Clownfish : comercial interest and culture
Full text
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
Tu o es:
G adoenCienciasdelMa Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez
Cu so2013/2014LucíaMolinaDomínguez
UNIVERSIDAD
DE
LAS
PALMAS
DE
GRAN
CANARIA
UNIVERSIDAD
DE
LAS
PALMAS
DE
GRAN
CANARIA
Clown ish:comme cialin e es andcul u e
Nomb e:Ma íaK is el
Apellidos:O egaGa cía
Ti ulaciónquecu sa:G adoCienciasdelMa
Cu soacadémico:2013‐2014
Tu o :Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez
Depa amen odeBiologíadelaUni e sidaddeLasPalmasdeG an
Cana iaCo u o :LucíaMolinaDomínguez
In es igado aasociadaalIUSA
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez
LucíaMolinaDomínguez
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
1
Index
1. In oduc ionPage2
1.1 His o yo heaqua iumPage2
1.2 O namen alma inespecieso comme cialimpo ance Page3
1.3 Impo anceo Pomacen idae amily Page4
1.3.1 In e na ional adeo ma ineo namen alspecies Page5
1.3.2 Majo expo e sandimpo e scoun ies Page6
1.3.3 Wildcaugh animalsand heimpac on heecosys emPage7
1.4 Familyandgenuscha ac e is icsPage8
1.4.1 TaxonomyPage8
1.4.2 BiologyPage9
1.4.3 Dis ibu ionPage9
2. Cul u eo clown ishPage10
2.1 SexchangePage10
2.2 Spawningandha chingPage11
2.3 Eggde elopmen Page13
2.4 Feedinghabi sPage15
2.5 Expe imen alwo kPage16
2.5.1 Ins alla ionPage17
2.5.2 Main enancePage17
2.5.3 Pa ame e sPage18
3. ConclusionsPage19
4. Bibliog aphyPage21
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
2
1. In oduc ion
The e m“o namen al ish"isagene ic e mdesc ibing o hoseaqua ic
o ganismssuppo edinanaqua iumwi hin en iono o namen ,including ish,
in e eb a easco als,c us aceans,mollusks,echinode ms,aswellasali e ock(Panné
&Luchini,2008).
The adeo o iginalo ganismso hema inewo ldisinc easing,ne e heless,
oneo hecon o e sies ha hasgene a ed he adeo ma inespeciesis ha unlike
heo namen al isho eshwa e whe emo e han90%isp oducedin a ms,only2
%o he ishand1%o heco alsa eob ainedbymeanso echnologieso cul u ein
cap i i y,sincein hemainhiso iginis hecap u eo hena u alway(nea 98%o
mo e han1.400comme cializedspecies)(Wabni ze al.,2003).
1.1. His o yo heaqua ium
Thecul u eo aqua icspecieso o namen ,i a osewi h heupb ingingo ish,
ac i i yasoldasou ci iliza ion.I isbelie ed ha he i s onesinde eloping his
in e es we e heEgyp ians,who aised ishin ese oi s o mys icalando namen al
easons;whe eas heChinesedu ing heDynas ySungpe ec ed hecul u eo golden
ishand en s(koi),being he i s na ionin ealizingexpo so isho o namen o
Japanin heyea 1.500(Vie h,1998).
In hepa icula caseo ma ineaqua iumspecies, hisac i i yhadhis
beginningsin hemiddleo XIXcen u y.Ne e heless, hecomme cializa ionand
expo o opicalma ine ish o he adeo aqua iumsbeganinS iLankain he
decadeo 1930, o e ysmallscale.The adeexpandeddu ing hedecadebe ween
aninc easingnumbe o coun ies, a o ing ha hequan i yo pe missions o he
compila iono speciesdes ined o ma ineaqua iumswasinc easinginexpo ing
coun iesasHawaiiandThePhilippines(Wood,2001b).La e i u nedin oa
mul imillionai eindus ywhen,in hedecadeo 1970, ishe ieswe ees ablished
ac oss he opicalIndianPaci icOceanand heOceansand heA lan icOcean.
Nowadays,45coun ies eplace heglobalma ke swi hes ima ionso 14‐30million
ishpe yea anda alueo 20‐32milliono eu os(B uckne ,2005).
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
3
1.2. O namen alma inespecieso comme cialimpo ance
Theindus yo hema ineaqua iumsdepends undamen allyon hesupplyo
o namen alspecieso e eb a esandin e eb a es.Fishandc us aceanss andou
among hema ineo ganismso highcomme cialimpo ance,becausehiscolou ing
a ac ion,exo ic o mandpa icula beha io .Ne e heless, hein e na ionalma ke
o ma ineaqua iumspeciesisdomina edby he ish,wi ha olumeo annuala e age
p oduc iono app oxima ely20millionso opical ish(Ca o&B own,2003;Wabni z
e al.,2003).
