Building Information Modeling as Tool for Enhancing Disaster Resilience of the Construction Industry

T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 9 BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING DISASTER RESILIENCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Begum SERTYESILISIK1 1 Is anbul Technical Uni e si y, Facul y o A chi ec u e, Is anbul, Tu key, [email p o ec ed] In oduc ion The magni udes and equency o he na u al haza ds and man-made haza ds a e inc easing due o di e en challenges including clima e change, ea hquake, unde -de elopmen /po e y, pandemics (In e na ional Fede a ion o Red C oss and Red C escen Socie ies IFRC websi e). Disas e s can endange li e, well-being, and en i onmen (Gunes and Ko el, 2000; Dakhil and Alshawi, 2014) as hey can ha e dea hly consequences and as hey can cause economic losses. Lill and Pe e a (2017) emphasized ha be ween 2005-2015, disas e s ad e sely a ec ed app oxima ely 1.5 billion people and caused app oxima ely $1.3 illion loss (The Uni ed Na ions O i ce o Disas e Risk Reduc ion UNISDR, 2015). Fo example, as a esul o he Sichuan ea hquake in 2008, “69,185 people died, 18,403 people wen missing and a la ge numbe o houses we e des oyed, and a la ge numbe o people we e homeless unable o secu e li elihoods” (Le ei and Shuming, 2008; Jia and Zhu, 2012). The esilience o he cons uc ion indus y o disas e s and o hei consequences needs o be enhanced. ‘Resilience’ means he ways o imp o ing socie ies’ esis ance and s eng h agains disas e s/haza ds and educing hei ad e se consequences as well as he p obabili y o man-made haza ds (Bu nside and Ca alho, 2016; Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010). DFID (Depa men o In e na ional De elopmen ) (2011) de i nes disas e esilience as ‘ he abili y o coun ies, communi ies and households o manage change, by main aining o ans o ming li ing s anda ds in he ace o shocks o s esses … wi hou comp omising hei long- e m p ospec s’ (Go e nance and Social De elopmen Resea ch Cen e GSDRC websi e). Disas e esilience depends on ‘ he deg ee o which he social sys em is capable o o ganising i sel o inc ease i s capaci y o lea ning om pas disas e s o be e u u e p o ec ion and o imp o e i s isk educ ion measu es’ (UNISDR, 2005 as quo ed om Lill and Pe e a, 2017). In e -disciplina y solu ions a e equi ed o cope wi h he challenges caused by he disas e s (Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010). The esilience o he buil en i onmen can con ibu e o he mi iga ion o he economic consequences o disas e s and o he eco e y o he socie ies (Lill and Pe e a, 2017). Fo his eason, his pape aims o in es iga e he usage o BIM (Building In o ma ion Modeling) in enhancing disas e esilience o he cons uc ion indus y and in es ablishmen o he esilien buil en i onmen . Abs ac : As equencies o he disas e s a e inc easing, new echnologies can be used o enhance disas e esilience pe o mance o he cons uc ion indus y. This pape in es iga es he usage o BIM (Building In o ma ion Modeling) in enhancing disas e esilience o he cons uc ion indus y and in he es ablishmen o he esilien buil en i onmen . In-dep h li e a u e e iew i ndings e eal BIM’s con ibu ion o he disas e esilience in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases especially h ough in l uencing he pe o mance o he supply chain, cons uc ion p ocess, and escue ope a ions. This pape emphasises he need o BIM’s in eg a ion o he educa ion and aining cu iculums o he buil en i onmen p o essionals. Policy make s, cons uc ion p o essionals, p o essional bodies, academics can bene i om his esea ch. Keywo ds: Disas e esilien buil en i onmen , BIM, disas e esilien cons uc ion indus y, disas e esilience, disas e esilien supply chain. Resea ch a icle DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 10 Ma e ials and me hods This pape aims o in es iga e he usage o BIM in enhancing disas e esilience o he cons uc ion indus y and in es ablishmen o he esilien buil en i onmen . Wi h his aim, an in-dep h li e a u e e iew has been ca ied ou on he ollowing opics: need o disas e esilien cons uc ion indus y, supply chain and esilien buil en i onmen ; con ibu ion o he cons uc ion indus y o he disas e esilience; ways o enhancing esilience o he cons uc ion indus y; BIM’s con ibu ion o he disas e esilience o he cons uc ion and supply chain bo h in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases. Resul s The li e a u e e iew i ndings ha e been summa ized unde he wo subheadings, namely: con ibu ion o he cons uc ion indus y o he disas e esilience and enhancing esilience o he cons uc ion indus y. Con ibu ion o he cons uc ion indus y o he disas e esilience The cons uc ion indus y plays i al ole in enhancing disas e esilience. Cons uc ion companies’ esilience can in l uence esilience o he cons uc ion indus y, ele an indus ies and o he communi ies (Haigh e al., 2006; Boshe , 2008; Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010; Wilkinson, e al., 2016). Speed o eco e y in he pos -disas e phase depends on he speed o he econs uc ion o he buil en i