AN INTERACTIVE EVACUATION TOOL
TO IMPROVE THE PUBLIC FLOOD PERCEPTION
W. L. Li1∗
, N. T e 1, F. Amann1, J. Lehmen1, Y. Dehbi2, J.-H. Haune 1
1Ins i u e o Geodesy and Geoin o ma ion, Uni e si y o Bonn, Ge many, [email p o ec ed]
2Compu a ional Me hods Lab, Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g, Ge many
KEY WORDS: Flood mapping; Rou e planning; E acua ion ool; Rescue managemen ; Risk pe cep ion
ABSTRACT:
The ad ancing clima e change inc eases he dange o hea y ain all e en s and de as a ing loods, which signi ican ly h ea en
people’s li es and p ope ies. Geog aphic in o ma ion sys em (GIS) has been a aluable ool o mapping lood isks and eme gency
managemen wo ldwide. In his pape , we de elop an in e ac i e e acua ion ool o imp o e public lood pe cep ion. This wo k
p esen s how o c ea e an in e ac i e and anima ed e acua ion ool o s eng hen he popula ion’s p epa edness and ac ion abili y in
case o a lood. We simula e wa e dep hs and low eloci ies o a lood scena io in Bonn, Ge many. A e wa ds, we in es iga e
he lood’s impac on buildings and s ee s o di e en lood si ua ions using geoin o ma ion ools in he so wa e QGIS. Based
on h esholds om he li e a u e, we iden i y endange ed buildings whe e inhabi an s ha e o e acua e and s ee s s ill ensu ing
sa e locomo ion op ions du ing he ad ancing lood. Taking possible shel e poin s o he popula ion in o accoun hen allows o
compu ing he sho es pa h o he nea es shel e a each lood si ua ion. Ou indings a e summa ized in e acua ion maps ha can
be used oge he as in e ac i e in o ma ion ools o he public and can also se e escue managemen and disas e educa ion.
1. BACKGROUND
The la es epo eleased by he In e go e nmen al Panel on
Clima e Change (IPCC)1con i med ha ex eme disas e s in-
duced by clima e change had impac ed human socie y mo e
in ensely and equen ly han p e iously hough (Bha e al.,
2015;Ne zel e al.,2021). Pa icula ly, ca as ophic loods a e
one o he mos widesp ead and equen na u al disas e s on
Ea h (Li e al.,2013,2015;Cos abile e al.,2021;Li e al.,
2022b;Mudashi u e al.,2021). In July 2021, se e al Eu opean
coun ies expe ienced consecu i e ains o ms and loods, de -
as a ingly damaging many homes and businesses, causing al-
mos 700 inju ies, and 200 people died in he loods, whe e
Ge many and Belgium su e ed he wo s damage (Feke e and
Sandholz,2021;Bossele e al.,2021;Se a-Llobe e al.,2022).
In pa icula , mo e han 130 li es we e los in he Ah Val-
ley o he sou h o Bonn, Ge many. Ac oss Eu ope, he eco-
nomic losses amoun ed o app oxima ely 35.3 billion eu os
(Moh e al.,2022). This lood hin s ha he equency o such
e en s may inc ease in a apidly wa ming clima e and global
ashion, and he e is much oom o imp o e he ini ia i es o
lood isk managemen (T adowsky e al.,2023;Li e al.,2023;
K uczkiewicz e al.,2022).
Apa om he s uc u al measu es o lood mi iga ion (Minea
and Zaha ia,2011;Islam and Ryan,2015;Meye e al.,2012b),
he Sendai F amewo k o Disas e Risk Reduc ion 2015-2030
(SFDRR) s a es ha he disas e agency should de elop, pe i-
odically upda e and dissemina e loca ion-based disas e isk
in o ma ion, including disas e maps, o decision-make s, he
gene al public and communi ies by using geospa ial in o ma-
ion echnology (Cen e ,2015;Chis y e al.,2022;Ai si-Selmi
e al.,2016;Kelman,2015), which he Eu opean Commis-
sion (EC) has also been wo king owa ds. Fo example, he
∗Co esponding au ho
1h ps://us.milliman.com/-/media/milliman/pd s/
2022-a icles/3-28-22_eu ope-ex eme-wea he - epo .
ashx
Eu opean Union Floods Di ec i e (FD) equi ed he es ablish-
men o lood maps o high- isk ci ies in all membe s a es
by 2013 (Meye e al.,2012a;Van Ke k oo de e al.,2018).
Roughly spoken, lood maps a ge ing he p epa a ion o he
public al eady exis , which a e classi ied in o equen lood
e en s (HQ10-20), mean lood e en s (HQ100), and ex eme
lood e en s (HQEx eme) (Vi i oli e al.,2009;Ba h and D¨
oll,
2016). HQ alues ep esen a s a is ically high, mean, and low
p obabili y o occu ence acco ding o he lood’s wa e uno .