Themajo i yo hesal wa e ishesdes ine o hisexhibi ioninaqua iums,wi h
heexcep iono heseaho ses,needle ishandglobe ish ha heysellon hema ke
ascu iosi ieso a icles o hehome,o a eusedin he adi ionalmedicine
(B uckne ,2005).Thep e e enceon hema ke isdomina edbyju enilemaleso
a ge speciesdue o he ac ha heyp esen majo colo ha he emalesand hey
su i emo e ime ha headul o ganisms,besideswhichhis anspo u nsou o
beeasie andeconomic.O 1.471specieso ishcomme cializedin hewo ld, he
amilyPomacen idae,heunde s ands hespecieso majo comme cialapp aisal,wi h
app oxima ely350species(Figu e1).Themajo i yo hesespeciesa eo iginalo he
opicalzoneo heIndianOceanandwes e nPaci icOcean(Reynosoe al.,2012).
Figu e1:Themaincomme cialspecieso Pomacen idae amily.Images aken omGoogle/Images.
Thedamsel ish(Pomacen idae),clown ish(Pomacen idae)andangel ish
(Pomacan hidae), ep esen app oxima ely hehal o he ade(Figu e1).O he
specieswi h ele ancyon hein e na ionalma ke he ebelong o heg oupo he
ishsu geons(Acan hu idae), hew asses(Lab idae),gudgeons(Gobiidae)and
bu e ly ish(Chae odon idae),whichasawhole heycons i u e33%(Wabni ze al.,
2003;B uckne ,2005).Inside heseg oups, enspecieso majo demanda e:
Amphip ionocella is(Pomacen idae);Ch omis i idis(Pomacen idae);Lab oides
dimidia us(Lab idae);Ch ysip e ahemicyanea(Pomacen idae);Sala ias ascia us
(Blenniidae);Ch ysip e acyanea(Pomacen idae);Pa acan hu ushepa us
(Acan hu idae);Synchi opussplendidus(Callionymidae);Pseudan hiassquamipinnis
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
4
(Se anidae);Acan hu usleucos e non(Acan hu idae),(Figu e2) ha ep esen 36%
o all he ishcomme cialized(Wood,2001b).
Figu e2:Shows hepe cen ageso hemos demanded amilies.©Ma íaK is elO egaGa cíausing
da ao Wood,2001b.
F om he e e enceanalysiso Icanconclude ha hisisdue o he ac ha
hespecieso clown ishwhobelong o he amilyPomacen idae,a eoneo he ew
o namen alspecies ha ha emanaged obecul u edob aininginc easingsu i al
a esin helas yea s.Ne e heless,o he species omo he amiliesa emo e
di icul ocul i a eup onowdue o helackingknowledge ega dingi scul u e,
consequen lyexpo ingcoun iesa eobliged ocollec hem omwild,inhighe
numbe s.Fo his eason, he amilyPomacen idae ep esen s hemajo pe cen age
inside he o al,since hee o oob ain hesespeciesis e ymuchmino ,which
acili a es ha majo quan i iesa eexpo ed.
1.3. Impo anceo Pomacen idae amily
This amilywas he i s ma ineo namen al ishes obecul u ed,bu
conside ing hei impo ancein heaqua ium ade(i ep esen salmos hal o he
adedspecies,ag ea amoun o esea chiss illbeing ocusedonb eeding hese
ishes.This amilyincludesdamsel ishes(Ch ysip e aspp.)andclown ishes
(Amphip ionandP emnasspp.),whicha epe haps hemos amousspeciesinma ine
aqua ia.Al hough he ep oduc i ebeha io o damsel isheshasbeendesc ibed o
some ime,mos a ailablein o ma ionis ela ed oclown ishes(Molina&Segade,
2013).Someo hespecieso his amilya ecomme ciallya ailable,suchas
Amphip ionocella is,A.melanopus,A. ena us,A.pe cula,andP emnasbiaculea us.
Thisisp obably hebes known amilyamongaqua is sandis hemos aded amily
becauseo hei g ea s eng h,b igh colo andsmallsize(Molina&Segade,2013).
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
5
Clown ishesa e hemos longs andingandin ensi elycul u ed amilyo
ma ineo namen alsanda e hebes ankedinma ineaqua ium ade.Also heywe e
he i s ee ishspeciesb edsuccess ullyincap i i y(Madhue al.,2013).
1.3.1. In e na ional adeo ma ineo namen alspecies
The endson hein e na ionalma ke ha edemons a ed heexpansiono
heexpo sandimpo so o namen specieso .Acco ding oFAO(2007), om1976
o2004, henumbe o expo ingcoun iesex ended om28 o146and he
impo e sg ew om32 o120,o which80a e hosewhosupply hewo ldma ke o
o namen alma ine ish(Gaspa inie al.,2005).Nowadays,85%o hema inespecies
ha a ecomme cializedcomes om opicalandsub opicalcoun ieso he egion
Indo‐Paci ic,beingIndonesiaandThePhilippines, hemajo expo e so hep incipal
ma ke so hewo ld, houghTheMaldi es,Vie nam,S iLankaandHawaii(USA)also
supplyanimpo an numbe o o ganisms o ma ineaqua iums(B uckne ,2005).
