O iginal Resea ch A icle
Volume 54: 1–20
© The Au ho (s) 2024
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DOI: 10.1177/15280837241245121
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Addi i e echnologies use o
c ea e s uc u es o echnical
ab ic eplacemen
Joze Tkac
1
, Ji i Hajnys
2
, Ond ej Mize a
2
, Vie osla Molna
1
,
Gab iel Fedo ko
3
and Lenka Cepo a
2
Abs ac
The p oduc ion echnology o one o he essen ial s uc u al pa s o ubbe - ex ile
con eyo bel s, he ex ile ca cass, has no changed much since he s a o hei use.
Specific changes occu ed only in he ma e ial used when a ious syn he ic fib es
g adually eplaced co on. Howe e , wi h he de elopmen o addi i e echnologies, he
possibili y o changing he p oduc ion echnology is coming o he o e, when indus ial
ex iles p oduced by classic wea ing will no be used o make he ca cass bu a s uc u e
buil by 3D p in ing. Confi ma ion o his change would ep esen a e olu iona y
b eak h ough in he echnology o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel p oduc ion. Based on
hese ac s, he possibili y o using con inuous 3D p in ing echnology was e ified o p in
a s uc u e ha would eplace he echnical ab ic used in he con eyo bel ca cass. As
pa o he esea ch, he Selec i e Lase Sin e ing (SLS), Fused Deposi ion Modeling
(FDM), and S e eoli hog aphy (SLA) echnologies we e e ified. Expe imen al specimens
wi h he dimensions o 145 x 145 x 185 mm we e p oduced in h ee di e en posi ions: a
an angle (45°), ho izon ally, and e ically. The specimens we e made o h ee ypes o
1
Facul y o Manu ac u ing Technologies wi h sea in P eso , Technical Uni e si y o Kosice, P eso , Slo ak
Republic
2
Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, VSB-Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Os a a, Czech Republic
3
Facul y o Mining, Ecology, P ocess Con ol and Geo echnology, Technical Uni e si y o Kosice, Kosice, Slo ak
Republic
Co esponding au ho :
Gab iel Fedo ko, Facul y o Mining, Ecology, P ocess Con ol and Geo echnology, Technical Uni e si y o
Kosice, Pa k Komenskeho 14, Kosice 042 00, Slo ak Republic.
Email: [email p o ec ed]
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e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial 4.0 License (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which pe mi s non-comme cial use,
ep oduc ion and dis ibu ion o he wo k wi hou u he pe mission p o ided he o iginal wo k is a ibu ed as
specified on he SAGE and Open Access pages (h ps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-a -sage).
filamen : SLA (Elas ic 50A), SLS (TPU 1301), and FDM (Flexfill 92A); o each o he h ee
posi ions o he specimen, filamen consump ion and p in ing ime we e de e mined due
o he use o suppo ma e ial. C ea ed specimens we e hen assessed ega ding hei
p oduc ion possibili y and achie emen o he desi ed s uc u e.
Keywo ds
Addi i e manu ac u ing, ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel , he moplas ic polyu e hane,
flexible ma e ials, ca cass
In oduc ion
The s uc u e o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s has no significan ly changed in he en i e
pe iod o hei use. I consis s o an uppe co e ing laye , a lowe co e ing laye , a ca cass,
and o he addi ional s uc u al elemen s ha inc ease i s esis ance o imp o e he
unc ional use o con eyo bel s. The same applies o con eyo bel manu ac u ing
echnologies, whe e no undamen al changes ha e been implemen ed.
Howe e , wi h he p og ess o knowledge in manu ac u ing echnologies, mo e
ques ions a ise abou whe he i is no possible o eplace he manu ac u ing p ocedu es
and echnologies o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s and hei s uc u al pa s wi h new,
mo e p og essi e ones. These ideas a e suppo ed by he ac ha new manu ac u ing
echnologies a e g adually being p omo ed in a ious a eas ha we e impossible un il
now, hus eplacing o me ly used ones.
