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Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017
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BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING AS A TOOL FOR
ENHANCING DISASTER RESILIENCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
Begum SERTYESILISIK1
1 Is anbul Technical Uni e si y, Facul y o A chi ec u e, Is anbul, Tu key, [email p o ec ed]
In oduc ion
The magni udes and equency o he na u al
haza ds and man-made haza ds a e inc easing due
o di e en challenges including clima e change,
ea hquake, unde -de elopmen /po e y, pandemics
(In e na ional Fede a ion o Red C oss and Red
C escen Socie ies IFRC websi e). Disas e s can
endange li e, well-being, and en i onmen (Gunes
and Ko el, 2000; Dakhil and Alshawi, 2014) as
hey can ha e dea hly consequences and as hey
can cause economic losses. Lill and Pe e a (2017)
emphasized ha be ween 2005-2015, disas e s
ad e sely a ec ed app oxima ely 1.5 billion people
and caused app oxima ely $1.3 illion loss (The
Uni ed Na ions O i ce o Disas e Risk Reduc ion
UNISDR, 2015). Fo example, as a esul o he
Sichuan ea hquake in 2008, “69,185 people died,
18,403 people wen missing and a la ge numbe o
houses we e des oyed, and a la ge numbe o people
we e homeless unable o secu e li elihoods” (Le ei
and Shuming, 2008; Jia and Zhu, 2012).
The esilience o he cons uc ion indus y
o disas e s and o hei consequences needs
o be enhanced. ‘Resilience’ means he ways
o imp o ing socie ies’ esis ance and s eng h
agains disas e s/haza ds and educing hei
ad e se consequences as well as he p obabili y o
man-made haza ds (Bu nside and Ca alho, 2016;
Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010). DFID (Depa men
o In e na ional De elopmen ) (2011) de i nes
disas e esilience as ‘ he abili y o coun ies,
communi ies and households o manage change, by
main aining o ans o ming li ing s anda ds in he
ace o shocks o s esses … wi hou comp omising
hei long- e m p ospec s’ (Go e nance and Social
De elopmen Resea ch Cen e GSDRC websi e).
Disas e esilience depends on ‘ he deg ee o which
he social sys em is capable o o ganising i sel o
inc ease i s capaci y o lea ning om pas disas e s
o be e u u e p o ec ion and o imp o e i s isk
educ ion measu es’ (UNISDR, 2005 as quo ed om
Lill and Pe e a, 2017). In e -disciplina y solu ions
a e equi ed o cope wi h he challenges caused by
he disas e s (Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010). The
esilience o he buil en i onmen can con ibu e
o he mi iga ion o he economic consequences o
disas e s and o he eco e y o he socie ies (Lill
and Pe e a, 2017). Fo his eason, his pape aims o
in es iga e he usage o BIM (Building In o ma ion
Modeling) in enhancing disas e esilience o he
cons uc ion indus y and in es ablishmen o he
esilien buil en i onmen .
Abs ac : As equencies o he disas e s a e inc easing, new echnologies can be used o enhance
disas e esilience pe o mance o he cons uc ion indus y. This pape in es iga es
he usage o BIM (Building In o ma ion Modeling) in enhancing disas e esilience o
he cons uc ion indus y and in he es ablishmen o he esilien buil en i onmen .
In-dep h li e a u e e iew i ndings e eal BIM’s con ibu ion o he disas e esilience in he
p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases especially h ough in l uencing he pe o mance o
he supply chain, cons uc ion p ocess, and escue ope a ions. This pape emphasises
he need o BIM’s in eg a ion o he educa ion and aining cu iculums o he buil
en i onmen p o essionals. Policy make s, cons uc ion p o essionals, p o essional
bodies, academics can bene i om his esea ch.
Keywo ds: Disas e esilien buil en i onmen , BIM, disas e esilien cons uc ion indus y, disas e
esilience, disas e esilien supply chain.