Ano he coun y ha hasacqui edwo ld ele ancyin helas decadeisB azil, u ning
in ooneo hep incipalexpo e so sal wa e ishes(Gaspa inie al.,2005).
In ela ion o heimpo s,TheUni edS a esis hemajo impo e , eaching
nea 80%o heexpo so ha dco alsand50%o hesal wa e ishes, espec i ely
(Wabni ze al.,2003).O he impo an ma ke sloca ein heEu opeanUnion
(Ge many,F ance,Uni edKingdomand heNe he lands)and hesou heas o Asia
(especiallyJapan) ha asawholecons i u es26%o hema ke o ish(Reynosoe
al.,2012;Wood,2001b).
On hein e na ionalma ke , hema inespeciesshowp ices e ysupe io o
hoseo eshwa e ,inspi eo he ac ha 90%o hecomme cialized alueis
associa edwi hspecieso eshwa e andonly10%wi hma inespecies(Reynosoe
al.,2012).E eni exac in o ma iondoesno exis wi h ega d o he alueand he
in e na ional adeo ishandin e eb a eso o namen ,i hinks ha hisimpo
gene a esea nings o app oxima ely204milliono eu os,o which om20 o32
milliono eu osco espond oo namen alma ine ish(B uckne ,2005).
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
6
1.3.2. Majo expo e sandimpo e scoun ies
TheGlobalMa ineAqua iumDa abase(GMAD)wasse upin2000asa
collabo a i ep ojec be ween heUni edNa ionsEn i onmen P og ammeWo ld
Conse a ionMoni o ingCen eandmembe so adeassocia ionsinexpo ingand
impo ingcoun ies.I compilesaccu a equan i a i ein o ma ionon heaqua ium
ade h oughcen alizingands anda dizingsales eco dsp o idedbyaqua ium
wholesale s.Rele an in o ma ion om hese eco dsis henplacedin hepublic
domain.Acco ding oda aheldinGMADa o alo 1,471specieso isha e aded
globally.Mos o hesespeciesa eassocia edwi hco al ee sal hougha ela i ely
highnumbe o speciesa eassocia edwi ho he habi a ssuchasseag assbeds,
mang o esandmud la s(Wabni z,2003).
Acco ding oda ap o idedbyexpo e s, hePhilippines,Indonesia, he
SolomonIslands,S iLanka,Aus alia,Fiji, heMaldi esandPalau, oge he ,supplied
mo e han98pe cen o he o alnumbe o ishexpo edbe ween heyea s1997
and2002.(Figu e3,Le ).GMAD ade eco ds omimpo e s o yea s1997‐2002
showed ha heUni edS a es, heUni edKingdom, heNe he lands,F anceand
Ge manywe e hemos impo an coun ieso des ina ion,comp ising99pe cen o
allimpo so ma ineo namen al ish.Expo e s’da a e ealedTaiwan,Japanand
HongKong obeimpo an impo inga eas.(Figu e3,Righ )(Wabni z,2003).
Lookinga hemos commonly aded amilies,specieso Pomacen idae
domina e,accoun ing o 43pe cen o all ish aded.Fo heyea s1997‐2002, he
blue‐g eendamsel ish, heanemone ish, hewhi e aildascyllus, hesapphi ede iland
he h eespo dascyllusa e hemos commonlyglobally adedspecies.The op en
Figu e3:G aphshowing hemajo expo e sandimpo e so ma ineo namen al ishcoun ies.©
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cíausingda ao Wabni z,2003.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
7
species oge he accoun o 36pe cen o all ish aded om1997 o2002,
acco ding oda ap o idedbyimpo e s(Wabni z,2003).
1.3.3Wildcaugh animalsand heimpac on heecosys em
Aswhichanyuseo na u al esou ces, he ea eanumbe o p oblemsand
issueso conce n ela ing o hecollec iono ma ineo namen alspecies.Thepo en ial
en i onmen alandbiologicalimpac so hese ishe iesha ebeen ecognized o many
yea sandinclude:o e ha es ingo ishandin e eb a es,changes o heecologyo
he ee due ocollec ing,deg ada iono co al ee sdue ophysicaldamagein lic ed
bycollec o sand hei gea ,deg ada iono ee omuseo cyanideando he
poisons,losso biodi e si ydue o hese ac o s(Wood,2001a).
The90%o hema inespeciescomme cializednowadaysiscap u edin he
ee so co alo headjacen a easand hough he ee sco e less han0,25%o he
ma ineen i onmen ,isconside ed obe' hejungleo hesea'due ohishigh
biodi e si y.Theya e hebiologicalmo ep oduc i eecosys emso hewo ldand
ecei e omo e han4.000specieso ish.Inaddi ion,ag ea numbe o speciesuse
heseecosys emsasa eao ep oduc iono baby'szone(MolinaandSegade,2013).
