MOTIVATION TO ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN A
COLLECTIVE: POTENTIALS OF AN EMERGING
HOUSING COOPERATIVE IN FREIBURG, GERMANY
UDO DIETRICH
Resou ce E iciency in A chi ec u e and Planning Resea ch G oup, Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g, Ge many
ABSTRACT
The ci y o F eibu g, Ge many o e s a e ain o he cons uc ion o a new esiden ial qua e wi h a
socially mo i a ed mas e plan p e e ing concep s like social housing, inclusion, e c. A housing
company was ounded in 2019 wi h he a ge o apply and es ablish hei u u e apa men s. This pape
explo es his eme ging coope a i e and assesses he po en ial o become a success ul collec i e on he
way o he ealiza ion. The analysis is based on empi ical da a ob ained by di ec obse a ion and ac i e
pa icipa ion du ing he egula mee ings o ha g oup o abou 70 in e es ed households, whe e mo e
and mo e de ailed ideas o he p ojec we e de eloped. To ind ou basic in e es s and in o ma ion on
common li ing issues, a ques ionnai e was gene a ed by communi y membe s. A majo i y o 52
households answe ed he su ey. The mos impo an esul s a e p esen ed. The in insic po en ial o
he g oup o become a collec i e is es ima ed based on aspec s o he heo y o collec i e ac ion,
showing po en ials and cu bs. As po en ials can be iden i ied he in e es in coope a i e li ing as he
cen al common goal and he abili y o communi y capaci y building in o m o he indi idual
economic, social and cul u al con ibu ions o he membe s. A clea majo i y decla ed o be willing o
pa icipa e ac i ely. Bu only abou 20% o he pa icipan s epo ed de ailed ideas o speci ic
con ibu ions. This g oup can be localized as he mos ac i e ones and he u u e coope a o s o he
coope a i e; hey belong mos ly o he middle-aged gene a ion wi h child en. Su p isingly, he
households wi h leas ime a e he mos ac i e ones. I seems ha he endea o o c ea e a su ounding
o well-being o he heads o hese households and especially hei child en (in he ame o he whole
communi y) is he s onges mo i a ion o become ac i e. Bu ha limi ed size o he co e g oup could
become a cu b i he coope a ion p ocess will no be deepened and he mul i ude o asks wi h di e en
p o essional needs a e no dis ibu ed on o mo e shoulde s.
Keywo ds: coope a i e li ing, common goals, pa icipa ion, collec i e ac ion, coope a o s, su ey.
1 INTRODUCTION
The ci y o F eibu g plans o cons uc a new esiden ial qua e “Kleineschholz” (see Fig.
1), he inhabi an s shall mo e un il 2025. In his p ojec , only coope a i es, p i a e
cons uc ion g oups and o he p ojec p omo e s, who do no aim o p o i maximiza ion, a e
allowed o join. Building g ound will be gi en o he bes concep , no he cheapes one.
Goals o ma ke ing a e s ill o be o med bu will ce ainly con ain he ollowing aspec s:
P ojec s ha ocus on he en e s, inclusion, low-budge esiden ial cons uc ion, main aining
he s ock, ecology and clima e p o ec ion, common use o spaces such as clus e -apa men s
and gene ally p omo ion o common wel a e.
The ma ke ing concep ollows wo guiding p inciples. A leas 50% o he apa men s
esul in subsidized housing while 100% o he g ound s ays public p ope y and e ades land
specula ions pe manen ly h ough he edi a y lease. Ne e heless, he oundabou 500 new
apa men s won’ be di -cheap. Due o he 50%-ma k o subsidized housing, en s will s ill
signi ican ly s ay unde he en index. Since he income limi o subsidized housing is qui e
high, la ge pa s o he gene al public can bene i om i , making “Kleineschholz” a di e se
and li able esiden ial dis ic .
The Sus ainable Ci y XVI 159
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess
doi:10.2495/SC220141
Figu e 1: Mas e plan o he u u e qua e “Kleineschholz” in F eibu g, Ge many [1].
