Using the antiphase for elimination the noise of electrical power equipment

POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 11 |NUMBER: 3 |2013 |JUNE Using he An iphase o Elimina ion he Noise o Elec ical Powe Equipmen Vik o POKORNY1, S anisla MISAK1 1Depa men o Elec ical Powe Enginee ing, Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing and Compu e Science, VSB–Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, 17. lis opadu 15/2172, 708 33 Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic ik o .pok[email p o ec ed], s anisla[email p o ec ed] Abs ac . The aim o his esea ch is o c ea e unc- ional sys em which elimina es he noise o elec ical de ices. This sys em wo ks on ac i e basis, he e o e i p ocess pa asi ic signal i sel and use i o elimina ion o he noise. On he i s s age i ocuses on elimina ion o ene ge ic de ices wi h g ea in ensi y o noise bu wi h small equency de ia ions. The main p oduce s o noise emissions a e elec ical de ices, o example ans o me s. Nowadays, human heal h and wellbeing a e he p io i ies connec ed wi h e e y human ac i i y. One o he insepa able ac o s which ha e an un a o - able e ec on he human o ganism is he noise a ound us. Science and esea ch b ing new possibili ies how o esis hese un a o able impac s. One o he possibili- ies is he elimina ion o noise using an iphase. Keywo ds An iphase, noise, ans o me . 1. In oduc ion The aim o his esea ch is o c ea e unc ional sys em which elimina es he noise o elec ical de ices. This sys em wo ks on an ac i e basis, he e o e i p ocess pa asi ic signal i sel and use i o elimina ion o he noise. On he i s s age i ocuses on elimina ion o ene ge ic de ices wi h g ea in ensi y o noise bu wi h small equency de ia ions. 2. Me hods o Elimina ion he Noise Me hods o elimina ion can be di ided in o h ee basic sys ems: •cons uc ional - sys ems heading o basic essence o pa asi ic sounds o each elec ical de- ice. In e en ions o elimina e i sel ela e o cons uc ion and de elopmen g oups and p ojec- o s, •passi e sys ems - passi e solu ions a e co e ed, he ubbe dampe s and elimina ion using he building s uc u e. Machine noise can be educed by consolida ing all he p ope pa s, di e en coa ings, insula ion co e s, •ac i e sys ems - ac i e sys ems a e de ices ca- pable o elimina ing noise, such as using an iphase [1]. 3. An iphase To unde s and he sys em is impo an o know basic, namely wa es alone. Phase o he wa e is a dimen- sionless quan i y ha de e mines he ela ion a iable wa es, (e.g. displacemen noise) a ha place and ime and o he s a e a iables cha ac e is ic wa es in em- po al and spa ial o igin. Dependence cha ac e is ic o a iables de e mines he shape o ”wa es” ega dless o i s dissemina ion. Phase is a pa ame e , which depends on he iming cha ac e is ic alues in a ixed loca ion, which he wa e passes, espec i ely spa ial ield cha - ac e is ic alues o a ixed momen in ime. An iphase is u ning he cu en signal abou 180 ◦[4]. The esul o he exac an iphase is an absolu e de- duc ion o bo h signals and he e o e hei comple e elimina ion [2]. 3.1. Pu pose o Noise Elimina ion o Powe T ans o me The i s de ice es ed by elimina ion o noise will be ans o me s. Thei cons an equency noise is ideal c 2013 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 186 POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 11 |NUMBER: 3 |2013 |JUNE Fig. 1: Gene a ing o an iphase wa e. o sampling and subsequen o a ion o he signal o he an iphase. The esul would limi he possibili y o a majo i y in he mean ime use he an i-noise measu es and es ic ion o noise enclosu e o buildings. The e would be a possibili y o using elec o echnical me al- lic ma e ials which would inc ease noise o ans o m- e s. Bu om he o he hand, he magne ic p ope ies would be be e . The main cons uc ion will no be up o a ce ain poin a ec ed by noise- equi emen s bu he e iciency o ans o me s is inc eased. The e o e he cons uc ion o ans o me s would be economically p o i able. Fig. 2: Elimina ion o he ans o me noise by An iphase. 