Additive technologies use to create structures for technical fabric replacement

O iginal Resea ch A icle Volume 54: 1–20 © The Au ho (s) 2024 A icle euse guidelines: sagepub.com/jou nals-pe missions DOI: 10.1177/15280837241245121 jou nals.sagepub.com/home/ji Addi i e echnologies use o c ea e s uc u es o echnical ab ic eplacemen Joze Tkac 1 , Ji i Hajnys 2 , Ond ej Mize a 2 , Vie osla Molna 1 , Gab iel Fedo ko 3 and Lenka Cepo a 2 Abs ac The p oduc ion echnology o one o he essen ial s uc u al pa s o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s, he ex ile ca cass, has no changed much since he s a o hei use. Specific changes occu ed only in he ma e ial used when a ious syn he ic fib es g adually eplaced co on. Howe e , wi h he de elopmen o addi i e echnologies, he possibili y o changing he p oduc ion echnology is coming o he o e, when indus ial ex iles p oduced by classic wea ing will no be used o make he ca cass bu a s uc u e buil by 3D p in ing. Confi ma ion o his change would ep esen a e olu iona y b eak h ough in he echnology o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel p oduc ion. Based on hese ac s, he possibili y o using con inuous 3D p in ing echnology was e ified o p in a s uc u e ha would eplace he echnical ab ic used in he con eyo bel ca cass. As pa o he esea ch, he Selec i e Lase Sin e ing (SLS), Fused Deposi ion Modeling (FDM), and S e eoli hog aphy (SLA) echnologies we e e ified. Expe imen al specimens wi h he dimensions o 145 x 145 x 185 mm we e p oduced in h ee di e en posi ions: a an angle (45°), ho izon ally, and e ically. The specimens we e made o h ee ypes o 1 Facul y o Manu ac u ing Technologies wi h sea in P eso , Technical Uni e si y o Kosice, P eso , Slo ak Republic 2 Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, VSB-Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Os a a, Czech Republic 3 Facul y o Mining, Ecology, P ocess Con ol and Geo echnology, Technical Uni e si y o Kosice, Kosice, Slo ak Republic Co esponding au ho : Gab iel Fedo ko, Facul y o Mining, Ecology, P ocess Con ol and Geo echnology, Technical Uni e si y o Kosice, Pa k Komenskeho 14, Kosice 042 00, Slo ak Republic. Email: [email p o ec ed] C ea i e Commons Non Comme cial CC BY-NC: This a icle is dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial 4.0 License (h ps:// c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which pe mi s non-comme cial use, ep oduc ion and dis ibu ion o he wo k wi hou u he pe mission p o ided he o iginal wo k is a ibu ed as specified on he SAGE and Open Access pages (h ps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-a -sage). filamen : SLA (Elas ic 50A), SLS (TPU 1301), and FDM (Flexfill 92A); o each o he h ee posi ions o he specimen, filamen consump ion and p in ing ime we e de e mined due o he use o suppo ma e ial. C ea ed specimens we e hen assessed ega ding hei p oduc ion possibili y and achie emen o he desi ed s uc u e. Keywo ds Addi i e manu ac u ing, ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel , he moplas ic polyu e hane, flexible ma e ials, ca cass In oduc ion The s uc u e o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s has no significan ly changed in he en i e pe iod o hei use. I consis s o an uppe co e ing laye , a lowe co e ing laye , a ca cass, and o he addi ional s uc u al elemen s ha inc ease i s esis ance o imp o e he unc ional use o con eyo bel s. The same applies o con eyo bel manu ac u ing echnologies, whe e no undamen al changes ha e been implemen ed. Howe e , wi h he p og ess o knowledge in manu ac u ing echnologies, mo e ques ions a ise abou whe he i is no possible o eplace he manu ac u ing p ocedu es and echnologies o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s and hei s uc u al pa s wi h new, mo e p og essi e ones. These ideas a e suppo ed by he ac ha new manu ac u ing echnologies a e g adually being p omo ed in a ious a eas ha we e impossible un il now, hus eplacing o me ly used ones. Among he a eas closely ela ed o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s, wi h an eno mous po en ial o addi i e echnologies’applica ion, is he manu ac u ing o a ious ex ile ma e ials. Howe e , esea ch on addi i e echnologies use in ex iles has lagged behind o he fields un il ecen ly, mainly