Li ing in a coope a i e has a ew ea u es ha may be a ac i e o a pa o he popula ion
bu also a eason no o be he a o ed e sion o o he s who p e e o li e mo e in an
anonymous way. In a coope a i e, especially in smalle ones, inhabi an s know each o he
and ha e a deepe social con ac wi h each o he . They can discuss and decide as a g oup
wha o do wi h common indoo and ou doo spaces, he equipmen o a ki chen, a gues
apa men , common ga dening e c. Also, ecological and inancial aspec s may be pa o hei
decisions such as he common change o a g een elec ici y p o ide . Inhabi an s mee
egula ly o do his basic wo k bu also o celeb a e he communi y, o clean and main ain
hei public spaces oge he e c.
A special case he e is, ha he u u e apa men s and buildings ha e s ill o be planned
and cons uc ed. The coope a i e can in luence he p ocedu e, ha is no mally ou sou ced
and in hands o ex e nal expe s, widely by hemsel . The design o loo plans, ma e ials,
acades, buildings and hei a angemen on he si e e c. could be discussed oge he wi h he
(ex e nal) planne s, o include and ealize own isions.
One o he coope a i es ha wan s o apply o abou 70 o hese apa men s, was specially
ounded unde he name “Esche” as a egis e ed associa ion in 2019 [2]. The call o
pa icipa ion was open o e e ybody who was in e es ed. In ha sense i could be expec ed
ha he composi ion o he membe s ep esen s he popula ion bu also al e na i ely, ha
hose who we e no in e es ed in coope a i e housing did no egis e and ha he e is al eady
a i s p eselec ion. The i s 70 households now o m he co e g oup ha ollows he
de elopmen and o ganizes all necessa y s eps un il ealisa ion.
In 2020, a ques ionnai e was dis ibu ed unde hese 70 households o ind ou why hey
a e in e es ed in coope a i e housing and li ing (Sec ion 3), wha hei needs and wishes a e
(Sec ion 4) and las bu no leas wha kind o expe ience o pa icipa ion hey could b ing in
(Sec ion 6). Responses o 52 households we e ecei ed, deli e ing da a o 83 pe sons ac ing
as head o hese households. Toge he wi h he child en a o al o 134 inhabi an s esul s.
The objec i e o ha pape is o in es iga e he special case o an eme ging coope a i e
whe e se e al o ganisa ional s eps o do in he u u e mon hs may in luence he abili y o
collec i e ac ion s ongly – o bo h sides. Wha a e po en ials o success whe e a e possible
cu bs, wha ecommenda ions can be de i ed o shape he coope a i e o pe manen
de elopmen ?
The main esul s o he su ey a e p esen ed and o discuss how a he composi ion o
ha communi y is ep esen a i e o p eselec ed (Sec ion 2), wha he p e e ed esiden
s uc u e and ac i i ies a e (Sec ion 5) and i he e is po en ial o u he de elopmen gi en
by he social and p o essional composi ion (Sec ion 7). The key o success is he abili y o
160 The Sus ainable Ci y XVI
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess
collec i e ac ion, a sho pa ag aph ske ches he basics o he co esponding heo y (Sec ion
8) wha will allow o assess he po en ial o he communi y o ha e a success ul de elopmen
in he u u e p ocess (Sec ion 9).
2 THE SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF THE GROUP
A compa ison wi h s a is ical da a shows ha he composi ion o he g oup pa ly ollows his
dis ibu ion bu he e a e also ema kable di e ences. Fig. 2 shows ha , in ega d o age, he
e y young ones (20+) and he e y old ones (75+) a e unde ep esen ed while he middle
gene a ions 30+, 40+ and 50+ a e o e ep esen ed. In ega ds o he size o he desi ed
apa men , he e a e only ew single households bu many ha need space o 4 pe sons and
mo e.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figu e 2: (a) Age o membe s o coope a i e; (b) Numbe o pe sons pe household in
pe cen ages. The g aphs show a compa ison wi h s a is ical da a o he egion o
Baden-Wü embe g (age [3]) and he ci y o F eibu g (pe sons pe household
[4]). (c) Bo h cha s in eg a ed show he a e age o he desi ed numbe o ooms
so ed by age o he heads o he households.
Bo h ci cums ances seem o i well oge he , he coope a i e is mos in e es ing o
amilies wi h child en, singles migh look o hei social con ac s ou side o a “coope a i e
0
10
20
30
40
75+65+50+40+30+20+
Membe s pe age %
Coope a i e Baden-Wü embe g 2020
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
123>= 4
Pe sons pe household %
Coope a i e F eibu g 2019
0
1
2
3
4
5
20+ 30+ 40+ 50+ 65+ 75+
A e age numbe o ooms by age
The Sus ainable Ci y XVI 161
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess
scale”. Supplemen a y, amilies wi h mo e han ou membe s migh ha e p oblems o ind
su icien and a o dable apa men s on he ee ma ke .