3.2. Measu emen and Acous ic Tes - ing The measu emen s ca ied ou on ou ans o me s in- s alled a he VSB–Technical Uni e si y o Os a a. This is he co e h ee-phase ans o me s old design. These ans o me s a e no equipped wi h ac i e cool- ing - ans ha would pa icipa e in making some noise. As shown in Fig. 5. T ans o me co e is opened and he mic ophone scans he noise ha is educed o he closes possible dis ance in o de o elimina e en i on- men al in luences. Fo his eason i is also used o he di ec ional mic ophone. Scanned signal by quali y mic ophone is hen sen o quali y sound ca d ha i digi izes and his signal is sen o a compu e h u USB in e ace. I wo ks only du ing he measu emen as a digi al eco ding de ice. The ac ual eco ds a e s o ed in WAV o ma , he sampling equency is 48 kHz es- olu ion and 24 bi s quali y. This ensu es he highes possible quali y o eco ding and hus he quali y o he esul o subsequen p ocessing o he acqui ed signal. Fig. 4 shows a simple block diag am o he eco ding o measu ing de ice, which is he sou ce o he analyzed signals. Fig. 3: Block diag am o eco ding de ices o spec al analysis. Fo measu emen s we e selec ed andomly h ee ans o me s, which a e long- e m measu emen o noise in ensi y depending on load. The e o e, he e- sul s a e aken as in he no-load s a e and also in loaded s a e. Subsequen analysis o he ans o me s seem numbe ed T615/1 o i s pa ame e s a e 1000 kVA, 10 kV/400 V, 50 Hz. In he i s case, he ans o me wo ked o 7 % o maximal load, he cu en lowed h ough he a ious s ages o he alue o 70 A. In his demand can be con- side ed, ha ans o me wo ked in he no-load s a e. The measu ed noise eached 74,7 dB when he housing is closed and 75,65 dB o open. The la e was loaded ans o me 480 A pe phase; i means 48 % load o he o al powe . Measu ed noise eached e y simila alues as he no-load s a e, 76,8 dB o closed housing and 78,3 dB o open. 1) Spec al Analysis o T ans o me T615 in he No-Load S a e Figu e 4 shows he FFT analysis o cap u ed noise sig- nal ans o me T615 in he ange 0–1500 Hz. The ans o me ope a es in he no-load s a e wi h a la ge sa u a ion magne ic ci cui is expec ed o be signi i- can ly e lec ed by he equency 100 Hz causing elec- omagne ic noise, which also co esponds o wice he undamen al ha monic exci a ion cu en = 50 Hz. The e a e also mani es ed in he exci a ion o uppe ha monic due o de o ma ion o he exci a ion cu - en owing o sa u a ion and he shape o he mag- ne ic ci cui o he ans o me (co e wi h 3 columns, see Fig. 5). The images a e hen measu ed uppe ha - monic on he audio ack and basically equi alen o equencies 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 800 Hz. The magne ic lux is closed by ai , housing o ans o me and o he design componen s and causing he ib a ion mani es ing addi ional noise [3]. c 2013 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 187 POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 11 |NUMBER: 3 |2013 |JUNE Fig. 4: Spec al analysis o he ans o me T615 no-loaded s a e. Fig. 5: Spec og am ans o me T615 in he no-loaded s a e. 2) Spec al Analysis o T ans o me T615 in he Loaded S a e Whole sys em is spec ally ”clea ” a e loading he ans o me and ca ie equency noise emains 100 Hz. The e is a co e o de-sa u a e he load ans- o me and hus also o men ion uppe ha monic. This s a e wa con i med by spec al analysis o he ans- o me in loaded s a e, see Fig. 8. The size o he ans o me noise depends on he magne ic lux; i depends on he ol age and hen idle cu en . The noise o he ans o me is s ongly as- socia ed wi h he magne iza ion p ocess. Sa u a ion o he ans o me co e idling is highe and is gi en o he design, cons uc ion and he ype me al. As can be seen om he pe o med measu emen s a e an essen ial componen o he noise equency elemen 200 Hz. This equency band is due o he magne os ic ion e ec o shee s, which will be mos p onounced in he a ea o maximum pe meabili y. This poin is illus a ed in Fig. 11 ( his igu e shows eo e ical cu en look) and Fig. 12 ( igu e shows he cu en look on oscilloscope). Uppe ha monics espec exponen ial load ans o me , which is ied o he decline in co e sa u a ion. The de- cay