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Clownfish : comercial interest and culture

Ortega García, María Kristel

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     Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  Tu o es: G adoenCienciasdelMa    Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez Cu so2013/2014LucíaMolinaDomínguez UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA UNIVERSIDAD DE LAS PALMAS DE GRAN CANARIA Clown ish:comme cialin e es andcul u e Nomb e:Ma íaK is el Apellidos:O egaGa cía Ti ulaciónquecu sa:G adoCienciasdelMa  Cu soacadémico:2013‐2014 Tu o :Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez Depa amen odeBiologíadelaUni e sidaddeLasPalmasdeG an Cana iaCo u o :LucíaMolinaDomínguez In es igado aasociadaalIUSA Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía Ma íaAscensiónVie aRod íguez LucíaMolinaDomínguez Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  1 Index 1. In oduc ionPage2 1.1 His o yo  heaqua iumPage2 1.2 O namen alma inespecieso comme cialimpo ance Page3 1.3 Impo anceo Pomacen idae amily    Page4 1.3.1 In e na ional adeo ma ineo namen alspecies Page5 1.3.2 Majo expo e sandimpo e scoun ies  Page6 1.3.3 Wildcaugh animalsand heimpac on heecosys emPage7 1.4 Familyandgenuscha ac e is icsPage8 1.4.1 TaxonomyPage8 1.4.2 BiologyPage9 1.4.3 Dis ibu ionPage9 2. Cul u eo clown ishPage10 2.1 SexchangePage10 2.2 Spawningandha chingPage11 2.3 Eggde elopmen Page13 2.4 Feedinghabi sPage15 2.5 Expe imen alwo kPage16 2.5.1 Ins alla ionPage17 2.5.2 Main enancePage17 2.5.3 Pa ame e sPage18 3. ConclusionsPage19 4. Bibliog aphyPage21  Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  2 1. In oduc ion The e m“o namen al ish"isagene ic e mdesc ibing o hoseaqua ic o ganismssuppo edinanaqua iumwi hin en iono o namen ,including ish, in e eb a easco als,c us aceans,mollusks,echinode ms,aswellasali e ock(Panné &Luchini,2008). The adeo o iginalo ganismso  hema inewo ldisinc easing,ne e heless, oneo  hecon o e sies ha hasgene a ed he adeo ma inespeciesis ha unlike heo namen al isho  eshwa e whe emo e han90%isp oducedin a ms,only2 %o  he ishand1%o  heco alsa eob ainedbymeanso  echnologieso cul u ein cap i i y,sincein hemainhiso iginis hecap u eo  hena u alway(nea 98%o  mo e han1.400comme cializedspecies)(Wabni ze al.,2003).  1.1. His o yo  heaqua ium Thecul u eo aqua icspecieso o namen ,i a osewi h heupb ingingo  ish, ac i i yasoldasou ci iliza ion.I isbelie ed ha  he i s onesinde eloping his in e es we e heEgyp ians,who aised ishin ese oi s o mys icalando namen al easons;whe eas heChinesedu ing heDynas ySungpe ec ed hecul u eo golden ishand en s(koi),being he i s na ionin ealizingexpo so  isho o namen  o Japanin heyea 1.500(Vie h,1998). In hepa icula caseo ma ineaqua iumspecies, hisac i i yhadhis beginningsin hemiddleo XIXcen u y.Ne e heless, hecomme cializa ionand expo o  opicalma ine ish o  he adeo aqua iumsbeganinS iLankain he decadeo 1930, o e ysmallscale.The adeexpandeddu ing hedecadebe ween aninc easingnumbe o coun ies, a o ing ha  hequan i yo pe missions o  he compila iono speciesdes ined o ma ineaqua iumswasinc easinginexpo ing coun iesasHawaiiandThePhilippines(Wood,2001b).La e i  u nedin oa mul imillionai eindus ywhen,in hedecadeo 1970, ishe ieswe ees ablished ac oss he opicalIndianPaci icOceanand heOceansand heA lan icOcean. Nowadays,45coun ies eplace heglobalma ke swi hes ima ionso 14‐30million ishpe yea anda alueo 20‐32milliono eu os(B uckne ,2005).   Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  3 1.2. O namen alma inespecieso comme cialimpo ance Theindus yo  hema ineaqua iumsdepends undamen allyon hesupplyo  o namen alspecieso  e eb a esandin e eb a es.Fishandc us aceanss andou  among hema ineo ganismso highcomme cialimpo ance,becausehiscolou ing a ac ion,exo ic o mandpa icula beha io .Ne e heless, hein e na ionalma ke  o ma ineaqua iumspeciesisdomina edby he ish,wi ha olumeo annuala e age p oduc iono app oxima ely20millionso  opical ish(Ca o&B own,2003;Wabni z e al.,2003). Themajo i yo  hesal wa e  ishesdes ine o hisexhibi ioninaqua iums,wi h heexcep iono  heseaho ses,needle ishandglobe ish ha  heysellon hema ke  ascu iosi ieso a icles o  hehome,o a eusedin he adi ionalmedicine (B uckne ,2005).Thep e e enceon hema ke isdomina edbyju enilemaleso  a ge speciesdue o he ac  ha  heyp esen majo colo  ha  he emalesand hey su i emo e ime ha  headul o ganisms,besideswhichhis anspo  u nsou  o beeasie andeconomic.O 1.471specieso  ishcomme cializedin hewo ld, he amilyPomacen idae,heunde s ands hespecieso majo comme cialapp aisal,wi h app oxima ely350species(Figu e1).Themajo i yo  hesespeciesa eo iginalo  he opicalzoneo  heIndianOceanandwes e nPaci icOcean(Reynosoe al.,2012).  Figu e1:Themaincomme cialspecieso Pomacen idae amily.Images aken omGoogle/Images. Thedamsel ish(Pomacen idae),clown ish(Pomacen idae)andangel ish (Pomacan hidae), ep esen app oxima ely hehal o  he ade(Figu e1).O he  specieswi h ele ancyon hein e na ionalma ke  he ebelong o heg oupo  he ishsu geons(Acan hu idae), hew asses(Lab idae),gudgeons(Gobiidae)and bu e ly ish(Chae odon idae),whichasawhole heycons i u e33%(Wabni ze al., 2003;B uckne ,2005).Inside heseg oups, enspecieso majo demanda e: Amphip ionocella is(Pomacen idae);Ch omis i idis(Pomacen idae);Lab oides dimidia us(Lab idae);Ch ysip e ahemicyanea(Pomacen idae);Sala ias ascia us (Blenniidae);Ch ysip e acyanea(Pomacen idae);Pa acan hu ushepa us (Acan hu idae);Synchi opussplendidus(Callionymidae);Pseudan hiassquamipinnis Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  4 (Se anidae);Acan hu usleucos e non(Acan hu idae),(Figu e2) ha  ep esen 36% o all he ishcomme cialized(Wood,2001b).  Figu e2:Shows hepe cen ageso  hemos demanded amilies.©Ma íaK is elO egaGa cíausing da ao Wood,2001b. F om he e e enceanalysiso Icanconclude ha  hisisdue o he ac  ha  hespecieso clown ishwhobelong o he amilyPomacen idae,a eoneo  he ew o namen alspecies ha ha emanaged obecul u edob aininginc easingsu i al a esin helas yea s.Ne e heless,o he species omo he  amiliesa emo e di icul  ocul i a eup onowdue o helackingknowledge ega dingi scul u e, consequen lyexpo ingcoun iesa eobliged ocollec  hem omwild,inhighe  numbe s.Fo  his eason, he amilyPomacen idae ep esen s hemajo pe cen age inside he o al,since hee o  oob ain hesespeciesis e ymuchmino ,which acili a es ha majo quan i iesa eexpo ed.  1.3. Impo anceo Pomacen idae amily This amilywas he i s ma ineo namen al ishes