DOI: 10.4018/IJEPR.333851
In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch
Volume 12 • Issue 1
This a icle published as an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/) which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and p oduc ion in any medium,
p o ided he au ho o he o iginal wo k and o iginal publica ion sou ce a e p ope ly c edi ed.
*Co esponding Au ho
1
T ans o ma i e Resea ch in Digi al Twins
o In eg a ed U ban De elopmen :
Two Real-Wo ld Expe imen s on
Unpaid Ca e Wo ke s Mobili y
Michael Ziehl, Ci y Science Lab, Ha enCi y Uni e si y, Hambu g, Ge many*
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0158-2084
Rico He zog, Ci y Science Lab, Ha enCi y Uni e si y, Hambu g, Ge many
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1603-2926
Till Degkwi z, Ci y Science Lab, Ha enCi y Uni e si y, Hambu g, Ge many
Ma in Hein ich Niggemann, Ci y Science Lab, Ha enCi y Uni e si y, Hambu g, Ge many
h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-3417-2631
Gesa Zieme , Ci y Science Lab, Ha enCi y Uni e si y, Hambu g, Ge many
Rosa Thoneick, Ci y Science Lab, Ha enCi y Uni e si y, Hambu g, Ge many
ABSTRACT
In eg a ed u ban de elopmen can se e as a c oss-sec o al planning concep o manage p ocesses o
ans o ma ion in u ban sys ems owa ds sus ainabili y and esilience. A he same ime, u ban digi al
wins a e being implemen ed wi h inc easing equency in u ban planning. They can be used o os e such
ans o ma ions and o make imp o emen s ha a e mo e adequa e ega ding he complexi y o u ban sys ems
han me e e iciency boos . In his a icle, he au ho s discuss how hey y o suppo such change by applying
ans o ma i e esea ch me hods, such as conduc ing eal-wo ld expe imen s based on p o o yping and es ing
digi al ools. The a icle illus a es how hey use he de elopmen o u ban digi al wins in Hambu g, Ge many
as a ield o in e en ion wi h he aim o achie ing b oade usage by and ep esen a ion o ma ginalised g oups
ha a e ypically o e looked in such echnology and in u ban planning i sel .
KEyWoRDS
In eg a ed U ban De elopmen , Mobili y, Real-Wo ld Expe imen , T ans o ma i e Resea ch, U ban Digi al
Twins, Unpaid Ca e Wo k
INTRoDUCTIoN
In iew o cu en challenges o u ban planning, such as mig a ion, seg ega ion, gen i ica ion,
demog aphic change and ex eme wea he e en s due o he clima e c isis, he ans o ma ion
o ci ies owa ds sus ainabili y and esilience seems necessa y (UN Habi a , 2022; Elmq is
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e al., 2019). The concep o in eg a ed u ban de elopmen (IUD) se es as a comp ehensi e
basis on which decision make s and planne s, especially in Eu opean ci ies, can manage he
necessa y ans o ma ion p ocesses o u ban sys ems, aiming o mee local challenges wi h a
common good-o ien ed, mul i-s akeholde app oach (Minis e s esponsible o u ban ma e s
o he Eu opean Union, 2020). Howe e , when his concep is pu in o p ac ice, nume ous
challenges a ise. Among o he demands, IUD equi es di e en depa men s o he ci y
adminis a ion o wo k oge he , o in ol e ci izens in planning p ocesses o a g ea e ex en
han usual, and o ind in e sec o al solu ions o complex p oblems in o de o de elop and
join ly implemen ailo ed solu ions (Heinig, 2022, p. 18; Beckmann, 2018; Ko zebue 2016).
To deal wi h such challenges, digi al echnologies a e becoming inc easingly impo an
in u ban planning. Thei g owing usage, mani es ed, o ins ance, in he de elopmen o u ban
digi al wins, is cha ac e ised by a kno y ela ionship be ween sma ci y p ojec s and enhanced
u ban esilience and sus ainabili y. On he one hand, a ocus on e iciency, pu sui o p o i and
p op ie a y echnology in sma ci y p ojec s hinde s he de elopmen o esilience p inciples, such
as edundancy, di e si y and adap i i y (Be bés-Blázquez e al., 2021) and o en imes o e looks
social aspec s o u ban planning. On he o he hand, he deploymen o digi al echnology could
ul ima ely also con ibu e o inc easing u ban esilience and sus ainabili y, as examples o social
digi al wins show (Degkwi z e al., 2020; Ra id & Aha on-Gu man, 2022). I is hus up o he
people commissioning, de eloping, implemen ing, and managing such echnology o ind bes
p ac ices in hei applica ion.