onmen (Qua an elli, 2008; Wilkinson e al., 2016). Haigh and Ama a unga (2010) emphasized he buil en i onmen ’s impo ance in con ibu ing o he communi ies’ esilience s a ing ha “… when elemen s o i a e damaged o des oyed, he abili y o socie y o unc ion - economically and socially - is se e ely dis up ed…” Fo his eason, ac ions aken o enhancing communi ies’ esilience need o co e he ways o enhancing disas e esilience o he buil en i onmen and o he cons uc ion indus y. Wilkinson e al. (2016) cla i i ed his si ua ion as ollows: “Building he esilience o cons uc ion o ganisa ions is a key pa o any o e all esilience policy because o hei ole in es o a ion and econs uc ion p ojec deli e y pos -disas e … A esilien cons uc ion sec o is esponsi e, adap able and able o lead in a disas e ... Loss o unc ionali y o he cons uc ion sec o leads o slow, uncoo dina ed eco e ies.” (Wilkinson, e al., 2016) In he p e-disas e phase, cons uc ion companies need o enhance hei esilience and in es in p e-disas e isk educ ion a he company le el as in he pos -disas e phase, cons uc ion companies a e expec ed o eco e hei own business’ unc ionali y, and o con ibu e o he pos -disas e eco e y and econs uc ion (Wilkinson, e al., 2016). Bo h echnical and o ganisa ional esiliences a e impo an o imp o ing o e all esilience (Sapeciay e al., 2017). In he p e-disas e phase, esilience o he cons uc ion indus y can be enhanced h ough educa ing he cons uc ion p o essionals (Wilkinson, e al., 2016). Buil en i onmen p o essionals need o be equipped wi h he ele an skills and knowledge so ha hey can deal wi h he equi emen s o he p e- and pos -disas e phases. Cons uc ion p o essionals can in l uence echnical esilience o he cons uc ions. Imp o ed enginee ing o buildings and in as uc u e can educe he magni ude o he disas e s’ impac minimising hei consequences (Mile i, 1999; Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010). Fu he mo e, cons uc ion p o essionals need o deal wi h challenges in he pos -disas e phase enhancing he eco e y p ocess. Buil en i onmen p o essionals need o ha e s ong leade ship, abili y o manage ulne abili ies and abili y o adap hemsel es o he changes (Wilkinson, e al., 2016). They need o be able o manage he boom-bus cycles as a esul o disas e s (Wilkinson, 2013; Wilkinson, e al., 2016) as cons uc ion indus y needs o be able o adap i sel o changing and suddenly inc easing wo kload in he pos -disas e phase. Fu he mo e, buil en i onmen p o essionals need o be equipped wi h he skills and knowledge enabling hem o ha e: p ojec managemen and echnical cons uc ion expe ise (Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010); abili y o wo k wi h BIM (Building In o ma ion Modelling) based cons uc ion (Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010); abili y o achie e building damage assessmen and sa e y e alua ion (Wilkinson, e al., 2016). They need o be able o lead he es o a ion p ojec s in he pos -disas e phase (Ba oudi and Rapp, 2016). Educa ion o disas e es o a ion p ojec s need o equip hem wi h leade ship ai s ia case s udies, small g oup discussions, and ole-playing (Ba oudi and Rapp, 2016). Fu he mo e, hey need o ha e abili y o ca y ou was e managemen success ully and e ec i ely (Ka unasena and Ama a unga, 2016) especially in he pos -disas e phase. In he p e-disas e phase, esilience needs o be in eg a ed o he codes, policies, cul u e and wo k p ac ices. Building egula ions and codes need o be p epa ed conside ing measu es o con ol disas e was e gene a ion as well as o suppo cons uc ion DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 11 and demoli ion was e managemen (Ka unasena and Ama a unga, 2016) as was e managemen is one o he main p oblems in he pos -disas e phase. Fu he mo e, policies need o suppo mo emen owa ds esilien buil en i onmen . Fo his eason, policies need o encou age mul idisciplina y, in e ins i u ional (e.g. p o essional bodies, cons uc ion companies, public en i ies, uni e si ies e c.), and in e na ional collabo a ion as well as ele an educa ions, ainings, esea ches, and es ablishmen o codes, amewo ks, and ac s. In he pos -disas e phase, he cons uc ion indus y needs o mobilize easily and quickly o ca y ou he damage assessmen , emo al and disposal o was e, epai and ehabili a ion o in as uc u e (Wilkinson, 2013; Wilkinson, e al., 2016), o p o ide eme gency shel e ing, empo a y shel e ing and empo a y housing (Qua an elli, 1995; Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010) as well as o es o e public se ices (Liza alde and Bouche , 2004; Young, 2004; Jigyasu, 2002; Jigyasu, 2004; Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010) and o enable econs uc ion (Sapeciay, e al., 2017). Disas e eco e y equi es disas e es o a ion and econs uc ion o he buil en i onmen as app op ia e (Ba oudi and Rapp, 2016). As econs uc ion is a dynamic p ocess con aining unce ain ies (Wilkinson, e al., 2016), he cons uc ion indus y p o essionals need o con ibu e o he solu ion o he po en ial con l ic s which can eme ge among he s akeholde s in he econs uc ion phase (Au De Heide, 