Resea ch a icle
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Ma e ials and me hods
This pape aims o in es iga e he usage o BIM
in enhancing disas e esilience o he cons uc ion
indus y and in es ablishmen o he esilien buil
en i onmen . Wi h his aim, an in-dep h li e a u e
e iew has been ca ied ou on he ollowing opics:
need o disas e esilien cons uc ion indus y,
supply chain and esilien buil en i onmen ;
con ibu ion o he cons uc ion indus y o he
disas e esilience; ways o enhancing esilience o
he cons uc ion indus y; BIM’s con ibu ion o he
disas e esilience o he cons uc ion and supply
chain bo h in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e
phases.
Resul s
The li e a u e e iew i ndings ha e been
summa ized unde he wo subheadings, namely:
con ibu ion o he cons uc ion indus y o he
disas e esilience and enhancing esilience o he
cons uc ion indus y.
Con ibu ion o he cons uc ion indus y
o he disas e esilience
The cons uc ion indus y plays i al ole
in enhancing disas e esilience. Cons uc ion
companies’ esilience can in l uence esilience o
he cons uc ion indus y, ele an indus ies and o
he communi ies (Haigh e al., 2006; Boshe , 2008;
Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010; Wilkinson, e al.,
2016). Speed o eco e y in he pos -disas e phase
depends on he speed o he econs uc ion o he buil
en i onmen (Qua an elli, 2008; Wilkinson e al.,
2016). Haigh and Ama a unga (2010) emphasized
he buil en i onmen ’s impo ance in con ibu ing
o he communi ies’ esilience s a ing ha “… when
elemen s o i a e damaged o des oyed, he abili y
o socie y o unc ion - economically and socially - is
se e ely dis up ed…” Fo his eason, ac ions aken
o enhancing communi ies’ esilience need o co e
he ways o enhancing disas e esilience o he
buil en i onmen and o he cons uc ion indus y.
Wilkinson e al. (2016) cla i i ed his si ua ion as
ollows:
“Building he esilience o cons uc ion
o ganisa ions is a key pa o any o e all esilience
policy because o hei ole in es o a ion and
econs uc ion p ojec deli e y pos -disas e …
A esilien cons uc ion sec o is esponsi e,
adap able and able o lead in a disas e ... Loss o
unc ionali y o he cons uc ion sec o leads o slow,
uncoo dina ed eco e ies.” (Wilkinson, e al., 2016)
In he p e-disas e phase, cons uc ion companies
need o enhance hei esilience and in es in
p e-disas e isk educ ion a he company le el as
in he pos -disas e phase, cons uc ion companies
a e expec ed o eco e hei own business’
unc ionali y, and o con ibu e o he pos -disas e
eco e y and econs uc ion (Wilkinson, e al.,
2016). Bo h echnical and o ganisa ional esiliences
a e impo an o imp o ing o e all esilience
(Sapeciay e al., 2017).
In he p e-disas e phase, esilience o he
cons uc ion indus y can be enhanced h ough
educa ing he cons uc ion p o essionals (Wilkinson,
e al., 2016). Buil en i onmen p o essionals need o
be equipped wi h he ele an skills and knowledge
so ha hey can deal wi h he equi emen s o
he p e- and pos -disas e phases. Cons uc ion
p o essionals can in l uence echnical esilience
o he cons uc ions. Imp o ed enginee ing
o buildings and in as uc u e can educe he
magni ude o he disas e s’ impac minimising hei
consequences (Mile i, 1999; Haigh and Ama a unga,
2010). Fu he mo e, cons uc ion p o essionals need
o deal wi h challenges in he pos -disas e phase
enhancing he eco e y p ocess. Buil en i onmen
p o essionals need o ha e s ong leade ship, abili y
o manage ulne abili ies and abili y o adap
hemsel es o he changes (Wilkinson, e al., 2016).