In his con ibu ion we desc ibe and e lec on how we as esea che s use one o Ge many’s la ges
sma ci y p ojec s, Connec ed U ban Twins (CUT), as a ield o in e en ion o ac i ely engage in
u ban ans o ma ion p ocesses supplemen a y o he p ocess o knowledge p oduc ion (Be gmann e
al., 2021). This app oach implies pu ing he no ma i e aspec s o ou wo k up on and desc ibing
how we seek o ac i ely suppo he p ojec ’s goal o p omo ing IUD. We in end o de elop and
p omo e digi al esou ces o he Hambu g win ha enable he ep esen a ion o o e looked and
hus unde ep esen ed g oups in he ci y’s digi al planning in as uc u e. The ocus o his pape is
on he p ocess and means o ou ans o ma i e esea ch, a he han on he p ocess o knowledge
p oduc ion and i s esul s. We showcase ou app oach by discussing wo eal-wo ld expe imen s (REs)
in Hambu g, Ge many, which we ca ied ou o es wo digi al ools in hei abili y o suppo IUD:
one o s o y elling and one o da a collec ion.
To gi e a c oss-cu ing example om he ealm o IUD, as well as o es and apply he
digi al ools, we chose he use case o unpaid ca e wo ke s’ mobili y. Recen ly he COVID-19
pandemic e ealed he impo ance o ca e wo k o ensu ing socie y’s abili y o ep oduce i sel
and o people o help each o he . As Bauha d (2004, p.117 .) and Gabaue e al. (2022, p.4
.) poin ou , ca e can be seen as a equi emen o he sus ainabili y and esilience o u ban
sys ems. While he o mal sphe e o ca e wo k ecei ed much a en ion, especially a he
beginning o he pandemic (Dowling, 2021, p. 207 .; Kuns mann, 2020), he much la ge sha e
o unpaid, in o mal ca e wo ke s ( amily ca egi e s and pa en s o small child en) con inued
o be le o hei own de ices (see, e.g., Beach e al., 2021; Fieselmann e al., 2022) in hei
adi ionally and s uc u ally based in isibili y (see, e.g., Bau iedl, 2013, p.121). Mobili y
planning, on he o he hand, is a opic ha is o en ackled wi h a echnology-cen ic app oach
in u ban digi al wins (Fe é-Bigo a e al., 2022), bu ha app oach o en excludes he needs o
ca e wo ke s (Spi zne , 2020, p.16 .; VCD, 2021; Bauha d , 2004, p.121 ., 2007, p.301 .).
To aise awa eness o his si ua ion among decision make s in he adminis a ion and ad oca e
o aking he mobili y needs o ma ginalised and o e looked g oups mo e in o accoun in
u ban planning decisions, we p o o yped and p omo ed he wo digi al ools men ioned abo e.
Th ough his e o we wan ed o suppo IUD in Hambu g wi h a iew o inc eased u ban
esilience and sus ainabili y.
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THEoRETICAL BACKGRoUND
U ban Digi al Twins and Thei T ans o ma i e Po en ial
o In eg a ed U ban De elopmen
The concep o u ban digi al wins is one example o how eme ging digi al echnologies a e being
p omo ed o enable a mo e in eg a ed de elopmen o ci ies in he u u e (Fe é-Bigo a e al., 2022).
Many ci y adminis a ions aim o de elop, consolida e, and ‘s ack’ hei digi al asse s in a digi al
win o he ci y (Cu e on & Dunn, 2021). Such in e connec ed compu a ional sys ems ypically
build upon a ying sou ces o spa ial da a, ci ywide senso ne wo ks, and o he so wa e modules
ha allow o he simula ion o u ban sys ems, he eby c ea ing a digi al eplica o he eal sys em
(Ba y, 2018). A common cha ac e is ic o digi al wins is he exis ence o a ‘physical’ and a ‘digi al’
ealm which in luence each o he ia some so o ecip ocal da a low (Ma cucci e al., 2020). As a
ai ly new concep ha is cu en ly pu in o p ac ice, u ban digi al wins p o ide a unique po en ial
o ans o ma ion, as hei unc ionali y and a chi ec u e is s ill up o deba e (Fulle e al., 2020).
Schola s inc easingly ad oca e o ‘mul iple models’ (Ba y, 2021, p.1) and ‘di e en kinds o
wins’ (A cau e e al., 2021, p.1) o cap u e he complex eali y o u ban p ocesses. U ban digi al wins
would be based on a common e e ence sys em (i.e., an u ban da a pla o m) and p o ide mul iple
modules ha could be used o a ying use cases o c ea e mul iple ins ances o u ban digi al wins
(Al-Seh awy e al., 2021; Kneze ic e al., 2022, p.120; Schubbe e al., 2023). The backbone o such a
modula concep o u ban digi al wins is common s anda ds o exchange da a be ween physical objec s,
he ci y’s da a in as uc u e, and da a analy ics/simula ion modules. This concep ual unde s anding
o u ban digi al wins could hen help ci ies o be e cope wi h he inc easingly complex ask o
go e ning and managing u ban sys ems in he ace o cu en challenges.