obecul u ed,bu  conside ing hei impo ancein heaqua ium ade(i  ep esen salmos hal o  he adedspecies,ag ea amoun o  esea chiss illbeing ocusedonb eeding hese ishes.This amilyincludesdamsel ishes(Ch ysip e aspp.)andclown ishes (Amphip ionandP emnasspp.),whicha epe haps hemos  amousspeciesinma ine aqua ia.Al hough he ep oduc i ebeha io o damsel isheshasbeendesc ibed o  some ime,mos a ailablein o ma ionis ela ed oclown ishes(Molina&Segade, 2013).Someo  hespecieso  his amilya ecomme ciallya ailable,suchas Amphip ionocella is,A.melanopus,A. ena us,A.pe cula,andP emnasbiaculea us. Thisisp obably hebes known amilyamongaqua is sandis hemos  aded amily becauseo  hei g ea s eng h,b igh colo andsmallsize(Molina&Segade,2013). Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  5 Clown ishesa e hemos longs andingandin ensi elycul u ed amilyo  ma ineo namen alsanda e hebes  ankedinma ineaqua ium ade.Also heywe e he i s  ee  ishspeciesb edsuccess ullyincap i i y(Madhue al.,2013).  1.3.1. In e na ional adeo ma ineo namen alspecies The endson hein e na ionalma ke ha edemons a ed heexpansiono  heexpo sandimpo so o namen specieso .Acco ding oFAO(2007), om1976 o2004, henumbe o expo ingcoun iesex ended om28 o146and he impo e sg ew om32 o120,o which80a e hosewhosupply hewo ldma ke o  o namen alma ine ish(Gaspa inie al.,2005).Nowadays,85%o  hema inespecies ha a ecomme cializedcomes om opicalandsub opicalcoun ieso  he egion Indo‐Paci ic,beingIndonesiaandThePhilippines, hemajo expo e so  hep incipal ma ke so  hewo ld, houghTheMaldi es,Vie nam,S iLankaandHawaii(USA)also supplyanimpo an numbe o o ganisms o ma ineaqua iums(B uckne ,2005). Ano he coun y ha hasacqui edwo ld ele ancyin helas decadeisB azil, u ning in ooneo  hep incipalexpo e so sal wa e  ishes(Gaspa inie al.,2005). In ela ion o heimpo s,TheUni edS a esis hemajo impo e , eaching nea 80%o  heexpo so ha dco alsand50%o  hesal wa e  ishes, espec i ely (Wabni ze al.,2003).O he impo an ma ke sloca ein heEu opeanUnion (Ge many,F ance,Uni edKingdomand heNe he lands)and hesou heas o Asia (especiallyJapan) ha asawholecons i u es26%o  hema ke o  ish(Reynosoe  al.,2012;Wood,2001b). On hein e na ionalma ke , hema inespeciesshowp ices e ysupe io  o hoseo  eshwa e ,inspi eo  he ac  ha 90%o  hecomme cialized alueis associa edwi hspecieso  eshwa e andonly10%wi hma inespecies(Reynosoe  al.,2012).E eni exac in o ma iondoesno exis wi h ega d o he alueand he in e na ional adeo  ishandin e eb a eso o namen ,i  hinks ha hisimpo  gene a esea nings o app oxima ely204milliono eu os,o which om20 o32 milliono eu osco espond oo namen alma ine ish(B uckne ,2005).    Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  6 1.3.2. Majo expo e sandimpo e scoun ies TheGlobalMa ineAqua iumDa abase(GMAD)wasse upin2000asa collabo a i ep ojec be ween heUni edNa ionsEn i onmen P og ammeWo ld Conse a ionMoni o ingCen eandmembe so  adeassocia ionsinexpo ingand impo ingcoun ies.I compilesaccu a equan i a i ein o ma ionon heaqua ium ade h oughcen alizingands anda dizingsales eco dsp o idedbyaqua ium wholesale s.Rele an in o ma ion om hese eco dsis henplacedin hepublic domain.Acco ding oda aheldinGMADa o alo 1,471specieso  isha e aded globally.Mos o  hesespeciesa eassocia edwi hco al ee sal hougha ela i ely highnumbe o speciesa eassocia edwi ho he habi a ssuchasseag assbeds, mang o esandmud la s(Wabni z,2003). Acco ding oda ap o idedbyexpo e s, hePhilippines,Indonesia, he SolomonIslands,S iLanka,Aus alia,Fiji, heMaldi esandPalau, oge he ,supplied mo e han98pe cen o  he o alnumbe o  ishexpo edbe ween heyea s1997 and2002.