Among he a eas closely ela ed o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s, wi h an eno mous
po en ial o addi i e echnologies’applica ion, is he manu ac u ing o a ious ex ile
ma e ials. Howe e , esea ch on addi i e echnologies use in ex iles has lagged behind
o he fields un il ecen ly, mainly due o he di ficul y o achie ing ex iles’unique
p ope ies, such as s eng h, flexibili y, e c., using a di e en manu ac u ing echnology
han he addi i e ones.
1
O e ime, howe e , i became clea ha addi i e echnologies
b ing se e al ad an ages o ex ile manu ac u ing, significan ly educing p oduc ion ime
and cos s.
2
Based on hese ac s, i is hus possible o ask a scien ific ques ion whe he
addi i e echnologies can also be used in he manu ac u ing o so-called echnical ex ile
ma e ials used o c ea e he ca cass o a ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel o o manu ac u e a
s uc u e ha could eplace adi ional o m o echnical ex iles. Cu en ly a ailable and
used addi i e echnologies and ma e ials gi e such a possibili y. The abo e s a emen can
be suppo ed by findings published on addi i e echnologies.
Plas ic p in s’mos common addi i e echnology is used deposi ion modeling (FDM)
and used ab ica ion (FFF), which p oduce objec s wi h minimal cos , ime, and was e.
The p in ing p ocess i sel is desc ibed in hese publica ions.
3,4,5,6,7
The e a e coun less
ma e ials o p in ing in he o m o a filamen .
8,9,10,11
I always depends on he spec-
imen’s unc ion o ma e ial he cus ome wan s. The size and shape a e p opo ional o he
p in e ’s size.
2Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles
The mos used ma e ial is polylac ic acid (polylac ic acid) –PLA. This ma e ial is no
o oil o igin bu a ully deg adable ma e ial such as co n, po a o s a ch, and suga cane. I
can be decla ed a enewable sou ce o aw ma e ials - bio-based, compos able, he -
moplas ic polyes e , which is being inc easingly indus ially used.
11,12,13
Ano he widely
used ma e ial is ac yloni ile bu adiene s y ene –ABS, plus i s a ian s ABSi (Ac y-
loni ile bu adiene s y ene + impac modifie ), ABS-T (Ac yloni ile bu adiene s y ene +
me hyl-me hac yla e), ABS-ESD7 (Ac yloni ile bu adiene s y ene-elec os a ic dissi-
pa i e), ABS-M30i (I is a pa icula ype o ABS ma e ial i.e. in ended o use in medical
applica ions and he p oduc ion o medical de ices and ins umen s). Being a pe oleum
p oduc , i is highly ecommended o mel i unde en ila ion because o i s smell. The
ma e ial has ad an ages om physical and mechanical p ope ies, cha ac e ized by high-
impac s eng h and igidi y. I is a non-biodeg adable ma e ial.
14–18
Du ing nozzle
hea ing on he 3D p in e , pa ial decomposi ion and emissions o solid pa icles and
ola ile gases occu , which can deg ade indoo ai quali y. I has been p o en ha pa icle
emissions du ing 3D p in ing o ABS ma e ial we e highe han wi h PLA ma e ial.
Inhala ion o pa icles ha pass h ough he espi a o y ac can lead o ad e se heal h
e ec s in humans, including alle gies, as hma, o lung disease.
19,20
Loads o expe imen al
a icles ha e been published on analyzing indi idual ma e ials ( he na u e o he mo-
plas ics ma e ials, he hickness o he nozzle-applied laye , laye o ien a ion, as e angle,
and CT omog aphy o de ec ai ca i ies). Wu e al.
17
s udied he impac o he applied
laye ’s hickness and a ious angles o he o ien a ion as e on he mechanical p ope ies
o samples p in ed om wo ypes o plas ics: ABS and PEEK. Monko a e al.