Al hough he conc e e design and con igu a ion choices o u ban digi al wins a y, mul iple
schola s poin ou ha he main d i ing o ce behind such de elopmen s is echnology cen ed and
p omises o enable mo e e icien o ms o u ban go e nance and planning (Allam & Dhunny, 2019;
Noch a e al., 2021). O en he complexi y o he unde lying u ban sys em is he eby educed o
measu able and unidimensional indica o s ha can be algo i hmically op imised (Hudson-Smi h e
al., 2023). As Fe é-Bigo a e al. (2022) ound in hei e iew pape , many u ban digi al wins exis
o a e unde de elopmen o model a ic lows, building s ock, ene gy e iciency, sewage sys ems,
e c. Howe e , gi en he p ope ies o complex u ban ela ions, such app oaches o en all sho o
including social aspec s o a ci y (A cau e e al., 2021; Dembski e al., 2020). I seems ques ionable o
wha ex en u ban digi al wins ha do no inco po a e ele an social subsys ems con ibu e o IUD.
Unpaid Ca e Wo k in he U ban Planning Con ex
Unpaid, o in o mal – as con as ed wi h o mal, employmen -based – ca e wo k e e s o amily
and olun ee wo k o o he s and o onesel . This ca ego y includes child- ea ing, heal h ca e,
educa ional, nu sing, and household ac i i ies, e.g., cooking, cleaning, o looking a e child en
(Winke , 2021, p.20; B ückne , 2010, p.43 .). Es ima es pu he alue added o unpaid ca e wo k in
Ge many a a ound one billion eu os pe yea , accoun ing o a ound 56% o all wo king hou s (paid
and unpaid). These wo ke s’ scope is he e o e signi ican ly la ge han he o al gain ul employmen
o all employees combined (Winke , 2021, p.21; BMFSFJ, 2020, p.10).
In he domain o unpaid ca e wo k, mobili y is an essen ial dimension. Conside ing he impo ance
o unpaid ca e wo k in u ban sys ems, schola s in he c i ical eminis discou se since he 1980s (e.g.,
Do hö e , 2003) highligh ha u ban in as uc u e in a Wes e n con ex , speci ically in Ge many, was
planned by, and is la gely planned o , pe sons who a e gain ully employed ull ime, who his o ically
we e p edominan ly men (see, e.g., C omp on, 1999, p.201 .). When looking a , o example, oad
in as uc u e planning o he planning o public anspo in he cou se o he econs uc ion o
Ge man ci ies a e Wo ld Wa II, i becomes e iden , ha bo h a e p ima ily designed o commu ing
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o employmen ( o he wo kplace in he mo ning and back in he e ening), in acco dance wi h he
u ban planning concep o spa ial- unc ional sepa a ion ha has been idealized since he ime o The
A hens Cha e (see, e.g., Le Co busie , 1962).
In con as o one-dimensional commu ing pa e ns, he mobili y pa e ns o unpaid ca e wo ke s
a e complex and agmen ed, e.g., when doing he daily shopping o accompanying child en o
elde ly amily membe s. Acco dingly, he equi emen s o mobili y ( o ins ance, in e ms o sa e y,
accessibili y, o a ailabili y) a e di e en (Spi zne , 2020, p.16 .; VCD, 2021; Bauha d , 2004, p.121
., 2007, p.301 .; Flade, 1999, p.137 .).
This la gely ‘and ocen ic’ (Bauha d , 2004, p.121) concep o u ban and anspo a ion planning,
which ep esen s only hal o eali y and, mo eo e , neglec s he complexi y and in e connec edness
o he objec o ‘ca e’ ( he ela ionship be ween p oduc ion and ep oduc ion), can be conside ed
nei he sus ainable no undamen ally sui able o u ban planning (Bauha d , 2004, p.121; Ke n, 2021,
p.45 .; Ju czyk, 2021; Beebeejaun, 2017). Following he concep o IUD, i is he e o e necessa y
o au ho i ies like social, anspo , and u ban de elopmen depa men s o inc easingly add ess he
conce ns o ca e wo ke s and suppo hem in hei e e yday li es wi h c oss-sec o al solu ions. Since
he e is a lack o da a abou he mobili y conce ns and ba ie s o ha speci ic g oup (Spi zne e
al., 2020, p.77 .; VCD, 2021), i is necessa y on he one hand o collec such da a and on he o he
hand o isualise his da a, in o de o make hese p oblems isible and o be able o adequa ely and
meaning ully communica e he conce ns o hose a ec ed o policy-make s and planne s.
