




Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía 
Tu o es:
G adoenCienciasdelMa    Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez
Cu so2013/2014LucíaMolinaDomínguez
UNIVERSIDAD
DE
LAS
PALMAS
DE
GRAN
CANARIA
UNIVERSIDAD
DE
LAS
PALMAS
DE
GRAN
CANARIA
Clown ish:comme cialin e es andcul u e
Nomb e:Ma íaK is el
Apellidos:O egaGa cía
Ti ulaciónquecu sa:G adoCienciasdelMa 
Cu soacadémico:2013‐2014
Tu o :Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez
Depa amen odeBiologíadelaUni e sidaddeLasPalmasdeG an
Cana iaCo u o :LucíaMolinaDomínguez
In es igado aasociadaalIUSA
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez
LucíaMolinaDomínguez
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

1
Index
1. In oduc ionPage2
1.1 His o yo  heaqua iumPage2
1.2 O namen alma inespecieso comme cialimpo ance Page3
1.3 Impo anceo Pomacen idae amily    Page4
1.3.1 In e na ional adeo ma ineo namen alspecies Page5
1.3.2 Majo expo e sandimpo e scoun ies  Page6
1.3.3 Wildcaugh animalsand heimpac on heecosys emPage7
1.4 Familyandgenuscha ac e is icsPage8
1.4.1 TaxonomyPage8
1.4.2 BiologyPage9
1.4.3 Dis ibu ionPage9
2. Cul u eo clown ishPage10
2.1 SexchangePage10
2.2 Spawningandha chingPage11
2.3 Eggde elopmen Page13
2.4 Feedinghabi sPage15
2.5 Expe imen alwo kPage16
2.5.1 Ins alla ionPage17
2.5.2 Main enancePage17
2.5.3 Pa ame e sPage18
3. ConclusionsPage19
4. Bibliog aphyPage21

Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

2
1. In oduc ion
The e m“o namen al ish"isagene ic e mdesc ibing o hoseaqua ic
o ganismssuppo edinanaqua iumwi hin en iono o namen ,including ish,
in e eb a easco als,c us aceans,mollusks,echinode ms,aswellasali e ock(Panné
&Luchini,2008).
The adeo o iginalo ganismso  hema inewo ldisinc easing,ne e heless,
oneo  hecon o e sies ha hasgene a ed he adeo ma inespeciesis ha unlike
heo namen al isho  eshwa e whe emo e han90%isp oducedin a ms,only2
%o  he ishand1%o  heco alsa eob ainedbymeanso  echnologieso cul u ein
cap i i y,sincein hemainhiso iginis hecap u eo  hena u alway(nea 98%o 
mo e han1.400comme cializedspecies)(Wabni ze al.,2003).

1.1. His o yo  heaqua ium
Thecul u eo aqua icspecieso o namen ,i a osewi h heupb ingingo  ish,
ac i i yasoldasou ci iliza ion.I isbelie ed ha  he i s onesinde eloping his
in e es we e heEgyp ians,who aised ishin ese oi s o mys icalando namen al
easons;whe eas heChinesedu ing heDynas ySungpe ec ed hecul u eo golden
ishand en s(koi),being he i s na ionin ealizingexpo so  isho o namen  o
Japanin heyea 1.500(Vie h,1998).
In hepa icula caseo ma ineaqua iumspecies, hisac i i yhadhis
beginningsin hemiddleo XIXcen u y.Ne e heless, hecomme cializa ionand
expo o  opicalma ine ish o  he adeo aqua iumsbeganinS iLankain he
decadeo 1930, o e ysmallscale.The adeexpandeddu ing hedecadebe ween
aninc easingnumbe o coun ies, a o ing ha  hequan i yo pe missions o  he
compila iono speciesdes ined o ma ineaqua iumswasinc easinginexpo ing
coun iesasHawaiiandThePhilippines(Wood,2001b).La e i  u nedin oa
mul imillionai eindus ywhen,in hedecadeo 1970, ishe ieswe ees ablished
ac oss he opicalIndianPaci icOceanand heOceansand heA lan icOcean.
Nowadays,45coun ies eplace heglobalma ke swi hes ima ionso 14‐30million
ishpe yea anda alueo 20‐32milliono eu os(B uckne ,2005).


Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

3
1.2. O namen alma inespecieso comme cialimpo ance
Theindus yo  hema ineaqua iumsdepends undamen allyon hesupplyo 
o namen alspecieso  e eb a esandin e eb a es.Fishandc us aceanss andou 
among hema ineo ganismso highcomme cialimpo ance,becausehiscolou ing
a ac ion,exo ic o mandpa icula beha io .Ne e heless, hein e na ionalma ke 
o ma ineaqua iumspeciesisdomina edby he ish,wi ha olumeo annuala e age
p oduc iono app oxima ely20millionso  opical ish(Ca o&B own,2003;Wabni z
e al.,2003).
Themajo i yo  hesal wa e  ishesdes ine o hisexhibi ioninaqua iums,wi h
heexcep iono  heseaho ses,needle ishandglobe ish ha  heysellon hema ke 
ascu iosi ieso a icles o  hehome,o a eusedin he adi ionalmedicine
(B uckne ,2005).Thep e e enceon hema ke isdomina edbyju enilemaleso 
a ge speciesdue o he ac  ha  heyp esen majo colo  ha  he emalesand hey
su i emo e ime ha  headul o ganisms,besideswhichhis anspo  u nsou  o
beeasie andeconomic.O 1.471specieso  ishcomme cializedin hewo ld, he
amilyPomacen idae,heunde s ands hespecieso majo comme cialapp aisal,wi h
app oxima ely350species(Figu e1).Themajo i yo  hesespeciesa eo iginalo  he
opicalzoneo  heIndianOceanandwes e nPaci icOcean(Reynosoe al.,2012).

Figu e1:Themaincomme cialspecieso Pomacen idae amily.Images aken omGoogle/Images.
Thedamsel ish(Pomacen idae),clown ish(Pomacen idae)andangel ish
(Pomacan hidae), ep esen app oxima ely hehal o  he ade(Figu e1).O he 
specieswi h ele ancyon hein e na ionalma ke  he ebelong o heg oupo  he
ishsu geons(Acan hu idae), hew asses(Lab idae),gudgeons(Gobiidae)and
bu e ly ish(Chae odon idae),whichasawhole heycons i u e33%(Wabni ze al.,
2003;B uckne ,2005).Inside heseg oups, enspecieso majo demanda e:
Amphip ionocella is(Pomacen idae);Ch omis i idis(Pomacen idae);Lab oides
dimidia us(Lab idae);Ch ysip e ahemicyanea(Pomacen idae);Sala ias ascia us
(Blenniidae);Ch ysip e acyanea(Pomacen idae);Pa acan hu ushepa us
(Acan hu idae);Synchi opussplendidus(Callionymidae);Pseudan hiassquamipinnis

Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

4
(Se anidae);Acan hu usleucos e non(Acan hu idae),(Figu e2) ha  ep esen 36%
o all he ishcomme cialized(Wood,2001b).

Figu e2:Shows hepe cen ageso  hemos demanded amilies.©Ma íaK is elO egaGa cíausing
da ao Wood,2001b.
F om he e e enceanalysiso Icanconclude ha  hisisdue o he ac  ha 
hespecieso clown ishwhobelong o he amilyPomacen idae,a eoneo  he ew
o namen alspecies ha ha emanaged obecul u edob aininginc easingsu i al
a esin helas yea s.Ne e heless,o he species omo he  amiliesa emo e
di icul  ocul i a eup onowdue o helackingknowledge ega dingi scul u e,
consequen lyexpo ingcoun iesa eobliged ocollec  hem omwild,inhighe 
numbe s.Fo  his eason, he amilyPomacen idae ep esen s hemajo pe cen age
inside he o al,since hee o  oob ain hesespeciesis e ymuchmino ,which
acili a es ha majo quan i iesa eexpo ed.

1.3. Impo anceo Pomacen idae amily
This amilywas he i s ma ineo namen al ishes obecul u ed,bu 
conside ing hei impo ancein heaqua ium ade(i  ep esen salmos hal o  he
adedspecies,ag ea amoun o  esea chiss illbeing ocusedonb eeding hese
ishes.This amilyincludesdamsel ishes(Ch ysip e aspp.)andclown ishes
(Amphip ionandP emnasspp.),whicha epe haps hemos  amousspeciesinma ine
aqua ia.Al hough he ep oduc i ebeha io o damsel isheshasbeendesc ibed o 
some ime,mos a ailablein o ma ionis ela ed oclown ishes(Molina&Segade,
2013).Someo  hespecieso  his amilya ecomme ciallya ailable,suchas
Amphip ionocella is,A.melanopus,A. ena us,A.pe cula,andP emnasbiaculea us.
Thisisp obably hebes known amilyamongaqua is sandis hemos  aded amily
becauseo  hei g ea s eng h,b igh colo andsmallsize(Molina&Segade,2013).
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

5
Clown ishesa e hemos longs andingandin ensi elycul u ed amilyo 
ma ineo namen alsanda e hebes  ankedinma ineaqua ium ade.Also heywe e
he i s  ee  ishspeciesb edsuccess ullyincap i i y(Madhue al.,2013).