(Figu e3,Le ).GMAD ade eco ds omimpo e s o yea s1997‐2002 showed ha  heUni edS a es, heUni edKingdom, heNe he lands,F anceand Ge manywe e hemos impo an coun ieso des ina ion,comp ising99pe cen o  allimpo so ma ineo namen al ish.Expo e s’da a e ealedTaiwan,Japanand HongKong obeimpo an impo inga eas.(Figu e3,Righ )(Wabni z,2003).  Lookinga  hemos commonly aded amilies,specieso Pomacen idae domina e,accoun ing o 43pe cen o all ish aded.Fo  heyea s1997‐2002, he blue‐g eendamsel ish, heanemone ish, hewhi e aildascyllus, hesapphi ede iland he h eespo dascyllusa e hemos commonlyglobally adedspecies.The op en Figu e3:G aphshowing hemajo expo e sandimpo e so ma ineo namen al ishcoun ies.© Ma íaK is elO egaGa cíausingda ao Wabni z,2003. Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  7 species oge he accoun  o 36pe cen o all ish aded om1997 o2002, acco ding oda ap o idedbyimpo e s(Wabni z,2003).  1.3.3Wildcaugh animalsand heimpac on heecosys em Aswhichanyuseo na u al esou ces, he ea eanumbe o p oblemsand issueso conce n ela ing o hecollec iono ma ineo namen alspecies.Thepo en ial en i onmen alandbiologicalimpac so  hese ishe iesha ebeen ecognized o many yea sandinclude:o e ha es ingo  ishandin e eb a es,changes o heecologyo  he ee due ocollec ing,deg ada iono co al ee sdue ophysicaldamagein lic ed bycollec o sand hei gea ,deg ada iono  ee  omuseo cyanideando he  poisons,losso biodi e si ydue o hese ac o s(Wood,2001a). The90%o  hema inespeciescomme cializednowadaysiscap u edin he ee so co alo  headjacen a easand hough he ee sco e less han0,25%o  he ma ineen i onmen ,isconside ed obe' hejungleo  hesea'due ohishigh biodi e si y.Theya e hebiologicalmo ep oduc i eecosys emso  hewo ldand ecei e omo e han4.000specieso  ish.Inaddi ion,ag ea numbe o speciesuse heseecosys emsasa eao  ep oduc iono baby'szone(MolinaandSegade,2013). The20%o  he ee so co alo  hewo ldhasbeendes oyedbye iciencyanddoes no showimmedia epe spec i eso  eco e y(Ve one al.,2009). The h ea s ha conce n he ee so co ala edi e s.Be ween hem he ea e heo namen al ishing, hejewele 'sshopandcu iosi ies o  he ade,ma e ialo  cons uc ion,aswellas adi ionalmedicinesandpha maceu icalp oduc s.On he o he hand, hedes uc i e,such echnologieso  ishinglike heuseo dynami eo  cyanideo sodium,o en heya einuse o s unningandca chingo namen alspecies, p oducing hese e eandlong e mhu no only o he a ge species,bu also o he su oundinghabi a .Thee ec o  heseha m ulchemis s o  hehabi a con inues o beunknowns ange , hougho he  echnologieso compila ionlike hedynami eand heexplosi esa ec  oomanymo especies ha can u ndamaged,woundedo  mu de ed.All heseme hodsp oducese ioushu sin hepopula ionso o ganisms andalso hedes uc iono biga easo  he ee o co al(MolinaandSegade,2013). Whe easi is equi edag ea di e si yo species o  he adeo  heaqua ium, asigni ican pa o  he ade ends obecha ac e izedbyanex emelyselec i e ishingand