21
esea ched
he abili y o ABS plas ic ma e ial o abso b excessi e sound noise le els. The main aspec s
o he analysis we e changes in he filling’s in e nal s uc u es (Ca esian, oc agonal, di-
amond, and s a ) wi h di e en olume a ios. The expe ise esul ed in knowledge o he
impac o noise abso p ion in ABS ma e ial and he FDM me hod.
The moplas ic u e hane - TPU is a common ma e ial o FDM me hod 3D p in e s, wi h
a unc ion o p in ed pa ’sflexibili y in impac esis ance and he mal plas ici y. P ajapa i
e al.
22
we e inspi ed by he su ounding na u e when c ea ing indi idual cell’designs based
on a sea u chin mo phology. The s uc u e can be used o special unc ional equi emen s,
such as ligh midsoles. Sousa e al.
23
analyzed and de eloped new op imized spo s mou h
and ee h p o ec o s p in ed on a 3D p in e . The expe imen ocused on impac abso p ion,
using TPU, PLA, PMMA (Polyme hyl me hac yla e), and HIPS (High-impac polys y ene)
as ma e ials o compa ison). Lee e al.
24
analyzed possibili ies o pe sonal p o ec i e
equipmen manu ac u ing, whe e hey confi med he abso bance o 5J o TPU ma e ials -
3D p in ed pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen (e.g., knee pads).
Selec i e Lase Sin e ing (SLS) is a powde sin e ing echnology wi h i s p in ing
p inciple: filling a chambe wi h gi en powde hea ed o a empe a u e sligh ly below he
ma e ial’s mel ing poin . Using he blade, a hin laye is applied o he chambe su ace, on
which he CO
2
lase c ea es a ajec o y o a gi en laye acco ding o he CAD model. In
con as , he lase c ea es sin e ing o powde pa icles.
25,26
Lopes Ana C. e al.
27
p e-
dic ed he ma e ial p ope ies in he SLS me hod when he old/new powde a io changes.
They ound ou ha deg ada ion impac s he weigh as well as ma e ial p ope ies. They
ecommended ha i be bes o use a 70 new/30 old a io. They e u ed he manu ac u e ’s
Tkac e al. 3
ecommenda ion o a 50/50 a io. Many esea ch wo ks a e based on op imizing p in ing
pa ame e s and hei e ec on he quali y o geome ic ole ances and shape, as well as
su ace in eg i y and ma e ial p ope ies.
18,22,28,29
We can s a e ha cu en knowledge o addi i e echnologies, ega ding me hodology
and ma e ials, has enough p e equisi es o esea ch hei p ac ical use in ex ile ma e ials
and ex ile s uc u es manu ac u ing o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s and manu ac u ing
o hei s uc u al componen s.
Addi i e echnologies’use in ex ile ma e ials p oduc ion was e ified by Faja do
e al.
30
Faja do e al.’s s udy opens a i al esea ch a ea on he mechanical esis ance o
3D-p in ed ex ile s uc u es. This esea ch o his is a con inua ion o se e al esea ch
asks om he ecen pas .
31,32,33
Based on he men ioned ac s, a p e equisi e has been c ea ed o addi i e echnologies
o make he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s’ca cass. As pa o he esea ch, howe e ,
indi idual echnologies mus be e ified
34
as ma e ials and p ocedu es o c ea e a s uc u e
o manu ac u e he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca cass. A he same ime, i s p ope ies
need o co espond o he p ope ies o indus ial ex iles p oduced by con en ional
echnologies deployed in ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca cass manu ac u ing.
Wi hou mee ing he men ioned condi ions,
35
i is impossible o p oduce a con eyo
bel wi h iden ical p ope ies o he con eyo bel made by he p e ious echnological
p ocedu e.
36
A new app oach o cons uc ing and c ea ing con eyo bel s mus ully
main ain hei mechanical p ope ies o ope a e eliably.
37
Howe e , such esea ch needs
o be in se e al s ages. Va ious analyses can be pe o med wi hin hese s ages, e.g.,
Me o omog aphy.