1989; Wilkinson, 2013; Wilkinson, e al., 2016). In he pos disas e phase, was e gene a ed in he pos disas e phase endange s human heal h and can cause en i onmen al deg ada ion (B own e al. 2011; EPA, 2008; FEMA, 2007; JEU, 2010; Kou mpanis e al. 2008; Ka unasena and Ama a unga, 2016). Fo his eason, in he pos -disas e phase, cons uc ion companies need o ca y ou e i cien and e ec i e cons uc ion and demoli ion was e managemen which equi es was e gene a ed due o disas e s, demoli ions and econs uc ion o be collec ed, anspo ed, p ocessed and disposed (Ka unasena e al., 2009; Ka unasena, 2011; Ka unasena and Ama a unga, 2016). Bo h in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases cons uc ion companies ely on he disas e esilience o hei supply chains (SCs). As SC’s esilience is impo an o he smoo h l ow o he wo ks in he pos -disas e phase, cons uc ion SC’s esilience can enhance he esilience o he cons uc ion indus y and he eco e y pe iod in he pos -disas e phase. SC’s esilience is ela ed wi h he SC’s capabili y in egaining i s o iginal con i gu a ion jus a e disas e s wi h he help o collabo a ion among SC membe s (Boin e al., 2010; She i and Rice, 2005; Wo ld Economic Fo um, 2015; I ano e al., 2014; Papadopoulos, e al., 2017). SC’s esilience is in l uenced by global compe i ion and disas e s. Ups eam SC ope a ions a e in l uenced by “ he global p ice-based sou cing ends o cing o ganiza ions o pu chase om cheape bu ‘‘less eliable” and ‘‘less sus ainable” supplie s” (Fahimnia and Jabba zadeh, 2016). SCs can lose hei esilience due o dis up ions caused by disas e s (Eskew, 2004; Tang, 2006; Chen, e al., 2015). En i onmen al isk can esul in una ailabili y o supplie s in a egion whe e disas e occu ed. As supplie s a e in e dependen , a dis up ion in one supplie may dis up o he supplie s (Kamalahmadi and Pa as , 2017). Fo his eason, as he isk o a company is no limi ed o i s bounda y anymo e, he scope o isk managemen has been ex ended om he en e p ise le el o he SC le el (Zeng and Yen, 2017). Chen e al. (2015) ga e he 2011 l ooding in Thailand, and e up ion o an Icelandic olcano in 2010 as examples o SC dis up ions and hei ad e se impac s in he pos -disas e phase. In 2011 l ooding in Thailand dis up ed he compu e manu ac u e s’ SCs (BBC, 2011) whe eas e up ion o an Icelandic olcano in 2010 a ec ed SCs dependen on ai - eigh ed ade (Chen e al., 2015). Enhancing esilience o he cons uc ion indus y New echnologies can be used o enhance disas e esilience pe o mance o he cons uc ion indus y. BIM has s a ed o be used o suppo cons uc ion p ojec managemen . BIM became compulso y o applying o he ende s in a ious coun ies (e.g. UK). “BIM e e s o a combina ion o a se o echnologies and o ganiza ional solu ions ha a e expec ed o inc ease in e o ganiza ional and disciplina y collabo a ion in he cons uc ion indus y and o imp o e he p oduc i i y and quali y o he design, cons uc ion, and main enance o buildings” (Mie inen and Paa ola, 2014). In o he wo ds, “BIM is an ICT ‘hub’ o acili a e in eg a ion o in o ma ion pe aining o a building h oughou i s li ecycle, in o m o pa ame ic nD da a -whe he geome ical o abula , gene a ed by an a ay o s akeholde s in o one cen alised, eal- ime and in e ac i e en i onmen h ough collabo a i e wo king p ocesses” (Fa , e al., 2014). BIM can be bene i cial in all p ojec phases including e u bishmen , acili ies managemen , and demoli ion (Chong, e al., 2017: 4114; Liu, e al., 2015). BIM can suppo cons uc ion p ojec managemen wi h espec o he a ious aspec s including: cos planning and es ima ing (Yoon, DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 12 e al., 2009); acking and managing changes, and managing si e logis ics (Pooyan, e al., 2009; Chen and Luo, 2014); clash de ec ion (Ha din, 2009), isualisa ion and simula ion (Eas man e al., 2008), planning and main aining building p ojec s (Wang, e al., 2015). Fu he mo e, i can con ibu e o he analysis, coo dina ion and communica ion o collabo a i e wo king, li ecycle in o ma ion assessmen and managemen , and sus ainable design ac oss p ojec li ecycle s ages (Liu, e al., 2015). BIM can con ibu e o he disas e esilience o he cons uc ion indus y bo h in he p e- and pos -disas e phases (Tab. 1). In he p e-disas e phase, BIM can enhance he esilience o he cons uc ions s a ing om he design phase. I can suppo esilience o he cons uc ion phase and o he SCs. In he design phase, BIM can enhance echnical esilience o he cons uc ions enabling simula ions on hei s uc u al pe o mance and esilience (Ali ezaei, e al., 2016: 1058; Ba azze i e al., 2015). BIM can be used o es ima ion o damages o he building, assessmen o he damage cos and en i onmen al impac s o a damaged building due o ea hquake (Ali ezaei e al. 2016). S uc u al simula ion o he his o ic buildings can be ca ied ou ia he wo-s ep me hodology ( om Cloud o BIM om BIM o i ni e elemen model) de eloped by Ba azze i e al. (2015). In he design phase, BIM can suppo was e managemen in he pos -disas e phase con ibu ing o he eco e y phase. BIM can suppo e ec i e was e managemen wi h he help o