene gy cos s. Ene gy cos s we e de e mined as he p oduc
o consump ion and he ene gy a e es ablished by law du ing he pe iod om 2019 o
2023 (Table 2). Then, i was necessa y o moni o he de elopmen o hese cos s in he
pe iod 2019–2023. Based on he s uc u e o cos s, i is possible o e alua e he ype o cos s
and hei educ ion. The inancial analysis was used o he implemen a ion o echnical
modi ica ions o he adminis a i e building, i was necessa y o alloca e inancial esou ces
and de e mine hei e u n due o he c ea ion o a inancial ese e.
Economies 2024,12, 260 7 o 17
Table 2. Ene gy cos s and end o cos s in he adminis a i e building.
The Ra e o Ene gy 0.16 EUR/kWh
Yea Ene gy (kWh) Ene gy Cos s (EUR) T end
2019 247,223 39,556 -
2020 272,223 43,556 1.10
2021 261,389 41,823 0.96
2022 331,389 53,023 1.26
2023 291,667 46,667 0.88
4. Resul s
The esea ch was p o ided in he selec ed p oduc ion en e p ises in Slo akia. This
en e p ise uses adminis a i e buildings o business ac i i ies. All ooms a e used o
100% o he ime in he adminis a i e building. The esea ch ollowed he algo i hm o he
esea ch ealiza ion in s eps in Figu e 2.
4.1. Analysis o he Ac ual S a e o Adminis a i e Building
The adminis a i e building (Figu e 3) is loca ed in he manu ac u ing en e p ise.
The building is cons uc ed as a p e ab ica ed skele on. I is buil om building ma e ial
wi h good insula ing p ope ies. The pe ime e consis s o conc e e ma e ials. The oo is
la , no insula ed. The building does no ha e loo he mal insula ion. Sola adia ion
comes om h ee sides—sou h, wes , and eas . The no h pa is co e ed by a neighbo ing
building. The e a e cu ains on he windows and blinds on some o he windows. The
building is supplied om a cen al hea supply. The wa e in he hea ing elemen s is
hea ed in exchange s. Regula ion is au oma ic depending on he ex e nal en i onmen .
The dis ibu ion ou e is long. The building is hea ed h oughou he hea ing season. The
hea ing sys em is wi hou he mos a ic al es. Pipes do no ha e he mal insula ion. The
sys em is no hyd aulically egula ed. This building has a li e cycle o 30 yea s.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 18
Figu e 3. Adminis a i e building be o e modi ica ions. Sou ce: own sou ce in en e p ise.
4.2. Economic Analysis o Ene gy Cos s
In his pa o he esea ch, we in es iga e ene gy consump ion and ene gy cos s and
hei end (Table 2), because he main p oblem is high ene gy cos s. Fo economic anal-
ysis, ene gy consump ion in o ma ion om Table 1 has been used, o he coun o ene gy
cos s, Fo mula (1) has been used, and o he end o cos s, Fo mula (2) has been used.
Ene gy consump ion in (GJ) was ansla ed o (kWh).
The esul s o he indica o s a e p esen ed in Table 2.
Ene gy cos s ha e been inc easing since 2019 and eached hei highes alue in
2022, ep esen ing an inc ease o 26% compa ed o 2021. Ene gy cos s we e dec eased by
12% in he yea 2023. Du ing he pe iod 2019–2023, he condi ions in he adminis a i e
building did no change. The building was 100% used o business ac i i ies. A clima ic
condi ion was changed (highe empe a u e). Despi e he clima ic changes, he hea ing
condi ion was he same. We also examined indica o s o s uc u e in Fo mula (3). The
esul s o he indica o s a e p esen ed in Figu e 4. The s uc u e o he cos s o he ad-
minis a i e building is impo an om he eason o he inancial ese e c ea ion. The
high s uc u e du ing 2019–2023 c ea ed wo ypes o cos s—ene gy cos s and labo cos s.
Labo cos s canno dec ease, because he main enance depa men needs specialized
s aff. A educ ion in sala ies means s aff luc ua ion and s aff de ici . The ene gy cos s can
change because hey a e connec ed by ene gy consump ion and kind o ene gy. I is an
a ailable solu ion o he selec ed en e p ise.