38
The s udy aims o e eal possible modifica ions in cons uc ing
con eyo bel s ha could be undesi able.
39
A he same ime, i is necessa y o subs an ia e
he expe imen al measu emen s using ma hema ical modeling me hods.
40
In he scope o
he p esen ed pape , he desc ibed esea ch aims o check whe he addi i e echnologies
can be used o c ea e a a ian ha would eplace s anda d indus ial ex iles o c ea ing
he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca cass.
The s udy’s no el y is ha he esea ch ocused on he possibili y o eplacing classic
ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel cons uc ion and modi ying he p oduc ion echnology used
so a . As pa o he p esen ed esea ch, he op ions o using addi i e echnologies in
ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s a e being e ified in mo e de ail. A e e iewing he li -
e a u e a ailable, we can conclude ha esea ch like his has no been ca ied ou .
Howe e , he use o addi i e echnologies in ex ile p oduc ion is no new. The s udy
ex ends he knowledge and applica ion possibili ies in addi i e echnologies in he con ex
o ha dwa e de elopmen and p in ing possibili ies. The c ea ed s uc u es ha e he
po en ial o eplace classic ab ics. Howe e , his equi es confi ma ion in he ollowing
esea ch s ages, while o he ques ions mus no be neglec ed, such as, e.g., ma e ial and
mechanical p ope ies.
Ma e ial and me hods
Manu ac u ing o ex ile s uc u es o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca casses (Figu e 1)
has unde gone g adual de elopmen in e ms o ma e ial and echnology. Ini ially, co on
4Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles
was used o manu ac u e echnical ex iles o he con eyo bel ca cass. G adually,
howe e , wi h p og ess in a ificial fibe s, se e al syn he ic fibe s began o be used.
A amid fibe s and a oma ic polyes e fibe s domina e he p oduc ion o echnical ex iles
o con eyo bel s.
3D p in ing enables a apid change in he deg ee o e ical in eg a ion, desc ibing he
fluc ua ion o e ical in eg a ion due o inno a ion, whe e e e y hing depends on he na u e o
he conside ed inno a ion. While inc emen al inno a ion is no expec ed o lead o significan
changes, a chi ec u al inno a ion ends o inc ease in eg a ion and hus adical inno a ion,
which leads o di e en hypo heses and esul s in esea ch in o 3D p in ing o manu ac u ing,
which leads o new hypo heses o indus y. The e we e also s udies o he classifica ion o
ma e ials used in he 3D p in ing p ocess, desc ibed in hei wo k by Ranjan e al.
42
The use o addi i e echnologies o manu ac u e ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca casses
cu en ly appea s o be a logical s ep co esponding o he la es ends and knowledge on
he possibili y o applying and using addi i e manu ac u ing echnology.
The e a e se e al easons why addi i e echnologies ha e no ye been used o c ea e
s uc u al pa s o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s. The easons a e s uc u al and ech-
nological, all ela ing o limi ing ac o s and p ope ies ha ha e no allowed hei use o
his p oduc ype.
One o he main limi ing ea u es o 3D p in e s is he p in ed objec ’s size, depending
on he p in ing base size; when he objec needs o be emo ed a e p in ing, he base is
cleaned, and he p in ing job s a s again o con inue p in ing. Howe e , his is no longe
he case. The p oblem is sol ed by, e.g., an FDM p in e wi h a con inuous bel (con-
inuous 3D p in ing).
Figu e 1. Example o a ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel composi ion wi h ma ked ex ile s uc u e.
41
Tkac e al. 5

Thanks o a mo ing bel , a specimen can be p in ed o as long as desi ed, longi-
udinally o he Zaxis. The s uc u e o he p in ing head is cu en ly limi ed o u ning
30°, 45°, and 60° owa ds he mo ing bel , see Figu e 2. The solu ion has wo undamen al
ad an ages, namely non-s op p in ing and significan educ ion o suppo s uc u es
when p in ing laye s a an angle o 45°. The p in e wi h a mo ing bel is no a no el y; i s
men ion da es back o 2008 when i was in oduced a he RepRap o um, while Make Bo
Inc. had manu ac u ed i s p o o ype. Howe e , he p in ing communi y is un amilia wi h
he solu ion, mainly due o i s high pu chase p ice.