The20%o he ee so co alo hewo ldhasbeendes oyedbye iciencyanddoes
no showimmedia epe spec i eso eco e y(Ve one al.,2009).
The h ea s ha conce n he ee so co ala edi e s.Be ween hem he ea e
heo namen al ishing, hejewele 'sshopandcu iosi ies o he ade,ma e ialo
cons uc ion,aswellas adi ionalmedicinesandpha maceu icalp oduc s.On he
o he hand, hedes uc i e,such echnologieso ishinglike heuseo dynami eo
cyanideo sodium,o en heya einuse o s unningandca chingo namen alspecies,
p oducing hese e eandlong e mhu no only o he a ge species,bu also o he
su oundinghabi a .Thee ec o heseha m ulchemis s o hehabi a con inues o
beunknowns ange , hougho he echnologieso compila ionlike hedynami eand
heexplosi esa ec oomanymo especies ha can u ndamaged,woundedo
mu de ed.All heseme hodsp oducese ioushu sin hepopula ionso o ganisms
andalso hedes uc iono biga easo he ee o co al(MolinaandSegade,2013).
Whe easi is equi edag ea di e si yo species o he adeo heaqua ium,
asigni ican pa o he ade ends obecha ac e izedbyanex emelyselec i e
ishingand ha cen e sona ewspecieso highcomme cial alue(Wabni ze al.,
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
14
Thenewlylaideggiso angeincolo ,ellip icalinshapeandsligh lycu ed
a ound hemiddlepa o heyolk.Thecho ionis anspa en and heeggcouldbe
seen h ough heshell(Figu e6,Day0)(Yasi &Qin,2007).
De elopmen isquick.A app oxima ely24hou s heea lynu ula(ea lies
s ageo ob iousbody o m)ise iden .A 48hou s;eye,hea ,b ainandspinalco d
a ep esen and heyolkissligh ly educedandda ke o ange.The hi dnigh , he
emb yo e e sesi sposi ion,byaligningi sheada heuna achedendo heegg.By
he ou hday,da klypigmen edeyesandbodypa sa ee iden .Byday i e,pec o al
insanddo saland en al in oldsa eappa en ,alsomajo blood esselsand
ci cula iona eclea lye iden .By hesix hdaysemici cula canals,mou handwell
de elopedeyesconsis ingo blackenedi isandsil e co e inga eappa en .
Ope culum lapsa eba elydisce nible.Dayse enissimila odaysixexcep mo e
e ined, es igeso gill ake sandde elopedgill lapsa ee iden ,alsoyolkis
conside ablysmalle (Figu e6)(Ho ,1996).
Du ingea lyde elopmen hela a’sheadisloca eda hea achedendo he
eggs.Whenabou oha ch, hey o a einside heeggsso ha hei headisa he
una ached ip.A ha ch, heypush o wa dwi h hei ails,b eaking heuna ached
ipo heegg(Dhaneeshe al.,2009).Theleng ho henewlyha chedla ae ange
Figu e6:Eggde elopmen sincespawningun ilha ching.Images aken omRee smagazine
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
15
om2.5 o3.0mmapp oxima elyand hela aeme amo phosein oju eniles12‐15
dayspos ‐ha ching(Figu e7)(Sahandi,2011).
Somede e minan s o success ul ep oduc ione ec sa edesc ibedbyBus on
&Eli h,publicizedin2011.Theses udiesindica e ha changeinmaleleng his
nega i ely ela ed,andyea clu chisposi i ely ela ed o hep obabili yo layingeggs
and henumbe o eggslaidpe clu ch.Thesee ec s, aken oge he ,a e hep ima y
de e minan so he o alnumbe o eggsha chedbypai s.Also,changesin emale
massandini ial emales anda dleng ha ebo hposi i ely ela ed o henumbe o
eggslaidpe clu ch.Thesee ec s, aken oge he ,canbeconside ed heseconda y
de e minan so he o alnumbe o eggsha chedbypai s.
F om hes udyo a icles,Ibelie e ha onha inginc eased hesizeo he
male,amajo ene ge icexpense akesplaceinhisownmain enanceand ha
he e o e,ancompensa ione ec akesplaceand ha way, heene gyusedin he
ep oduc ionmee s educedunleashingamino quan i yo sa is ac o ilyha ched
eggs.Incaseo he emale,aninc easeinhe sizeandmassgene a esaninc easeo
his ho acicca i y,whichmakespossibleamajo p oduc iono eggsand he e o e,a
majo indexo i ssa is ac o yappea ance.