The eason o he dec ease in ene gy cos s in he yea 2023 was ha echnical
modi ica ions—inno a ions—we e in oduced in he adminis a i e building. The im-
plemen a ion o wi hou -cos measu es and low-cos measu es in he adminis a i e
building caused dec easing ene gy cos s and ene gy consump ion. Due o he inc ease in
ene gy cos s, i was necessa y o e alua e hei sha e in he o al ope a ing cos s o he
adminis a i e building (Table 3). To al ope a ing cos s con ain labo , ma e ials, se ice,
and ene gy cos s o he adminis a i e building. The signi icance o hose ope a ing cos s
is impo an o modi ica ions in he adminis a i e building and o budge ing o he
modi ica ions. Labo cos s c ea e he sala y o employees who p o ide main enance in
he adminis a i e building. Ma e ial cos s c ea e all cos s o he epai ing p ocess in he
adminis a i e building. Se ice cos s a e cos s connec ed wi h he se ices o ex e nal
supplie s. Ene gy cos s c ea e cos s o ene gy consump ion and o he ene gy ees (elec-
ome e ). The wo s end in ope a ing cos s was p esen ed in he yea 2022. In his pe-
iod was he wo ld ene gy c isis. The oppo uni ies o Slo akia we e in es men in e-
newable echnologies and g een in es men s.
Figu e 3. Adminis a i e building be o e modi ica ions. Sou ce: own sou ce in en e p ise.
4.2. Economic Analysis o Ene gy Cos s
In his pa o he esea ch, we in es iga e ene gy consump ion and ene gy cos s and
hei end (Table 2), because he main p oblem is high ene gy cos s. Fo economic analysis,
ene gy consump ion in o ma ion om Table 1has been used, o he coun o ene gy cos s,
Fo mula (1) has been used, and o he end o cos s, Fo mula (2) has been used. Ene gy
consump ion in (GJ) was ansla ed o (kWh).
The esul s o he indica o s a e p esen ed in Table 2.
Ene gy cos s ha e been inc easing since 2019 and eached hei highes alue in 2022,
ep esen ing an inc ease o 26% compa ed o 2021. Ene gy cos s we e dec eased by 12% in
Economies 2024,12, 260 8 o 17
he yea 2023. Du ing he pe iod 2019–2023, he condi ions in he adminis a i e building
did no change. The building was 100% used o business ac i i ies. A clima ic condi ion was
changed (highe empe a u e). Despi e he clima ic changes, he hea ing condi ion was he
same. We also examined indica o s o s uc u e in Fo mula (3). The esul s o he indica o s a e
p esen ed in Figu e 4. The s uc u e o he cos s o he adminis a i e building is impo an
om he eason o he inancial ese e c ea ion. The high s uc u e du ing 2019–2023
c ea ed wo ypes o cos s—ene gy cos s and labo cos s. Labo cos s canno dec ease, because
he main enance depa men needs specialized s a . A educ ion in sala ies means s a
luc ua ion and s a de ici . The ene gy cos s can change because hey a e connec ed by
ene gy consump ion and kind o ene gy. I is an a ailable solu ion o he selec ed en e p ise.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 o 19
Figu e 4. S uc u e o cos s o adminis a i e building. Sou ce: own sou ce.
The esul s o he obse a ion we e as ollows:
• To al changes in clima e in he en i onmen ;
• Cold in he co ido s due o clima e ac o s;
• The co ido s a e no p ope ly en ila ed;
• Bad moni o ing equipmen in he building;
• The main enance sys em o he adminis a i e building is no managed;
• Regula inspec ions o hea ing elemen s a e no ensu ed;
• No accep able i ings in he hea ing sys em;
Figu e 4. S uc u e o cos s o adminis a i e building. Sou ce: own sou ce.