The dis ibu ion o he desi ed numbe o ooms o e he age o he heads o he
households con i ms ha he gene a ions 30+ and 40+ ha e a need o bigge apa men s o
hos hei child en and pe haps o he amily membe s.
In he ollowing sec ions i will be in es iga ed i households wi h heads 30+ and 40+ and
bigge amilies a e as ep esen a i e in he coope a i e only because o easons o a ailabili y
o co esponding apa men s o i he e a e also deepe , social easons o i .
In ega d o p o essions, highe educa ion (MA, BA, diploma) is in majo i y (Table 1),
one in six has a p o essional aining (2–3 yea s) bu nea ly one hi d ga e no in o ma ion
he e. 60% o he membe s wo k in se ice p o essions, nea ly 10% in echnical ones. While
hese pe cen ages i well wi h he s a is ical da a [5], i mus be no ed ha he e is no any
manu ac u e o hey a e hidden in he hi d wi h no in o ma ion.
Table 1: P o essions o membe s o coope a i e, by le el (le ) and by ield ( igh ).
P o ession b
y
le el in % P o ession b
y
ield in %
Hi
g
he educa ion (MA, BA, diploma) 54.2 Se ice 60.2
P o essional ainin
g
(2
–
3
y
ea s) 15.7 Technical 8.4
N
o in o ma ion 30.1
N
o in o ma ion 31.3
I can be concluded ha he common in e es o li ing in a coope a i e led al eady o a
p eselec ion in ega d o amilial si ua ion, educa ion and ield o p o ession. The main
co ela ions o he abili y o collec i e ac ion we e ound in he amilial si ua ion. Likely
because o he p eselec ion he e was no no able co ela ion o de ec in ega d o educa ion,
o ha eason i is no ega ded u he mo e.
3 INTEREST IN COOPERATIVE LIVING
In he su ey i was asked o he pe sonal in e es in coope a i e li ing wi hou men ioning
de ailed easons, he answe s we e gi en in ee ex . To assess ha pa , se e al ca ego ies
o he in e es in coope a i e li ing we e de eloped la e , see Table 2 (idea ional c i e ia)
and Table 3 (physical c i e ia – building and public space). Each household could men ion a
ca ego y only ones, hus he maximum numbe o o es is 52.
Table 2: Vo es in ega d o in e es in coope a i e li ing (idea ional c i e ia). The ee ex
answe s we e so ed by la e de eloped ca ego ies. Maximal o al o e o 52
households is 52.
Ca ego y o in e es in coope a i e li ing
(idea ional c i e ia) To al o o es (max. 52)
Social 46
Economical 24
Poli ical 17
En i onmen al 0
O he
5
Table 2 shows ha he in e es in coope a i e li ing is almos en i ely based on social
aspec s ( he communi y eeling) while economic a gumen s (a o dable en s) a e in second
162 The Sus ainable Ci y XVI
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess
Table 3: Vo es in ega d o in e es in coope a i e li ing (physical c i e ia – building and
public space). The ee ex answe s we e so ed by la e de eloped ca ego ies.
Maximal o al o e o 52 households is 52.
Ca ego y o in e es in coope a i e li ing
(
p
h
y
sical c i e ia
–
b
uildin
g
and public space) To al o o es (max. 52)
N
one 39
Ecolo
g
ical buildin
g
–
ene
gy
5
Ecolo
g
ical buildin
g
–
ma e ial 4
G eene
y
and ees 3
Sa e a ea o child en 3
p io i y. Mo e gene al poli ical c i e ia (ac agains capi alism) play a subo dina e ole bu
a e men ioned while (su p isingly) en i onmen al a gumen s we e no men ioned.
Table 3 con i ms ha he nea ly exclusi e in e es in coope a i e li ing is in he social
ange (li ing in a communi y). A coope a i e ha plans o cons uc hei own u u e
apa men building has e y good chances o also ealize own wishes and p e e ences he e.