2.4. Feedinghabi s
Anemone isha eclassi iesasomni o ous,oppo unis ic eede s.Thismeans
heyconsumeawide a ie yo oodi emsconsis ingo plan andanimalma e and
dono a ellongdis ances opu sue hei ood.Feedingisgene allycon ined o he
su acea eaandwa e columnimmedia e o hei hos anemone.Tidal lowandwa e
ac ionsupplybi so loa ingdeb is,mos lyalgae,in o hei wa e column.Mos
eeding en u esa ealongbo omsubs a esanddono expandbeyond h ee o i e
me e s om hehos anemone(Ho ,1996).
Ho (1996)examined hes omachcon en so 74specimens omEniwe ok.By
olume,91.8%o hei oodconsis edo ana e ageo 34.8%copepods,33%algae,
Figu e7:
La aede elopmen omha ching o heju eniles age.Images aken omRee smagazine
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
16
9.7%wo ms,6.4%c us acean agmen s,5.2% unica esand2.7%amphipods.The
emaining8.2%consis edawide angeo oodi emsincluding:isopods,ba nacle
nauplii,Amphip ioneggs,sh imps,c us aceanla ae,ba nacleappendages,
uniden i iedeggs,c abs,nema odes,os acodsandpolychae es.I isimpo an ono e
ha copepodsandmac oalgaecons i u ed67.8%o hei die .Bu i isimpo an o
emembe ha eedingp e e encesinclown ishisp obably o cedupon hemby hei
endency o emainisola edandsomewha seden a y.
Clown ishla aeandju enilesha ebeen ea edsuccess ullyonhighly
in eg a edanddi e se eedssuchas o i e s,smallpa icula ed y eed,smallA emia,
k illmeal, ollowedbyla ge d y eedpa iclesandmix u eso na u al eeds(e.g.,
chickenhea , ish oe,sh imp ails)(Go done al.,2000).When hela aes a ing
swimming hey eedon o i e s.Ro i e eedwouldbeused o ape iod12‐20days.
F om he5 hdayA emianaupliiwe eusedbesides o i e eed.Whene e possible,
en ichmen o o i e o A emianaupliiwi hOmega3andp obio icswouldbe
e ec i e.Thisen ichmen wouldimp o e hediges i e ac biop ocessesand
consequen ly hela aesu i alandheal h(Sahandi,2011).
Unde mype sonalexpe ience, he eedadminis a iono heclown ishesin
cap i i yisca iedou using ish eedelabo a edbydi e en na u aling edien s
adding i amins,mine alsandpigmen s,and ha henc imping oob ainpelle so
adequa esizeacco ding o ishsize.In u n, ou di e en ish eeda eused,oneo
hemcomme cialand heo he h ee o mula edandelabo a edinou labo a o y.In
hesehandmadedie sdi e en p opo ionso heing edien swe eused,changing
hisway hep opo ionso p o einsandlipidsp incipally.Thiswillmakepossible o
knowwhichis hemos adequa e ood o hisspeciesa e compa ing alueso
g ow h,inweigh andsize,colo a ionand a eo ep oduc ion.
2.5. Expe imen alwo k
Du ingmy ainingpe iodIcanseeo i s handhow oca you main enance
and ele an ca e oanumbe o b eedingpai so clown ish(Figu e8).The
expe imen used24b eedingpai so hespeciesAmphip ionocella is(Cu ie ,1830)
eedingondi e en ish eeddu ing hespawningpe iod.Themainaimwas oknow
whichdie wasmos adequa e o hisspecies, os udy hepe iodo p e‐spawning,
spawningandpos ‐spawningand inally os udy hede elopmen o heeggsand
hela aesu i al.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
17
Figu e8:Expe imen alaqua iumshowingoneo heb eedingpai swi h lowe po used ocollec he
eggs.©Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía.
2.5.1. Ins alla ion
Theins alla ionconsis so wo ackso aqua iums.Thesys emo suppo o
li eo e e y ackisin eg a ed(biological,mechanicalandul a iole il e )andi
includesaclima e o he egula iono he empe a u e.In o al heins alla ion
p esen s:
‐2 ackso glassaqua iumswi h12uni o 30land3uni o 90l.
‐ 6uni o 90laqua ia(3uni s o ack)usedassys emo mechanicaland
biological il a ion.
‐ Sys emo ul a iole il a ionin eg a ed o hesys emo pipelines ha
allows heseawa e inle .
2.5.2Main enance
Theci cui isclosed,wa e inle pass h oughanul a iole sys emused o
wa e s e iliza ion.I isnecessa y o e i y hewa e le elo hesys emdailysince
always hele elo hewa e mus beabo eo in headequa e,i no wa e mus
been e illedun il headequa ele elis eached.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
18
Closedsys emsu ilizewa e exchangebu i isusually20%pe mon h.A
dis inc ad an ageo semi‐openo closedsys emsiswa e s abili y.Wa e s abili y
andbalanceisnecessa ywi hinallaqua icbodies okeepanimalsg owing,sexually
ma u eandheal hy.Reci cula ingsys emso e hissecu i yandbalance(Ho ,1996)
whenadequa e il a ionsys emswe eused.