METHoD
Expe imen a ion in Real-Wo ld Labs
In sus ainabili y science se e al esea ch me hods exis ha build on an in e en ionis ole o
esea che s in hei ields such as li ing labs, ansi ion expe imen s, u ban ansi ion labs, and niche
expe imen s. Wi h he help o hese me hods, esea che s aim o implemen p ac ices o change ha
a e app op ia e o bo h he in es iga ion o and he push owa ds esilience and sus ainabili y (Folke,
2016; Olsson e al., 2014). Wi h ega d o u ban de elopmen , such esea ch ‘needs o be g ounded in
he eali ies o ci y-le el ac o s. I mus add ess how local go e nmen s and bu eauc acies as well as
ci il socie y and people’s mo emen s ope a e and in e ac and how space o ans o ma i e change
can be c ea ed’ (F iend e al., 2016, p.68). Taking his need in o conside a ion, so-called eal-wo ld
labs ha e been inc easingly implemen ed, especially in Ge man ci ies (Räuchle e al., 2021). Eme ging
om social science esea ch abou sus ainabili y, eal-wo ld labs o e an in es iga i e and ope a i e
esea ch me hod in which ans o ma ion p ocesses and hei ac o s a e obse ed and o some deg ee
in luenced (Be gmann e al., 2021).
The e o e, hese esea che s mus align hei ac ions wi h no ma i e p inciples and a emp
o s ee ans o ma ions acco dingly. Following hese no ma i e p inciples, hey should make
calcula ed in e en ions in physical and social spaces wi h he aim o expedi ing and gaining a be e
unde s anding o ans o ma ion. These in e en ions can be conduc ing wo kshops wi h di e en
ac o s o de elop join solu ions, es ing new echnologies in a speci ic u ban con ex , o making
empo a y changes o in as uc u e, e.g., empo a y bike lanes on a ic ou es o closing o ca
a ic. Wi h his app oach, esea che s ake on bo h an obse an and an in luen ial unc ion: They
cop oduce knowledge oge he wi h ele an ac o s and ac i ely pa icipa e in he ashioning o he
in es iga ed p ocesses o os e and suppo ans o ma ions. Resul s should be conc e ely applicable
o he ele an ans o ma ion ac o s in a pa icula con ex ( hese ac o s can be poli icians, decision-
make s in adminis a ions, manage s, consume s, e c.). The e o e, so-called ans o ma ion knowledge
should be gene a ed, which mus be socially obus in he sense ha i di ec ly con ibu es o sol ing
eal-wo ld p oblems on a p ac ical le el wi hin a speci ic p ocess and (Wanne e al., 2018; Wuppe al
Ins i u e o Clima e, En i onmen and Ene gy, 2022).
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The cen al esea ch ins umen s wi hin he amewo k o eal-wo ld labs a e REs. This app oach
ollows ‘[ ]he basic assump ion […] ha expe imen ing and lea ning-by-doing is impo an no only
o ini ia e change, bu also o a i e a a be e unde s anding o ans o ma ion p ocesses pe se’
(Schneidewind e al., 2016, p.10). Acco dingly, eal-wo ld labs a e he spa ial and empo al ame
o p epa ing, ca ying ou , and e alua ing eal-wo ld-expe imen a ion. Thus, such expe imen a ion
goes beyond simple ial-and-e o app oaches. REs build upon scien i ic assump ions o os e
ans o ma ions pu pose ully in coope a ion wi h ele an ac o s, who shall be iden i ied by he
esea che s in o de o ini ia e mu ual lea ning p ocesses, building us and laying he g ound o
common ac ion. Real-wo ld in e en ions and knowledge p oduc ion ough o be linked me hodically.
The e o e, o en se e al consecu i e REs ake place, which build on each o he and, a bes , ex end
he p e iously gained knowledge (see, e.g., Ziehl, 2021).
Resea ch Design and Ques ions
Fo ou esea ch we used Hambu g as a eal-wo ld lab o in es iga e ba ie s and success ac o s ela ed
o he implemen a ion o planning- ela ed so wa e and o d aw conclusions abou he ci y’s abili y
o ans o m by means o digi al echnology. The e o e, se e al REs we e conduc ed in Hambu g,
which buil upon each o he . The i s wo eal-wo ld expe imen s, which we discuss in mo e de ail
in he ollowing chap e , we e dedica ed o he opic o unpaid ca e wo ke s’ mobili y. They we e
un unde he p ojec name ‘Fai Ca e Ve keh . Ini ially, no speci ic opical ocus was p esen o ou
REs. Since we we e ee o choose om a wide ange o possible use cases, i was c ucial o pick a
c oss-cu ing case om he ealm o IUD ha would be sui able wi h ega d o ou esea ch ques ions:
1. How can social p ocesses and phenomena ha a e o en o e looked in u ban planning and digi al
win de elopmen be made mo e isible h ough digi al ools?
2. How can he conce ns o ma ginalised g oups be aken mo e in o accoun in planning p ocesses
by means o digi al ools?
3. How should digi al ools be designed o suppo ac o s om he ields o poli ics, adminis a ion,
ci il socie y, and science in hei ini ia i es aimed a u ban ans o ma ion?
Besides he case chosen o examine hese ques ions, he ocus o he wo REs was on wo
p o o ypes we designed o become a pa o he ci y’s da a-go e nance s uc u e as digi al ools o
he Hambu g win: one o da a s o y elling (U ban Da a Na a o – DaNa) and one o da a collec ion
(U ban Da a Collec o – DaCo).