decons uc abili y analysis (Akinade, e al., 2015) which can acili a e pos -disas e was e managemen p ocess. BIM based Decons uc abili y Assessmen Sco e can be used o de e mining he ex en o which a building could be decons uc ed s a ing om he design s age (Akinade, e al., 2015). Fu he mo e, BIM can enable cos e ec i e assessmen o di e en design op ions o educe cons uc ion was e (Lu e al., 2017; Liu e al., 2011; Liu, e al., 2015). Bo h in he design and cons uc ion phases, BIM can enhance he isk o acciden s (man-made haza ds). In he p e-disas e phase, BIM can con ibu e o he minimiza ion o he occupa ional heal h and sa e y isks as well as o he imp o emen o he occupa ional heal h and sa e y pe o mance (Zhang e al., 2015). Fo example, Zhang e al. (2015) in en ed an au oma ed ule-checking amewo k ha in eg a es sa e y in o BIM enabling de ec ion and p e en ion o all- ela ed haza ds. Phases P e-disas e phase Design phase Enabling o assessmen o design op ions o educe was e (Lu e al, 2017) Facili a ing he design eam's in ol emen a soone in he p ocess, and wi h mo e impac , hus designing ou en i onmen al ine i ciencies (Alwan, e al., 2017) Minimising cons uc ion was e in hei design p ojec s (Liu e al., 2011; Liu, e al., 2015) Enabling decons uc abili y analysis (Akinade, e al., 2015) Enabling simula ions on s uc u al pe o mance and esilience o he cons uc ions (e.g. es ima ion o po en ial damages) (Ali ezaei, e al., 2016; Ba azze i e al., 2015) Bo h design and cons uc ion phases Enhancing occupa ional heal h and sa e y pe o mance (Zhang e al., 2015) Cons uc ion phase Imp o ing he wo k- l ow and enhancing he lean pe o mance (Sacks e al., 2010) Enhancing SC’s esilience Pos -disas e phase E acua ion and escue phase Enabling apid e acua ion (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Tashakko i, e al., 2015) Assessing e acuees beha iou in he e acua ion phase (Rüppel and Scha z, 2011) Con olling he e acua ion egula ion compliance o BIM da a (Choi e al., 2014) P o iding accu a e in o ma ion con ibu ing o he building disas e managemen (Dakhil and Alshawi, 2014) Guiding he e acuees o he igh and nea es exi (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Rüppel e al. 2010; Wang e al., 2015) Reducing indoo a el imes in case o indoo disas e s (Tashakko i, e al., 2015) Enhancing i e sa e y managemen (Wang e al., 2015) Reco e y and econs uc ion phases Enhancing quali y managemen and adap a ion o he cons uc ion p ocess o he change o de s h ough 4D BIM (Chen and Luo, 2014) Enhancing SC’s esilience Tab. 1 BIM’s ole in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 13 In he pos -disas e phase, BIM can enhance he e acua ion, eco e y and econs uc ion p ocesses as well as SC’s esilience enabling smoo h and success ul wo k l ow. The buil en i onmen which has been buil wi h BIM can enhance pos -disas e phase and con ibu e o he eco e y o he buil en i onmen and o he communi y (Haigh and Ama a unga, 2010).In he e acua ion and escue phases, BIM can enable apid e acua ion (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Tashakko i, e al., 2015) guiding he e acuees o he nea es exi (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Rüppel e al. 2010; Wang e al., 2015) and educing indoo a el imes (Tashakko i, e al., 2015). Yenumula, e al. (2015) de eloped a BIM- con olled signage sys em whe e he i e senso de ec ion module has been linked o a building's i e senso s o he BIM model so ha occupan s a e lead o he exi and e acua ed apidly (Yenumula, e al., 2015). Simila ly, Rüppel e al. (2010) designed a sys em in eg a ed wi h BIM o help eme gency escue s i nd he sho es way o a loca ion wi hin a building (Wang, e al., 2015). Tashakko i, e al. (2015) de eloped an Indoo Eme gency Spa ial Model based on IFC o educe indoo a el imes in case o indoo disas e s. Fu he mo e, BIM can con ibu e o he assessmen o he e acuees’ beha iou in he e acua ion phase (Rüppel and Scha z, 2011). BIM can suppo con ol o he e acua ion egula ion compliance o BIM da a (Choi e al., 2014). BIM can con ibu e o he i e sa e y managemen in he pos -disas e phase. Wang, e al. (2015) designed a BIM-based model consis ing o ou modules (e acua ion assessmen , escape ou e planning, sa e y educa ion, and equipmen main enance) o suppo i e sa e y managemen o buildings (Wang, e al., 2015). Li e al. (2014), on he o he hand, in oduced a BIM based algo i hm o loca e i s escue s and people o be e acua ed in buildings in e acua ion ope a ions in case o i e disas e s (Wang, e al., 2015). Fu he mo e, BIM can con ibu e o sea ch and escue e o s (Isikdag e al., 2008; Aziz e al., 2009). BIM can suppo cons uc ion companies in dealing wi h he ola ile and inc eased wo kload in he pos -disas e phase. BIM can con ibu e o he cons uc ion p ocess enhancing he quali y and esilience o he cons uc ion. I can enhance quali y managemen and adap a ion o he cons uc ion p ocess o he change o de s h ough 4D BIM and p esen ing mul i-dimensional da a (e.g. design and ime sequence da a, e c.) (Chen and Luo, 2014). Fu he mo e, ‘KanBIM’, “a BIM-enabled pull l ow cons uc ion managemen