Motivation to active participation in a collective: potentials of an emerging housing cooperative in Freiburg, Germany
Abstract
The city of Freiburg, Germany offers a terrain for the construction of a new residential quarter with a socially motivated masterplan preferring concepts like social housing, inclusion, etc. A housing company was founded in 2019 with the target to apply and establish their future apartments. This paper explores this emerging cooperative and assesses the potential to become a successful collective on the way to the realization. The analysis is based on empirical data obtained by direct observation and active participation during the regular meetings of that group of about 70 interested households, where more and more detailed ideas for the project were developed. To find out basic interests and information on common living issues, a questionnaire was generated by community members. A majority of 52 households answered the survey. The most important results are presented. The intrinsic potential of the group to become a collective is estimated based on aspects of the theory of collective action, showing potentials and curbs. As potentials can be identified the interest in cooperative living as the central common goal and the ability of community capacity building in form of the individual economic, social and cultural contributions of the members. A clear majority declared to be willing to participate actively. But only about 20% of the participants reported detailed ideas for specific contributions. This group can be localized as the most active ones and the future cooperators of the cooperative; they belong mostly to the middle-aged generation with children. Surprisingly, the households with least time are the most active ones. It seems that the endeavor to create a surrounding of well-being for the heads of these households and especially their children (in the frame of the whole community) is the strongest motivation to become active. But that limited size of the core group could become a curb if the cooperation process will not be deepened and the multitude of tasks with different professional needs are not distributed onto more shoulders.
Full text
MOTIVATION TO ACTIVE PARTICIPATION IN A
COLLECTIVE: POTENTIALS OF AN EMERGING
HOUSING COOPERATIVE IN FREIBURG, GERMANY
UDO DIETRICH
Resou ce E iciency in A chi ec u e and Planning Resea ch G oup, Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g, Ge many
ABSTRACT
The ci y o F eibu g, Ge many o e s a e ain o he cons uc ion o a new esiden ial qua e wi h a
socially mo i a ed mas e plan p e e ing concep s like social housing, inclusion, e c. A housing
company was ounded in 2019 wi h he a ge o apply and es ablish hei u u e apa men s. This pape
explo es his eme ging coope a i e and assesses he po en ial o become a success ul collec i e on he
way o he ealiza ion. The analysis is based on empi ical da a ob ained by di ec obse a ion and ac i e
pa icipa ion du ing he egula mee ings o ha g oup o abou 70 in e es ed households, whe e mo e
and mo e de ailed ideas o he p ojec we e de eloped. To ind ou basic in e es s and in o ma ion on
common li ing issues, a ques ionnai e was gene a ed by communi y membe s. A majo i y o 52
households answe ed he su ey. The mos impo an esul s a e p esen ed. The in insic po en ial o
he g oup o become a collec i e is es ima ed based on aspec s o he heo y o collec i e ac ion,
showing po en ials and cu bs. As po en ials can be iden i ied he in e es in coope a i e li ing as he
cen al common goal and he abili y o communi y capaci y building in o m o he indi idual
economic, social and cul u al con ibu ions o he membe s. A clea majo i y decla ed o be willing o
pa icipa e ac i ely. Bu only abou 20% o he pa icipan s epo ed de ailed ideas o speci ic
con ibu ions. This g oup can be localized as he mos ac i e ones and he u u e coope a o s o he
coope a i e; hey belong mos ly o he middle-aged gene a ion wi h child en. Su p isingly, he
households wi h leas ime a e he mos ac i e ones. I seems ha he endea o o c ea e a su ounding
o well-being o he heads o hese households and especially hei child en (in he ame o he whole
communi y) is he s onges mo i a ion o become ac i e. Bu ha limi ed size o he co e g oup could
become a cu b i he coope a ion p ocess will no be deepened and he mul i ude o asks wi h di e en
p o essional needs a e no dis ibu ed on o mo e shoulde s.
Keywo ds: coope a i e li ing, common goals, pa icipa ion, collec i e ac ion, coope a o s, su ey.