ha cen e sona ewspecieso highcomme cial alue(Wabni ze al., Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  14 Thenewlylaideggiso angeincolo ,ellip icalinshapeandsligh lycu ed a ound hemiddlepa o  heyolk.Thecho ionis anspa en and heeggcouldbe seen h ough heshell(Figu e6,Day0)(Yasi &Qin,2007). De elopmen isquick.A app oxima ely24hou s heea lynu ula(ea lies  s ageo ob iousbody o m)ise iden .A 48hou s;eye,hea ,b ainandspinalco d a ep esen and heyolkissligh ly educedandda ke o ange.The hi dnigh , he emb yo e e sesi sposi ion,byaligningi sheada  heuna achedendo  heegg.By he ou hday,da klypigmen edeyesandbodypa sa ee iden .Byday i e,pec o al insanddo saland en al in oldsa eappa en ,alsomajo blood esselsand ci cula iona eclea lye iden .By hesix hdaysemici cula canals,mou handwell de elopedeyesconsis ingo blackenedi isandsil e co e inga eappa en . Ope culum lapsa eba elydisce nible.Dayse enissimila  odaysixexcep mo e e ined, es igeso gill ake sandde elopedgill lapsa ee iden ,alsoyolkis conside ablysmalle (Figu e6)(Ho ,1996).  Du ingea lyde elopmen  hela a’sheadisloca eda  hea achedendo  he eggs.Whenabou  oha ch, hey o a einside heeggsso ha  hei headisa  he una ached ip.A ha ch, heypush o wa dwi h hei  ails,b eaking heuna ached ipo  heegg(Dhaneeshe al.,2009).Theleng ho  henewlyha chedla ae ange Figu e6:Eggde elopmen sincespawningun ilha ching.Images aken omRee smagazine Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  15 om2.5 o3.0mmapp oxima elyand hela aeme amo phosein oju eniles12‐15 dayspos ‐ha ching(Figu e7)(Sahandi,2011). Somede e minan s o success ul ep oduc ione ec sa edesc ibedbyBus on &Eli h,publicizedin2011.Theses udiesindica e ha changeinmaleleng his nega i ely ela ed,andyea clu chisposi i ely ela ed o hep obabili yo layingeggs and henumbe o eggslaidpe clu ch.Thesee ec s, aken oge he ,a e hep ima y de e minan so  he o alnumbe o eggsha chedbypai s.Also,changesin emale massandini ial emales anda dleng ha ebo hposi i ely ela ed o henumbe o  eggslaidpe clu ch.Thesee ec s, aken oge he ,canbeconside ed heseconda y de e minan so  he o alnumbe o eggsha chedbypai s.  F om hes udyo a icles,Ibelie e ha onha inginc eased hesizeo  he male,amajo ene ge icexpense akesplaceinhisownmain enanceand ha  he e o e,ancompensa ione ec  akesplaceand ha way, heene gyusedin he ep oduc ionmee s educedunleashingamino quan i yo sa is ac o ilyha ched eggs.Incaseo  he emale,aninc easeinhe sizeandmassgene a esaninc easeo  his ho acicca i y,whichmakespossibleamajo p oduc iono eggsand he e o e,a majo indexo i ssa is ac o yappea ance.  2.4. Feedinghabi s Anemone isha eclassi iesasomni o ous,oppo unis ic eede s.Thismeans heyconsumeawide a ie yo  oodi emsconsis ingo plan andanimalma e and dono  a ellongdis ances opu sue hei  ood.Feedingisgene allycon ined o he su acea eaandwa e columnimmedia e o hei hos anemone.Tidal lowandwa e ac ionsupplybi so  loa ingdeb is,mos lyalgae,in o hei wa e column.Mos  eeding en u esa ealongbo omsubs a esanddono expandbeyond h ee o i e me e s om hehos anemone(Ho ,1996). Ho (1996)examined hes omachcon en so 74specimens omEniwe ok.By olume,91.8%o  hei  oodconsis edo ana e ageo 34.8%copepods,33%algae, Figu e7:  La aede elopmen  omha ching o heju eniles age.Images aken omRee