1.3.1. In e na ional adeo ma ineo namen alspecies
The endson hein e na ionalma ke ha edemons a ed heexpansiono 
heexpo sandimpo so o namen specieso .Acco ding oFAO(2007), om1976
o2004, henumbe o expo ingcoun iesex ended om28 o146and he
impo e sg ew om32 o120,o which80a e hosewhosupply hewo ldma ke o 
o namen alma ine ish(Gaspa inie al.,2005).Nowadays,85%o  hema inespecies
ha a ecomme cializedcomes om opicalandsub opicalcoun ieso  he egion
Indo‐Paci ic,beingIndonesiaandThePhilippines, hemajo expo e so  hep incipal
ma ke so  hewo ld, houghTheMaldi es,Vie nam,S iLankaandHawaii(USA)also
supplyanimpo an numbe o o ganisms o ma ineaqua iums(B uckne ,2005).
Ano he coun y ha hasacqui edwo ld ele ancyin helas decadeisB azil, u ning
in ooneo  hep incipalexpo e so sal wa e  ishes(Gaspa inie al.,2005).
In ela ion o heimpo s,TheUni edS a esis hemajo impo e , eaching
nea 80%o  heexpo so ha dco alsand50%o  hesal wa e  ishes, espec i ely
(Wabni ze al.,2003).O he impo an ma ke sloca ein heEu opeanUnion
(Ge many,F ance,Uni edKingdomand heNe he lands)and hesou heas o Asia
(especiallyJapan) ha asawholecons i u es26%o  hema ke o  ish(Reynosoe 
al.,2012;Wood,2001b).
On hein e na ionalma ke , hema inespeciesshowp ices e ysupe io  o
hoseo  eshwa e ,inspi eo  he ac  ha 90%o  hecomme cialized alueis
associa edwi hspecieso  eshwa e andonly10%wi hma inespecies(Reynosoe 
al.,2012).E eni exac in o ma iondoesno exis wi h ega d o he alueand he
in e na ional adeo  ishandin e eb a eso o namen ,i  hinks ha hisimpo 
gene a esea nings o app oxima ely204milliono eu os,o which om20 o32
milliono eu osco espond oo namen alma ine ish(B uckne ,2005).



Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

6
1.3.2. Majo expo e sandimpo e scoun ies
TheGlobalMa ineAqua iumDa abase(GMAD)wasse upin2000asa
collabo a i ep ojec be ween heUni edNa ionsEn i onmen P og ammeWo ld
Conse a ionMoni o ingCen eandmembe so  adeassocia ionsinexpo ingand
impo ingcoun ies.I compilesaccu a equan i a i ein o ma ionon heaqua ium
ade h oughcen alizingands anda dizingsales eco dsp o idedbyaqua ium
wholesale s.Rele an in o ma ion om hese eco dsis henplacedin hepublic
domain.Acco ding oda aheldinGMADa o alo 1,471specieso  isha e aded
globally.Mos o  hesespeciesa eassocia edwi hco al ee sal hougha ela i ely
highnumbe o speciesa eassocia edwi ho he habi a ssuchasseag assbeds,
mang o esandmud la s(Wabni z,2003).
Acco ding oda ap o idedbyexpo e s, hePhilippines,Indonesia, he
SolomonIslands,S iLanka,Aus alia,Fiji, heMaldi esandPalau, oge he ,supplied
mo e han98pe cen o  he o alnumbe o  ishexpo edbe ween heyea s1997
and2002.(Figu e3,Le ).GMAD ade eco ds omimpo e s o yea s1997‐2002
showed ha  heUni edS a es, heUni edKingdom, heNe he lands,F anceand
Ge manywe e hemos impo an coun ieso des ina ion,comp ising99pe cen o 
allimpo so ma ineo namen al ish.Expo e s’da a e ealedTaiwan,Japanand
HongKong obeimpo an impo inga eas.(Figu e3,Righ )(Wabni z,2003).

Lookinga  hemos commonly aded amilies,specieso Pomacen idae
domina e,accoun ing o 43pe cen o all ish aded.Fo  heyea s1997‐2002, he
blue‐g eendamsel ish, heanemone ish, hewhi e aildascyllus, hesapphi ede iland
he h eespo dascyllusa e hemos commonlyglobally adedspecies.The op en
Figu e3:G aphshowing hemajo expo e sandimpo e so ma ineo namen al ishcoun ies.©
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cíausingda ao Wabni z,2003.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

7
species oge he accoun  o 36pe cen o all ish aded om1997 o2002,
acco ding oda ap o idedbyimpo e s(Wabni z,2003).