due o he di ficul y o achie ing ex iles’unique p ope ies, such as s eng h, flexibili y, e c., using a di e en manu ac u ing echnology han he addi i e ones. 1 O e ime, howe e , i became clea ha addi i e echnologies b ing se e al ad an ages o ex ile manu ac u ing, significan ly educing p oduc ion ime and cos s. 2 Based on hese ac s, i is hus possible o ask a scien ific ques ion whe he addi i e echnologies can also be used in he manu ac u ing o so-called echnical ex ile ma e ials used o c ea e he ca cass o a ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel o o manu ac u e a s uc u e ha could eplace adi ional o m o echnical ex iles. Cu en ly a ailable and used addi i e echnologies and ma e ials gi e such a possibili y. The abo e s a emen can be suppo ed by findings published on addi i e echnologies. Plas ic p in s’mos common addi i e echnology is used deposi ion modeling (FDM) and used ab ica ion (FFF), which p oduce objec s wi h minimal cos , ime, and was e. The p in ing p ocess i sel is desc ibed in hese publica ions. 3,4,5,6,7 The e a e coun less ma e ials o p in ing in he o m o a filamen . 8,9,10,11 I always depends on he spec- imen’s unc ion o ma e ial he cus ome wan s. The size and shape a e p opo ional o he p in e ’s size. 2Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles The mos used ma e ial is polylac ic acid (polylac ic acid) –PLA. This ma e ial is no o oil o igin bu a ully deg adable ma e ial such as co n, po a o s a ch, and suga cane. I can be decla ed a enewable sou ce o aw ma e ials - bio-based, compos able, he - moplas ic polyes e , which is being inc easingly indus ially used. 11,12,13 Ano he widely used ma e ial is ac yloni ile bu adiene s y ene –ABS, plus i s a ian s ABSi (Ac y- loni ile bu adiene s y ene + impac modifie ), ABS-T (Ac yloni ile bu adiene s y ene + me hyl-me hac yla e), ABS-ESD7 (Ac yloni ile bu adiene s y ene-elec os a ic dissi- pa i e), ABS-M30i (I is a pa icula ype o ABS ma e ial i.e. in ended o use in medical applica ions and he p oduc ion o medical de ices and ins umen s). Being a pe oleum p oduc , i is highly ecommended o mel i unde en ila ion because o i s smell. The ma e ial has ad an ages om physical and mechanical p ope ies, cha ac e ized by high- impac s eng h and igidi y. I is a non-biodeg adable ma e ial. 14–18 Du ing nozzle hea ing on he 3D p in e , pa ial decomposi ion and emissions o solid pa icles and ola ile gases occu , which can deg ade indoo ai quali y. I has been p o en ha pa icle emissions du ing 3D p in ing o ABS ma e ial we e highe han wi h PLA ma e ial. Inhala ion o pa icles ha pass h ough he espi a o y ac can lead o ad e se heal h e ec s in humans, including alle gies, as hma, o lung disease. 19,20 Loads o expe imen al a icles ha e been published on analyzing indi idual ma e ials ( he na u e o he mo- plas ics ma e ials, he hickness o he nozzle-applied laye , laye o ien a ion, as e angle, and CT omog aphy o de ec ai ca i ies). Wu e al. 17 s udied he impac o he applied laye ’s hickness and a ious angles o he o ien a ion as e on he mechanical p ope ies o samples p in ed om wo ypes o plas ics: ABS and PEEK. Monko a e al. 21 esea ched he abili y o ABS plas ic ma e ial o abso b excessi e sound noise le els. The main aspec s o he analysis we e changes in he filling’s in e nal s uc u es (Ca esian, oc agonal, di- amond, and s a ) wi h di e en olume a ios. The expe ise esul ed in knowledge o he impac o noise abso p ion in ABS ma e ial and he FDM me hod. The moplas ic u e hane - TPU is a common ma e ial o FDM me hod 3D p in e s, wi h a unc ion o p in ed pa ’sflexibili y in impac esis ance and he mal plas ici y. P ajapa i e al. 22 we e inspi ed by he su ounding na u e when c ea ing indi idual cell’designs based on a sea u chin mo phology. The s uc u e can be used o special unc ional equi emen s, such as ligh midsoles. Sousa e al. 23 analyzed and de eloped new op imized spo s mou h and ee h p o ec o s p in ed on a 3D p in e . The expe imen ocused on impac abso p ion, using TPU, PLA, PMMA (Polyme hyl me hac yla e), and HIPS (High-impac polys y ene) as ma e ials o compa ison). Lee e al. 24 analyzed possibili ies o pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen manu ac u ing, whe e hey confi med he abso bance o 5J o TPU ma e ials - 3D p in ed pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen (e.g., knee pads). Selec i e Lase Sin e ing (SLS) is a powde sin e ing echnology wi h i s p in ing p inciple: filling a chambe wi h gi en powde hea ed o a empe a u e sligh ly below he ma e ial’s mel ing poin . Using he blade, a hin laye is applied o he chambe su ace, on which he CO 2 lase c ea es a ajec o y o a gi en laye acco ding o he CAD model. In con as , he lase c ea es sin e ing o powde pa icles. 