They need o be able o manage he boom-bus cycles
as a esul o disas e s (Wilkinson, 2013; Wilkinson,
e al., 2016) as cons uc ion indus y needs o be able
o adap i sel o changing and suddenly inc easing
wo kload in he pos -disas e phase. Fu he mo e,
buil en i onmen p o essionals need o be equipped
wi h he skills and knowledge enabling hem o ha e:
p ojec managemen and echnical cons uc ion
expe ise (Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010); abili y o
wo k wi h BIM (Building In o ma ion Modelling)
based cons uc ion (Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010);
abili y o achie e building damage assessmen and
sa e y e alua ion (Wilkinson, e al., 2016). They
need o be able o lead he es o a ion p ojec s in
he pos -disas e phase (Ba oudi and Rapp, 2016).
Educa ion o disas e es o a ion p ojec s need o
equip hem wi h leade ship ai s ia case s udies,
small g oup discussions, and ole-playing (Ba oudi
and Rapp, 2016). Fu he mo e, hey need o ha e
abili y o ca y ou was e managemen success ully
and e ec i ely (Ka unasena and Ama a unga, 2016)
especially in he pos -disas e phase.
In he p e-disas e phase, esilience needs o be
in eg a ed o he codes, policies, cul u e and wo k
p ac ices. Building egula ions and codes need o be
p epa ed conside ing measu es o con ol disas e
was e gene a ion as well as o suppo cons uc ion
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and demoli ion was e managemen (Ka unasena and
Ama a unga, 2016) as was e managemen is one
o he main p oblems in he pos -disas e phase.
Fu he mo e, policies need o suppo mo emen
owa ds esilien buil en i onmen . Fo his eason,
policies need o encou age mul idisciplina y,
in e ins i u ional (e.g. p o essional bodies,
cons uc ion companies, public en i ies, uni e si ies
e c.), and in e na ional collabo a ion as well as
ele an educa ions, ainings, esea ches, and
es ablishmen o codes, amewo ks, and ac s.
In he pos -disas e phase, he cons uc ion
indus y needs o mobilize easily and quickly o ca y
ou he damage assessmen , emo al and disposal
o was e, epai and ehabili a ion o in as uc u e
(Wilkinson, 2013; Wilkinson, e al., 2016), o
p o ide eme gency shel e ing, empo a y shel e ing
and empo a y housing (Qua an elli, 1995; Haigh
and Ama a unga, 2010) as well as o es o e public
se ices (Liza alde and Bouche , 2004; Young,
2004; Jigyasu, 2002; Jigyasu, 2004; Haigh and
Ama a unga, 2010) and o enable econs uc ion
(Sapeciay, e al., 2017). Disas e eco e y equi es
disas e es o a ion and econs uc ion o he buil
en i onmen as app op ia e (Ba oudi and Rapp,
2016). As econs uc ion is a dynamic p ocess
con aining unce ain ies (Wilkinson, e al., 2016),
he cons uc ion indus y p o essionals need o
con ibu e o he solu ion o he po en ial con l ic s
which can eme ge among he s akeholde s in
he econs uc ion phase (Au De Heide, 1989;
Wilkinson, 2013; Wilkinson, e al., 2016). In he
pos disas e phase, was e gene a ed in he pos
disas e phase endange s human heal h and can
cause en i onmen al deg ada ion (B own e al. 2011;
EPA, 2008; FEMA, 2007; JEU, 2010; Kou mpanis
e al. 2008; Ka unasena and Ama a unga, 2016). Fo
his eason, in he pos -disas e phase, cons uc ion
companies need o ca y ou e i cien and e ec i e
cons uc ion and demoli ion was e managemen
which equi es was e gene a ed due o disas e s,
demoli ions and econs uc ion o be collec ed,
anspo ed, p ocessed and disposed (Ka unasena
e al., 2009; Ka unasena, 2011; Ka unasena and
Ama a unga, 2016).