The i s eal-wo ld expe imen (RE1) ook place om mid-Oc obe o ea ly Decembe 2021
unde Co ona i us es ic ions. I consis ed o (1) a six-week coding phase in close coope a ion
wi h a p i a e so wa e de elopmen company and (2) a one-week es ing phase o he p o o ypes
a ouch ables oge he wi h unpaid ca e wo ke s. Since we, as ela i ely young esea che s, we e
mobilising pa icipan s mainly om ou own pe sonal ne wo ks because o he Co ona i us si ua ion,
i was mainly pa en s ca ing o hei own child en who pa icipa ed. The esea ch eam conduc ed
15 es uns and acili a ed hem in indi idual sessions. A e he da a collec ion, sho in e iews
we e conduc ed wi h he pa icipan s and eco ded as audio iles. RE1 ended wi h (3) a digi al public
p esen a ion o he ools and he p eceded es ing phase.1
The second eal expe imen (RE2) buil on he i s one and add essed he same ques ions and
case, bu i was also cha ac e ised by di e ences in e ms o he ools, he p ocess, and he opic: A
mobile e sion was added o he da a collec ion ool o each a wide ange o pa icipan s. In addi ion,
we wo ked closely wi h an associa ion ep esen ing unpaid ca e wo ke s ca ing o disabled ela i es,
which mean ha he pa icipan s o RE2 we e p ima ily ca egi e s o physically impai ed people o
ep esen a i es o he associa ion. RE 2 ook place om mid-June 2022 o he end o Janua y 2023.
(1) I s a ed wi h a ci y walk oge he wi h ca e wo ke s as a kicko o (2) a wo-mon h phase o
mobile da a collec ion om he end o July o he end o Sep embe . 2 This phase was accompanied

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by a ci ywide public ela ions campaign o mobilise a la ge numbe o a ec ed esiden s o en e
da a using he mobile e sion o DaCo. A o al o 63 con ibu ions we e pos ed wi h app oxima ely
150 da a poin s.3 The e we e also se e al hund ed page iews, bu wi hou da a en ies. RE2 ended
wi h (3) a mul i s akeholde wo kshop a he end o Janua y 2023.
The Real-Wo ld Lab o Hambu g and he Ci y’s U ban Digi al Twin
Hambu g, which we used as a eal-wo ld lab o ou ans o ma i e esea ch, is a ci y-s a e and
he second la ges ci y in Ge many wi h a popula ion o a ound 1.8 million. Tax e enues a e
ela i ely high, which enables he adminis a ion o implemen an in eg a ed digi al s a egy o
u ban de elopmen (see, e.g., FHH, 2020). Today Hambu g is among he leading ci ies in Ge many
in e ms o digi al da a in as uc u e and go e nance (Bi kom, 2022). One o he key p ojec s o
expanding and s eng hening he ci y’s digi al in as uc u e is he Connec ed U ban Twins (CUT)
p ojec , which we used as ou ield o in e en ion.
CUT aims a de eloping open s anda ds wi h he explici goal o eplica ing hem in o he Ge man
ci ies and hus connec ing he di e en ins ances o u ban digi al wins. The p ojec is a coope a ion
be ween he Ge man ci ies o Hambu g, Munich, and Leipzig and one o he lagship p ojec s o
Ge many’s digi al s a egy.
The CUT’s de ini ion o u ban digi al wins is close o he de ini ion o mul iple ins ances o
digi al wins men ioned in chap e U ban digi al wins and hei ans o ma i e po en ial o IUD.
They a e unde s ood as ask- ela ed composi ions o digi al esou ces whe eby a mul i ude o wins
can exis pe ci y (Kneze ic e al., 2022, p.120; Schubbe e al., 2023). The modules o each ins ance
a e de i ed on he basis o subjec -speci ic c i e ia and esponsibili ies o accoun abili ies o he
unde lying planning opic. The p ojec ’s ision is o ep esen he ci y digi ally and enable wha -i
scena ios o IUD (CUT, 2022).
As o now, he co e digi al esou ces o Hambu g’s u ban digi al win a e a leas h ee old. Fi s ,
he ci y’s sel -de eloped and sel -hos ed U ban Da a Pla o m (UDP is based on open s anda ds o
he Open Geospa ial Conso ium hos s and o ganises Hambu g’s inc easing quan i y o da a. Second,
he ci y’s sel -de eloped and open-sou ce web GIS clien , Mas e po al, allows o he addi ion o
mul iple ‘po als’, o ins ances, o he UDP. These po als p o ide a ce ain co e unc ionali y and
can addi ionally in eg a e hi d-pa y add-ons o isualisa ion, analysis, and simula ion pu poses.
Thi d, he digi al esou ces necessa y o he c ea ion o wha -i scena ios – i.e. unning la ge-scale
coupled simula ion models – is ye o be c ea ed.