1.3.3Wildcaugh animalsand heimpac on heecosys em
Aswhichanyuseo na u al esou ces, he ea eanumbe o p oblemsand
issueso conce n ela ing o hecollec iono ma ineo namen alspecies.Thepo en ial
en i onmen alandbiologicalimpac so  hese ishe iesha ebeen ecognized o many
yea sandinclude:o e ha es ingo  ishandin e eb a es,changes o heecologyo 
he ee due ocollec ing,deg ada iono co al ee sdue ophysicaldamagein lic ed
bycollec o sand hei gea ,deg ada iono  ee  omuseo cyanideando he 
poisons,losso biodi e si ydue o hese ac o s(Wood,2001a).
The90%o  hema inespeciescomme cializednowadaysiscap u edin he
ee so co alo  headjacen a easand hough he ee sco e less han0,25%o  he
ma ineen i onmen ,isconside ed obe' hejungleo  hesea'due ohishigh
biodi e si y.Theya e hebiologicalmo ep oduc i eecosys emso  hewo ldand
ecei e omo e han4.000specieso  ish.Inaddi ion,ag ea numbe o speciesuse
heseecosys emsasa eao  ep oduc iono baby'szone(MolinaandSegade,2013).
The20%o  he ee so co alo  hewo ldhasbeendes oyedbye iciencyanddoes
no showimmedia epe spec i eso  eco e y(Ve one al.,2009).
The h ea s ha conce n he ee so co ala edi e s.Be ween hem he ea e
heo namen al ishing, hejewele 'sshopandcu iosi ies o  he ade,ma e ialo 
cons uc ion,aswellas adi ionalmedicinesandpha maceu icalp oduc s.On he
o he hand, hedes uc i e,such echnologieso  ishinglike heuseo dynami eo 
cyanideo sodium,o en heya einuse o s unningandca chingo namen alspecies,
p oducing hese e eandlong e mhu no only o he a ge species,bu also o he
su oundinghabi a .Thee ec o  heseha m ulchemis s o  hehabi a con inues o
beunknowns ange , hougho he  echnologieso compila ionlike hedynami eand
heexplosi esa ec  oomanymo especies ha can u ndamaged,woundedo 
mu de ed.All heseme hodsp oducese ioushu sin hepopula ionso o ganisms
andalso hedes uc iono biga easo  he ee o co al(MolinaandSegade,2013).
Whe easi is equi edag ea di e si yo species o  he adeo  heaqua ium,
asigni ican pa o  he ade ends obecha ac e izedbyanex emelyselec i e
ishingand ha cen e sona ewspecieso highcomme cial alue(Wabni ze al.,
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

14
Thenewlylaideggiso angeincolo ,ellip icalinshapeandsligh lycu ed
a ound hemiddlepa o  heyolk.Thecho ionis anspa en and heeggcouldbe
seen h ough heshell(Figu e6,Day0)(Yasi &Qin,2007).
De elopmen isquick.A app oxima ely24hou s heea lynu ula(ea lies 
s ageo ob iousbody o m)ise iden .A 48hou s;eye,hea ,b ainandspinalco d
a ep esen and heyolkissligh ly educedandda ke o ange.The hi dnigh , he
emb yo e e sesi sposi ion,byaligningi sheada  heuna achedendo  heegg.By
he ou hday,da klypigmen edeyesandbodypa sa ee iden .Byday i e,pec o al
insanddo saland en al in oldsa eappa en ,alsomajo blood esselsand
ci cula iona eclea lye iden .By hesix hdaysemici cula canals,mou handwell
de elopedeyesconsis ingo blackenedi isandsil e co e inga eappa en .
Ope culum lapsa eba elydisce nible.Dayse enissimila  odaysixexcep mo e
e ined, es igeso gill ake sandde elopedgill lapsa ee iden ,alsoyolkis
conside ablysmalle (Figu e6)(Ho ,1996).

Du ingea lyde elopmen  hela a’sheadisloca eda  hea achedendo  he
eggs.Whenabou  oha ch, hey o a einside heeggsso ha  hei headisa  he
una ached ip.A ha ch, heypush o wa dwi h hei  ails,b eaking heuna ached
ipo  heegg(Dhaneeshe al.,2009).Theleng ho  henewlyha chedla ae ange
Figu e6:Eggde elopmen sincespawningun ilha ching.Images aken omRee smagazine

Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

15
om2.5 o3.0mmapp oxima elyand hela aeme amo phosein oju eniles12‐15
dayspos ‐ha ching(Figu e7)(Sahandi,2011).
Somede e minan s o success ul ep oduc ione ec sa edesc ibedbyBus on
&Eli h,publicizedin2011.Theses udiesindica e ha changeinmaleleng his
nega i ely ela ed,andyea clu chisposi i ely ela ed o hep obabili yo layingeggs
and henumbe o eggslaidpe clu ch.Thesee ec s, aken oge he ,a e hep ima y
de e minan so  he o alnumbe o eggsha chedbypai s.Also,changesin emale
massandini ial emales anda dleng ha ebo hposi i ely ela ed o henumbe o 
eggslaidpe clu ch.Thesee ec s, aken oge he ,canbeconside ed heseconda y
de e minan so  he o alnumbe o eggsha chedbypai s.

F om hes udyo a icles,Ibelie e ha onha inginc eased hesizeo  he
male,amajo ene ge icexpense akesplaceinhisownmain enanceand ha 
he e o e,ancompensa ione ec  akesplaceand ha way, heene gyusedin he
ep oduc ionmee s educedunleashingamino quan i yo sa is ac o ilyha ched
eggs.Incaseo  he emale,aninc easeinhe sizeandmassgene a esaninc easeo 
his ho acicca i y,whichmakespossibleamajo p oduc iono eggsand he e o e,a
majo indexo i ssa is ac o yappea ance.