Bo h in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e
phases cons uc ion companies ely on he disas e
esilience o hei supply chains (SCs). As SC’s
esilience is impo an o he smoo h l ow o he
wo ks in he pos -disas e phase, cons uc ion
SC’s esilience can enhance he esilience o he
cons uc ion indus y and he eco e y pe iod in
he pos -disas e phase. SC’s esilience is ela ed
wi h he SC’s capabili y in egaining i s o iginal
con i gu a ion jus a e disas e s wi h he help o
collabo a ion among SC membe s (Boin e al.,
2010; She i and Rice, 2005; Wo ld Economic
Fo um, 2015; I ano e al., 2014; Papadopoulos,
e al., 2017). SC’s esilience is in l uenced by global
compe i ion and disas e s. Ups eam SC ope a ions
a e in l uenced by “ he global p ice-based sou cing
ends o cing o ganiza ions o pu chase om
cheape bu ‘‘less eliable” and ‘‘less sus ainable”
supplie s” (Fahimnia and Jabba zadeh, 2016). SCs
can lose hei esilience due o dis up ions caused
by disas e s (Eskew, 2004; Tang, 2006; Chen, e al.,
2015). En i onmen al isk can esul in una ailabili y
o supplie s in a egion whe e disas e occu ed. As
supplie s a e in e dependen , a dis up ion in one
supplie may dis up o he supplie s (Kamalahmadi
and Pa as , 2017). Fo his eason, as he isk o
a company is no limi ed o i s bounda y anymo e,
he scope o isk managemen has been ex ended
om he en e p ise le el o he SC le el (Zeng
and Yen, 2017). Chen e al. (2015) ga e he 2011
l ooding in Thailand, and e up ion o an Icelandic
olcano in 2010 as examples o SC dis up ions and
hei ad e se impac s in he pos -disas e phase. In
2011 l ooding in Thailand dis up ed he compu e
manu ac u e s’ SCs (BBC, 2011) whe eas e up ion
o an Icelandic olcano in 2010 a ec ed SCs
dependen on ai - eigh ed ade (Chen e al., 2015).
Enhancing esilience o he cons uc ion
indus y
New echnologies can be used o enhance
disas e esilience pe o mance o he cons uc ion
indus y. BIM has s a ed o be used o suppo
cons uc ion p ojec managemen . BIM became
compulso y o applying o he ende s in a ious
coun ies (e.g. UK). “BIM e e s o a combina ion
o a se o echnologies and o ganiza ional solu ions
ha a e expec ed o inc ease in e o ganiza ional
and disciplina y collabo a ion in he cons uc ion
indus y and o imp o e he p oduc i i y and quali y
o he design, cons uc ion, and main enance o
buildings” (Mie inen and Paa ola, 2014). In
o he wo ds, “BIM is an ICT ‘hub’ o acili a e
in eg a ion o in o ma ion pe aining o a building
h oughou i s li ecycle, in o m o pa ame ic nD
da a -whe he geome ical o abula , gene a ed
by an a ay o s akeholde s in o one cen alised,
eal- ime and in e ac i e en i onmen h ough
collabo a i e wo king p ocesses” (Fa , e al.,
2014). BIM can be bene i cial in all p ojec phases
including e u bishmen , acili ies managemen ,
and demoli ion (Chong, e al., 2017: 4114; Liu, e
al., 2015). BIM can suppo cons uc ion p ojec
managemen wi h espec o he a ious aspec s
including: cos planning and es ima ing (Yoon,
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e al., 2009); acking and managing changes, and
managing si e logis ics (Pooyan, e al., 2009; Chen
and Luo, 2014); clash de ec ion (Ha din, 2009),
isualisa ion and simula ion (Eas man e al., 2008),
planning and main aining building p ojec s (Wang,
e al., 2015). Fu he mo e, i can con ibu e o
he analysis, coo dina ion and communica ion
o collabo a i e wo king, li ecycle in o ma ion
assessmen and managemen , and sus ainable
design ac oss p ojec li ecycle s ages (Liu, e al.,
2015). BIM can con ibu e o he disas e esilience
o he cons uc ion indus y bo h in he p e- and
pos -disas e phases (Tab. 1).