The e a e wo ypes o maps, haza d and isk maps (D ansch
e al.,2010;Li e al.,2022b;Meye e al.,2012a;Hagemeie -
Klose and Wagne ,2009). Haza d maps, also called damage
maps, highligh he a ec ed a eas, damaged buildings, causes
and consequences o a speci ic disas e e en . Risk maps a e
designed o illus a e he likelihood o equency o a disas e
e en occu ing. In many cases, hese wo ypes o maps a e
no clea ly dis inguished om each o he , bu hey can se e a
a ie y o pu poses, e.g. lood impac assessmen , spa ial plan-
ning, ea ly wa ning, eme gency planning, and disas e educa-
ion (Hammond e al.,2015;Bhola e al.,2020;Li e al.,2021b;
Macchione e al.,2019;Huang e al.,2015;Ro hk an z and
Fi ianie,2018;Smi h e al.,2016;Mudashi u e al.,2021). Fig-
u e 1(a) and (b) show an example o a isk map o a deb is low
disas e and an example o a landslide suscep ibili y map, e-
spec i ely.
Disas e maps gene ally ha e weal h o in o ma ion, and a p o-
essional design and ep esen a ion (Peng e al.,2017). How-
e e , hey a e no en i ely in ui i e o he public (Li e al.,
2022a;Kellens e al.,2009;Meye e al.,2009;Liu e al.,
2018;Hagemeie -Klose and Wagne ,2009), and hey me ely
show gene al s a ic in o ma ion abou loods and gi e no ecom-
mended indi idual ac ion, which esul s in he gene al public
wi hou di ec lood expe ience no being able o imagine wha
eally happens. F om he au ho s’ poin o iew, he p ima y
conce n o he public is wha o do when hey ace ad ancing
loods.
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLVIII-1/W2-2023
ISPRS Geospa ial Week 2023, 2–7 Sep embe 2023, Cai o, Egyp
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437
(a) A isk map o a deb is low (Yin e al.,2017).
(b) a suscep ibili y map o a landslide (Zeng e al.,2022).
Figu e 1. Examples o disas e maps.
Speci ically, he lood maps o he gene al public should an-
swe he ollowing “ 2Wand 1H” ques ions:
1. When should hey lea e he house?
2. Whe e can hey go?
3. How can hey mo e o he shel e ?
In his con ex , we de elop an in e ac i e e acua ion ool o
loods and achie e a pa icula o m o appealing s o y elling
o he gene al public. The aim is o use his ool o ecommend
indi idual e acua ion ac ions o he public and also se e es-
cue managemen .
The eminde o his pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 2
gi es insigh s in o he in oduced app oach. Sec ion 3 discusses
he expe imen al esul s. Sec ion 4 summa izes he pape and
gi es an ou look o u u e esea ch.
2. METHODOLOGY
Figu e 2shows he oadmap o he implemen a ion o in e -
ac i e lood e acua ion ool, which mainly includes endange ed
building de ec ion, sa e oad de ec ion, possible shel e selec-
ion, and he sho es ou e planning.
Based on he c i e ia p oposed by Pis ika and Jonkman (2010),
we adop he equa ion (1) o de ec he endange ed buildings in
he looded a ea.
Road ne wo k Building Dep h Veloci y
Time-se ies
Building
de ec ion
Iden i y wa ning
buildings
Road de ec ion
Iden i y e acua ion oads
Accessible Inaccessible
Shel e selec ion Rou e
planning
Shel e
Shel e
Shel e
Sou ce node
Shel e
Shel e
Shel e
Sou ce node
By oo
Uppe loo
No
e acua e
Iden i y e acua ion buildings
?
?
Yes
No
Yes No
?
Yes No
2 km
Da a suppo
Ups ai s?
Yes
No
Figu e 2. Roadmap o he implemen a ion o in e ac i e lood
e acua ion ool.
d· ≥3(1)
In his equa ion, dindica es he wa e dep h, and ep esen s
he low eloci y. Suppose he p oduc o dand a ound he
looded building exceeds he h eshold, he co esponding e ac-
ua ion ecommenda ion will be gi en. Howe e , he isk s a us
o buildings will change as he lood e ol es, he e o e a ime
se ies o simula ion da a is used o deal wi h his case.
Addi ionally, we use he equa ion (2) o de ec looded s ee s
whe e sa e e acua ion by walking is s ill possible o each he
shel e poin s (Ishigaki,2008).
2d
g+d2
2<0.125 (2)
Whe e gis he g a i a ional accele a ion and dand a e as
be o e.
Subsequen ly, he bu e analysis is used o iden i y he shel e s
wi hin 2 km o he e acua ion a ea. In ou case, he school is
mainly conside ed a shel e , and we concen a e on e acua ion
by oo because o he lack o pa king places a he shel e s.
Finally, he single sou ce sho es pa h algo i hm is used o com-
pu e he nea es eachable shel e o he building ha needs o
be e acua ed. We in oduce a dummy node ( ed node in Fig-
u e 2) and link i o each shel e , which connec s o he building
by he s ee g aph. Subsequen ly, one call o he algo i hm
wi h he dummy node as he sou ce could ind he sho es pa h
be ween e e y building and i s nea es shel e , and he indi idu-
als can de e mine hei op imal e acua ion pa h by building ID.