a e o componen noise 200 Hz is gi en by cu en cou se, his is why he mo e meaning ul ep esen a ion o equency 200 Hz, which is an e en-numbe ed mul i- ple o he undamen al powe equency o 50 Hz. E en- numbe ed mul iples o he undamen al equency a e gi en o he na u e o magne ic induc ion [3]. Fig. 6: Spec al analysis o he loaded ans o me T615. The sound spec og am o a loaded ans o me (Fig. 7) is clea ly he ocus o speci ic noise equen- cies. Fig. 7: Spec og am loaded ans o me T615. Fig. 8 is clea ly e iden ha equency o he ne wo k is no exac ly 50 Hz, bu he e a e sub le di e ences, which mus be accoun in he sys em o elimina e noise using an iphase. He e, he CPB (Cons an Pe cen age Bandwid h) analysis was used o accu a ely de e mine he alue o he columns. Fig. 8: Focus spec al analysis o he loaded ans o me T615 o he equency o 100 Hz. I is clea om hese measu emen s, ha en i e sys- em o elimina e noise using an iphase ans o me id designed en i ely o elimina e he noise a ound 100 Hz. This applies o he measu emen o ans o me s; in he case o ans o me s using ac i e cooling would be di icul o analyze he si ua ion o he an noise [5], [6]. c 2013 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 188 POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 11 |NUMBER: 3 |2013 |JUNE 3.3. Cons uc ion o An iphase Elim- ina o Model A e choosing powe ans o me de ice and a e subsequen acous ic measu emen and spec al anal- ysis he i s p o o ype o de ice which elimina ed i s noise using an iphase could ha e been ealized. A - e spec al analysis o ans o me s noise i was con- cluded ha his de ice will be cons uc ed o elimina e he s onges equency componen which is equency 100 Hz. As he es could no ake place on he ans- o me i sel due o sa e y easons, he special mea- su emen wo kplace simula ing he ac ual noise o he ans o me mus ha e been c ea ed. The base com- p ise o wo s ands wi h iden ical speake s a ached. One o hese simula es he noise o ans o me and he second s and p oduces an iphase which causes acous- ic sho . The e a e di e en ypes o schema ic con- nec ions applied on he s ands and acous ic e iciency, consump ion o he sys em and o he quan i ies a e es ed. 1) Schema ic P oposal o P o o ype On he i s s age he simple sys em which would e - i y unc ionali y o all basic componen s was p oposed. I is a sys em which wo ks wi h compu e simula ion only. This simula ion sends 100 Hz equency signal o one linea ampli ie . This is he main equency o ans o me noise emissions. Ampli ie in ensi y signal o he speake o 78 dB which is ac ual ans o me noise in ensi y. Compu e sends he iden ical signal 100 Hz om he second channel, bu his one is u ned 180 deg ees. This signal is again inc eased by linea ampli ie and i is sen o second, opposi e speake . Fig. 9: Block diag am o he p o o ype An iphase elimina o . On he second s age he sys em is supplied wi h designed mic ophone which ecei es noise emissions. These noise emissions a e again p oduced by he igh pa o ci cui ha is supplied wi h a compu e which in his phase ansmi s he ac ual ans o me noise eco d o ampli ie . The ampli ie in ensi y o he sig- nal o he speake is 78 dB - his is measu ed alue o ans o me acous ic emissions. So he igh pa o ci cui simula es he ac ual ans o me . The le pa o ci cui s a s wi h mic ophone designed by us, and i ecei es ans o me sound closely. Recei ed acous ic signal is sen o SQN uni which is an analog de ice u ning mic ophone phase in ac ual ime so i wo ks as phase con ol. In his uni we can also pa ly adjus equency ex en . In ou case any in e en ion is un- wan ed - apa om u ning he phase. Tu ned signal goes o linea ampli ie which in ensi y signal o he speake sys em o pe o mance we need. I he speci ic dis ance o speake sys ems is kep , he e is an acous- ic sho and he e o e unwan ed acous ic emissions a e elimina ed. Fig. 10: Block diag am o he p o o ype An iphase elimina o . A his s age, he de ice is designed ha he u n- ing he phase is ealized by analog de ices as i is as e han signal digi iza ion so a . Signal digi iza- ion would be o highe quali y, bu i would mean delays when sampling and u ning he signal. Tha is why he analog way is chosen. So, SQN uni is a de ice which con ains mic ophone p eampli ie and analog in- pu ha ecei es a signal om he mic ophone. On he inpu o his channel he u ning o phase can be easily swi ched and u ned signal is sen om analog ou pu o SQN uni o he inpu o ampli ie . The ampli ie in ensi y and in ensi y signal o speake which sends 5-phase wa e agains he pa asi ic noise. 