2.4. Feedinghabi s
Anemone isha eclassi iesasomni o ous,oppo unis ic eede s.Thismeans
heyconsumeawide a ie yo  oodi emsconsis ingo plan andanimalma e and
dono  a ellongdis ances opu sue hei  ood.Feedingisgene allycon ined o he
su acea eaandwa e columnimmedia e o hei hos anemone.Tidal lowandwa e
ac ionsupplybi so  loa ingdeb is,mos lyalgae,in o hei wa e column.Mos 
eeding en u esa ealongbo omsubs a esanddono expandbeyond h ee o i e
me e s om hehos anemone(Ho ,1996).
Ho (1996)examined hes omachcon en so 74specimens omEniwe ok.By
olume,91.8%o  hei  oodconsis edo ana e ageo 34.8%copepods,33%algae,
Figu e7:

La aede elopmen  omha ching o heju eniles age.Images aken omRee smagazine
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

16
9.7%wo ms,6.4%c us acean agmen s,5.2% unica esand2.7%amphipods.The
emaining8.2%consis edawide angeo  oodi emsincluding:isopods,ba nacle
nauplii,Amphip ioneggs,sh imps,c us aceanla ae,ba nacleappendages,
uniden i iedeggs,c abs,nema odes,os acodsandpolychae es.I isimpo an  ono e
ha copepodsandmac oalgaecons i u ed67.8%o  hei die .Bu i isimpo an  o
emembe  ha  eedingp e e encesinclown ishisp obably o cedupon hemby hei 
endency o emainisola edandsomewha seden a y.
Clown ishla aeandju enilesha ebeen ea edsuccess ullyonhighly
in eg a edanddi e se eedssuchas o i e s,smallpa icula ed y eed,smallA emia,
k illmeal, ollowedbyla ge d y eedpa iclesandmix u eso na u al eeds(e.g.,
chickenhea , ish oe,sh imp ails)(Go done al.,2000).When hela aes a ing
swimming hey eedon o i e s.Ro i e  eedwouldbeused o ape iod12‐20days.
F om he5 hdayA emianaupliiwe eusedbesides o i e  eed.Whene e possible,
en ichmen o  o i e o A emianaupliiwi hOmega3andp obio icswouldbe
e ec i e.Thisen ichmen wouldimp o e hediges i e ac biop ocessesand
consequen ly hela aesu i alandheal h(Sahandi,2011).
Unde mype sonalexpe ience, he eedadminis a iono  heclown ishesin
cap i i yisca iedou using ish eedelabo a edbydi e en na u aling edien s
adding i amins,mine alsandpigmen s,and ha  henc imping oob ainpelle so 
adequa esizeacco ding o ishsize.In u n, ou di e en  ish eeda eused,oneo 
hemcomme cialand heo he  h ee o mula edandelabo a edinou labo a o y.In
hesehandmadedie sdi e en p opo ionso  heing edien swe eused,changing
hisway hep opo ionso p o einsandlipidsp incipally.Thiswillmakepossible o
knowwhichis hemos adequa e ood o  hisspeciesa e compa ing alueso 
g ow h,inweigh andsize,colo a ionand a eo  ep oduc ion.

2.5. Expe imen alwo k
Du ingmy ainingpe iodIcanseeo  i s handhow oca you main enance
and ele an ca e oanumbe o b eedingpai so clown ish(Figu e8).The
expe imen used24b eedingpai so  hespeciesAmphip ionocella is(Cu ie ,1830)
eedingondi e en  ish eeddu ing hespawningpe iod.Themainaimwas oknow
whichdie wasmos adequa e o  hisspecies, os udy hepe iodo p e‐spawning,
spawningandpos ‐spawningand inally os udy hede elopmen o  heeggsand
hela aesu i al.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

17

Figu e8:Expe imen alaqua iumshowingoneo  heb eedingpai swi h lowe po used ocollec  he
eggs.©Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía.

2.5.1. Ins alla ion
Theins alla ionconsis so  wo ackso aqua iums.Thesys emo suppo o 
li eo e e y ackisin eg a ed(biological,mechanicalandul a iole  il e )andi 
includesaclima e o  he egula iono  he empe a u e.In o al heins alla ion
p esen s:
‐2 ackso glassaqua iumswi h12uni o 30land3uni o 90l.
‐ 6uni o 90laqua ia(3uni s o  ack)usedassys emo mechanicaland
biological il a ion.
‐ Sys emo ul a iole  il a ionin eg a ed o hesys emo pipelines ha 
allows heseawa e inle .

2.5.2Main enance
Theci cui isclosed,wa e inle pass h oughanul a iole sys emused o 
wa e s e iliza ion.I isnecessa y o e i y hewa e le elo  hesys emdailysince
always hele elo  hewa e mus beabo eo in headequa e,i no wa e mus 
been e illedun il headequa ele elis eached.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