Economies 2024,12, 260 15 o 17
he secu i y o supply, and inc eases ene gy p ices o p oduc ion companies. This is he
eason why ene gy policy is he key ac o in educing ene gy cos s and consump ion. The
pa o he ene gy policy is also enewable esou ces o ene gy and hei use. This a ea is a
p io i y o ene gy sus ainable de elopmen . Li and Ho (2022) demons a ed ha alling
cos s o enewable ene gy c ea e a low-ca bon ansi ion in ene gy a eas. The a iabili y o
enewable sou ces dec eases he lexibili y o ene gy deli e ies. This ac indica es ha we
should conside he indi ec impac s o enewables by hei implemen a ion. Bdou e al.
(2023) commen ed ha enewable ene gy was ecognized as a po en ial sou ce o ene gy
sa ings o achie e sus ainable and long- e m easible ope a ion and educ ion in ene gy
cos in he pho o ol aic wa e plan . The easibili y o he plan showed a as payback
pe iod o up o 1.1 yea s. U ilizing clean sola pho o ol aic ene gy o powe he wa e plan
led o a conside able educ ion in g eenhouse gases. Those posi i e bene i s show he use
o enewable sou ces o dec easing ene gy cos s.
6. Conclusions
The 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen is a comp ehensi e se o global
p io i ies o achie ing sus ainable de elopmen . Sus ainable de elopmen is connec ed by
pilla s o Indus y 4.0. The pu pose o his a icle was o ien a ed o esou ce op imiza ion
as a pilla o Indus y 4.0 o using adminis a i e buildings o business wi h he aim
o ene gy, en i onmen al, and economic sus ainabili y. The basic pilla o Indus y 4.0
is esou ce-op imizing such as ene gy, which in p oduc ion en e p ises ep esen s an
economic alue—cos s. The aim was o in es iga e he e ec o echnical inno a ions—
modi ica ions o he adminis a i e building on he inancial side o he en e p ise—wi h a
main ocus on educing ene gy cos s and ene gy consump ion. This esea ch deal wi h
ene gy cos educ ion in he manu ac u ing en e p ise in Slo akia. As pa o he esea ch,
he basic hypo hesis o ene gy cos educ ion was es ablished: implemen ing inno a ions
b ings posi i e esul s in educing ene gy cos s o adminis a i e buildings and ene gy
consump ion. Hypo hesis H1 was con i med. Du ing he ime pe iod 2022–2023, he esul s
showed a educ ion in he ene gy consump ion o 143 GJ, a educed ene gy cos o EUR
6356, a educ ion in he cos s uc u e o 1.3%, and he payback pe iod was in he ange o
6–12 yea s o indi idual echnical inno a ions such as a new design o he adminis a i e
building such as ma ke ing ins umen o cus ome s and supplie s. The esul s o his
esea ch sugges ed an EEE model o ene gy se e i y o adminis a i e buildings. This
model p esen s an app oach o he economic dimension (such as educ ion in ene gy cos s),
ene gy dimension (such as educ ion in ene gy consump ion) and en i onmen al dimension
(such as CO
2
educ ion). The model shows he implemen a ion o he ins umen o ene gy
managemen and indica o s such as ene gy e iciency. The social dimension is o ien a ed
o g een building a chi ec u e and he mo i a ion o he pe sons o illing he ene gy
measu es. The en i onmen al dimension deals wi h ene gy in as uc u e and e ec i e
HVAC sys ems o buildings. The in eg a ion elemen is mani es ed in he 2030 Agenda
as a connec ion o all h ee dimensions o sus ainable de elopmen : economic, social, and
en i onmen al. The EEE model o ene gy, en i onmen al, and economic sus ainabili y
will allow o p oduc ion en e p ises imp o e ene gy se e i y.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, me hodology, so wa e, alida ion, o mal analysis, in es-
iga ion, esou ces, da a cu a ion, w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, w i ing— e iew and edi ing,
isualiza ion, supe ision, p ojec adminis a ion, unding acquisi ion, K.T., S.K., I.M. and I.P. All
au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch was unded by ITMS: 313011T567 New possibili ies and app oaches o
op imiza ion wi hin logis ical p ocesses and KEGA 010TUKE-4/2023 “Applica ion o educa ional
obo s in he p ocess o eaching he s udy p og am indus ial logis ic”.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : www. egis e uz.sk (accessed on 4 Sep embe 2024).
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
Economies 2024,12, 260 16 o 17
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