2) P o o ype Cons uc ion The p oposal o schemes showed how he model was de- signed so now he cons uc ion i sel can be in oduced. The model equi ed a g ea amoun o wood cons uc- ion ma e ial, he speci ic app oach was chosen. The whole cons uc ion is made o wood was e, i is as- sumed ha a e a se ies o es s and measu emen s i will no be used in ope a ion and an iphase elimina o will be p o essionally cons uc ed again - based on he same model. The chosen me hod is mo e economic and en i onmen al iendly. The cons uc ion i sel consis s o wo iden ical s ands which a e equipped wi h iden i- cal speake sys ems. The elimina o s and is di e en only in one poin - in has ee space o sound le el me e abo e speake s. This space should p o ide pass- ing he pa asi ic signal behind he elimina o cons uc- ion. Whole cons uc ion is p ecisely an i- esonan e- in o ced so he es s a e no dis u bed by losing com- ponen s while long- e m high acous ic p essu e wo ks. The p esen model is based on he scheme 1 see Fig. 9, i is a connec ion es ing he sys em in simpli ied c 2013 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 189 POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 11 |NUMBER: 3 |2013 |JUNE Fig. 11: Pho o-documen a ion o cons uc ion p o o ype An- iphase elimina o . equency zone and only in simula ing compu e mode. The p oduc o B i ish company Ca lsb o PA1670 was used as a e minal ampli ie . Also, special compu e audioca d M-audio FasT ack P o is used in he sys- em. The o he in eg al componen s a e so wa e?s P oTools and Sequoia. These p og ams p o ide sound eco ds and u ning he signals o an iphase. P og am SiaSma Li e 5 is so wa e doing ac ual measu ing o acous ic quan i y and p oceeds FFT and CPB analysis in ac ual ime which allows wa ching cu en spec o- g aphs. The whole physical cons uc ion is shown in Fig. 12. The model is eady o s a wi h es s and measu emen s, and i hese es s a e success ul and i model wo ks in hese condi ions, he second s age will s a - connec ion acco ding o scheme - see Fig. 10 and ano he se ies o es s and measu emen s will ollow. 4. Resul s o An iphase Elimi- na o Model The pola g aph compa es all h ee si ua ions, noise o he oom (blue), noise o he ans o me (o ange) and noise du ing elimina ion by an iphase ( iole ). The main esul o his esea ch is he elimina ion he noise o ans o me abou 17 dB. Based on he esul s achie ed by he model o An iphase Elimina- o we s a ed o cons uc a p o o ype ha could be es ed on a eal ans o me . 5. Cons uc ion o P o o ype o An iphase Elimina o Compa ed o he o iginal in en ion, he cons uc ion is di e en as he elimina ion is ca ied ou only om Fig. 12: Model An iphase elimina o o measu ing he in en- si y o noise. Fig. 13: Pola g aph compa ing he esul s. one side. The eason is a complexi y o acous ic wa e sp eading. We know om he measu ing on he model ha a p oduc ion o eedback in he sys em is a se ious p oblem. The e ec o wo speake s agains each o he would cause se ious p oblems wi h his phenomenon. The whole sys em will be one-side a e he unc ion e i ica ion. c 2013 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 190 POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 11 |NUMBER: 3 |2013 |JUNE Fig. 14: Elimina ion o he ans o me noise by An iphase. 