In he p e-disas e phase, BIM can enhance
he esilience o he cons uc ions s a ing om
he design phase. I can suppo esilience o he
cons uc ion phase and o he SCs. In he design
phase, BIM can enhance echnical esilience o he
cons uc ions enabling simula ions on hei s uc u al
pe o mance and esilience (Ali ezaei, e al., 2016:
1058; Ba azze i e al., 2015). BIM can be used o
es ima ion o damages o he building, assessmen
o he damage cos and en i onmen al impac s o
a damaged building due o ea hquake (Ali ezaei e al.
2016). S uc u al simula ion o he his o ic buildings
can be ca ied ou ia he wo-s ep me hodology
( om Cloud o BIM om BIM o i ni e elemen
model) de eloped by Ba azze i e al. (2015). In he
design phase, BIM can suppo was e managemen
in he pos -disas e phase con ibu ing o he
eco e y phase. BIM can suppo e ec i e was e
managemen wi h he help o decons uc abili y
analysis (Akinade, e al., 2015) which can acili a e
pos -disas e was e managemen p ocess. BIM
based Decons uc abili y Assessmen Sco e can be
used o de e mining he ex en o which a building
could be decons uc ed s a ing om he design
s age (Akinade, e al., 2015). Fu he mo e, BIM can
enable cos e ec i e assessmen o di e en design
op ions o educe cons uc ion was e (Lu e al., 2017;
Liu e al., 2011; Liu, e al., 2015). Bo h in he design
and cons uc ion phases, BIM can enhance he isk
o acciden s (man-made haza ds). In he p e-disas e
phase, BIM can con ibu e o he minimiza ion
o he occupa ional heal h and sa e y isks as well
as o he imp o emen o he occupa ional heal h
and sa e y pe o mance (Zhang e al., 2015). Fo
example, Zhang e al. (2015) in en ed an au oma ed
ule-checking amewo k ha in eg a es sa e y
in o BIM enabling de ec ion and p e en ion o
all- ela ed haza ds.
Phases
P e-disas e phase
Design phase Enabling o assessmen o design op ions o educe was e (Lu e al, 2017)
Facili a ing he design eam's in ol emen a soone in he p ocess, and wi h mo e
impac , hus designing ou en i onmen al ine i ciencies (Alwan, e al., 2017)
Minimising cons uc ion was e in hei design p ojec s (Liu e al., 2011; Liu, e al., 2015)
Enabling decons uc abili y analysis (Akinade, e al., 2015)
Enabling simula ions on s uc u al pe o mance and esilience o he cons uc ions
(e.g. es ima ion o po en ial damages) (Ali ezaei, e al., 2016; Ba azze i e al., 2015)
Bo h design and
cons uc ion phases Enhancing occupa ional heal h and sa e y pe o mance (Zhang e al., 2015)
Cons uc ion phase Imp o ing he wo k- l ow and enhancing he lean pe o mance (Sacks e al., 2010)
Enhancing SC’s esilience
Pos -disas e
phase E acua ion and
escue phase Enabling apid e acua ion (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Tashakko i, e al., 2015)
Assessing e acuees beha iou in he e acua ion phase (Rüppel and Scha z, 2011)
Con olling he e acua ion egula ion compliance o BIM da a (Choi e al., 2014)
P o iding accu a e in o ma ion con ibu ing o he building disas e managemen (Dakhil
and Alshawi, 2014)
Guiding he e acuees o he igh and nea es exi (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Rüppel e al.