Thesuppo li esys emis hemos impo an pa o anyaqua ium.I is he
sys emo main enanceo li eandmus beconside ed o hebeginningo he
assemblyo heins alla ion oselec hesys emmos adap ed o he ypeo ish ha
isgoing obecul i a ed(Sand o d,1994).Main enanceo wa e quali yis hemos
c i ical ac o o clown ishesunde con olledcondi ions.Asameasu e o his, he
seawa e need obe il e ed h oughase ieso sand il e sbe o ebeing aken o
anks(Madhue al.,2013).
Inou case, he il a ionsys emiscomposedbyasys emo biological il e
ac ossbioballs ha p o idingsu aces o heins alla iono hebene icialbac e ia
ha ca ied heni ogencycle,asys emo physical il e basedono sponges ha
allow o e ainpa iclesinsuspensionacco ding o hei sizeandaskime ha
elimina es hep esen ammoniumin hewa e and ha is oxic o heaqua ic
o ganisms.Inou acili ies hesepa ame e sa eau oma iccon olledbymeanso a
Powe box ha egis e s heda ainPC.
Thecycleo heni ogende elopsinanybodyo wa e .Du ing hiscycle, he
p oduc so was eo heaqua ico ganisms,whicha e oxic o heaqua icli e, u n
in oinnocuousni a es ha hena eabso bedby heplan so elimina eddu ing he
egula changeso wa e .In heclosedecosys emso heaqua iumalso hiscycle
exis sand he e o e,isneededo askimme okeep hele elso ammoniaunde
con ol.The e o e, o heco ec unc ioningo heskimme hepe iodiccleanliness
isnecessa y,speciallyo hein e io pipeo heglasso skimmedo , op e en ha
heai bubbleso he oam ha ascenddono exploi onha inghi agains he
esiduesdeposi edin hewallso hisone(Sand o d,1994).
As o o he main enances, hecleaningisnecessa yusing eshwa e o he
me allicelemen s,sys emso pipelinesandglasse e yweek,since hehigh
e apo a iono he oomp oducesanaccumula iono g ea quan i yo sal in hese
zones ha i mus bewi hd awn oa oid heco osionand hede e io a iono he
s uc u es.Inaddi ion, hedailysiphonedo heaqua iumsisnecessa y oa oid he
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
19
accumula iono exc emen sand emaining oodin hebo omandin hisway
diminish hequan i yo heammoniain hesys em.
2.5.2. Pa ame e s
Oxygencon en is hekey o hee iciencyo biological il a ion.Theo e all
a eo oxygenconsump ion o asys emis hesumo he espi a ion a eo he ish,
oxygendemando hebac e iab eakingdowno ganicwas esandunea en ood,and
heoxygendemando ni i yingbac e iain he il e (Ho ,1996).Inaddi ion,salini y
o hecul u een i onmen isanimpo an abio ic ac o ha in luencesma ine ish
eggsandla alphysiologyandhasadi ec e ec on hei de elopmen ,g ow hand
su i al.Byin luencing heene gy equi emen o osmo egula ion,salini ydi ec ly
a ec s hee iciencyo yolku iliza ion,la alg ow handsu i al(Dhaneesh,2012).
Fo hese easons, hemos impo an en i onmen alpa ame e ssuchas
empe a u e(26 o29ºC),salini y(33 o35pp ),dissol edoxygen(4.6 o6.2ml/L)and
pH(8.1 o8.4)a e obemain ainedinall anks,andalso hewa e mus bein
mo emen oassu e hegoodquali yo hewa e (Fe nandoe al.,2006;Madhue
al.,2013).
3. Conclusions
Thecul u eo o namen alspeciescons i u esa e yoldac i i y ha in he
19 hcen u yex ended oma ineo namen alspeciescon inedinaqua iums.
Thecomme cializa iono hesespecieshadhisbeginningin heIndo‐Paci ic
OceanandTheA lan icOcean ha wasconsolida edasexpo zones.He eby,
he ea eloca edin hesea eas hep incipalexpo ingcoun ieso hewo ld.
The90%o hecomme cializedspeciesiscap u edo hema ineen i onmen ,
anddue o heselec i ecap u eo especiallyo highcomme cial aluespecies,
ag ea losso di e si y akesplacein hezoneso exploi a ion.Inaddi ion,
colla e alhu sp oduce o hemsel es oo he specieso adjacen ecosys ems
due o he echnologieso ishing,whichb ingswi hi se iousconsequences o
hema ineen i onmen .
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
20
On hema ke , hep incipalma inecomme cializedspeciesbelong o he
amilyPomacen idaebeing hedamselsand heclown ishes heya e hemos
ou ‐s andingspecies.Thisisowedp incipally o ha he ea eo ew
o namen alspecies ha ha emanaged obecul i a edincap i i yby
sa is ac o y esul s,whe easo o he species he ea eno knownmany
aspec so hiscul u e.