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
3.1 S udy a ea
In ou s udy, we selec ed a sec ion o he Rhine in Bonn, Ge -
many, as he case a ea o he expe imen analysis. Bonn co e s
an a ea o abou 141km2wi h an a e age al i ude o abou 60m
abo e sea le el. I is si ua ed in a alley and is di ided by he
Rhine Ri e . Figu e 3shows he loca ion o Bonn. Bonn has
been looded many imes in his o y, wi h he highes wa e le el
exceeding 10min 1993. Figu e 4shows he ide gauge s a ion
in Bonn2.
2h ps://undine.ba g.de/ hein/pegel/ hein_pegel_bonn.
h ml?msclkid=c183e776c 7c11ecb033793457de2307
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ISPRS Geospa ial Week 2023, 2–7 Sep embe 2023, Cai o, Egyp
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438
Figu e 3. The loca ion o Bonn, Ge many.
Sou ce: Opens ee map
Figu e 4. Tide gauge s a ion in Bonn.
3.2 Da a desc ip ion
Figu e 5shows he geoda a equi ed o lood simula ion and
e acua ion analysis. The lood simula ion da a was p o ided by
Li e al. (2021a), which e e s o a sys em ha in eg a es a nu-
me ical model o lood based on he cellula au oma a (CA) and
he i ual geog aphic en i onmen (VGE) amewo k. To eal-
ize he simula ion and isualiza ion o a lood p ocess, his sys-
em de elops a wo k low ha includes da a acquisi ion, model
calcula ion and dynamic isualiza ion unc ions. In addi ion,
he whole p ocess o a lood can be isualized in a i ual 3D
iew h ough a use - iendly ope a ion in e ace and lexible
pa ame e con igu a ion. Digi al ele a ion model (DEM), build-
ing, and oad ne wo k da a we e ob ained om Open No h-
Rhine-Wes phalia (NRW)3.
3.3 Resul s analysis
The in e ac i e e acua ion ool, designed o ecommend e acu-
a ion ac ions du ing a lood, has been implemen ed using Ja a.
Figu e 6(a) shows he ecommended ac ion in 1 hou and 24
minu es a e he lood s a ed, while Figu e 6(b) illus a es he
subsequen ime s ep, which occu ed 2 hou s and 6 minu es
la e . Al hough he building selec ed by he use was classi ied
as sa e in bo h ime s eps, i s assigned shel e and pa h we e
de e mined based on he s a e o lood p opaga ion. The sim-
ula ion can o esee ha he building will soon be classi ied as
endange ed and hus has o be e acua ed. The e o e he ool de-
pic s he assignmen and he pa h o a shel e a a poin o ime
3h ps://open.n w/
(a) Wa e dep h and low eloci y.
(b) Digi al ele a ion model.
(c) Building and oad da a.
Figu e 5. Geoda a equi ed o lood simula ion and e acua ion
analysis.
The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLVIII-1/W2-2023
ISPRS Geospa ial Week 2023, 2–7 Sep embe 2023, Cai o, Egyp
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439
whe e e acua ion ia a pa h is s ill possible. In summa y, he
inding o ou wo k could p o ide a lood e acua ion ecom-
menda ion o indi iduals, which could be u he applied o he
popula iza ion o disas e science o he gene al public, hus
enhancing lood isk pe cep ion in he communi y.
(a) Assignmen o nea es shel e .
(b) Assignmen o eas e n shel e due o e ol ing lood.
Figu e 6. Di e en ecommenda ions om he in e ac i e
e acua ion ool.
4. CONCLUSION
In his pape , we de eloped an e acua ion ool ha conside s
ime se ies simula ion da a o gene a e e acua ion ac ions o
he inhabi an s in a looded a ea. The ad an age o he empo al
e olu ion o lood allows us o deduce he cu en and u u e
s a us o he building. In he case o an endange ed building,
an op imal e acua ion ou e o he nea es shel e will be gen-
e a ed, e en a an ea lie ime s ep. Wi h his p oceeding, we
can clea ly s a e o each inhabi an wha o do in he case o a
lood.
The p esen in e ac i e ool shows he e acua ion o inhabi -
an s in endange ed buildings by oo . An open poin o u u e
wo k migh be inco po a ing o he e acua ion me hods, such as
by bus o ca .
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The au ho s would like o exp ess hei g a i ude o he No h-
Rhine-Wes phalia (NRW) o he geoda a. This pape was
suppo ed by he Na ional Na u al Science Founda ion o
China (G an No. 42201446), he Sino-Ge man (CSC-DAAD)
Pos doc Schola ship P og am (G an No. 57575640), he Open
Fund o he Guangdong–Hong Kong-Macau Join Labo a o y
o Sma Ci ies (G an No. 2022-2-B-1).
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