An ecological building (in ega d o ene gy and/o ma e ial) would be well possible bu is a
his momen ou o explici in e es o he wide majo i y, only less han 20% ha e e en ha
explici ly in mind. Simila ly, (physical) design and unc ions o common public spaces seem
no be o cen al impo ance e en i ga dening as a social ac i i y is ema kably highe a ed
(see Sec ion 5, Table 8).
I mus be no ed ha he pa icipan s we en’ di ec ly asked o w i ing down physical
aspec s. Only hose, who had hem immedia ely in hei mind because o pe sonal in e es ,
migh ha e s a ed i in he su ey. I can be assumed ha wi h a di ec ques ion mo e de ailed
answe s would ha e been gi en.
4 DESIRED COMMON FACILITIES
In he su ey we e se e al ques ions in eg a ed whe e he membe s should assess hei
in e es in de ailed acili ies on a scale 1 (lowes ) o 10 (highes ). Fo he analysis o hese
da a, he single o es we e mul iplied wi h he co esponding numbe o poin s and he
p oduc s we e summed up o a inal, o al alue. Fo 52 households he heo e ical maximum
would be 52 × 10 = 520.
Table 4 shows he esul s. Facili ies whe e he membe s o he coope a i e could come
oge he , ou doo o indoo , a e mos common; also, a gues apa men is highly a ed. Only
a common sauna was no a gene al wish; maybe i is oo in ima e and no e e ybody is a
sauna isi o .
Table 4: To al o es o se e al p oposed de ailed common acili ies. Maximal o al o e
o 52 households would be 52 × 10 = 520.
Common acili
y
To al o o es (max. 520)
Common cou
y
a
d
443
Communi
y
oo
m
432
Gues oo
m
412
Roo e ace 372
Small ca é 304
Sauna 170
The Sus ainable Ci y XVI 163
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess

5 DESIRED RESIDENT STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES
Ano he g oup o ques ions deal wi h he in e es in di e en esiden s uc u es, again on a
scale 1 (lowes ) o 10 (highes ). Table 5 shows ha di e si y in housing s uc u es eached a
high sco e. In he ques ionnai e i is explained as a mix o single apa men s, la sha e and
amilies. Such a mix seems o p omise a ich social exchange wi h membe s in di e en
o ms o li ing. Bu i is in con adic ion o he inding ha e y ew households wan o
pa icipa e in sha ed la s and single households a e unde ep esen ed, he majo i y p e e s
he s anda d o ms o li ing as amily in an own apa men . I may be ha a ce ain exo icism
plays a ole o he wish no o exclude o ms o li ing ha a e well accep ed by he g oup bu
no as hei own.
Table 5: To al o es o se e al p oposed de ailed esiden s uc u es. Maximal o al o e
o 52 households would be 52 × 10 = 520.
Residen s uc u e
–
p
oposed in su e
y
To al o o es (max. 520)
Di e si
y
in housin
g
s uc u es 388
Addi ional supe ised esiden ial
g
oup o elde l
y
people 246
Addi ional supe ised esiden ial g oup o people wi h
disabili ies 158
Special supe ised uni s o elde ly and e en mo e o disabled people did no each a
high in e es . Tha is somewha su p ising, a coope a i e is a o m o li ing o he es o li e
bu he majo i y o 30+ o 50+ seems o concen a e mo e on he p oblems o he p esence
and doesn’ hink abou hei own a u u e and age ye .
In e es ing is a mo e de ailed iew a he o es o di e si y in housing s uc u es o e he
size o he household and he age esp., see Table 6. The s onges wish o di e si y is in he
gene a ions 50+ upwa ds, e.g. he households wi hou (o adul ) child en; in an analogous
manne he households wi h one o wo pe sons. Vice e sa, he households wi h child en
and in he middle gene a ions al eady ind enough a ie y in hei own amilies.
Table 6: Vo es o di e si y in housing s uc u es wi h a weigh o 10 ou o 10.
A
g
e %Pe sons pe househol
d
%
75+ 100 1 75
65+ 67 2 53
50+ 70 3 33
40+ 33 ≥4 40
30+ 17
20+ 33
Fu he in es iga ions showed ha he e is ema kable di e ence in ega d o he le el o
educa ion. 80% o he ones wi h p o essional aining weigh ed di e si y wi h 10 ou o 10,
while only 41% o he highe educa ed. May be ha he p o essional ained wo k di ec ly
wi h people, he highe educa ed (e en i in social p o essions) mo e on a desk. Tha
hypo hesis could be con i med wi h a de ailed iew in he single ques ionnai es. The di ec
con ac o people (like nu se y, educa o e c.) seems o make people awa e o he alue o
social di e si y o , ice e sa, he mos awa e ones sea ch co esponding p o essions.