25,26 Lopes Ana C. e al. 27 p e- dic ed he ma e ial p ope ies in he SLS me hod when he old/new powde a io changes. They ound ou ha deg ada ion impac s he weigh as well as ma e ial p ope ies. They ecommended ha i be bes o use a 70 new/30 old a io. They e u ed he manu ac u e ’s Tkac e al. 3 ecommenda ion o a 50/50 a io. Many esea ch wo ks a e based on op imizing p in ing pa ame e s and hei e ec on he quali y o geome ic ole ances and shape, as well as su ace in eg i y and ma e ial p ope ies. 18,22,28,29 We can s a e ha cu en knowledge o addi i e echnologies, ega ding me hodology and ma e ials, has enough p e equisi es o esea ch hei p ac ical use in ex ile ma e ials and ex ile s uc u es manu ac u ing o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s and manu ac u ing o hei s uc u al componen s. Addi i e echnologies’use in ex ile ma e ials p oduc ion was e ified by Faja do e al. 30 Faja do e al.’s s udy opens a i al esea ch a ea on he mechanical esis ance o 3D-p in ed ex ile s uc u es. This esea ch o his is a con inua ion o se e al esea ch asks om he ecen pas . 31,32,33 Based on he men ioned ac s, a p e equisi e has been c ea ed o addi i e echnologies o make he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s’ca cass. As pa o he esea ch, howe e , indi idual echnologies mus be e ified 34 as ma e ials and p ocedu es o c ea e a s uc u e o manu ac u e he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca cass. A he same ime, i s p ope ies need o co espond o he p ope ies o indus ial ex iles p oduced by con en ional echnologies deployed in ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca cass manu ac u ing. Wi hou mee ing he men ioned condi ions, 35 i is impossible o p oduce a con eyo bel wi h iden ical p ope ies o he con eyo bel made by he p e ious echnological p ocedu e. 36 A new app oach o cons uc ing and c ea ing con eyo bel s mus ully main ain hei mechanical p ope ies o ope a e eliably. 37 Howe e , such esea ch needs o be in se e al s ages. Va ious analyses can be pe o med wi hin hese s ages, e.g., Me o omog aphy. 38 The s udy aims o e eal possible modifica ions in cons uc ing con eyo bel s ha could be undesi able. 39 A he same ime, i is necessa y o subs an ia e he expe imen al measu emen s using ma hema ical modeling me hods. 40 In he scope o he p esen ed pape , he desc ibed esea ch aims o check whe he addi i e echnologies can be used o c ea e a a ian ha would eplace s anda d indus ial ex iles o c ea ing he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca cass. The s udy’s no el y is ha he esea ch ocused on he possibili y o eplacing classic ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel cons uc ion and modi ying he p oduc ion echnology used so a . As pa o he p esen ed esea ch, he op ions o using addi i e echnologies in ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s a e being e ified in mo e de ail. A e e iewing he li - e a u e a ailable, we can conclude ha esea ch like his has no been ca ied ou . Howe e , he use o addi i e echnologies in ex ile p oduc ion is no new. The s udy ex ends he knowledge and applica ion possibili ies in addi i e echnologies in he con ex o ha dwa e de elopmen and p in ing possibili ies. The c ea ed s uc u es ha e he po en ial o eplace classic ab ics. Howe e , his equi es confi ma ion in he ollowing esea ch s ages, while o he ques ions mus no be neglec ed, such as, e.g., ma e ial and mechanical p ope ies. Ma e ial and me hods Manu ac u ing o ex ile s uc u es o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca casses (Figu e 1) has unde gone g adual de elopmen in e ms o ma e ial and echnology. Ini ially, co on 4Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles was used o manu ac u e echnical ex iles o he con eyo bel ca cass. G adually, howe e , wi h p og ess in a ificial fibe s, se e al syn he ic fibe s began o be used. A amid fibe s and a oma ic polyes e fibe s domina e he p oduc ion o echnical ex iles o con eyo bel s. 3D p in ing enables a apid change in he deg ee o e ical in eg a ion, desc ibing he fluc ua ion o e ical in eg a ion due o inno a ion, whe e e e y hing depends on he na u e o he conside ed inno a ion. While inc emen al inno a ion is no expec ed o lead o significan changes, a chi ec u al inno a ion ends o inc ease in eg a ion and hus adical inno a ion, which leads o di e en hypo heses and esul s in esea ch in o 3D p in ing o manu ac u ing, which leads o new hypo heses o indus y. The e we e also s udies o he classifica ion o ma e ials used in he 3D p in ing p ocess, desc ibed in hei wo k by Ranjan e al. 42 The use o addi i e echnologies o manu ac u e ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ca casses cu en ly appea s o be a logical s ep co esponding o he la es ends and knowledge on he possibili y o applying and using addi i e manu ac u ing echnology. The e a e se e al easons why addi i e echnologies ha e no ye been used o c ea e s uc u al pa s o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s. The easons a e s uc u al and ech- nological, all ela ing o limi ing ac o s and p ope ies ha ha e no allowed hei use o his p oduc ype. One o he main limi ing ea u es o 3D p in e s is he p in ed objec ’s size, depending on he p in ing base size; when he objec needs o be emo ed a e p in ing, he base is cleaned, and he p in ing job s a s again o con inue p in ing. Howe e , his is no longe he case. The p oblem is sol ed by, e.g., an FDM p in e wi h a con inuous bel (con- inuous 3D p in ing). Figu e 1. Example o a ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel composi ion wi h ma ked ex ile s uc u e. 41 Tkac e al. 5 Thanks o a mo ing bel , a specimen can be p in ed o as long as desi ed, longi- udinally o he Zaxis. The s uc u e o he p in ing head is cu en ly limi ed o u ning 30°, 45°, and 60° owa ds he mo ing bel , see Figu e 2. The solu ion has wo undamen al ad an ages, namely non-s op p in ing and significan educ ion o suppo s uc u es when p in ing laye s a an angle o 45°. The p in e wi h a mo ing bel is no a no el y; i s men ion da es back o 2008 when i was in oduced a he RepRap o um, while Make Bo Inc. had manu ac u ed i s p o o ype. Howe e , he p in ing communi y is un amilia wi h he solu ion, mainly due o i s high pu chase p ice. 43 The addi i e echnology po en ial in ubbe - ex ile bel s lies in he ac ha hey can be applied o manu ac u e a basic s uc u e o he con eyo bel ca cass, hus eplacing he indus ial ex iles used so a . Thanks o knowledge de elopmen on ma e ials used in addi i e manu ac u ing, a significan assump ion exis s ha a s uc u e can be manu- ac u ed ha will eplace indus ial ex iles. A he same ime, such a solu ion can b ing a significan posi i e change. Howe e , e i ying he hypo hesis equi es esea ch di ided in o se e al independen s eps. I s cou se is desc ibed in he ollowing block diag am (Figu e 3). The block diag am shows a p ocess o scien ific hypo hesis e ifica ion o find a p ope 3D p in ing me hod o p oduce a s uc u e ha would eplace he indus ial ex ile o ming he con eyo bel ’s ca cass. Theo y One o he essen ial s uc u al componen s o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s is hei ex ile ca cass, made om a pa icula ype o ex ile ab ic called Segel ab ics. Segel ab ic is an al e na i e name o echnical ab ic (con eyo bel ab ic) used o he bel s. Segel ab ic se es as he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel ’s ein o cemen and suppo ing s uc u e. I is made o polyes e fibe (PES) and polyamide fibe (PA). Segel ab ic is wo en on a loom wi h a unique we mechanism cons uc ion. Segel ab ic is p essed in o ubbe du ing he Figu e 2. Scheme o a con inuous 3D p in ing. 6Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel p oduc ion unde high empe a u es and p essu e. The fibe s used o p oduce Segel ab ic mus mee specific equi emen s, he mos impo an o which a e physical and mechanical p ope ies. These a e checked expe imen ally, wi h a ocus on s eng h and elas ici y. P ope ies o selec ed con eyo bel ab ics a e gi en in Tab. 1. In p inciple, i is a echnical ab ic made om iscose wo en ya n, a high-s eng h polyamide o polyes e ya n. Technical ab ics a e gene ally cha ac e ized by high s eng h along he wa p and we . They a e wo en in a can as wea e, wa p- ein o ced can as, and will. In Figu e 4, a simple can as wea e can be seen. Wea ing akes place in special wea ing machines adap ed o echnical ab ic p o- duc ion. The wa p h eads a e e enly dis ibu ed in he p esc ibed leng h and wid h, hanks o wea ing. Longi udinal (wa p) and ans e se (we ) h eads c oss du ing wea ing. The h eads a e hus wo en pe pendicula o each o he . The poin o con ac whe e he wa p and we h ead c oss is called he binding poin . C ossing he wa p and we h eads is called he wea e o he ab ic. Technical ab ics a e imp egna ed o imp o e he cohesion o ex ile and ubbe . The p ima y cha ac e is ic o a ex ile ab ic is i s densi y in he wa p and we , indica ed by he Table 1. P ope ies o selec ed con eyo bel ab ics (Segel ab ics). 44 Type o ab ics Wa p s eng h (N.mm 1 ) We s eng h (N.mm 1 ) EP (wa p –PES, we PA66) 120-900 60-120 P (wa p –PA6, we PA6) 160-915 70-120 EE (wa p –PES, we PES) 166-270 60-210 EPP (wa p1 –PES, wa p2- PA66, we –PA66) 500-1300 200-400 DPP (wa p1 –p-A amid, wa p2 –PA66, we –PA66) 760-2400 120-160 Figu e 3. The p ocess o finding a sui able 3D p in ing me hod. Tkac e al. 7 numbe o h eads pe 10 cm o 1 m in he we wa p. The final ex ile ab ic s eng h on wa p and we depends on he numbe o h eads and hei weigh . Can as wea e The can as wea e has a e y dense binding. I s s uc u e is ealized by al e na ing he binding o he we and wa p- ied poin . The we h ead passes (is bound) al e na ely o e he wa p and hen unde he adjacen base h ead. The s uc u e ensu es an ex ao dina ily s ong binding, p e en ing he we and wa p om mo ing agains each o he , esul ing in a s ong and igid ab ic. Twill wea e Twill is a wea e o ab ic cha ac e ized by a se o pa allel ows unning along he ab ic su ace om le o igh o ice e sa. In p inciple, we dis inguish wa p will Figu e 5(a)) and we will Figu e 5(b)). Depending on he ow’s di ec ion, le will o igh will can be de e mined. Resul s Resea ch specimen cha ac e is ic A 3D model o an expe imen al specimen was c ea ed o he esea ch using he PTC C eo so wa e Pa ame ic 9. The 3D specimen was modeled as a ex ile imi a ion. Ho izon al fibe s we e wo en wi h e ical fibe s jus like ac ual ab ic. This means ha in ce ain specimen a eas, e ical fibe was omi ed when designing he 3D model o ollow he s uc u e as i is in he eal ab ic specimen. The diame e o ho izon al fibe s was 2 mm, and e ical fibe s was 1.5 mm. The 3D specimen model and a de ailed iew o he fibe s’ loca ion can be seen in Figu e 6. Figu e 4. Can as wea e. 8Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles Fo ou esea ch, selec i e lase sin e ing (SLS), used deposi ion modeling (FDM), and s e eoli hog aphy (SLA) we e used o manu ac u e se e al pieces o ex ile speci- mens. The expe imen al specimens we e planned o be p oduced in h ee dis inc posi ions: ·a an angle (45°), ·ho izon ally (XY), · e ically (XZ). Di e en ma e ial consump ion and p in ing leng hs we e planned o each posi ion due o a suppo s uc u e. Figu e 7 shows he me hod o ma king h ee dis inc posi ions in he expe imen al specimen manu ac u ing. Figu e 6. A 3D model o ex ile imi a ion. Figu e 5. Example o he wa p and we Twill s uc u e. Tkac e al. 9 angle o 45°, shown in Figu e 15(a)), was damaged du ing he suppo s uc u e’s e- mo al, mainly because o i s densi y. The pa ame e s shown in Tab. 5 we e used o p oduce specimens. Conclusions Addi i e echnologies, in e ms o ha dwa e and used ma e ial, a e a he le el ha opens up new possibili ies o hei use in p oduc ion. These a eas also include s uc u al componen s o ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s’p oduc ion, specifically hei ca cass. This field has no been conside ed in addi i e manu ac u ing un il now, as he size o he p oduced specimens has limi ed p oduc ion. Howe e , when con inuous 3D p in ing began o be used, condi ions we e c ea ed o esea ch and e i y he possibili y o manu ac u ing he ca cass o he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s. The esea ch mus be g adual and sys ema ic o confi m o e u e he p oduc ion possibili y and easibili y hypo hesis. I he esul is posi i e, a significan change can occu and be eflec ed in eplacing exis ing echnology. Wi hin he pape we p esen , he esea ch was ca ied ou , he objec i e o which was: ·To confi m o e u e he hypo hesis ha 3D p in ing can p oduce a s uc u e e- placing indus ial ex iles in he p oduc ion o ubbe ex ile con eyo bel s. The hypo hesis was confi med because we could make he desi ed s uc u e. ·To p oduce a flexible bel s uc u e ha is as simila as possible o he ex ile. The applica ion was confi med hanks o he SLA me hod, which allows he p in ed ab ic o beha e like a p oduc ion ex ile du ing bending. ·Analyze he mos sui able me hods and ma e ials o 3D-p in ed bel s. This ask is ulfilled by he choice o SLS echnology o p oducing flexible s uc u es ha will eplace he ca cass o he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s. Using addi i e echnologies o c ea e s uc u es ha would eplace echnical ab ic is no new. The no el y p esen ed in he pape is in he eplacemen o indus ial ex iles in he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel s. I s esul will be a s uc u al change in he in e nal con eyo bel composi ion, changing he ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel p oduc ion concep . Cu en p oduc ion echnology will ha e o be changed, hus implying a p e-condi ion o mechanical p ope ies imp o emen in he con eyo bel s. When esea ching a ailable sou ces, we ound no in o ma ion ha would p esen esea ch ocused like his in he pas . The inspi a ion o ou s udy was d awn om in o ma ion on he de elopmen o addi i e echnologies used in ex ile ma e ials. The mechanical p ope ies o he c ea ed s uc u es will be in es iga ed in de ail in he ongoing esea ch. The p oduc ion echnology modifica ion aims o p oduce a con eyo bel p o o ype in which he designed s uc u e would eplace he indus ial ex ile. The pape only deals wi h he applica ion and echnological possibili ies ha ha e been confi med, bu ano he pa o he esea ch on mass p oduc ion and p in quali y is unde way. P in quali y can be checked by CT omog aphy, op ical mic oscope, ensile es s in one od o 3D p in ed ex ile, and load p edic ions. In he nex phase o ou 16 Jou nal o Indus ial Tex iles esea ch, we will s udy he manu ac u ed s uc u e’s ma e ial and s eng h cha ac e is ics and compa e hem wi h he indus ial ex iles used so a . The p esen ed esea ch esul is an in oduc ion o a long- e m esea ch p ojec : a new con eyo bel ’s s uc u al design, i s p oduc ion echnology, and a p oduced con eyo bel p o o ype. As a esul , he esea ch will con inue o measu e specimens’mechanical p ope ies, hei mu ual compa ison, and a compa ison wi h classic indus ial ex iles. A he same ime, long- e m moni o ing in he o m o expe imen al measu emen s will be used on es ing igs o ob ain a wide ange o in o ma ion o achie e he p ojec objec i e. The ob ained esul s ha e g ea applica ion po en ial. In he u u e, i is possible o implemen hem in he p oduc ion o classic con eyo bel s. Wi h hei help, p oduc ion can change significan ly and become mo e e ficien and o highe quali y. Howe e , he assump ion needs o be confi med by u he esea ch. Ano he possibili y o applying he p esen ed esul s is using c ea ed s uc u es o imp o e ubbe - ex ile con eyo bel quali y when he designed s uc u e can inc ease esis ance, e.g., agains punc u e damage. The o he possibili y o using he knowledge is o de elop s uc u es ha gene a e in e nal o ces necessa y o un old he ubbe - ex ile bel s in he pipe con eyo s. A he same ime, he esea ch esul s ad ance he possibili ies o addi i e echnologies applica ion o an en i ely new field (indus ial ex iles) and help he de elopmen and use o con inuous 3D p in ing, wi h i s deploymen po en ial in ac ual indus ial p oduc ion. Finally, ye impo an ly, he knowledge ob ained om he esea ch can be applied o con eyo bel modula i y. Decla a ion o conflic ing in e es s The au ho (s) decla ed no po en ial conflic s o in e es wi h espec o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/ o publica ion o his a icle. Funding The au ho (s) disclosed eceip o he ollowing financial suppo o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his a icle: This wo k is a pa o p ojec s VEGA 1/0674/24, VEGA 1/0101/22, KEGA 005TUKE-4/2022, KEGA 018TUKE-4/2022, APVV- 21-0195, SP2023/088. 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