18
Closedsys emsu ilizewa e exchangebu i isusually20%pe mon h.A
dis inc ad an ageo semi‐openo closedsys emsiswa e s abili y.Wa e s abili y
andbalanceisnecessa ywi hinallaqua icbodies okeepanimalsg owing,sexually
ma u eandheal hy.Reci cula ingsys emso e  hissecu i yandbalance(Ho ,1996)
whenadequa e il a ionsys emswe eused.
Thesuppo li esys emis hemos impo an pa o anyaqua ium.I is he
sys emo main enanceo li eandmus beconside ed o hebeginningo  he
assemblyo  heins alla ion oselec  hesys emmos adap ed o he ypeo  ish ha 
isgoing obecul i a ed(Sand o d,1994).Main enanceo wa e quali yis hemos 
c i ical ac o  o clown ishesunde con olledcondi ions.Asameasu e o  his, he
seawa e need obe il e ed h oughase ieso sand il e sbe o ebeing aken o
anks(Madhue al.,2013).
Inou case, he il a ionsys emiscomposedbyasys emo biological il e 
ac ossbioballs ha p o idingsu aces o  heins alla iono  hebene icialbac e ia
ha ca ied heni ogencycle,asys emo physical il e basedono sponges ha 
allow o e ainpa iclesinsuspensionacco ding o hei sizeandaskime  ha 
elimina es hep esen ammoniumin hewa e and ha is oxic o  heaqua ic
o ganisms.Inou  acili ies hesepa ame e sa eau oma iccon olledbymeanso a
Powe box ha  egis e s heda ainPC.
Thecycleo  heni ogende elopsinanybodyo wa e .Du ing hiscycle, he
p oduc so was eo  heaqua ico ganisms,whicha e oxic o  heaqua icli e, u n
in oinnocuousni a es ha  hena eabso bedby heplan so elimina eddu ing he
egula changeso wa e .In heclosedecosys emso  heaqua iumalso hiscycle
exis sand he e o e,isneededo askimme  okeep hele elso ammoniaunde 
con ol.The e o e, o  heco ec  unc ioningo  heskimme  hepe iodiccleanliness
isnecessa y,speciallyo  hein e io pipeo  heglasso skimmedo , op e en  ha 
heai bubbleso  he oam ha ascenddono exploi onha inghi agains  he
esiduesdeposi edin hewallso  hisone(Sand o d,1994).
As o o he main enances, hecleaningisnecessa yusing eshwa e  o  he
me allicelemen s,sys emso pipelinesandglasse e yweek,since hehigh
e apo a iono  he oomp oducesanaccumula iono g ea quan i yo sal in hese
zones ha i mus bewi hd awn oa oid heco osionand hede e io a iono  he
s uc u es.Inaddi ion, hedailysiphonedo  heaqua iumsisnecessa y oa oid he
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

19
accumula iono exc emen sand emaining oodin hebo omandin hisway
diminish hequan i yo  heammoniain hesys em.

2.5.2. Pa ame e s
Oxygencon en is hekey o hee iciencyo biological il a ion.Theo e all
a eo oxygenconsump ion o asys emis hesumo  he espi a ion a eo  he ish,
oxygendemando  hebac e iab eakingdowno ganicwas esandunea en ood,and
heoxygendemando ni i yingbac e iain he il e (Ho ,1996).Inaddi ion,salini y
o  hecul u een i onmen isanimpo an abio ic ac o  ha in luencesma ine ish
eggsandla alphysiologyandhasadi ec e ec on hei de elopmen ,g ow hand
su i al.Byin luencing heene gy equi emen  o osmo egula ion,salini ydi ec ly
a ec s hee iciencyo yolku iliza ion,la alg ow handsu i al(Dhaneesh,2012).
Fo  hese easons, hemos impo an en i onmen alpa ame e ssuchas
empe a u e(26 o29ºC),salini y(33 o35pp ),dissol edoxygen(4.6 o6.2ml/L)and
pH(8.1 o8.4)a e obemain ainedinall anks,andalso hewa e mus bein
mo emen  oassu e hegoodquali yo  hewa e (Fe nandoe al.,2006;Madhue 
al.,2013).

3. Conclusions

 Thecul u eo o namen alspeciescons i u esa e yoldac i i y ha in he
19 hcen u yex ended oma ineo namen alspeciescon inedinaqua iums.
Thecomme cializa iono  hesespecieshadhisbeginningin heIndo‐Paci ic
OceanandTheA lan icOcean ha wasconsolida edasexpo zones.He eby,
he ea eloca edin hesea eas hep incipalexpo ingcoun ieso  hewo ld.

 The90%o  hecomme cializedspeciesiscap u edo  hema ineen i onmen ,
anddue o heselec i ecap u eo especiallyo highcomme cial aluespecies,
ag ea losso di e si y akesplacein hezoneso exploi a ion.Inaddi ion,
colla e alhu sp oduce o hemsel es oo he specieso adjacen ecosys ems
due o he echnologieso  ishing,whichb ingswi hi se iousconsequences o
hema ineen i onmen .


Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

20
 On hema ke , hep incipalma inecomme cializedspeciesbelong o he
amilyPomacen idaebeing hedamselsand heclown ishes heya e hemos 
ou ‐s andingspecies.Thisisowedp incipally o ha  he ea eo  ew
o namen alspecies ha ha emanaged obecul i a edincap i i yby
sa is ac o y esul s,whe easo o he species he ea eno knownmany
aspec so hiscul u e.