smagazine Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  16 9.7%wo ms,6.4%c us acean agmen s,5.2% unica esand2.7%amphipods.The emaining8.2%consis edawide angeo  oodi emsincluding:isopods,ba nacle nauplii,Amphip ioneggs,sh imps,c us aceanla ae,ba nacleappendages, uniden i iedeggs,c abs,nema odes,os acodsandpolychae es.I isimpo an  ono e ha copepodsandmac oalgaecons i u ed67.8%o  hei die .Bu i isimpo an  o emembe  ha  eedingp e e encesinclown ishisp obably o cedupon hemby hei  endency o emainisola edandsomewha seden a y. Clown ishla aeandju enilesha ebeen ea edsuccess ullyonhighly in eg a edanddi e se eedssuchas o i e s,smallpa icula ed y eed,smallA emia, k illmeal, ollowedbyla ge d y eedpa iclesandmix u eso na u al eeds(e.g., chickenhea , ish oe,sh imp ails)(Go done al.,2000).When hela aes a ing swimming hey eedon o i e s.Ro i e  eedwouldbeused o ape iod12‐20days. F om he5 hdayA emianaupliiwe eusedbesides o i e  eed.Whene e possible, en ichmen o  o i e o A emianaupliiwi hOmega3andp obio icswouldbe e ec i e.Thisen ichmen wouldimp o e hediges i e ac biop ocessesand consequen ly hela aesu i alandheal h(Sahandi,2011). Unde mype sonalexpe ience, he eedadminis a iono  heclown ishesin cap i i yisca iedou using ish eedelabo a edbydi e en na u aling edien s adding i amins,mine alsandpigmen s,and ha  henc imping oob ainpelle so  adequa esizeacco ding o ishsize.In u n, ou di e en  ish eeda eused,oneo  hemcomme cialand heo he  h ee o mula edandelabo a edinou labo a o y.In hesehandmadedie sdi e en p opo ionso  heing edien swe eused,changing hisway hep opo ionso p o einsandlipidsp incipally.Thiswillmakepossible o knowwhichis hemos adequa e ood o  hisspeciesa e compa ing alueso  g ow h,inweigh andsize,colo a ionand a eo  ep oduc ion.  2.5. Expe imen alwo k Du ingmy ainingpe iodIcanseeo  i s handhow oca you main enance and ele an ca e oanumbe o b eedingpai so clown ish(Figu e8).The expe imen used24b eedingpai so  hespeciesAmphip ionocella is(Cu ie ,1830) eedingondi e en  ish eeddu ing hespawningpe iod.Themainaimwas oknow whichdie wasmos adequa e o  hisspecies, os udy hepe iodo p e‐spawning, spawningandpos ‐spawningand inally os udy hede elopmen o  heeggsand hela aesu i al. Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  17  Figu e8:Expe imen alaqua iumshowingoneo  heb eedingpai swi h lowe po used ocollec  he eggs.©Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía.  2.5.1. Ins alla ion Theins alla ionconsis so  wo ackso aqua iums.Thesys emo suppo o  li eo e e y ackisin eg a ed(biological,mechanicalandul a iole  il e )andi  includesaclima e o  he egula iono  he empe a u e.In o al heins alla ion p esen s: ‐2 ackso glassaqua iumswi h12uni o 30land3uni o 90l. ‐ 6uni o 90laqua ia(3uni s o  ack)usedassys emo mechanicaland biological il a ion. ‐ Sys emo ul a iole  il a ionin eg a ed o hesys emo pipelines ha  allows heseawa e inle .  2.5.2Main enance Theci cui isclosed,wa e inle pass h oughanul a iole sys emused o  wa e s e iliza ion.I isnecessa y o e i y hewa e le elo  hesys emdailysince always hele elo  hewa e mus beabo eo in headequa e,i no wa e mus  been e illedun il headequa ele elis eached. Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  18 Closedsys emsu ilizewa e exchangebu i isusually20%pe mon h.A dis inc ad an ageo semi‐openo closedsys emsiswa e s abili y.Wa e s abili y andbalanceisnecessa ywi hinallaqua icbodies okeepanimalsg owing,sexually ma u eandheal hy.Reci cula ingsys emso e  hissecu i yandbalance(Ho ,1996) whenadequa e il a ionsys emswe eused. Thesuppo li esys emis hemos impo an pa o anyaqua ium.I is he sys emo main enanceo li eandmus beconside ed o hebeginningo  he assemblyo  heins alla ion oselec  hesys emmos adap ed o he ypeo  ish ha  isgoing obecul i a ed(Sand o d,1994).Main enanceo wa e quali yis hemos  c i ical ac o  o clown ishesunde con olledcondi ions.Asameasu e o  his, he seawa e need obe il e ed h oughase ieso sand il e sbe o ebeing aken o anks(Madhue al.,2013). Inou case, he il a ionsys emiscomposedbyasys emo biological il e  ac ossbioballs ha p o idingsu aces o  heins alla iono  hebene icialbac e ia ha ca ied heni ogencycle,asys emo physical il e basedono sponges ha  allow o e ainpa iclesinsuspensionacco ding o hei sizeandaskime  ha  elimina es hep esen ammoniumin hewa e and ha is oxic o  heaqua ic o ganisms.Inou  acili ies hesepa ame e sa eau oma iccon olledbymeanso a Powe box ha  egis e s heda ainPC. Thecycleo  heni ogende elopsinanybodyo wa e .Du ing hiscycle, he p oduc so was eo  heaqua ico ganisms,whicha e oxic o  heaqua icli e, u n in oinnocuousni a es ha  hena eabso bedby heplan so elimina eddu ing he egula changeso wa e .In heclosedecosys emso  heaqua iumalso hiscycle exis sand he e o e,isneededo askimme  okeep hele elso ammoniaunde  con ol.The e o e, o  heco ec  unc ioningo  heskimme  hepe iodiccleanliness isnecessa y,speciallyo  hein e io pipeo  heglasso skimmedo , op e en  ha  heai bubbleso  he oam ha ascenddono exploi onha inghi agains  he esiduesdeposi edin hewallso  hisone(Sand o d,1994). As o o he main enances, hecleaningisnecessa yusing eshwa e  o  he me allicelemen s,sys emso pipelinesandglasse e yweek,since hehigh e apo a iono  he oomp oducesanaccumula iono g ea quan i yo sal in hese zones ha i mus bewi hd awn oa oid heco osionand hede e io a iono  he s uc u es.Inaddi ion, hedailysiphonedo  heaqua iumsisnecessa y oa oid he Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  19 accumula iono exc emen sand emaining oodin hebo omandin hisway diminish hequan i yo  heammoniain hesys em.  2.5.2. Pa ame e s Oxygencon en is hekey o hee iciencyo biological il a ion.Theo e all a eo oxygenconsump ion o asys emis hesumo  he espi a ion a eo  he ish, oxygendemando  hebac e iab eakingdowno ganicwas esandunea en ood,and heoxygendemando ni i yingbac e iain he il e (Ho ,1996).Inaddi ion,salini y o  hecul u een i onmen isanimpo an abio ic ac o  ha in luencesma ine ish eggsandla alphysiologyandhasadi ec e ec on hei de elopmen ,g ow hand su i al.Byin luencing heene gy equi emen  o osmo egula ion,salini ydi ec ly a ec s hee iciencyo yolku iliza ion,la alg ow handsu i al(Dhaneesh,2012). Fo  hese easons, hemos impo an en i onmen alpa ame e ssuchas empe a u e(26 o29ºC),salini y(33 o35pp ),dissol edoxygen(4.6 o6.2ml/L)and pH(8.1 o8.4)a e obemain ainedinall anks,andalso hewa e mus bein mo emen  oassu e hegoodquali yo  hewa e (Fe nandoe al.,2006;Madhue  al.,2013).  