Theclown ishbelongs o he amilyPomacen idaeand27speciesa eknown
illnow.Due ohissymbio ic ela ionshipwi h heanemones, heyha ea
geog aphicaldis ibu ionconcen a edin he egionIndo‐paci icwes e n.O
such ha ,hisdependence o heanemonesdoes ha hisdis ibu ionis ied o
hegeog aphicaldis ibu iono hese,whichi islimi edbydi e se
hyd og aphic ac o s.
The ac o beingp o and icspeciesassu es hecon inui yo hespeciesa e
ad e sesi ua ionsas hedea ho he emale.Toli einsmallg oups a o s he
p o ec iono p eda o s, houghalso he iolen beha io isp omo edbe ween
indi idualso di e en hie a chic anges.
Theyp esen p e iousbeha io ssincei is hecou shipand hemo phologic
changes,whichmakepossible o eel hepe iodo spawning.The ehasbeen
e i ied ha p e e ably heypu hiseggs o hea e noonand ha hesui able
condi ionsgi e hemsel esbe ween hem26‐29ºCo empe a u e,33‐35ppm
o salini y,4,6‐6,2o dissol edoxygenand8,1‐8,4o pH.
Theca eo heeggsisca iedo bo hp ogeni o sand hey akecha geo he
ae a iono heeggsandelimina iono hosewhoha eno su i ed.Finally,in
app oxima ely12‐15daysa e spawning, heme amo phosis akesplace o
ju enileo ganisms.Anega i e ela ionwasobse edbe ween hesizeo he
maleand heeggsha chedandaposi i e ela ionwi h he emale.He eby,i
comesnea o heconclusion omwhich omajo sizeo hemale,majo
ene gy o hisco po almain enanceandmino ene gy o he ep oduc ion,
whe easin he emale omajo sizeo same,majo quan i yo eggsinhis
ho acicca i y,and he e o e,majo possibili ieso success.
Theya econside ed obeomni o ouso ganisms ha a e edong ea a ie y
o wild ood.Fo hismo i e, hemos e icien die s o hecul u eo
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
21
clown isha eelabo a edbyna u aling edien s ying oemule he
composi iono hei die sinna u alcondi ions.
Abou heexpe imen alwo k, he ewe eop imized he alueso hesui able
pa ame e s o he ep oduc ion,aswellas heinle andou le sys em,
a i ying heideao heclosedsys emsas hebes op ion osuppo he
s abili yo hepa ame e s ha makepossible he ep oduc ionunde cul u ed
condi ions.Besides,di e en die smadeexpe imen ally oes ablish hemos
sui ablese o quali y,aswellassu i al,g ow handcolo a ionadequa e
specimenswe e es ed.
4. Bibliog aphy
B uckne ,A.W.2005.Theimpo anceo hema ineo namen al ee ish adein he
wide Ca ibbean.Re .Biol.T op.,53(1):127‐137.
Bus on,P.M.&Eli h,J.2011.De e minan so ep oduc i esuccessindominan pai s
o clown ish:aboos ed eg ession eeanalysis.Jou nalo AnimalEcology,80:528–
538.
Ca o,J.&B own,C.L.2003.Ma ineo namen alspecies:collec ion,cul u eand
conse a ion.IowaS a eP ess,Ames,395pp.
Da abase ish[on‐line].[Da eo e e ence:8July2014].A ailablein:
h p://www. ishbase.o g/
Dhaneesh,K.V.,Kuma ,T.T.A.&Shunmuga aj,T.2009.Emb yonicDe elopmen o
Pe culaClown ish,Amphip ionpe cula(Lacepede,1802).Cen eo Ad ancedS udyin
Ma ineBiology,AnnamalaiUni e si yPa angipe ai,Tamilnadu,India.Middle‐Eas
Jou nalo Scien i icResea ch4(2):84‐89.
Dhaneesh,K.V.,Nan hini,K.D.,Kuma ,T.T.A.,Balasub amanian,T.&KapilaTisse a.
2012.B eeding,emb yonicde elopmen andsalini y ole anceo Skunk
clown ishAmphip ionakallopisos.Jou nalo KingSaudUni e si y‐Science,24(3):
201–209.
Fe nando,O.J.,Raja,K.&Balasub amanian.2006.S udiesonspawninginclown ish
Amphip ionsebaewi h a ious eedcombina ionsunde eci cula ingaqua ium
condi ions.In e na ionaljou nalo zoological esea ch2(4):376‐381.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
22
FoodandAg icul u eO ganiza iono heUni edNa ions(FAO)[on‐line].[Da eo
e e ence:18June2014].A ailablein:h p://www. ao.o g/home/en/
Gail,D.F.1991.Theanemone ishsymbiosis:Wha isknownandwha isno .
Depa men o sys ema icandecology.Uni e si yo Kansas,Law ence.Symbiosis,10:
23‐46.
Gaspa ini,J.L.,Fe ei a,C.E.L.,Floe e ,S.R.&Sazima,I.2005.Ma ineo namen al ade
inB azil.Biodi e s.Conse .,14:2883‐2899.