so wa e sys em based on he Las Planne Sys em™”, can imp o e he wo k- l ow and enhance he lean pe o mance isualizing he p oduc and wo k l ow (Sacks e al., 2010). Simila ly, cons uc ion p ocess in he eco e y phase can be enhanced by he “Cons uc ion si e in o ma ion model” (CoSIM) (T ani e al., 2015). BIM can suppo esilience o he SC which is needed bo h in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases. SC esilience is impo an o he e ec i e eme gency logis ics so ha he disas e a ec ed a eas ecei e elie se ices on ime and as as as possible in he pos -disas e phase (Jia and Zhu, 2012). SC esilience can be enhanced h ough in eg a ed logis ics capabili ies con ibu ing o he uni i ca ion and inc eased connec i i y among he SC membe s, and in e - ela ed SC capabili ies (Jü ne and Maklan, 2011) including (Mandal, e al., 2016): he SC’s isibili y ( he deg ee o which SC pa ne s ha e access o bo h ope a ional and manage ial in o ma ion ela ed o he SC) (Ba a and Oke, 2007; Wei and Wang, 2010); SC l exibili y ( eadiness o a SC wi h ega d o al e na e cou ses o ac ions h ough l exibili y in esou ce planning); and SC eloci y (speed o eac o ma ke changes) (Richey, 2009). Especially, SC l exibili y and SC eloci y a e necessa y o esilience (Mandal, e al., 2016). As SC pa ne ships can in l uence he in eg a ion o SC isk sys em, and he ope a ions in SCs, he le el o collabo a ion among SC pa ne s con ibu es o he esilience o SCs (Zeng and Yen, 2017). A sha and Haghani (2012) emphasised he impo ance o in eg a ed logis ics ope a ions in esponse o na u al disas e s. As Lee (2004) highligh s, a success ul SC eco e y s a egy mus comply wi h agili y, adap abili y, and alignmen (Chen, e al., 2015). BIM can enable he SC o deal wi h he di i cul ies and challenges in he p e- disas e and pos -disas e phases. BIM can suppo he esilience o he cons uc ion SC enabling eal ime in o ma ion sha ing h oughou he cons uc ion SC (Shi, e al., 2016). BIM can enable acking he SC s a us and deli e y o ma e ials h ough i s in eg a ion wi h geog aphic in o ma ion sys em (I iza y, e al., 2013). Fu he mo e, BIM, suppo ed by he augmen ed eali y, can con ibu e o he eal- ime isualisa ion o he physical con ex o each cons uc ion ac i i y and ask (Wang, e al., 2013). BIM can enhance esilience o he SC con ibu ing o he isibili y, eloci y, collabo a ion, and logis ics o he SC. Discussion F equencies and magni udes o he na u al disas e s end o inc ease especially due o he global wa ming. Na u al disas e s and man-made disas e s (e.g. wa s, acciden s) endange esilience and su i al o he humani y. Fo his eason, aking e ec i e p ecau ions and ac ions o enhance esilience o DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 14 he humani y o he disas e s is impo an and equi es in e na ional collabo a ion. As cons uc ion indus y plays an impo an ole in educing ad e se impac s o he disas e s and in apidly eco e y in he pos -disas e phase, enhancing esilience o he cons uc ion indus y can con ibu e o he esilience o he humani y. Cons uc ion indus y’s esilience depends on a ious ac o s including he esilience o he buil en i onmen , cons uc ion p ojec managemen , and o he SC. New echnologies such as BIM can be bene i cial o he cons uc ion indus y’s esilience bo h in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases. In he p e-disas e phase, BIM can enhance he esilience o he buil en i onmen , he design and cons uc ion phases as well as o he SCs (Tab. 1). BIM can suppo was e managemen enabling educ ion in was e h ough decons uc abili y analysis (Akinade, e al., 2015), and cos e ec i e assessmen o di e en design op ions (Lu e al., 2017). Fu he mo e, BIM can suppo echnical esilience o he cons uc ions h ough s uc u al simula ions (Ali ezaei, e al., 2016; Ba azze i e al., 2015). BIM can also con ibu e o he occupa ional heal h and sa e y pe o mance (Zhang e al., 2015) educing man-made haza ds (e.g. acciden ). In he pos -disas e phase, BIM can enhance e acua ion and eco e y p ocesses including econs uc ion as well as SC’s esilience. BIM can enable apid e acua ion (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Tashakko i, e al., 2015) guiding he e acuees o he nea es exi (Yenumula, e al., 2015; Rüppel e al. 2010; Wang e al., 2015) and assessing e acuees’ beha iou (Rüppel and Scha z, 2011). BIM can suppo he design eam enabling hem o con ol BIM da a’s compliance wi h he e acua ion egula ion (Choi e al., 2014). Fu he mo e, BIM can suppo cons uc ion companies o manage he inc eased wo kload due o he need o apid econs uc ion in he pos -disas e phase. BIM can con ibu e o he quali y managemen and change managemen (Chen and Luo, 2014) as well as o he lean pe o mance o he cons uc ion p ocess (Sacks e al., 2010). BIM can suppo he eco e y and econs uc ion phases enhancing SC’s esilience as well as enabling as eco e y o he communi y and econs uc ion o he buil en i onmen . Fo his eason, ans o ma ion o he cons uc ion p ojec managemen p ocess in o a BIM based one and ex ending i s scope o include acili ies managemen a e impo an o enhancing disas e esilience