43
The addi i e echnology po en ial in ubbe - ex ile bel s lies in he ac ha hey can be
applied o manu ac u e a basic s uc u e o he con eyo bel ca cass, hus eplacing he
indus ial ex iles used so a . Thanks o knowledge de elopmen on ma e ials used in
addi i e manu ac u ing, a significan assump ion exis s ha a s uc u e can be manu-
ac u ed ha will eplace indus ial ex iles. A he same ime, such a solu ion can b ing a
significan posi i e change.
Howe e , e i ying he hypo hesis equi es esea ch di ided in o se e al independen
s eps. I s cou se is desc ibed in he ollowing block diag am (Figu e 3).
The block diag am shows a p ocess o scien ific hypo hesis e ifica ion o find a p ope
3D p in ing me hod o p oduce a s uc u e ha would eplace he indus ial ex ile o ming
he con eyo bel ’s ca cass.
Theo y
One o he essen ial s uc u al componen s o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s is hei ex ile
ca cass, made om a pa icula ype o ex ile ab ic called Segel ab ics. Segel ab ic is an
al e na i e name o echnical ab ic (con eyo bel ab ic) used o he bel s. Segel ab ic
se es as he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ’s ein o cemen and suppo ing s uc u e. I is
made o polyes e fibe (PES) and polyamide fibe (PA). Segel ab ic is wo en on a loom
wi h a unique we mechanism cons uc ion. Segel ab ic is p essed in o ubbe du ing he
Figu e 2. Scheme o a con inuous 3D p in ing.
6Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles
ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel p oduc ion unde high empe a u es and p essu e. The fibe s
used o p oduce Segel ab ic mus mee specific equi emen s, he mos impo an o
which a e physical and mechanical p ope ies. These a e checked expe imen ally, wi h a
ocus on s eng h and elas ici y. P ope ies o selec ed con eyo bel ab ics a e gi en in
Tab. 1.
In p inciple, i is a echnical ab ic made om iscose wo en ya n, a high-s eng h
polyamide o polyes e ya n. Technical ab ics a e gene ally cha ac e ized by high
s eng h along he wa p and we . They a e wo en in a can as wea e, wa p- ein o ced
can as, and will. In Figu e 4, a simple can as wea e can be seen.
Wea ing akes place in special wea ing machines adap ed o echnical ab ic p o-
duc ion. The wa p h eads a e e enly dis ibu ed in he p esc ibed leng h and wid h,
hanks o wea ing. Longi udinal (wa p) and ans e se (we ) h eads c oss du ing
wea ing. The h eads a e hus wo en pe pendicula o each o he . The poin o con ac
whe e he wa p and we h ead c oss is called he binding poin . C ossing he wa p and
we h eads is called he wea e o he ab ic.
Technical ab ics a e imp egna ed o imp o e he cohesion o ex ile and ubbe . The
p ima y cha ac e is ic o a ex ile ab ic is i s densi y in he wa p and we , indica ed by he
Table 1. P ope ies o selec ed con eyo bel ab ics (Segel ab ics).
44
Type o ab ics
Wa p s eng h
(N.mm
1
)
We s eng h
(N.mm
1
)
EP (wa p –PES, we PA66) 120-900 60-120
P (wa p –PA6, we PA6) 160-915 70-120
EE (wa p –PES, we PES) 166-270 60-210
EPP (wa p1 –PES, wa p2- PA66, we –PA66) 500-1300 200-400
DPP (wa p1 –p-A amid, wa p2 –PA66, we –PA66) 760-2400 120-160
Figu e 3. The p ocess o finding a sui able 3D p in ing me hod.