Ghosh,S.Kuma ,T.T.A.&Balasub amanian,T.2012.Emb yologyo Maldi es
Clown ish,Amphip ionnig ipes(Amphip ioninae).Jou nalOceanUni e si yo China11
(2):174‐180.
Googleimagessea ch[on‐line].[Da eo e e ence:25June2014].A ailablein:
h ps://www.google.es/imghp?hl=es& ab=wi&ei=GwLEU9zBH6Tl4QT5i4CgBg& ed=0C
AQQqi4oAg
Go don,A.K.,Kaise ,H.,B i z,P.J.&Hech ,T.2000.E ec o eed ypeandagea
weaningong ow hanssu i alo clown ishAmphip ionpe cula(Pomacen idae).
Depa men o ich hyologyand ishe iesscience,Rhodesuni e si y,G ahams own.
G een,B.S.&McCo mick,M.I.2004.O2 eplenishmen o ishnes s:malesadjus
b oodca e oambien condi ionsandb oodde elopmen .Beha iou alEcology,16:
389–397.
Ha o i,A.1991.Sociallycon olledg ow handsizedependen sexchangein he
anemone ishAmphip ion ena usinOkinawa,Japan.JapaneseJou nalo Ich hyology,
38:165‐177.
Ho ,F.H.1996.Condi ioning,SpawningandRea ingo Fishwi hEmphasisonMa ine
Clown ish.Moe,M.,Lich enbe ,J.,andJohnsonD.EdsAquacul u eConsul an sInc,
DadeCi y,Flo ida,USA,212pp.
Iwa a,E.&Manbo,J.2013.Te i o ialbeha io e lec ssexuals a using oupso alse
clownanemone ish(Amphip ionocella is)unde labo a o ycondi ions.Ac ae hol,
16:97–103.
Madhu,R.,Madhu,K.&Re heesh,T.2013.B eedingandseedp oduc iono
clown ishesunde cap i i y.Cen alMa ineFishe iesResea chIns i u e,India.No
1603.
Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía
23
Miu a,S.,Koma su,T.,Higa,M.,Handa i,R.K.B.,Nakamu a,S.andNakamu a,M.
2003.Gonadalsexdi e en ia ioninp o and ousanemone ish,Amphip ion
cla kia.SesokoS a ion,T opicalBiosphe eResea chCen e ,Uni e si yo heRyukyus,
Okinawa,Japan.FishPhysiologyandBiochemis y,28:165–166.
Molina,L.D.&Segade,A.B.2013.Ano e iewo ma ineo namen al ishb eedingasa
po en ialsuppo o heaqua ium adeand o heconse a iono na u al ish
popula ions.G upodein es igaciónenacuicul u a,ULPGC&ICCM,Telde,Cana y
Islands.In .J.Sus.De .Plann,0:1–25.
PannéS.H.&Luchini,L.2008.Pano amaac ualdelcome cioin e nacionaldepeces
o namen ales.Di eccióndeacuicul u a.
Ree smagazinea icles[on‐line].[Da eo e e ence:10July2014].A ailablein:
h p://www. ee smagazine.com/
Reynoso,F.L.,Cas añeda‐Chá ez,M.,Zamo a‐Cas o,J.E.,He nández‐Zá a e,G.,
Ramí ez‐Ba agán,M.A.&Solís‐Mo án,E.2012.Laacua io iliadeespecies
o namen alesma inas:unme cadode e osyopo unidades.La .Am.J.Aqua .Res.,
40(1):12‐21.
Sahandi,J.2011.Rep oduc iono Pe sianGul anemone ish(Amphip ioncla kii)in
cap i esys em.Aquacul u e,Aqua ium,Conse a ion&Legisla ion.In e na ional
jou nalo heBio luxsociae y,Volume4,Issue5.
Sand o d,G.1994.Ellib ocomple odelospecesdeacua io:guíacomple apa a
iden i ica ,escoge yman ene especiesdeaguadulceyma inas(Vol.16).Ediciones
AKAL.
Ve on,J.E.N.,Hoegh‐Guldbe g,O.,Len on,T.M.,Lough,J.M.,Obu a,D.O.,Pea ce‐
Kelly,P.,Sheppa d,C.R.C.,Spalding,M.,S a o d‐Smi h,M.G.&Roge s,A.D.2009.The
co al eedc isis: hec i icalimpo anceo <350ppmCO2.
Vie h,G.R.,Cox,L.J.&Rowland,L.W.1998.Ma ke si ua ion o Hawaii a med
o namen al ish.EconomicFac Shee EFS‐26.Uni e si yo Hawaii,Honolulu,2pp.
Wabni z,C.,Taylo ,M.,G een,E.&Razak,T.2003.F omocean oaqua ium.UNEP
Wo ldConse a ionMoni o ingCen e,Camb idge,64pp.