 Theclown ishbelongs o he amilyPomacen idaeand27speciesa eknown
illnow.Due ohissymbio ic ela ionshipwi h heanemones, heyha ea
geog aphicaldis ibu ionconcen a edin he egionIndo‐paci icwes e n.O 
such ha ,hisdependence o heanemonesdoes ha hisdis ibu ionis ied o
hegeog aphicaldis ibu iono  hese,whichi islimi edbydi e se
hyd og aphic ac o s.

 The ac o beingp o and icspeciesassu es hecon inui yo  hespeciesa e 
ad e sesi ua ionsas hedea ho  he emale.Toli einsmallg oups a o s he
p o ec iono p eda o s, houghalso he iolen beha io isp omo edbe ween
indi idualso di e en hie a chic anges.

 Theyp esen p e iousbeha io ssincei is hecou shipand hemo phologic
changes,whichmakepossible o eel hepe iodo spawning.The ehasbeen
e i ied ha p e e ably heypu hiseggs o hea e noonand ha  hesui able
condi ionsgi e hemsel esbe ween hem26‐29ºCo  empe a u e,33‐35ppm
o salini y,4,6‐6,2o dissol edoxygenand8,1‐8,4o pH.

 Theca eo  heeggsisca iedo bo hp ogeni o sand hey akecha geo  he
ae a iono  heeggsandelimina iono  hosewhoha eno su i ed.Finally,in
app oxima ely12‐15daysa e spawning, heme amo phosis akesplace o
ju enileo ganisms.Anega i e ela ionwasobse edbe ween hesizeo  he
maleand heeggsha chedandaposi i e ela ionwi h he emale.He eby,i 
comesnea  o heconclusion omwhich omajo sizeo  hemale,majo 
ene gy o hisco po almain enanceandmino ene gy o  he ep oduc ion,
whe easin he emale omajo sizeo same,majo quan i yo eggsinhis
ho acicca i y,and he e o e,majo possibili ieso success.

 Theya econside ed obeomni o ouso ganisms ha a e edong ea  a ie y
o wild ood.Fo  hismo i e, hemos e icien die s o  hecul u eo 
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

21
clown isha eelabo a edbyna u aling edien s ying oemule he
composi iono  hei die sinna u alcondi ions.

 Abou  heexpe imen alwo k, he ewe eop imized he alueso  hesui able
pa ame e s o  he ep oduc ion,aswellas heinle andou le sys em,
a i ying heideao  heclosedsys emsas hebes op ion osuppo  he
s abili yo  hepa ame e s ha makepossible he ep oduc ionunde cul u ed
condi ions.Besides,di e en die smadeexpe imen ally oes ablish hemos 
sui ablese  o quali y,aswellassu i al,g ow handcolo a ionadequa e
specimenswe e es ed.

4. Bibliog aphy
B uckne ,A.W.2005.Theimpo anceo  hema ineo namen al ee  ish adein he
wide Ca ibbean.Re .Biol.T op.,53(1):127‐137.
Bus on,P.M.&Eli h,J.2011.De e minan so  ep oduc i esuccessindominan pai s
o clown ish:aboos ed eg ession eeanalysis.Jou nalo AnimalEcology,80:528–
538.
Ca o,J.&B own,C.L.2003.Ma ineo namen alspecies:collec ion,cul u eand
conse a ion.IowaS a eP ess,Ames,395pp.
Da abase ish[on‐line].[Da eo  e e ence:8July2014].A ailablein:
h p://www. ishbase.o g/
Dhaneesh,K.V.,Kuma ,T.T.A.&Shunmuga aj,T.2009.Emb yonicDe elopmen o 
Pe culaClown ish,Amphip ionpe cula(Lacepede,1802).Cen eo Ad ancedS udyin
Ma ineBiology,AnnamalaiUni e si yPa angipe ai,Tamilnadu,India.Middle‐Eas 
Jou nalo Scien i icResea ch4(2):84‐89.
Dhaneesh,K.V.,Nan hini,K.D.,Kuma ,T.T.A.,Balasub amanian,T.&KapilaTisse a.
2012.B eeding,emb yonicde elopmen andsalini y ole anceo Skunk
clown ishAmphip ionakallopisos.Jou nalo KingSaudUni e si y‐Science,24(3):
201–209.
Fe nando,O.J.,Raja,K.&Balasub amanian.2006.S udiesonspawninginclown ish
Amphip ionsebaewi h a ious eedcombina ionsunde  eci cula ingaqua ium
condi ions.In e na ionaljou nalo zoological esea ch2(4):376‐381.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