Tkac e al. 7
numbe o h eads pe 10 cm o 1 m in he we wa p. The final ex ile ab ic s eng h on
wa p and we depends on he numbe o h eads and hei weigh .
Can as wea e
The can as wea e has a e y dense binding. I s s uc u e is ealized by al e na ing he
binding o he we and wa p- ied poin . The we h ead passes (is bound) al e na ely o e
he wa p and hen unde he adjacen base h ead. The s uc u e ensu es an ex ao dina ily
s ong binding, p e en ing he we and wa p om mo ing agains each o he , esul ing in
a s ong and igid ab ic.
Twill wea e
Twill is a wea e o ab ic cha ac e ized by a se o pa allel ows unning along he ab ic
su ace om le o igh o ice e sa. In p inciple, we dis inguish wa p will Figu e 5(a))
and we will Figu e 5(b)). Depending on he ow’s di ec ion, le will o igh will can
be de e mined.
Resul s
Resea ch specimen cha ac e is ic
A 3D model o an expe imen al specimen was c ea ed o he esea ch using he PTC C eo
so wa e Pa ame ic 9. The 3D specimen was modeled as a ex ile imi a ion. Ho izon al
fibe s we e wo en wi h e ical fibe s jus like ac ual ab ic. This means ha in ce ain
specimen a eas, e ical fibe was omi ed when designing he 3D model o ollow he
s uc u e as i is in he eal ab ic specimen. The diame e o ho izon al fibe s was 2 mm,
and e ical fibe s was 1.5 mm. The 3D specimen model and a de ailed iew o he fibe s’
loca ion can be seen in Figu e 6.
Figu e 4. Can as wea e.
8Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles
Fo ou esea ch, selec i e lase sin e ing (SLS), used deposi ion modeling (FDM),
and s e eoli hog aphy (SLA) we e used o manu ac u e se e al pieces o ex ile speci-
mens. The expe imen al specimens we e planned o be p oduced in h ee dis inc
posi ions:
·a an angle (45°),
·ho izon ally (XY),
· e ically (XZ).
Di e en ma e ial consump ion and p in ing leng hs we e planned o each posi ion
due o a suppo s uc u e. Figu e 7 shows he me hod o ma king h ee dis inc posi ions
in he expe imen al specimen manu ac u ing.
Figu e 6. A 3D model o ex ile imi a ion.
Figu e 5. Example o he wa p and we Twill s uc u e.
Tkac e al. 9
angle o 45°, shown in Figu e 15(a)), was damaged du ing he suppo s uc u e’s e-
mo al, mainly because o i s densi y.
The pa ame e s shown in Tab. 5 we e used o p oduce specimens.
Conclusions
Addi i e echnologies, in e ms o ha dwa e and used ma e ial, a e a he le el ha opens
up new possibili ies o hei use in p oduc ion. These a eas also include s uc u al
componen s o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s’p oduc ion, specifically hei ca cass. This
field has no been conside ed in addi i e manu ac u ing un il now, as he size o he
p oduced specimens has limi ed p oduc ion. Howe e , when con inuous 3D p in ing
began o be used, condi ions we e c ea ed o esea ch and e i y he possibili y o
manu ac u ing he ca cass o he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s. The esea ch mus be
g adual and sys ema ic o confi m o e u e he p oduc ion possibili y and easibili y
hypo hesis. I he esul is posi i e, a significan change can occu and be eflec ed in
eplacing exis ing echnology.
Wi hin he pape we p esen , he esea ch was ca ied ou , he objec i e o which was:
·To confi m o e u e he hypo hesis ha 3D p in ing can p oduce a s uc u e e-
placing indus ial ex iles in he p oduc ion o ubbe ex ile con eyo bel s. The
hypo hesis was confi med because we could make he desi ed s uc u e.
·To p oduce a flexible bel s uc u e ha is as simila as possible o he ex ile. The
applica ion was confi med hanks o he SLA me hod, which allows he p in ed
ab ic o beha e like a p oduc ion ex ile du ing bending.