o he cons uc ion indus y in he p e-disas e and pos -disas e phases. E en i BIM can enhance esilience o he cons uc ion indus y, cons uc ion companies need o be awa e o he ac ha esilience needs o be in eg a ed o he cul u e and wo k p ac ices. Policies need o encou age mul idisciplina y, in e ins i u ional (e.g. p o essional bodies, cons uc ion companies, public en i ies, uni e si ies e c.), and in e na ional collabo a ion as well as ele an educa ions, ainings, esea ches, and es ablishmen o codes, amewo ks, and ac s. Buil en i onmen p o essionals need o be educa ed and ained so ha hey a e equipped wi h all equi emen s o he disas e managemen . They need o be compe en in BIM due o hei ole in es ablishmen o he esilien buil en i onmen and communi y. In e disciplina y and global collabo a ion in he i eld o educa ion and esea ch can suppo educa ion and aining on he disas e esilience. Disas e esilience concep s need o be in eg a ed in o he educa ion o buil en i onmen p o essionals and s akeholde s educa ion (e.g. communi y; cons uc ion p o essionals; poli icians, e c.). Requi emen s o he social, economic, poli ical, manage ial, legal, and echnical aspec s o he disas e esilience need o be in eg a ed o he educa ion and aining o he buil en i onmen p o essionals. Resilien cons uc ion indus y enhances esilience o he communi y. Es ablishmen o he esilien buil en i onmen and communi ies is a mul idisciplina y and mul i s akeholde p ocess which can be suppo ed by in e ins i u ional and in e na ional collabo a ion. Fo his eason, go e nmen s, educa ion, social and mass media as well as p o essional bodies need o con ibu e o he es ablishmen o disas e esilien buil en i onmen and communi y in he p e- and pos - disas e phases. Conclusion This pape in es iga ed he usage o BIM in enhancing disas e esilience o he cons uc ion indus y and in es ablishmen o he esilien buil en i onmen . Need o disas e esilien buil en i onmen and communi y is inc easing due o he inc ease in he equency and magni ude o disas e s. This pape emphasises ha BIM can enhance esilience o he buil en i onmen , cons uc ion indus y and o he SC in he p e-disas e phase (e.g. echnical esilience) and pos -disas e phase (e.g. e acua ion, eco e y and econs uc ion p ocess). I is impo an o he policy make s and s akeholde s o he buil en i onmen o encou age BIM based cons uc ion o esilien buil en i onmen and cons uc ion indus y. Fo his eason, BIM needs o be in eg a ed o he educa ion and aining cu iculums o buil en i onmen p o essionals so ha he esilience o he cons uc ion indus y can be enhanced. Buil en i onmen p o essionals play impo an oles wi h espec o he DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 15 manage ial, and echnical aspec s o he p e-disas e (e.g. es ablishing he esilien buil en i onmen ) and pos -disas e phases. Resilien cons uc ion indus y, esilien buil en i onmen and communi y need o be conside ed oge he as hey in l uence each o he . Fu he esea ch is ecommended o be ca ied ou on he ways o widesp eading he usage o BIM o enhancing he disas e esilience as well as on he ba ie s agains i s usage as a ool o add essing many disas e esilience p oblems. Policy make s, cons uc ion p o essionals, p o essional bodies, and academics can ge bene i om his esea ch. Re e ences A sha , A.; Haghani, A. 2012. Modeling in eg a ed supply chain logis ics in eal- ime la ge-scale disas e elie ope a ions. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 46: 327-338. Akinade, O.O., Oyedele, L.O., Bilal, M., Ajayi, S.O., Owolabi, H.A., Alaka, H.A., Bello, S.A. 2015. Was e minimisa ion h ough decons uc ion: A BIM based Decons uc abili y Assessmen Sco e (BIM-DAS). Resou ces, Conse a ion and Recycling, 105: 167-176. Ali ezaei, M., Noo i, M., Ta a i, O., Mackie, K.R., Elgamal, A. 2016. BIM-Based Damage Es ima ion o Buildings unde Ea hquake Loading Condi ion. In e na ional Con e ence on Sus ainable Design, Enginee ing and Cons uc ion, P ocedia Enginee ing, 145: 1051-1058. Alwan, Z., Jones, P., Holga e, P. 2017. S a egic sus ainable de elopmen in he UK cons uc ion indus y, h ough he amewo k o s a egic sus ainable de elopmen , using Building In o ma ion Modelling. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 140: 349-358. Au De Heide, E. 1989. Disas e Response: P inciples and P epa a ion and Coo dina ion, The Mosby Company, S Loius, MO. Aziz, Z., Pena-Mo a, F., Chen, A., Lan z, T. 2009. Suppo ing u ban eme gency esponse and eco e y using RFID-based building assessmen , Disas e P e en ion and Managemen , 18(1): 35-48. Ba azze i, L., Ban i , F., B umana, R., Gusme oli, G., P e i ali, M., Schian a elli, G. 2015. Cloud- o-BIM- o-FEM: S uc u al simula ion wi h accu a e his o ic BIM om lase scans. Simula ion Modelling P ac ice and Theo y, 57: 71-87. Ba oudi, B., Rapp, R. 2016. Disas e es o a ion p ojec managemen : leade ship educa ion and me hods. In e na ional Jou nal o Disas e Resilience in he Buil En i onmen , 7(5): 434-443. Ba a , M., Oke, A. 2007. An eceden s o supply chain isibili y in e ail supply chains: a esou ce-based heo y pe spec i e. Jou nal o Ope a ions Managemen , 25(6): 1217-1233. BBC, Oc 13, 2011. Thailand Floods Dis up P oduc ion and Supply Chains. <h p://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ business-15285149> (20.10.14). Boin, A., Kelle, P., Whyba k, D.C. 2010. Resilien supply chains o ex eme si ua ions: ou lining a new i eld o s udy. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics, 126(1): 1-6. Boshe , L., Dain y, A., Ca illo, P., Glass, J., P ice, A. 2008. A aining imp o ed esilience o loods: a p oac i e mul i-s akeholde app oach, Disas e P e en ion and Managemen , 18(1): 9-22. B own, C., Mike, M., Se ille, E. 2011. Disas e was e managemen : a e iew a icle, Was e Managemen , 31(1): 1085-1098. Bu nside, J., Ca alho, L.L. 2016. A s akeholde app oach o building communi y esilience: awa eness o implemen a ion. In e na ional Jou nal o Disas e Resilience in he Buil En i onmen , 7(1): 4-25. Chen, L.M., Liu, Y.E., Yang, S.J.S. 2015. Robus supply chain s a egies o eco e ing om unan icipa ed disas e s. T anspo a ion Resea ch Pa E, 77: 198-214. Chen, L., Luo, H. 2014. A BIM-based cons uc ion quali y managemen model and i s applica ions. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion, 46: 64-73. Choi, J., Choi, J., Kim, I. 2014. De elopmen o BIM-based e acua ion egula ion checking sys em o high- ise and complex buildings. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion, 46: 38-49. Chong, H.Y., Lee, C.Y., Wang, X. 2017. A mixed e iew o he adop ion o Building In o ma ion Modelling (BIM) o sus ainabili y. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 142: 4114-4126. DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 16 Dakhil, A., Alshawi, M. 2014. Clien ’s Role in Building Disas e Managemen h ough Building In o ma ion Modelling. 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Building Resilience, Building Resilience 2014, 8-10 Sep embe 2014, Sal o d Quays, Uni ed Kingdom. P ocedia Economics and Finance, 18: 47-54. DFID (2011). De i ning Disas e Resilience: A DFID App oach Pape . DFID. Eas man, C., Teicholz, P., Sacks, R., Lis on, K. 2008. BIM Handbook: A Guide o Building In o ma ion Modeling o Owne s, manage s, designe s, enginee s, and con ac o s, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Canada. Eskew, M. 2004. Mi iga ing Supply Chain Risk. CEO, Ap il 25-26. Fahimnia, B., Jabba zadeh, A. 2016. Ma ying supply chain sus ainabili y and esilience: A ma ch made in hea en. T anspo a ion Resea ch Pa E, 91: 306-324. Fa , E.R.P., Pi ooz a , P.A.E., Robinson, D. 2014. BIM as a gene ic con i gu a o o acili a ion o cus omisa ion in he AEC indus y. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion, 45: 119-125. GSDRC websi e Disas e esilience h p://www.gsd c.o g/ opic-guides/disas e - esilience/concep s/wha -is- disas e - esilience/. Gunes, A. E., Ko el, J. P. 2000. Using GIS in eme gency managemen ope a ions. Jou nal o U ban Planning and De elopmen , 126: 136-149. Haigh, R., Ama a unga, D., Ke aminiyage, K. 2006. An explo a ion o he cons uc ion indus y’s ole in disas e p epa edness, esponse and eco e y, P oceedings o he Annual In e na ional Resea ch Con e ence o he Royal Ins i u ion o Cha e ed Su eyo s (RICS COBRA 2006), The RICS and The Ba le School, Uni e si y College London, London. Haigh, R., Ama a unga, D. 2010. An in eg a i e e iew o he buil en i onmen discipline's ole in he de elopmen o socie y's esilience o disas e s. In e na ional Jou nal o Disas e Resilience in he Buil En i onmen , 1(1): 11-24. Ha din, B. 2009. BIM and cons uc ion managemen : p o en ools, me hods, and wo k l ows. 1s edi ion Wiley Publish, Inc., Canada. In e na ional Fede a ion o Red C oss and Red C escen Socie ies h p://www.i c.o g/en/wha -we-do/disas e - managemen /abou -disas e s/de i ni ion-o -haza d/. I iza y, J., P. Ka an, E.P., Jalaei, F. 2013. In eg a ing BIM and GIS o imp o e he isual moni o ing o cons uc ion supply chain managemen . Au oma ion in Cons uc ion, 31: 241-254. Isikdag, U., Unde wood, J., Aouad, G. 2008. An in es iga ion in o he applicabili y o building in o ma ion models in geospa ial en i onmen in suppo o si e selec ion and i e esponse managemen p ocesses, Ad anced Enginee ing In o ma ics, 22(4): l504-l519. I ano , D. Sokolo , B., Dolgui, A. 2014. The Ripple e ec in supply chains: ade-o ‘e i ciency- l exibili y- esilience’ in dis up ion managemen . In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Resea ch, 52(7): 2154-2172. Jia, G., Zhu, C. 2012. A S udy on Eme gency Supply Chain and Risk Based on U gen Relie Se ice in Disas e s. Sys ems Enginee ing P ocedia, 5: 313-325. Jigyasu, R. 2002. F om Ma a hwada o Guja a - eme ging challenges in pos -ea hquake ehabili a ion o sus ainable eco-de elopmen in Sou h Asia. P oceedings o he Fi s In e na ional Con e ence on Pos -disas e Recons uc ion: Imp o ing Pos -disas e Recons uc ion in De eloping Coun ies, 23-25 May, Uni e si e de Mon eal, Mon eal, Canada. Jigyasu, R. 2004. Sus ainable pos -disas e econs uc ion h ough in eg a ed isk managemen . P oceedings o he Second In e na ional Con e ence on Pos -disas e Recons uc ion, Co en y Uni e si y, Co en y, UK. Join UNEP/OCHA En i onmen Uni (JEU) 2010. Disas e Was e Managemen Guidelines, Join UNEP/OCHA En i onmen Uni , Gene a. Jü ne , U., Maklan, S. 2011. Supply chain esilience in he global i nancial c isis: an empi ical s udy. Supply Chain Managemen : An In e na ional Jou nal, 16(4), 246-259. Kamalahmadi, M., Pa as , M.M. 2017. An assessmen o supply chain dis up ion mi iga ion s a egies. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics, 184: 210-230. Ka unasena, G. 2011. Chap e 14: sus ainable pos -disas e was e managemen : C&D was e. in Ama a unga, D. and Haigh, R. (Eds), Pos Disas e Recons uc ion o he Buil En i onmen : Rebuilding and Resilience, Wiley-Blackwell, Ox o d, 251-267. DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002 T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies Vol. XII, No. 1, 2017 17 Ka unasena, G., Ama a unga, D., Haigh, R., Lill, I. (2009). Pos disas e was e managemen s a egies in de eloping coun ies: case o S i Lanka. In e na ional Jou nal o S a egic P ope y Managemen , 13(2): 171-190. Ka unasena, G., Ama a unga, D. 2016. Capaci y building o pos disas e cons uc ion and demoli ion was e managemen A case o S i Lanka. Disas e P e en ion and Managemen , 25(2): 137-153. Kou mpanis, B., Papadopoulos, A., Mous akas, K., S ylianou, M., Ha alambous, K.J., Lolijodou, M. 2008. P elimina y s udy o he managemen o C&D was e. Was e Managemen & Resea ch, 26(3): 267-275. Lee, H. 2004. The iple-A supply chain. Ha a d Bus. Re ., 102-112 Oc obe . Le ei L, Shuming T. 2008. An a i i cial eme gency logis ics planning sys em o se e e disas e s. In elligen T anspo a ion Sys ems, (7): 8689. Li, N., Bece ik-Ge be , B., K ishnamacha i, B., Soibelman, L. 2014. A BIM cen e ed indoo localiza ion algo i hm o suppo building i e eme gency esponse ope a ions. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion, 42: 78-89. Lill, I., Pe e a, P. 2017. Economic impac o disas e s and he ole o disas e esilience. In e na ional Jou nal o Disas e Resilience in he Buil En i onmen , 8 (1). Liu, Z., Osmani, M., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. 2015. A BIM-aided cons uc ion was e minimisa ion amewo k. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion, 59: 1-23. Liu, Z., Osmani, M., Demian, P., Baldwin, A. 2011. The po en ial usage o BIM o aid cons uc ion was e minimalisa ion. P oceedings o he CIB W78-W102 2011: In e na ional Con e ence, 26 h-28 h Oc obe 2011, Sophia An ipolis, F ance, pape 53. Liu, Y., Yin, K., Chen, L., Wang, W., Liu, Y. 2016. A communi y-based disas e isk educ ion sys em in Wanzhou, China. In e na ional Jou nal o Disas e Risk Reduc ion, 19: 379-389. Liza alde, G., Bouche , M. 2004. Lea ning om pos -disas e econs uc ion o p e-disas e planning. P oceedings o he Second In e na ional Con e ence on Pos -disas e Recons uc ion: Planning o Recons uc ion, 22-23 Ap il, Co en y Uni e si y, Co en y, UK. Lu, N., Thomas, K. 2010. Implemen a ion o building in o ma ion modeling (BIM) in modula cons uc ion: bene i s and challenges, cons uc ion esea ch cong ess 2010: inno a ion o eshaping cons uc ion p ac ice, P oceedings o he 2010 Cons uc ion Resea ch Cong ess, 1136-1145. Lu, W., Webs e , C., Chen, K., Zhang, X., Chen, X. 2017. Compu a ional Building In o ma ion Modelling o cons uc ion was e managemen : Mo ing om he o ic o eali y. Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews, 68: 587-595. Mandal, S., Sa a hy, R., Ko asiga, V.R., Bha acha ya, S., Das ida , S.G. 2016. Achie ing supply chain esilience The con ibu ion o logis ics and supply chain capabili ies. In e na ional Jou nal o Disas e Resilience in he Buil En i onmen , 7(5): 544 - 562. Mie inen, R., Paa ola, S. 2014. Beyond he BIM u opia: App oaches o he de elopmen and implemen a ion o building in o ma ion modeling. Au oma ion in Cons uc ion, 43: 84-91. Mile i, D. 1999. Disas e s by Design: A Reassessmen o Na u al Haza ds in he Uni ed S a es. Joseph Hen y P ess, Washing on, DC. Papadopoulos, T., Gunaseka an, A., Dubey, R, Al ay, N., Childe, S.J., Fosso-Wamba, S. 2017. The ole o Big Da a in explaining disas e esilience in supply chains o sus ainabili y. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 142: 1108-1118. Pooyan, A., G i i s, F.H., Law ence, C. 2009. Building in o ma ion model: he ole and need o he cons uc o s, Building a Sus ainable Fu u e. P oceedings o he 2009 Cons uc ion Resea ch Cong ess, 467-476. Qua an elli, E.L. 1995. Wha is a disas e ? In e na ional Jou nal o Mass Eme gencies and Disas e s, 13(3): 221-9. Qua an elli, D.R. 2008. A b ie no e on disas e es o a ion. Recons uc ion And Reco e y: A Compa a i e No e Using Pos ea hquake Obse a ions, Uni e si y o Delawa e Disas e Resea chCen e P elimina yPape #359, Delwa . Richey, R.G. 2009. The supply chain c isis and disas e py amid. In e na ional Jou nal o Physical Dis ibu ion and Logis ics Managemen , 39(7), 619-628. Rüppel, U., Scha z, K. 2011. Designing a BIM-based se ious game o i e sa e y e acua ion simula ions. Ad anced Enginee ing In o ma ics, 25, 600-611. DOI 10.1515/ sbses-2017-0002