6. Connec ion o P o o ype Du ing he es s o An iphase Elimina o , se e al kinds o connec ion we e ied expe imen ally. The mo i a- ion was o con i m unc ion o An iphase Elimina o in p ac ice. All ypes o connec ion we e combined and subsequen ly measu ed. In Fig. 15, you can see he inal connec ion o An- iphase Elimina o p o o ype. The inal connec ion is c ea ed by wo ci cui s. One o hem is only o mea- su ing (uppe ) and he second makes an iphase wa e. Fig. 15: Pola g aph compa ing he esul s. 7. Resul s Ob ained by Elimi- na o Du ing all connec ions and measu emen s, a spec al analysis o ans o me noise was con inuously pe - o med bo h in egula ope a ion and in he elimina- ion. F om he g aphs o spec al analysis o ans o me noise bo h du ing elimina ion and wi hou he elimi- na ion, i is clea ha he elimina ion was success ul also in a eal ans o me . F equency 101 Hz was sup- p essed by 13,1 dB and also he emaining equencies anged below −60 dB. The g aph in Fig. 16 p esen s he spec al analysis o noise ans o me T616; i is clea ly e iden ha he ca ie equency 101 Hz s ands appa en ly abo e he es o he spec um. Also, he mul iples o his equency o 200, 300 and 500 Hz a e e iden . All hese equencies exceed le el −50 dB. Fig. 16: Spec al analysis o he noise o ans o me T616. Fig. 17: Spec al analysis o he noise o ans o me T616 du - ing elimina ion. 8. Conclusion I he ce ain physical condi ions a e kep , he sys em a e imp o emen could be applied o any elec ical equipmen . This p ocess is depended on a speed o sampling and abili y o apply he igh an iphase wa e. The e could be also in luence o equency he e ogene- i y o pa asi ic noise. The ambi ion o he p ojec is o use his applica ion o an elimina ion o noise a ious elec ical equipmen . Acknowledgmen This s udy was conduc ed wi hin he amewo k o he IT4Inno a ions Cen e o Excellence p ojec , eg. c 2013 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 191 POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 11 |NUMBER: 3 |2013 |JUNE no. CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0070 suppo ed by Ope a ional P og amme Resea ch and De elopmen o Inno a ions unded by S uc u al Funds o he Eu opean Union and s a e budge o he Czech Republic, p ojec ENET– Ene gy Uni s o U iliza ion o non T adi ional En- e gy Sou ces CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0069, p ojec eg. no. SP2013/68 and p ojec LE13011 C ea ion o a PRO- GRES 3 Conso ium O ice o Suppo C oss-Bo de Coope a ion. Re e ences [1] CHMELIK, K. and J. POSPISILIK. Elek icke s oje ene ge ice. Os a a: Vysoka skola banska–Technicka uni e zi a Os a a, Fakul a elek o echniky a in o ma iky, 2003. ISBN 80-248- 0314-3. [2] HAMATA, V. Hluk elek ickych s oju. P aha: Academia, 1987. [3] TOMLINSON, H. An i-noise [online]. 2009. A aiable a : h p://www.me eedia.com/ -An i-noisebyTomlinsonHolman. [4] S anda d CSN 01 1601, CSN EN ISO 266, Acous- ics. F equencies o measu ing. [5] S anda d CSN EN ISO 3740, Acous ics - De e - mina ion o sound powe le els o noise. [6] MISAK, S. Technicka Diagnos ika. Os a a: Vysoka skola banska–Technicka uni e i a Os- a a, Fakul a elek o echniky a in o ma iky, 2007. Abou Au ho s Vik o POKORNY was bo n in Os a a ci y, Czech Republic on Ma ch 1985. He ecei ed his B.Sc. in elec ical enginee ing om he VSB–Technical Uni e si y o Os a a in 2007 and M.Sc. deg ee in Elec ical Enginee ing om he VSB–Technical Uni e si y, Czech Republic in 2009. His esea ch in e es s include acous ic and p oblems o noise. S anisla MISAK was bo n in 1978 in Sla icin, Czech Republic. He ecei ed his associa e p o esso in 2009 in Elec ical powe enginee ing om depa - men Elec ical Powe Enginee ing, VSB–Technical uni e si y o Os a a, Czech Republic. He was in 2011 nomina ed o he op 100 esea che s o he Wo ld, awa ded he na ional pa en and o he in ellec ual p ope y pa en p o ec ions. In 2012 was appoin ed o a delega e om he Czech Republic o he Eu opean Union Commission o he s a egic managemen o enewable ene gy sou ces: She pa - Eu opean Communi y S ee ing G oup o he SET-Plan, Wind and Sola Ene gy, GRID Sys ems. He has been success ul in ob aining a numbe o esea ch con ac s and g an s om indus ies and Fede al go e nmen agencies o p ojec s ela ed o hese a eas. He is cu en ly engaged wi h his eam in implemen ing he Sma G id echnologies based on bio-inspi ed me hods and p edic ion models in dis ibu ions and ansmission sys ems. c 2013 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 192