3. Conclusions   Thecul u eo o namen alspeciescons i u esa e yoldac i i y ha in he 19 hcen u yex ended oma ineo namen alspeciescon inedinaqua iums. Thecomme cializa iono  hesespecieshadhisbeginningin heIndo‐Paci ic OceanandTheA lan icOcean ha wasconsolida edasexpo zones.He eby, he ea eloca edin hesea eas hep incipalexpo ingcoun ieso  hewo ld.   The90%o  hecomme cializedspeciesiscap u edo  hema ineen i onmen , anddue o heselec i ecap u eo especiallyo highcomme cial aluespecies, ag ea losso di e si y akesplacein hezoneso exploi a ion.Inaddi ion, colla e alhu sp oduce o hemsel es oo he specieso adjacen ecosys ems due o he echnologieso  ishing,whichb ingswi hi se iousconsequences o hema ineen i onmen .  Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  20  On hema ke , hep incipalma inecomme cializedspeciesbelong o he amilyPomacen idaebeing hedamselsand heclown ishes heya e hemos  ou ‐s andingspecies.Thisisowedp incipally o ha  he ea eo  ew o namen alspecies ha ha emanaged obecul i a edincap i i yby sa is ac o y esul s,whe easo o he species he ea eno knownmany aspec so hiscul u e.   Theclown ishbelongs o he amilyPomacen idaeand27speciesa eknown illnow.Due ohissymbio ic ela ionshipwi h heanemones, heyha ea geog aphicaldis ibu ionconcen a edin he egionIndo‐paci icwes e n.O  such ha ,hisdependence o heanemonesdoes ha hisdis ibu ionis ied o hegeog aphicaldis ibu iono  hese,whichi islimi edbydi e se hyd og aphic ac o s.   The ac o beingp o and icspeciesassu es hecon inui yo  hespeciesa e  ad e sesi ua ionsas hedea ho  he emale.Toli einsmallg oups a o s he p o ec iono p eda o s, houghalso he iolen beha io isp omo edbe ween indi idualso di e en hie a chic anges.   Theyp esen p e iousbeha io ssincei is hecou shipand hemo phologic changes,whichmakepossible o eel hepe iodo spawning.The ehasbeen e i ied ha p e e ably heypu hiseggs o hea e noonand ha  hesui able condi ionsgi e hemsel esbe ween hem26‐29ºCo  empe a u e,33‐35ppm o salini y,4,6‐6,2o dissol edoxygenand8,1‐8,4o pH.   Theca eo  heeggsisca iedo bo hp ogeni o sand hey akecha geo  he ae a iono  heeggsandelimina iono  hosewhoha eno su i ed.Finally,in app oxima ely12‐15daysa e spawning, heme amo phosis akesplace o ju enileo ganisms.Anega i e ela ionwasobse edbe ween hesizeo  he maleand heeggsha chedandaposi i e ela ionwi h he emale.He eby,i  comesnea  o heconclusion omwhich omajo sizeo  hemale,majo  ene gy o hisco po almain enanceandmino ene gy o  he ep oduc ion, whe easin he emale omajo sizeo same,majo quan i yo eggsinhis ho acicca i y,and he e o e,majo possibili ieso success.   Theya econside ed obeomni o ouso ganisms ha a e edong ea  a ie y o wild ood.Fo  hismo i e, hemos e icien die s o  hecul u eo  Ma íaK is elO egaGa cía  21 clown isha eelabo a edbyna u aling edien s ying oemule he composi iono  hei die sinna u alcondi ions.   Abou  heexpe imen alwo k, he ewe eop imized he alueso  hesui able pa ame e s o  he ep oduc ion,aswellas heinle andou le sys em, a i ying heideao  heclosedsys emsas hebes op ion osuppo  he s abili yo  hepa ame e s ha makepossible he ep oduc ionunde cul u ed condi ions.Besides,di e en die smadeexpe imen ally oes ablish hemos  sui ablese  o quali y,aswellassu i al,g ow handcolo a ionadequa e specimenswe e es ed.  4. 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