·Analyze he mos sui able me hods and ma e ials o 3D-p in ed bel s. This ask is
ulfilled by he choice o SLS echnology o p oducing flexible s uc u es ha will
eplace he ca cass o he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s.
Using addi i e echnologies o c ea e s uc u es ha would eplace echnical ab ic is
no new. The no el y p esen ed in he pape is in he eplacemen o indus ial ex iles in
he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s. I s esul will be a s uc u al change in he in e nal
con eyo bel composi ion, changing he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel p oduc ion concep .
Cu en p oduc ion echnology will ha e o be changed, hus implying a p e-condi ion o
mechanical p ope ies imp o emen in he con eyo bel s. When esea ching a ailable
sou ces, we ound no in o ma ion ha would p esen esea ch ocused like his in he pas .
The inspi a ion o ou s udy was d awn om in o ma ion on he de elopmen o addi i e
echnologies used in ex ile ma e ials. The mechanical p ope ies o he c ea ed s uc u es
will be in es iga ed in de ail in he ongoing esea ch. The p oduc ion echnology
modifica ion aims o p oduce a con eyo bel p o o ype in which he designed s uc u e
would eplace he indus ial ex ile.
The pape only deals wi h he applica ion and echnological possibili ies ha ha e been
confi med, bu ano he pa o he esea ch on mass p oduc ion and p in quali y is
unde way. P in quali y can be checked by CT omog aphy, op ical mic oscope, ensile
es s in one od o 3D p in ed ex ile, and load p edic ions. In he nex phase o ou
16 Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles

esea ch, we will s udy he manu ac u ed s uc u e’s ma e ial and s eng h cha ac e is ics
and compa e hem wi h he indus ial ex iles used so a .
The p esen ed esea ch esul is an in oduc ion o a long- e m esea ch p ojec : a new
con eyo bel ’s s uc u al design, i s p oduc ion echnology, and a p oduced con eyo bel
p o o ype. As a esul , he esea ch will con inue o measu e specimens’mechanical
p ope ies, hei mu ual compa ison, and a compa ison wi h classic indus ial ex iles. A
he same ime, long- e m moni o ing in he o m o expe imen al measu emen s will be
used on es ing igs o ob ain a wide ange o in o ma ion o achie e he p ojec objec i e.
The ob ained esul s ha e g ea applica ion po en ial. In he u u e, i is possible o
implemen hem in he p oduc ion o classic con eyo bel s. Wi h hei help, p oduc ion
can change significan ly and become mo e e ficien and o highe quali y. Howe e , he
assump ion needs o be confi med by u he esea ch. Ano he possibili y o applying he
p esen ed esul s is using c ea ed s uc u es o imp o e ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel
quali y when he designed s uc u e can inc ease esis ance, e.g., agains punc u e
damage. The o he possibili y o using he knowledge is o de elop s uc u es ha
gene a e in e nal o ces necessa y o un old he ubbe - ex ile bel s in he pipe con eyo s.
A he same ime, he esea ch esul s ad ance he possibili ies o addi i e echnologies
applica ion o an en i ely new field (indus ial ex iles) and help he de elopmen and use
o con inuous 3D p in ing, wi h i s deploymen po en ial in ac ual indus ial p oduc ion.
Finally, ye impo an ly, he knowledge ob ained om he esea ch can be applied o
con eyo bel modula i y.
Decla a ion o conflic ing in e es s
The au ho (s) decla ed no po en ial conflic s o in e es wi h espec o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/
o publica ion o his a icle.
Funding
The au ho (s) disclosed eceip o he ollowing financial suppo o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o
publica ion o his a icle: This wo k is a pa o p ojec s VEGA 1/0674/24, VEGA 1/0101/22,
KEGA 005TUKE-4/2022, KEGA 018TUKE-4/2022, APVV- 21-0195, SP2023/088.
ORCID iD
Gab iel Fedo ko h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5187-5283
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