Resea ch Agency and P ocess
In ou oles as esea che s and ac o s o he CUT p ojec , we aimed o os e ans o ma ions in he
ealm o IUD in Hambu g by means o digi al win echnology and p ocesses. The e o e:
1. We de eloped digi al p o o ypes and ools, ha will become ully unc ional modules o Hambu g’s
digi al win.
2. As ou main calcula ed in e en ions we p omo ed and es ed p o o ypes and ools a p esen a ions
and in wo kshop se ings in collabo a ion wi h CUT p ojec pa ne s, o he adminis a i e s a om
he Ci y o Hambu g, and selec ed ep esen a i es o ci il socie y o ganisa ions, which we conside ed
ele an wi h ega d o he implemen a ion o ools in Hambu g’s da a-go e nance s uc u e.
3. We e lec ed on he ansdisciplina y wo king p ocess om a socio- echnological pe spec i e o
gene a e knowledge wi h ega d o ou esea ch ques ions (see chap e Resea ch Design and Ques ions).
Knowledge abou ools and p o o ypes de eloped in he cou se o he REs is o be cen ed a ound
hei usabili y, accep ance by s akeholde s, echnical de ici s, long e m applicabili y in planning
p ocesses, e c. By aking on an ac i e ole in hese p ocesses, we we e able o ga he many di ec
In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch
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insigh s simply because we could d aw om i s hand expe iences, discussions wi h in ol ed ac o s,
mee ing p o ocols, e c. A he same ime, he accep ance o he applica ion o he p o o ypes and
ools should be c ea ed among he s akeholde s o enable and suppo hei implemen a ion in o he
digi al win in as uc u e.
We designed he p o o ypes and ools ou sel es, on he basis o ou expe ience wi h digi al ools
and in as uc u e o u ban planning and ou no ma i e assump ions abou how a ans o ma ion
p ocess o u ban sys ems owa ds sus ainabili y and esilience can be p omo ed wi h he help o digi al
ools. A key assump ion was ha a digi al de elopmen which pays no ega d o social p ocesses could
ha e non-sus ainable e ec s and dec ease u ban sys ems esilience, a leas conce ning social aspec s
such as equi y, accessibili y, and empowe men o ulne able g oups (Ra id & Aha on-Gu man, 2022;
Degkwi z e al., 2020; Allen e al., 2020; Mee ow & Newell, 2016). Fo his eason, we ollowed ou
esea ch app oach in pa icula by ying o make he Hambu g win in as uc u e mo e in eg a i e
o social p ocesses in e ms o hei ep esen a ion as well as hei collabo a i e da a collec ion. We
conside ed his ocus c ucial o a ans o ma ion owa ds sus ainabili y and u ban esilience, as social
aspec s o en a e no su icien ly aken in o accoun when digi al wins a e de eloped and used o
decision making in u ban planning.
Fu he mo e, we assumed ha s eng hening he ole o ci il socie y wi hin collabo a ions wi h
o icial ac o s and in eg a ing local ci izen knowledge in o planning decisions is c i ical o os e
ans o ma i e change. Many ci izens and ini ia i es ad oca e o ma ginalised g oups o be hea d
by decision make s and o pa icipa e in ongoing deba es abou solu ions and go e nance o a
ans o ma ion owa ds sus ainabili y (F an zeskaki e al., 2018, p. 285). This is why, om ou poin
o iew, ools o Hambu g’s win echnology should expand exis ing o ms o collabo a ion be ween
ci izens and he adminis a ion, which a e so a p ima ily delibe a i e in na u e, such as he ci y’s
Digi al Pa icipa ion Sys em (DIPAS) (see, e.g., Webe & Zieme , 2023, p.133; Thoneick, 2021). Thus,
i was one o ou goals o s eng hen he ole o ci izens beyond delibe a i e planning p ac ice, so
ha hey could pa icipa e in u ban de elopmen p ac ice in a mo e sel -de e mined and sel -ini ia ed
way by applying digi al echnology (see, e.g., Ca dullo & Kinchin, 2018; No eck, 2015, p.2 .).
Howe e , ou goal was no o conduc a b oad-based p ocess o ci izen pa icipa ion in
go e nmen al decision-making p ocesses ou sel es. Ra he , we wan ed o es ou ools in a speci ic
ansdisciplina y en i onmen wi h adminis a o s and ci izens, so ha he ools – i hey became
pa o he digi al win in as uc u e in he u u e – (1) could con ibu e o making o icial planning
and decision-making p ocesses mo e inclusi e, (2) could help o c ea e a mo e accu a e basis o
decision-making by collec ing and p o iding speci ic da a and (3) could help o enable ci izens o
make con ibu ions o u ban de elopmen hemsel es by collec ing da a in a sel -de e mined way and
c ea ing as well as publishing hei own da a s o ies. The e o e, we p o o yped wo speci ic ools,
which we desc ibe in he ollowing sec ion.