164 The Sus ainable Ci y XVI
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess
Supplemen a y, a “wha else” ques ion was asked in ega d o esiden s uc u es. To
assess he ex ual answe s he mos men ioned ideas we e so ed in se e al, a e wa ds
de eloped ca ego ies. Fo 52 households he maximum o o es is 52. Table 7 shows ha
abou wo hi ds ha e no own/ u he p oposals o he esiden s uc u e. Abou 20% saw
mixed gene a ions besides a di e si y in o ms o li ing (see Table 5) as a second, impo an
c i e ia, ollowed by di e en cul u al backg ound. As al eady seen in Table 5, special
suppo o elde ly and inclusion o disabled we e ha dly men ioned as own, pe sonal in e es .
Table 7: Vo es o sel -p oposed esiden s uc u es in “wha else” ques ions. Maximal o e
o 52 households would be 52.
Residen s uc u e
–
own p oposals To al o o es (max. 52)
N
one 36
Mixed
g
ene a ions 10
Di e en cul u al back
g
oun
d
7
S
p
ecial suppo o elde l
y
3
Disabled people 3
O he
6
Ano he “wha else” ques ion was asked in ega d o esiden ac i i ies. Table 8 shows
ha he majo i y had, besides he explici ly asked ac i i ies, no o he p oposals (o a he
nega i ely o mula ed: no ideas). Abou one ou h men ioned ga dening and a wo kshop,
hese a e again loca ions ou doo o indoo whe e he membe s could mee and ollow hei
own in e es s. Bo h p obably exp ess a ce ain lack o space in he p esen li ing si ua ion o
ollow such ac i i ies o hobbies and an ecological mindse as well.
Table 8: Vo es o sel -p oposed esiden ac i i ies in “wha else” ques ions. Maximal o e
o 52 households would be 52.
Residen ac i i
y
–
own p oposals To al o o es (max. 52)
N
one 32
Ga denin
g
13
Wo kshop 13
S udio/hobb
y
oo
m
5
Child en pla
yg
oun
d
5
S o e 4
Co-wo kin
g
oo
m
3
Laund
y
2
Ou doo a eas o pla
y
and s a
y
o
g
e he
2
S
p
o s oo
m
1
O he
13
6 PARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENT
The households we e asked i hey would be willing o pa icipa e ac i ely in he coope a i e.
A wide majo i y o 77% (Table 9) decla ed yes. Tha seems o be a e y good esul , howe e
he dis ibu ion o e age shows a mo e di e en ia ed image. Taking he single o e 75+ as
an excep ion, he mos ac i e ones a e in he g oups 30+, 40+ and 50+; ema kably a e he
lowe pe cen ages in he gene a ions 20+ and 65+. The households ha ha e leas ime, he
amilies wi h child en, a e eady o con ibu e mos . Tha may exp ess ha he middle-aged
The Sus ainable Ci y XVI 165
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess
gene a ions in households wi h child en ha e mos powe o shape hei own li es and hose
o hei child en; while he 65+ wi h p obably mo e ime (and money) less. A lo o ime
alone seems no o be a sou ce o mo i a ion o pa icipa ion, he mo i a ion comes ou o
social hough s (good su ounding o child en).
Table 9: Vo es o ac i e pa icipa ion in he coope a i e, o al alues and dis ibu ed by
age. Maximal o e o 52 households would be 52.
Households willin
g
o pa icipa e ac i el
y
To al Yes
N
o
N
o in o ma ion
A
g
e
N
umbe
N
umbe
%
N
umbe
N
umbe
75+ 1 1 100 0 0
65+ 6 4 67 2 0
50+ 20 16 80 4 0
40+ 12 10 83 1 1
30+ 6 5 83 1 0
20+ 3 2 67 1 0
N
o in o ma ion 4 2 50 2 0
N
umbe
52 40 11 1
% 100 77 21 2
The ques ion o ac i e pa icipa ion was no de ailed, o answe yes is easy and
co esponds o a basic eeling. The nex ques ion e e ed o wha hey could b ing in de ail.