2010; Wang e al., 2015)
Reducing indoo a el imes in case o indoo disas e s (Tashakko i, e al., 2015)
Enhancing i e sa e y managemen (Wang e al., 2015)
Reco e y and
econs uc ion
phases
Enhancing quali y managemen and adap a ion o he cons uc ion p ocess o he change
o de s h ough 4D BIM (Chen and Luo, 2014)
Enhancing SC’s esilience
Tab. 1 BIM’s ole in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases
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In he pos -disas e phase, BIM can enhance he
e acua ion, eco e y and econs uc ion p ocesses
as well as SC’s esilience enabling smoo h and
success ul wo k l ow. The buil en i onmen
which has been buil wi h BIM can enhance
pos -disas e phase and con ibu e o he eco e y
o he buil en i onmen and o he communi y
(Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010).In he e acua ion
and escue phases, BIM can enable apid e acua ion
(Yenumula, e al., 2015; Tashakko i, e al., 2015)
guiding he e acuees o he nea es exi (Yenumula,
e al., 2015; Rüppel e al. 2010; Wang e al., 2015)
and educing indoo a el imes (Tashakko i, e al.,
2015). Yenumula, e al. (2015) de eloped a BIM-
con olled signage sys em whe e he i e senso
de ec ion module has been linked o a building's
i e senso s o he BIM model so ha occupan s a e
lead o he exi and e acua ed apidly (Yenumula, e
al., 2015). Simila ly, Rüppel e al. (2010) designed
a sys em in eg a ed wi h BIM o help eme gency
escue s i nd he sho es way o a loca ion wi hin
a building (Wang, e al., 2015). Tashakko i, e al.
(2015) de eloped an Indoo Eme gency Spa ial
Model based on IFC o educe indoo a el imes
in case o indoo disas e s. Fu he mo e, BIM
can con ibu e o he assessmen o he e acuees’
beha iou in he e acua ion phase (Rüppel and
Scha z, 2011). BIM can suppo con ol o he
e acua ion egula ion compliance o BIM da a
(Choi e al., 2014). BIM can con ibu e o he i e
sa e y managemen in he pos -disas e phase. Wang,
e al. (2015) designed a BIM-based model consis ing
o ou modules (e acua ion assessmen , escape
ou e planning, sa e y educa ion, and equipmen
main enance) o suppo i e sa e y managemen o
buildings (Wang, e al., 2015). Li e al. (2014), on
he o he hand, in oduced a BIM based algo i hm
o loca e i s escue s and people o be e acua ed
in buildings in e acua ion ope a ions in case o i e
disas e s (Wang, e al., 2015). Fu he mo e, BIM can
con ibu e o sea ch and escue e o s (Isikdag e al.,
2008; Aziz e al., 2009).
BIM can suppo cons uc ion companies in
dealing wi h he ola ile and inc eased wo kload
in he pos -disas e phase. BIM can con ibu e o
he cons uc ion p ocess enhancing he quali y and
esilience o he cons uc ion. I can enhance quali y
managemen and adap a ion o he cons uc ion
p ocess o he change o de s h ough 4D BIM and
p esen ing mul i-dimensional da a (e.g. design and
ime sequence da a, e c.) (Chen and Luo, 2014).
Fu he mo e, ‘KanBIM’, “a BIM-enabled pull l ow
cons uc ion managemen so wa e sys em based
on he Las Planne Sys em™”, can imp o e he
wo k- l ow and enhance he lean pe o mance
isualizing he p oduc and wo k l ow (Sacks e al.,
2010). Simila ly, cons uc ion p ocess in he eco e y
phase can be enhanced by he “Cons uc ion si e
in o ma ion model” (CoSIM) (T ani e al., 2015).
BIM can suppo esilience o he SC which is
needed bo h in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e
phases. SC esilience is impo an o he e ec i e
eme gency logis ics so ha he disas e a ec ed
a eas ecei e elie se ices on ime and as as as
possible in he pos -disas e phase (Jia and Zhu,
2012). SC esilience can be enhanced h ough
in eg a ed logis ics capabili ies con ibu ing o
he uni i ca ion and inc eased connec i i y among
he SC membe s, and in e - ela ed SC capabili ies
(Jü ne and Maklan, 2011) including (Mandal, e
al., 2016): he SC’s isibili y ( he deg ee o which
SC pa ne s ha e access o bo h ope a ional and
manage ial in o ma ion ela ed o he SC) (Ba a
and Oke, 2007; Wei and Wang, 2010); SC l exibili y
( eadiness o a SC wi h ega d o al e na e cou ses
o ac ions h ough l exibili y in esou ce planning);
and SC eloci y (speed o eac o ma ke changes)
(Richey, 2009). Especially, SC l exibili y and SC
eloci y a e necessa y o esilience (Mandal, e
al., 2016). As SC pa ne ships can in l uence he
in eg a ion o SC isk sys em, and he ope a ions in
SCs, he le el o collabo a ion among SC pa ne s
con ibu es o he esilience o SCs (Zeng and Yen,
2017). A sha and Haghani (2012) emphasised
he impo ance o in eg a ed logis ics ope a ions
in esponse o na u al disas e s. As Lee (2004)
highligh s, a success ul SC eco e y s a egy mus
comply wi h agili y, adap abili y, and alignmen
(Chen, e al., 2015). BIM can enable he SC o
deal wi h he di i cul ies and challenges in he p e-
disas e and pos -disas e phases. BIM can suppo
he esilience o he cons uc ion SC enabling eal
ime in o ma ion sha ing h oughou he cons uc ion
SC (Shi, e al., 2016). BIM can enable acking
he SC s a us and deli e y o ma e ials h ough i s
in eg a ion wi h geog aphic in o ma ion sys em
(I iza y, e al., 2013). Fu he mo e, BIM, suppo ed
by he augmen ed eali y, can con ibu e o he
eal- ime isualisa ion o he physical con ex o each
cons uc ion ac i i y and ask (Wang, e al., 2013).
BIM can enhance esilience o he SC con ibu ing
o he isibili y, eloci y, collabo a ion, and logis ics
o he SC.
Discussion
F equencies and magni udes o he na u al
disas e s end o inc ease especially due o he global
wa ming. Na u al disas e s and man-made disas e s
(e.g. wa s, acciden s) endange esilience and su i al
o he humani y. Fo his eason, aking e ec i e
p ecau ions and ac ions o enhance esilience o
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he humani y o he disas e s is impo an and
equi es in e na ional collabo a ion. As cons uc ion
indus y plays an impo an ole in educing ad e se
impac s o he disas e s and in apidly eco e y in
he pos -disas e phase, enhancing esilience o he
cons uc ion indus y can con ibu e o he esilience
o he humani y. Cons uc ion indus y’s esilience
depends on a ious ac o s including he esilience
o he buil en i onmen , cons uc ion p ojec
managemen , and o he SC.
New echnologies such as BIM can be bene i cial
o he cons uc ion indus y’s esilience bo h
in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases. In
he p e-disas e phase, BIM can enhance he
esilience o he buil en i onmen , he design and
cons uc ion phases as well as o he SCs (Tab. 1).
BIM can suppo was e managemen enabling
educ ion in was e h ough decons uc abili y
analysis (Akinade, e al., 2015), and cos e ec i e
assessmen o di e en design op ions (Lu e al.,
2017). Fu he mo e, BIM can suppo echnical
esilience o he cons uc ions h ough s uc u al
simula ions (Ali ezaei, e al., 2016; Ba azze i e al.,
2015). BIM can also con ibu e o he occupa ional
heal h and sa e y pe o mance (Zhang e al., 2015)
educing man-made haza ds (e.g. acciden ). In he
pos -disas e phase, BIM can enhance e acua ion
and eco e y p ocesses including econs uc ion
as well as SC’s esilience. BIM can enable apid
e acua ion (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Tashakko i, e
al., 2015) guiding he e acuees o he nea es exi
(Yenumula, e al., 2015; Rüppel e al. 2010; Wang
e al., 2015) and assessing e acuees’ beha iou
(Rüppel and Scha z, 2011). BIM can suppo
he design eam enabling hem o con ol BIM
da a’s compliance wi h he e acua ion egula ion
(Choi e al., 2014). Fu he mo e, BIM can suppo
cons uc ion companies o manage he inc eased
wo kload due o he need o apid econs uc ion
in he pos -disas e phase. BIM can con ibu e o he
quali y managemen and change managemen (Chen
and Luo, 2014) as well as o he lean pe o mance o
he cons uc ion p ocess (Sacks e al., 2010). BIM
can suppo he eco e y and econs uc ion phases
enhancing SC’s esilience as well as enabling as
eco e y o he communi y and econs uc ion o he
buil en i onmen . Fo his eason, ans o ma ion o
he cons uc ion p ojec managemen p ocess in o
a BIM based one and ex ending i s scope o include
acili ies managemen a e impo an o enhancing
disas e esilience o he cons uc ion indus y in he
p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases.
E en i BIM can enhance esilience o he
cons uc ion indus y, cons uc ion companies
need o be awa e o he ac ha esilience needs
o be in eg a ed o he cul u e and wo k p ac ices.
Policies need o encou age mul idisciplina y,
in e ins i u ional (e.g. p o essional bodies,
cons uc ion companies, public en i ies, uni e si ies
e c.), and in e na ional collabo a ion as well as
ele an educa ions, ainings, esea ches, and
es ablishmen o codes, amewo ks, and ac s. Buil
en i onmen p o essionals need o be educa ed and
ained so ha hey a e equipped wi h all equi emen s
o he disas e managemen . They need o be
compe en in BIM due o hei ole in es ablishmen
o he esilien buil en i onmen and communi y.
In e disciplina y and global collabo a ion in he i eld
o educa ion and esea ch can suppo educa ion and
aining on he disas e esilience. Disas e esilience
concep s need o be in eg a ed in o he educa ion o
buil en i onmen p o essionals and s akeholde s
educa ion (e.g. communi y; cons uc ion
p o essionals; poli icians, e c.). Requi emen s o he
social, economic, poli ical, manage ial, legal, and
echnical aspec s o he disas e esilience need o be
in eg a ed o he educa ion and aining o he buil
en i onmen p o essionals. Resilien cons uc ion
indus y enhances esilience o he communi y.
Es ablishmen o he esilien buil en i onmen
and communi ies is a mul idisciplina y and mul i
s akeholde p ocess which can be suppo ed by
in e ins i u ional and in e na ional collabo a ion.
Fo his eason, go e nmen s, educa ion, social and
mass media as well as p o essional bodies need o
con ibu e o he es ablishmen o disas e esilien
buil en i onmen and communi y in he p e- and
pos - disas e phases.
Conclusion
This pape in es iga ed he usage o BIM in
enhancing disas e esilience o he cons uc ion
indus y and in es ablishmen o he esilien buil
en i onmen . Need o disas e esilien buil
en i onmen and communi y is inc easing due o he
inc ease in he equency and magni ude o disas e s.
This pape emphasises ha BIM can enhance
esilience o he buil en i onmen , cons uc ion
indus y and o he SC in he p e-disas e phase
(e.g. echnical esilience) and pos -disas e phase
(e.g. e acua ion, eco e y and econs uc ion
p ocess). I is impo an o he policy make s
and s akeholde s o he buil en i onmen o
encou age BIM based cons uc ion o esilien buil
en i onmen and cons uc ion indus y. Fo his
eason, BIM needs o be in eg a ed o he educa ion
and aining cu iculums o buil en i onmen
p o essionals so ha he esilience o he cons uc ion
indus y can be enhanced. Buil en i onmen
p o essionals play impo an oles wi h espec o he
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manage ial, and echnical aspec s o he p e-disas e
(e.g. es ablishing he esilien buil en i onmen ) and
pos -disas e phases. Resilien cons uc ion indus y,
esilien buil en i onmen and communi y need o
be conside ed oge he as hey in l uence each o he .
Fu he esea ch is ecommended o be ca ied ou
on he ways o widesp eading he usage o BIM o
enhancing he disas e esilience as well as on he
ba ie s agains i s usage as a ool o add essing
many disas e esilience p oblems. Policy make s,
cons uc ion p o essionals, p o essional bodies, and
academics can ge bene i om his esea ch.
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