22
FoodandAg icul u eO ganiza iono  heUni edNa ions(FAO)[on‐line].[Da eo 
e e ence:18June2014].A ailablein:h p://www. ao.o g/home/en/
Gail,D.F.1991.Theanemone ishsymbiosis:Wha isknownandwha isno .
Depa men o sys ema icandecology.Uni e si yo Kansas,Law ence.Symbiosis,10:
23‐46.
Gaspa ini,J.L.,Fe ei a,C.E.L.,Floe e ,S.R.&Sazima,I.2005.Ma ineo namen al ade
inB azil.Biodi e s.Conse .,14:2883‐2899.
Ghosh,S.Kuma ,T.T.A.&Balasub amanian,T.2012.Emb yologyo Maldi es
Clown ish,Amphip ionnig ipes(Amphip ioninae).Jou nalOceanUni e si yo China11
(2):174‐180.
Googleimagessea ch[on‐line].[Da eo  e e ence:25June2014].A ailablein:
h ps://www.google.es/imghp?hl=es& ab=wi&ei=GwLEU9zBH6Tl4QT5i4CgBg& ed=0C
AQQqi4oAg
Go don,A.K.,Kaise ,H.,B i z,P.J.&Hech ,T.2000.E ec o  eed ypeandagea 
weaningong ow hanssu i alo clown ishAmphip ionpe cula(Pomacen idae).
Depa men o ich hyologyand ishe iesscience,Rhodesuni e si y,G ahams own.
G een,B.S.&McCo mick,M.I.2004.O2 eplenishmen  o ishnes s:malesadjus 
b oodca e oambien condi ionsandb oodde elopmen .Beha iou alEcology,16:
389–397.
Ha o i,A.1991.Sociallycon olledg ow handsizedependen sexchangein he
anemone ishAmphip ion ena usinOkinawa,Japan.JapaneseJou nalo Ich hyology,
38:165‐177.
Ho ,F.H.1996.Condi ioning,SpawningandRea ingo Fishwi hEmphasisonMa ine
Clown ish.Moe,M.,Lich enbe ,J.,andJohnsonD.EdsAquacul u eConsul an sInc,
DadeCi y,Flo ida,USA,212pp.
Iwa a,E.&Manbo,J.2013.Te i o ialbeha io  e lec ssexuals a using oupso  alse
clownanemone ish(Amphip ionocella is)unde labo a o ycondi ions.Ac ae hol,
16:97–103.
Madhu,R.,Madhu,K.&Re heesh,T.2013.B eedingandseedp oduc iono 
clown ishesunde cap i i y.Cen alMa ineFishe iesResea chIns i u e,India.No
1603.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía

23
Miu a,S.,Koma su,T.,Higa,M.,Handa i,R.K.B.,Nakamu a,S.andNakamu a,M.
2003.Gonadalsexdi e en ia ioninp o and ousanemone ish,Amphip ion
cla kia.SesokoS a ion,T opicalBiosphe eResea chCen e ,Uni e si yo  heRyukyus,
Okinawa,Japan.FishPhysiologyandBiochemis y,28:165–166.
Molina,L.D.&Segade,A.B.2013.Ano e iewo ma ineo namen al ishb eedingasa
po en ialsuppo  o heaqua ium adeand o heconse a iono na u al ish
popula ions.G upodein es igaciónenacuicul u a,ULPGC&ICCM,Telde,Cana y
Islands.In .J.Sus.De .Plann,0:1–25.
PannéS.H.&Luchini,L.2008.Pano amaac ualdelcome cioin e nacionaldepeces
o namen ales.Di eccióndeacuicul u a.
Ree smagazinea icles[on‐line].[Da eo  e e ence:10July2014].A ailablein:
h p://www. ee smagazine.com/
Reynoso,F.L.,Cas añeda‐Chá ez,M.,Zamo a‐Cas o,J.E.,He nández‐Zá a e,G.,
Ramí ez‐Ba agán,M.A.&Solís‐Mo án,E.2012.Laacua io iliadeespecies
o namen alesma inas:unme cadode e osyopo unidades.La .Am.J.Aqua .Res.,
40(1):12‐21.
Sahandi,J.2011.Rep oduc iono Pe sianGul anemone ish(Amphip ioncla kii)in
cap i esys em.Aquacul u e,Aqua ium,Conse a ion&Legisla ion.In e na ional
jou nalo  heBio luxsociae y,Volume4,Issue5.
Sand o d,G.1994.Ellib ocomple odelospecesdeacua io:guíacomple apa a
iden i ica ,escoge yman ene especiesdeaguadulceyma inas(Vol.16).Ediciones
AKAL.
Ve on,J.E.N.,Hoegh‐Guldbe g,O.,Len on,T.M.,Lough,J.M.,Obu a,D.O.,Pea ce‐
Kelly,P.,Sheppa d,C.R.C.,Spalding,M.,S a o d‐Smi h,M.G.&Roge s,A.D.2009.The
co al eedc isis: hec i icalimpo anceo <350ppmCO2.

Vie h,G.R.,Cox,L.J.&Rowland,L.W.1998.Ma ke si ua ion o Hawaii a med
o namen al ish.EconomicFac Shee EFS‐26.Uni e si yo Hawaii,Honolulu,2pp.
Wabni z,C.,Taylo ,M.,G een,E.&Razak,T.2003.F omocean oaqua ium.UNEP
Wo ldConse a ionMoni o ingCen e,Camb idge,64pp.