Table 10 shows ha now he wide majo i y decla es no o be able o conc e e engagemen ,
mos ly because o lack o ime. Only ew pe sons a e willing o b ing in hei own
p o essional expe ience; in spi e o he ac ha hey all would ha e a lo o p o essional
expe iences o b ing in. E en unde he households wi h expe iences decla e abou one o
i e no o be willing o pa icipa e ac i ely.
Table 10: Vo es o he 52 households o di e en con ibu ions in own de ailed
engagemen . The ma ked 11 households could be localized as he u u e main
coope a o s o he coope a i e.
En
g
a
g
emen o he coope a i e To al Willin
g
o pa icipa e ac i el
y
Yes
N
o
N
one 29 22 7
Own p o essional expe ience 4 4 0
Limi ed en
g
a
g
emen
4 3 1
Expe ience wi h coope a i e housin
g
6 4 2
O he
9 7 2
Again, i mus be no ed, ha he ques ion was a gene al “wha else” (bu unde he headline
pa icipa ion), i was no p ecisely asked o wha kind o de ailed con ibu ions and
expe iences could be b ough in. I may well be, ha wi h a co esponding ques ion mo e
answe s would be gained.
7 POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND COLLECTIVE ACTION
Ou o Table 10 ele en households can be localized ha wan o pa icipa e ac i ely and ha e
own p o essional expe ience o expe ience wi h coope a i e housing o decla e limi ed
166 The Sus ainable Ci y XVI
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess
engagemen (because o a lack o ime). These could o m he co e o coope a o s o he
p esen and u u e de elopmen o he coope a i e. Table 11 deli e s a mo e de ailed
in o ma ion abou hese households, hey a e ou o he gene a ions 40+ and 50+ and a e
mainly composed o amilies wi h (mo e han) wo child en. The single pe sons and couples
belong o 50+ and olde , i may well be ha hey also li ed in bigge amilies o communi ies
be o e.
Table 11: Ele en households wi h he po en ial o become he u u e coope a o s o he
coope a i e (see Table 10), so ed by age and numbe o pe sons pe household.
A
g
e
N
umbe
Pe sons pe househol
d
N
umbe
75+ 1 1 3
65+ 1 2 2
50+ 3 3 1
40+ 4 ≥ 4 5
30+ 1
20+ 0
N
o in o ma ion 1
No o he clea co ela ion o educa ion, p o ession in ield and le el could be ound – i
seems, ha he amilial si ua ion and he wish o c ea e a good su ounding o he well-being
o he heads o hese households and hei child en is he dominan mo i a ion o become
ac i e.
8 A BRIEF VIEW TO THE THEORY OF COLLECTIVE ACTION
Collec i e ac ion is necessa y i a smalle o bigge g oup o people wan s o each a common
a ge o o main ain a common good. In case o he in es iga ed coope a i e hese a e he
p epa a ion and success ul applica ion o he pe mission o cons uc , ealize wishes in
building design and public spaces and a e mo ing in he common main enance o and ca e
abou he coope a i e.
In such a cons ella ion, in ol ed people a e in gene al in e es ed in a posi i e de elopmen
o he collec i e bu migh show di e en beha iou s. The heo y o collec i e ac ion [6] lis s
h ee basic beha iou al ypes, he willing punishe , he a ional egois and he condi ional
coope a o , see Table 12.
Table 12: The h ee basic beha iou al ypes o membe s o a collec i e in ega d o
common ac ion, based on Os om [6].
Willin
g
punishe
Ra ional e
g
ois
Condi ional coope a o
Willing o punish someone
in case he pe son does no
ollow he common ules o
he collec i e.
Wan s o enjoy in he
ad an ages o he collec i e
wi hou aking ac ion.
Willing o ini ia e
collec i e ac ion.
Expec ecip ocal
con ibu ion o o he s.
Wan s o push membe s,
ha a e on he w ong ack
o inac i e, o he a
g
e .
Wan s o gain he highes
yield wi h lowes pe sonal
inpu
.
Wan s o pull all o he s o
he a ge .
High le el o con ibu ion
in case o ac i i
y
.
Low le el o o no
con ibu ion. High le el o con ibu ion.
The Sus ainable Ci y XVI 167
www.wi p ess.com, ISSN 1743-3541 (on-line)
WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess