POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 11 |NUMBER: 3 |2013 |JUNE
Using he An iphase o Elimina ion he Noise o
Elec ical Powe Equipmen
Vik o POKORNY1, S anisla MISAK1
1Depa men o Elec ical Powe Enginee ing, Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing and Compu e Science,
VSB–Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 17. lis opadu 15/2172, 708 33 Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic
ik o .pok[email p o ec ed], s anisla[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . The aim o his esea ch is o c ea e unc-
ional sys em which elimina es he noise o elec ical
de ices. This sys em wo ks on ac i e basis, he e o e i
p ocess pa asi ic signal i sel and use i o elimina ion
o he noise. On he i s s age i ocuses on elimina ion
o ene ge ic de ices wi h g ea in ensi y o noise bu
wi h small equency de ia ions. The main p oduce s
o noise emissions a e elec ical de ices, o example
ans o me s. Nowadays, human heal h and wellbeing
a e he p io i ies connec ed wi h e e y human ac i i y.
One o he insepa able ac o s which ha e an un a o -
able e ec on he human o ganism is he noise a ound
us. Science and esea ch b ing new possibili ies how o
esis hese un a o able impac s. One o he possibili-
ies is he elimina ion o noise using an iphase.
Keywo ds
An iphase, noise, ans o me .
1. In oduc ion
The aim o his esea ch is o c ea e unc ional sys em
which elimina es he noise o elec ical de ices. This
sys em wo ks on an ac i e basis, he e o e i p ocess
pa asi ic signal i sel and use i o elimina ion o he
noise. On he i s s age i ocuses on elimina ion o
ene ge ic de ices wi h g ea in ensi y o noise bu wi h
small equency de ia ions.
2. Me hods o Elimina ion he
Noise
Me hods o elimina ion can be di ided in o h ee basic
sys ems:
•cons uc ional - sys ems heading o basic
essence o pa asi ic sounds o each elec ical de-
ice. In e en ions o elimina e i sel ela e o
cons uc ion and de elopmen g oups and p ojec-
o s,
•passi e sys ems - passi e solu ions a e co e ed,
he ubbe dampe s and elimina ion using he
building s uc u e. Machine noise can be educed
by consolida ing all he p ope pa s, di e en
coa ings, insula ion co e s,
•ac i e sys ems - ac i e sys ems a e de ices ca-
pable o elimina ing noise, such as using an iphase
[1].
3. An iphase
To unde s and he sys em is impo an o know basic,
namely wa es alone. Phase o he wa e is a dimen-
sionless quan i y ha de e mines he ela ion a iable
wa es, (e.g. displacemen noise) a ha place and ime
and o he s a e a iables cha ac e is ic wa es in em-
po al and spa ial o igin. Dependence cha ac e is ic o
a iables de e mines he shape o ”wa es” ega dless o
i s dissemina ion. Phase is a pa ame e , which depends
on he iming cha ac e is ic alues in a ixed loca ion,
which he wa e passes, espec i ely spa ial ield cha -
ac e is ic alues o a ixed momen in ime. An iphase
is u ning he cu en signal abou 180 ◦[4].
The esul o he exac an iphase is an absolu e de-
duc ion o bo h signals and he e o e hei comple e
elimina ion [2].
3.1. Pu pose o Noise Elimina ion o
Powe T ans o me
The i s de ice es ed by elimina ion o noise will be
ans o me s. Thei cons an equency noise is ideal
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Fig. 1: Gene a ing o an iphase wa e.
o sampling and subsequen o a ion o he signal o
he an iphase. The esul would limi he possibili y o
a majo i y in he mean ime use he an i-noise measu es
and es ic ion o noise enclosu e o buildings. The e
would be a possibili y o using elec o echnical me al-
lic ma e ials which would inc ease noise o ans o m-
e s. Bu om he o he hand, he magne ic p ope ies
would be be e . The main cons uc ion will no be up
o a ce ain poin a ec ed by noise- equi emen s bu
he e iciency o ans o me s is inc eased. The e o e
he cons uc ion o ans o me s would be economically
p o i able.
Fig. 2: Elimina ion o he ans o me noise by An iphase.
3.2. Measu emen and Acous ic Tes -
ing
The measu emen s ca ied ou on ou ans o me s in-
s alled a he VSB–Technical Uni e si y o Os a a.
This is he co e h ee-phase ans o me s old design.
These ans o me s a e no equipped wi h ac i e cool-
ing - ans ha would pa icipa e in making some noise.
As shown in Fig. 5. T ans o me co e is opened and
he mic ophone scans he noise ha is educed o he
closes possible dis ance in o de o elimina e en i on-
men al in luences. Fo his eason i is also used o
he di ec ional mic ophone. Scanned signal by quali y
mic ophone is hen sen o quali y sound ca d ha i
digi izes and his signal is sen o a compu e h u USB
in e ace. I wo ks only du ing he measu emen as a
digi al eco ding de ice. The ac ual eco ds a e s o ed
in WAV o ma , he sampling equency is 48 kHz es-
olu ion and 24 bi s quali y. This ensu es he highes
possible quali y o eco ding and hus he quali y o he
esul o subsequen p ocessing o he acqui ed signal.
Fig. 4 shows a simple block diag am o he eco ding o
measu ing de ice, which is he sou ce o he analyzed
signals.
Fig. 3: Block diag am o eco ding de ices o spec al analysis.
Fo measu emen s we e selec ed andomly h ee
ans o me s, which a e long- e m measu emen o
noise in ensi y depending on load. The e o e, he e-
sul s a e aken as in he no-load s a e and also in
loaded s a e. Subsequen analysis o he ans o me s
seem numbe ed T615/1 o i s pa ame e s a e 1000 kVA,
10 kV/400 V, 50 Hz.
In he i s case, he ans o me wo ked o 7 % o
maximal load, he cu en lowed h ough he a ious
s ages o he alue o 70 A. In his demand can be con-
side ed, ha ans o me wo ked in he no-load s a e.
The measu ed noise eached 74,7 dB when he housing
is closed and 75,65 dB o open.
The la e was loaded ans o me 480 A pe phase;
i means 48 % load o he o al powe . Measu ed
noise eached e y simila alues as he no-load s a e,
76,8 dB o closed housing and 78,3 dB o open.
1) Spec al Analysis o T ans o me T615
in he No-Load S a e
Figu e 4 shows he FFT analysis o cap u ed noise sig-
nal ans o me T615 in he ange 0–1500 Hz. The
ans o me ope a es in he no-load s a e wi h a la ge
sa u a ion magne ic ci cui is expec ed o be signi i-
can ly e lec ed by he equency 100 Hz causing elec-
omagne ic noise, which also co esponds o wice he
undamen al ha monic exci a ion cu en = 50 Hz.
The e a e also mani es ed in he exci a ion o uppe
ha monic due o de o ma ion o he exci a ion cu -
en owing o sa u a ion and he shape o he mag-
ne ic ci cui o he ans o me (co e wi h 3 columns,
see Fig. 5). The images a e hen measu ed uppe ha -
monic on he audio ack and basically equi alen o
equencies 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 800 Hz. The
magne ic lux is closed by ai , housing o ans o me
and o he design componen s and causing he ib a ion
mani es ing addi ional noise [3].
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Fig. 4: Spec al analysis o he ans o me T615 no-loaded
s a e.
Fig. 5: Spec og am ans o me T615 in he no-loaded s a e.
2) Spec al Analysis o T ans o me T615
in he Loaded S a e
Whole sys em is spec ally ”clea ” a e loading
he ans o me and ca ie equency noise emains
100 Hz. The e is a co e o de-sa u a e he load ans-
o me and hus also o men ion uppe ha monic. This
s a e wa con i med by spec al analysis o he ans-
o me in loaded s a e, see Fig. 8.
The size o he ans o me noise depends on he
magne ic lux; i depends on he ol age and hen idle
cu en . The noise o he ans o me is s ongly as-
socia ed wi h he magne iza ion p ocess. Sa u a ion
o he ans o me co e idling is highe and is gi en o
he design, cons uc ion and he ype me al. As can be
seen om he pe o med measu emen s a e an essen ial
componen o he noise equency elemen 200 Hz. This
equency band is due o he magne os ic ion e ec
o shee s, which will be mos p onounced in he a ea
o maximum pe meabili y. This poin is illus a ed in
Fig. 11 ( his igu e shows eo e ical cu en look) and
Fig. 12 ( igu e shows he cu en look on oscilloscope).
Uppe ha monics espec exponen ial load ans o me ,
which is ied o he decline in co e sa u a ion. The de-
cay a e o componen noise 200 Hz is gi en by cu en
cou se, his is why he mo e meaning ul ep esen a ion
o equency 200 Hz, which is an e en-numbe ed mul i-
ple o he undamen al powe equency o 50 Hz. E en-
numbe ed mul iples o he undamen al equency a e
gi en o he na u e o magne ic induc ion [3].
Fig. 6: Spec al analysis o he loaded ans o me T615.
The sound spec og am o a loaded ans o me
(Fig. 7) is clea ly he ocus o speci ic noise equen-
cies.
Fig. 7: Spec og am loaded ans o me T615.
Fig. 8 is clea ly e iden ha equency o he ne wo k
is no exac ly 50 Hz, bu he e a e sub le di e ences,
which mus be accoun in he sys em o elimina e noise
using an iphase. He e, he CPB (Cons an Pe cen age
Bandwid h) analysis was used o accu a ely de e mine
he alue o he columns.
Fig. 8: Focus spec al analysis o he loaded ans o me T615
o he equency o 100 Hz.
I is clea om hese measu emen s, ha en i e sys-
em o elimina e noise using an iphase ans o me id
designed en i ely o elimina e he noise a ound 100 Hz.
This applies o he measu emen o ans o me s; in
he case o ans o me s using ac i e cooling would be
di icul o analyze he si ua ion o he an noise [5],
[6].
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3.3. Cons uc ion o An iphase Elim-
ina o Model
A e choosing powe ans o me de ice and a e
subsequen acous ic measu emen and spec al anal-
ysis he i s p o o ype o de ice which elimina ed i s
noise using an iphase could ha e been ealized. A -
e spec al analysis o ans o me s noise i was con-
cluded ha his de ice will be cons uc ed o elimina e
he s onges equency componen which is equency
100 Hz. As he es could no ake place on he ans-
o me i sel due o sa e y easons, he special mea-
su emen wo kplace simula ing he ac ual noise o he
ans o me mus ha e been c ea ed. The base com-
p ise o wo s ands wi h iden ical speake s a ached.
One o hese simula es he noise o ans o me and he
second s and p oduces an iphase which causes acous-
ic sho . The e a e di e en ypes o schema ic con-
nec ions applied on he s ands and acous ic e iciency,
consump ion o he sys em and o he quan i ies a e
es ed.
1) Schema ic P oposal o P o o ype
On he i s s age he simple sys em which would e -
i y unc ionali y o all basic componen s was p oposed.
I is a sys em which wo ks wi h compu e simula ion
only. This simula ion sends 100 Hz equency signal
o one linea ampli ie . This is he main equency o
ans o me noise emissions. Ampli ie in ensi y signal
o he speake o 78 dB which is ac ual ans o me
noise in ensi y. Compu e sends he iden ical signal
100 Hz om he second channel, bu his one is u ned
180 deg ees. This signal is again inc eased by linea
ampli ie and i is sen o second, opposi e speake .
Fig. 9: Block diag am o he p o o ype An iphase elimina o .
On he second s age he sys em is supplied wi h
designed mic ophone which ecei es noise emissions.
These noise emissions a e again p oduced by he igh
pa o ci cui ha is supplied wi h a compu e which
in his phase ansmi s he ac ual ans o me noise
eco d o ampli ie . The ampli ie in ensi y o he sig-
nal o he speake is 78 dB - his is measu ed alue
o ans o me acous ic emissions. So he igh pa o
ci cui simula es he ac ual ans o me . The le pa
o ci cui s a s wi h mic ophone designed by us, and i
ecei es ans o me sound closely. Recei ed acous ic
signal is sen o SQN uni which is an analog de ice
u ning mic ophone phase in ac ual ime so i wo ks as
phase con ol. In his uni we can also pa ly adjus
equency ex en . In ou case any in e en ion is un-
wan ed - apa om u ning he phase. Tu ned signal
goes o linea ampli ie which in ensi y signal o he
speake sys em o pe o mance we need. I he speci ic
dis ance o speake sys ems is kep , he e is an acous-
ic sho and he e o e unwan ed acous ic emissions a e
elimina ed.
Fig. 10: Block diag am o he p o o ype An iphase elimina o .
A his s age, he de ice is designed ha he u n-
ing he phase is ealized by analog de ices as i is
as e han signal digi iza ion so a . Signal digi iza-
ion would be o highe quali y, bu i would mean
delays when sampling and u ning he signal. Tha is
why he analog way is chosen. So, SQN uni is a de ice
which con ains mic ophone p eampli ie and analog in-
pu ha ecei es a signal om he mic ophone. On he
inpu o his channel he u ning o phase can be easily
swi ched and u ned signal is sen om analog ou pu
o SQN uni o he inpu o ampli ie . The ampli ie
in ensi y and in ensi y signal o speake which sends
5-phase wa e agains he pa asi ic noise.
2) P o o ype Cons uc ion
The p oposal o schemes showed how he model was de-
signed so now he cons uc ion i sel can be in oduced.
The model equi ed a g ea amoun o wood cons uc-
ion ma e ial, he speci ic app oach was chosen. The
whole cons uc ion is made o wood was e, i is as-
sumed ha a e a se ies o es s and measu emen s i
will no be used in ope a ion and an iphase elimina o
will be p o essionally cons uc ed again - based on he
same model. The chosen me hod is mo e economic and
en i onmen al iendly. The cons uc ion i sel consis s
o wo iden ical s ands which a e equipped wi h iden i-
cal speake sys ems. The elimina o s and is di e en
only in one poin - in has ee space o sound le el
me e abo e speake s. This space should p o ide pass-
ing he pa asi ic signal behind he elimina o cons uc-
ion. Whole cons uc ion is p ecisely an i- esonan e-
in o ced so he es s a e no dis u bed by losing com-
ponen s while long- e m high acous ic p essu e wo ks.
The p esen model is based on he scheme 1 see
Fig. 9, i is a connec ion es ing he sys em in simpli ied
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Fig. 11: Pho o-documen a ion o cons uc ion p o o ype An-
iphase elimina o .
equency zone and only in simula ing compu e mode.
The p oduc o B i ish company Ca lsb o PA1670 was
used as a e minal ampli ie . Also, special compu e
audioca d M-audio FasT ack P o is used in he sys-
em. The o he in eg al componen s a e so wa e?s
P oTools and Sequoia. These p og ams p o ide sound
eco ds and u ning he signals o an iphase. P og am
SiaSma Li e 5 is so wa e doing ac ual measu ing o
acous ic quan i y and p oceeds FFT and CPB analysis
in ac ual ime which allows wa ching cu en spec o-
g aphs. The whole physical cons uc ion is shown in
Fig. 12. The model is eady o s a wi h es s and
measu emen s, and i hese es s a e success ul and i
model wo ks in hese condi ions, he second s age will
s a - connec ion acco ding o scheme - see Fig. 10 and
ano he se ies o es s and measu emen s will ollow.
4. Resul s o An iphase Elimi-
na o Model
The pola g aph compa es all h ee si ua ions, noise o
he oom (blue), noise o he ans o me (o ange) and
noise du ing elimina ion by an iphase ( iole ).
The main esul o his esea ch is he elimina ion
he noise o ans o me abou 17 dB. Based on he
esul s achie ed by he model o An iphase Elimina-
o we s a ed o cons uc a p o o ype ha could be
es ed on a eal ans o me .
5. Cons uc ion o P o o ype
o An iphase Elimina o
Compa ed o he o iginal in en ion, he cons uc ion
is di e en as he elimina ion is ca ied ou only om
Fig. 12: Model An iphase elimina o o measu ing he in en-
si y o noise.
Fig. 13: Pola g aph compa ing he esul s.
one side. The eason is a complexi y o acous ic wa e
sp eading. We know om he measu ing on he model
ha a p oduc ion o eedback in he sys em is a se ious
p oblem. The e ec o wo speake s agains each o he
would cause se ious p oblems wi h his phenomenon.
The whole sys em will be one-side a e he unc ion
e i ica ion.
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Fig. 14: Elimina ion o he ans o me noise by An iphase.
6. Connec ion o P o o ype
Du ing he es s o An iphase Elimina o , se e al kinds
o connec ion we e ied expe imen ally. The mo i a-
ion was o con i m unc ion o An iphase Elimina o
in p ac ice. All ypes o connec ion we e combined and
subsequen ly measu ed.
In Fig. 15, you can see he inal connec ion o An-
iphase Elimina o p o o ype. The inal connec ion is
c ea ed by wo ci cui s. One o hem is only o mea-
su ing (uppe ) and he second makes an iphase wa e.
Fig. 15: Pola g aph compa ing he esul s.
7. Resul s Ob ained by Elimi-
na o
Du ing all connec ions and measu emen s, a spec al
analysis o ans o me noise was con inuously pe -
o med bo h in egula ope a ion and in he elimina-
ion.
F om he g aphs o spec al analysis o ans o me
noise bo h du ing elimina ion and wi hou he elimi-
na ion, i is clea ha he elimina ion was success ul
also in a eal ans o me . F equency 101 Hz was sup-
p essed by 13,1 dB and also he emaining equencies
anged below −60 dB.
The g aph in Fig. 16 p esen s he spec al analysis
o noise ans o me T616; i is clea ly e iden ha
he ca ie equency 101 Hz s ands appa en ly abo e
he es o he spec um. Also, he mul iples o his
equency o 200, 300 and 500 Hz a e e iden .
All hese equencies exceed le el −50 dB.
Fig. 16: Spec al analysis o he noise o ans o me T616.
Fig. 17: Spec al analysis o he noise o ans o me T616 du -
ing elimina ion.
8. Conclusion
I he ce ain physical condi ions a e kep , he sys em
a e imp o emen could be applied o any elec ical
equipmen . This p ocess is depended on a speed o
sampling and abili y o apply he igh an iphase wa e.
The e could be also in luence o equency he e ogene-
i y o pa asi ic noise. The ambi ion o he p ojec is o
use his applica ion o an elimina ion o noise a ious
elec ical equipmen .
Acknowledgmen
This s udy was conduc ed wi hin he amewo k o
he IT4Inno a ions Cen e o Excellence p ojec , eg.
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no. CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0070 suppo ed by Ope a ional
P og amme Resea ch and De elopmen o Inno a ions
unded by S uc u al Funds o he Eu opean Union and
s a e budge o he Czech Republic, p ojec ENET–
Ene gy Uni s o U iliza ion o non T adi ional En-
e gy Sou ces CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0069, p ojec eg. no.
SP2013/68 and p ojec LE13011 C ea ion o a PRO-
GRES 3 Conso ium O ice o Suppo C oss-Bo de
Coope a ion.
Re e ences
[1] CHMELIK, K. and J. POSPISILIK. Elek icke
s oje ene ge ice. Os a a: Vysoka skola
banska–Technicka uni e zi a Os a a, Fakul a
elek o echniky a in o ma iky, 2003. ISBN 80-248-
0314-3.
[2] HAMATA, V. Hluk elek ickych s oju. P aha:
Academia, 1987.
[3] TOMLINSON, H. An i-noise [online]. 2009.
A aiable a : h p://www.me eedia.com/
-An i-noisebyTomlinsonHolman.
[4] S anda d CSN 01 1601, CSN EN ISO 266, Acous-
ics. F equencies o measu ing.
[5] S anda d CSN EN ISO 3740, Acous ics - De e -
mina ion o sound powe le els o noise.
[6] MISAK, S. Technicka Diagnos ika. Os a a:
Vysoka skola banska–Technicka uni e i a Os-
a a, Fakul a elek o echniky a in o ma iky,
2007.
Abou Au ho s
Vik o POKORNY was bo n in Os a a ci y,
Czech Republic on Ma ch 1985. He ecei ed his B.Sc.
in elec ical enginee ing om he VSB–Technical
Uni e si y o Os a a in 2007 and M.Sc. deg ee
in Elec ical Enginee ing om he VSB–Technical
Uni e si y, Czech Republic in 2009. His esea ch
in e es s include acous ic and p oblems o noise.
S anisla MISAK was bo n in 1978 in Sla icin,
Czech Republic. He ecei ed his associa e p o esso
in 2009 in Elec ical powe enginee ing om depa -
men Elec ical Powe Enginee ing, VSB–Technical
uni e si y o Os a a, Czech Republic. He was in 2011
nomina ed o he op 100 esea che s o he Wo ld,
awa ded he na ional pa en and o he in ellec ual
p ope y pa en p o ec ions. In 2012 was appoin ed o
a delega e om he Czech Republic o he Eu opean
Union Commission o he s a egic managemen
o enewable ene gy sou ces: She pa - Eu opean
Communi y S ee ing G oup o he SET-Plan, Wind
and Sola Ene gy, GRID Sys ems. He has been
success ul in ob aining a numbe o esea ch con ac s
and g an s om indus ies and Fede al go e nmen
agencies o p ojec s ela ed o hese a eas. He is
cu en ly engaged wi h his eam in implemen ing
he Sma G id echnologies based on bio-inspi ed
me hods and p edic ion models in dis ibu ions and
ansmission sys ems.
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