U ban Da a Collec o
The p ima y ocus o u ban digi al wins on physical in as uc u e issues and he exclusion o unpaid
ca e wo k om la ge pa s o socie al discou se lead o da a gaps ega ding he speci ic mobili y
beha iou o unpaid ca e wo ke s (Spi zne e al., 2020, p.77 .; VCD, 2021). I such da a exis ed, one
could po en ially u ilise i o mo e in eg a ed and common good-o ien ed u ban planning p ocesses.
Since, so a , no o icial means exis s o ci izens o independen ly collec da a o cop oduce da a
sou ces, we iden i ied he need o p o o ype such an applica ion.
The co e unc ionali y p o ided by he U ban Da a Collec o (DaCo) is he capabili y o d aw
de ailed ip i ine a ies on an ins ance o he Mas e po al, as shown in Figu e 1. The ool was designed
as an add-on o he Mas e po al. The da a en e ed ia his web-GIS clien is supplemen ed wi h
addi ional in o ma ion such as means o anspo , ime spen , and cos s. In addi ion, i is possible o
eco d pe sonal anno a ions on e e yday p oblems, peculia i ies, o sugges ions o imp o emen as
In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch
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ex o audio commen s ha a e di ec ly o indi ec ly ela ed o he eco ded pa hs. Special places o
in e es , a eas, o obs acles can also be selec ed and commen ed on. Fu he mo e, each use has he
op ion o p o ide u he backg ound in o ma ion abou hemsel es and he pe son hey a e ca ing
o . All da a was s o ed on a secu ed uni e si y se e and gua ded wi h app op ia e in o ma ion
secu i y. Only p ojec eam membe s could access he sensi i e da a p o ided.
U ban Da a Na a o
To con ex ualise he ool o da a collec ion and he eby coun e ac he in o ma ion de ici on he
opic o unpaid ca e wo k, we iden i ied he need o con ey such in o ma ion in a meaning ul way
and na a e u ban da a. Impo an equi emen s o he ools we e a seamless connec ion o he DaCo
and a connec ion o Hambu g’s u ban da a pla o m om a echnical and usabili y poin o iew.
The u ban da a na a ion ool ha esul ed om hese conside a ions is a Mas e po al add-on ha
can be used o augmen geo e e enced da ase s wi h a ious media, such as ex , images, and ideos
in a mul is ep s o y. In using he na a ion ool, in o ma ion and mo e desc ip i e isualisa ions can
be added o he la gely abs ac map display. The geo e e enced da a o he web-based map is hus
con ex ualised and complex ela ionships a e ende ed mo e easily comp ehensible o use s no
accus omed o wo king wi h geospa ial da a. As shown in Figu e 2, use s click hei way h ough a
s o y, and wi h e e y chap e o he s o y, he unde lying da ase s displayed on he map, he zoom
le el, and he map cen e can change acco dingly. A he same ime, use s a e s ill able o in e ac
wi h he unde lying map, o zoom in on a speci ic a ea o ea u e, and o oggle laye s ha sui hei
in e es . Addi ionally, he U ban Da a Na a o (DaNa) includes he unc ionali y o c ea e s o ies
ia a g aphical use in e ace and a ‘wha you see is wha you ge ’ edi o .
Fi s Real-Wo ld Expe imen
Wi h he comple ion o hese ools, he da a collec ion phase o RE1 s a ed. Bo h ools we e es ed
on he Ci y Science Lab’s (CSL) ouch ables wi h in i ed ca e wo ke s. The de ailed na u e o he
mobili y da a made i necessa y o ha e a acili a o accompany and p o ide p o essional suppo o
he collec ion p ocess. In indi idual sessions he DaNa was used o in oduce he opic o he RE1
– he mobili y o unpaid ca e wo ke s – o he pa icipa ing ca e wo ke s in he o m o a p e iously
Figu e 1. Sc eensho o he U ban Da a Collec o o RE1 (No e: Use s a e able o inpu sociodemog aphic da a, a ious kinds
o daily mobili y ou ines wi h ea u es such as cos s and du a ion, and a ious anno a ions o poin s, lines, and polygons o
in e es . In addi ion o he ex inpu , i is also possible o send oice messages.)
In e na ional Jou nal o E-Planning Resea ch
Volume 12 • Issue 1
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de eloped da a s o y, and DaCo was used o c ea e and s o e da ase s on he pa icipa ing ca e wo ke s’
mobili y pa e ns and hei sociodemog aphic in o ma ion (see Figu e 3).
A e one week o da a collec ion du ing he on-si e wo kshops, a hyb id public online p esen a ion
o he ools and he ini ial esul s was held in he Ci y Science Lab. App oxima ely 45 people om
di e en disciplines and backg ounds (including public adminis a ion, ci il socie y o ganisa ions,
u ban planning, and ci y science) joined he e en online, which was conduc ed in a local se up
simila o a TV s udio. Being he i s public ou each a e he ini ial p o o yping and es ing, his
e en was cen al in c ea ing awa eness and a ounda ion o u u e coope a ions wi h selec ed ci il
socie y o ganisa ions ele an o he esea ch case.
Figu e 2. Sc eensho o he U ban Da a Na a o o RE1 (No e: The ool can be used o bo h c ea e and iew s o ies composed o
mul iple s eps, da a laye s, ex , images, and o he media. A each s o y s ep, use s can independen ly na iga e and in es iga e
he unde lying u ban da a on he map.)
Figu e 3. Pa icipan s o he on-si e da a collec ion a he Ci y Science Lab (No e: Du ing 15 indi idual wo kshops, we collec ed
hick da a on he mobili y pa e ns o in i ed unpaid ca e wo ke s and conduc ed in e iews o imp o e he ools (Sou ce: Ci y
Science Lab))
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Habi a , U. N. (2022). T ans o ming ou ci ies o a be e u ban u u e. WUF-11 Backg ound Pape . Wo ld
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ENDNoTES
1 A ideo documen a ion o RE1 can be ound he e: h ps://www.you ube.com/wa ch? =iqi-q 7 Cg
2 A ideo documen a ion o he RE2 kick o can be ound he e: h ps://you u.be/mZnqFQLCXWc
3 A da a s o y wi h he plo ed da a can be ound he e: h ps:// e2- esul s.cu .hcu-hambu g.de/mobili y- esul s/
4 English: Alliance ca ing ela i es in e es g oup and sel -help. A ci il socie y o ganisa ion o amily
ca egi e s in Hambu g wi h he aim o mu ual assis ance and join ep esen a ion o in e es s owa ds
poli ics and adminis a ion.
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Michael Ziehl (D . Phil) is an u banis and u ban esea che . Besides his doc o al deg ee in philosophy (me opoli an
cul u e) he holds a mas e o science in u ban planning and is a g adua e enginee in a chi ec u e. As expe in he
cop oduc ion o u ban esilience and use -d i en p ojec de elopmen , he is unning U ban Upcycling – Agency
o U ban Resou ces. Wi hin he Ci y Science Lab, he is he lead scien is o he ans o ma i e esea ch design
in he Connec ed U ban Twins p ojec .
Rico He zog s udied en i onmen al enginee ing, indus ial enginee ing, and enginee ing and policy analysis a
he Technical Uni e si ies o Da ms ad and Del . Wi h a backg ound in spa ial planning and in compu a ional
modelling and simula ion o complex socio- echnical sys ems, he conduc s esea ch e ol ing a ound u ban digi al
wins and hei con ibu ion o a sus ainable u ban ans o ma ion. His addi ional academic in e es s lie in public
alue con lic s in u ban planning and in se ious gaming app oaches.
Till Degkwi z s udied business in o ma ics and poli ical sciences a he Leuphana Uni e si y Lünebu g. Since 2009
he has wo ked as a eelance so wa e de elope o ad hoc-analy ical sys ems in business in elligence. His cu en
ocus is p ocesses o da a analysis in u ban da a pla o ms and ans o ming o ms o pa icipa ion in he con ex
o eme ging in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies.
Ma in Niggemann s udied social sus ainabili y and demog aphic change a he Ins i u e o Applied Social Sciences
a he FH Do mund and s udied social pedagogics a he Ca holic Uni e si y in Pade bo n and Cologne. Be o e
wo king a he HCU, Ma in wo ked in qua ie managemen and as a esea ch assis an a he FH Do mund. In
his wo k, he concen a es on socio-cul u al dimensions o u ban s udies, he quali a i e su eying o u ban spaces,
and esea ch on he impac o digi al echnologies in he u ban con ex . He joined he Sma Squa e esea ch p ojec
a he Ci y Science Lab in Janua y 2018.
Gesa Zieme (P o . D . phil.) is P o esso o Digi al U ban Cul u es a he Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g. She
heads he Ci y Science Lab, a coope a ion wi h he MIT Media Lab (Camb idge, MA, USA), which esea ches
he u u e o ci ies (wi h a special ocus on digi alisa ion). She is also he academic di ec o o UNITAC, a Uni ed
Na ions inno a ion and echnology lab (UN Habi a , OICT) ha conduc s global esea ch on he use o echnology
in in o mal se lemen s. He esea ch oci a e he digi al ci y, new o ms o collabo a ion, and u ban spaces.
Rosa Thoneick is a doc o al s uden a Ci y Science Lab, Hambu g, and holds a schola ship om Hein ich Böll
S i ung. He esea ch ocuses on coc ea ion in digi al ci ies; speci ically, she examines how coc ea ion can be
implemen ed in de elopmen p ocesses o digi al and da a-based ools o u ban planning. She holds a bachelo ’s
deg ee in cul u al s udies, psychology, and jou nalism, and a mas e o science deg ee in u ban design.