1 INTRODUCTION
The ci y o F eibu g plans o cons uc a new esiden ial qua e “Kleineschholz” (see Fig.
1), he inhabi an s shall mo e un il 2025. In his p ojec , only coope a i es, p i a e
cons uc ion g oups and o he p ojec p omo e s, who do no aim o p o i maximiza ion, a e
allowed o join. Building g ound will be gi en o he bes concep , no he cheapes one.
Goals o ma ke ing a e s ill o be o med bu will ce ainly con ain he ollowing aspec s:
P ojec s ha ocus on he en e s, inclusion, low-budge esiden ial cons uc ion, main aining
he s ock, ecology and clima e p o ec ion, common use o spaces such as clus e -apa men s
and gene ally p omo ion o common wel a e.
The ma ke ing concep ollows wo guiding p inciples. A leas 50% o he apa men s
esul in subsidized housing while 100% o he g ound s ays public p ope y and e ades land
specula ions pe manen ly h ough he edi a y lease. Ne e heless, he oundabou 500 new
apa men s won’ be di -cheap. Due o he 50%-ma k o subsidized housing, en s will s ill
signi ican ly s ay unde he en index. Since he income limi o subsidized housing is qui e
high, la ge pa s o he gene al public can bene i om i , making “Kleineschholz” a di e se
and li able esiden ial dis ic .
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doi:10.2495/SC220141
Figu e 1: Mas e plan o he u u e qua e “Kleineschholz” in F eibu g, Ge many [1].
Li ing in a coope a i e has a ew ea u es ha may be a ac i e o a pa o he popula ion
bu also a eason no o be he a o ed e sion o o he s who p e e o li e mo e in an
anonymous way. In a coope a i e, especially in smalle ones, inhabi an s know each o he
and ha e a deepe social con ac wi h each o he . They can discuss and decide as a g oup
wha o do wi h common indoo and ou doo spaces, he equipmen o a ki chen, a gues
apa men , common ga dening e c. Also, ecological and inancial aspec s may be pa o hei
decisions such as he common change o a g een elec ici y p o ide . Inhabi an s mee
egula ly o do his basic wo k bu also o celeb a e he communi y, o clean and main ain
hei public spaces oge he e c.
A special case he e is, ha he u u e apa men s and buildings ha e s ill o be planned
and cons uc ed. The coope a i e can in luence he p ocedu e, ha is no mally ou sou ced
and in hands o ex e nal expe s, widely by hemsel . The design o loo plans, ma e ials,
acades, buildings and hei a angemen on he si e e c. could be discussed oge he wi h he
(ex e nal) planne s, o include and ealize own isions.
One o he coope a i es ha wan s o apply o abou 70 o hese apa men s, was specially
ounded unde he name “Esche” as a egis e ed associa ion in 2019 [2]. The call o
pa icipa ion was open o e e ybody who was in e es ed. In ha sense i could be expec ed
ha he composi ion o he membe s ep esen s he popula ion bu also al e na i ely, ha
hose who we e no in e es ed in coope a i e housing did no egis e and ha he e is al eady
a i s p eselec ion. The i s 70 households now o m he co e g oup ha ollows he
de elopmen and o ganizes all necessa y s eps un il ealisa ion.
In 2020, a ques ionnai e was dis ibu ed unde hese 70 households o ind ou why hey
a e in e es ed in coope a i e housing and li ing (Sec ion 3), wha hei needs and wishes a e
(Sec ion 4) and las bu no leas wha kind o expe ience o pa icipa ion hey could b ing in
(Sec ion 6). Responses o 52 households we e ecei ed, deli e ing da a o 83 pe sons ac ing
as head o hese households. Toge he wi h he child en a o al o 134 inhabi an s esul s.
The objec i e o ha pape is o in es iga e he special case o an eme ging coope a i e
whe e se e al o ganisa ional s eps o do in he u u e mon hs may in luence he abili y o
collec i e ac ion s ongly – o bo h sides. Wha a e po en ials o success whe e a e possible
cu bs, wha ecommenda ions can be de i ed o shape he coope a i e o pe manen
de elopmen ?
The main esul s o he su ey a e p esen ed and o discuss how a he composi ion o
ha communi y is ep esen a i e o p eselec ed (Sec ion 2), wha he p e e ed esiden
s uc u e and ac i i ies a e (Sec ion 5) and i he e is po en ial o u he de elopmen gi en
by he social and p o essional composi ion (Sec ion 7). The key o success is he abili y o
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collec i e ac ion, a sho pa ag aph ske ches he basics o he co esponding heo y (Sec ion
8) wha will allow o assess he po en ial o he communi y o ha e a success ul de elopmen
in he u u e p ocess (Sec ion 9).
2 THE SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF THE GROUP
A compa ison wi h s a is ical da a shows ha he composi ion o he g oup pa ly ollows his
dis ibu ion bu he e a e also ema kable di e ences. Fig. 2 shows ha , in ega d o age, he
e y young ones (20+) and he e y old ones (75+) a e unde ep esen ed while he middle
gene a ions 30+, 40+ and 50+ a e o e ep esen ed. In ega ds o he size o he desi ed
apa men , he e a e only ew single households bu many ha need space o 4 pe sons and
mo e.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figu e 2: (a) Age o membe s o coope a i e; (b) Numbe o pe sons pe household in
pe cen ages. The g aphs show a compa ison wi h s a is ical da a o he egion o
Baden-Wü embe g (age [3]) and he ci y o F eibu g (pe sons pe household
[4]). (c) Bo h cha s in eg a ed show he a e age o he desi ed numbe o ooms
so ed by age o he heads o he households.
Bo h ci cums ances seem o i well oge he , he coope a i e is mos in e es ing o
amilies wi h child en, singles migh look o hei social con ac s ou side o a “coope a i e
0
10
20
30
40
75+65+50+40+30+20+
Membe s pe age %
Coope a i e Baden-Wü embe g 2020
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
123>= 4
Pe sons pe household %
Coope a i e F eibu g 2019
0
1
2
3
4
5
20+ 30+ 40+ 50+ 65+ 75+
A e age numbe o ooms by age
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scale”. Supplemen a y, amilies wi h mo e han ou membe s migh ha e p oblems o ind
su icien and a o dable apa men s on he ee ma ke .
The dis ibu ion o he desi ed numbe o ooms o e he age o he heads o he
households con i ms ha he gene a ions 30+ and 40+ ha e a need o bigge apa men s o
hos hei child en and pe haps o he amily membe s.
In he ollowing sec ions i will be in es iga ed i households wi h heads 30+ and 40+ and
bigge amilies a e as ep esen a i e in he coope a i e only because o easons o a ailabili y
o co esponding apa men s o i he e a e also deepe , social easons o i .
In ega d o p o essions, highe educa ion (MA, BA, diploma) is in majo i y (Table 1),
one in six has a p o essional aining (2–3 yea s) bu nea ly one hi d ga e no in o ma ion
he e. 60% o he membe s wo k in se ice p o essions, nea ly 10% in echnical ones. While
hese pe cen ages i well wi h he s a is ical da a [5], i mus be no ed ha he e is no any
manu ac u e o hey a e hidden in he hi d wi h no in o ma ion.
Table 1: P o essions o membe s o coope a i e, by le el (le ) and by ield ( igh ).
P o ession b
y
le el in % P o ession b
y
ield in %
Hi
g
he educa ion (MA, BA, diploma) 54.2 Se ice 60.2
P o essional ainin
g
(2
–
3
y
ea s) 15.7 Technical 8.4
N
o in o ma ion 30.1
N
o in o ma ion 31.3
I can be concluded ha he common in e es o li ing in a coope a i e led al eady o a
p eselec ion in ega d o amilial si ua ion, educa ion and ield o p o ession. The main
co ela ions o he abili y o collec i e ac ion we e ound in he amilial si ua ion. Likely
because o he p eselec ion he e was no no able co ela ion o de ec in ega d o educa ion,
o ha eason i is no ega ded u he mo e.
3 INTEREST IN COOPERATIVE LIVING
In he su ey i was asked o he pe sonal in e es in coope a i e li ing wi hou men ioning
de ailed easons, he answe s we e gi en in ee ex . To assess ha pa , se e al ca ego ies
o he in e es in coope a i e li ing we e de eloped la e , see Table 2 (idea ional c i e ia)
and Table 3 (physical c i e ia – building and public space). Each household could men ion a
ca ego y only ones, hus he maximum numbe o o es is 52.
Table 2: Vo es in ega d o in e es in coope a i e li ing (idea ional c i e ia). The ee ex
answe s we e so ed by la e de eloped ca ego ies. Maximal o al o e o 52
households is 52.
Ca ego y o in e es in coope a i e li ing
(idea ional c i e ia) To al o o es (max. 52)
Social 46
Economical 24
Poli ical 17
En i onmen al 0
O he
5
Table 2 shows ha he in e es in coope a i e li ing is almos en i ely based on social
aspec s ( he communi y eeling) while economic a gumen s (a o dable en s) a e in second
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Table 3: Vo es in ega d o in e es in coope a i e li ing (physical c i e ia – building and
public space). The ee ex answe s we e so ed by la e de eloped ca ego ies.
Maximal o al o e o 52 households is 52.
Ca ego y o in e es in coope a i e li ing
(
p
h
y
sical c i e ia
–
b
uildin
g
and public space) To al o o es (max. 52)
N
one 39
Ecolo
g
ical buildin
g
–
ene
gy
5
Ecolo
g
ical buildin
g
–
ma e ial 4
G eene
y
and ees 3
Sa e a ea o child en 3
p io i y. Mo e gene al poli ical c i e ia (ac agains capi alism) play a subo dina e ole bu
a e men ioned while (su p isingly) en i onmen al a gumen s we e no men ioned.
Table 3 con i ms ha he nea ly exclusi e in e es in coope a i e li ing is in he social
ange (li ing in a communi y). A coope a i e ha plans o cons uc hei own u u e
apa men building has e y good chances o also ealize own wishes and p e e ences he e.
An ecological building (in ega d o ene gy and/o ma e ial) would be well possible bu is a
his momen ou o explici in e es o he wide majo i y, only less han 20% ha e e en ha
explici ly in mind. Simila ly, (physical) design and unc ions o common public spaces seem
no be o cen al impo ance e en i ga dening as a social ac i i y is ema kably highe a ed
(see Sec ion 5, Table 8).
I mus be no ed ha he pa icipan s we en’ di ec ly asked o w i ing down physical
aspec s. Only hose, who had hem immedia ely in hei mind because o pe sonal in e es ,
migh ha e s a ed i in he su ey. I can be assumed ha wi h a di ec ques ion mo e de ailed
answe s would ha e been gi en.
4 DESIRED COMMON FACILITIES
In he su ey we e se e al ques ions in eg a ed whe e he membe s should assess hei
in e es in de ailed acili ies on a scale 1 (lowes ) o 10 (highes ). Fo he analysis o hese
da a, he single o es we e mul iplied wi h he co esponding numbe o poin s and he
p oduc s we e summed up o a inal, o al alue. Fo 52 households he heo e ical maximum
would be 52 × 10 = 520.
Table 4 shows he esul s. Facili ies whe e he membe s o he coope a i e could come
oge he , ou doo o indoo , a e mos common; also, a gues apa men is highly a ed. Only
a common sauna was no a gene al wish; maybe i is oo in ima e and no e e ybody is a
sauna isi o .
Table 4: To al o es o se e al p oposed de ailed common acili ies. Maximal o al o e
o 52 households would be 52 × 10 = 520.
Common acili
y
To al o o es (max. 520)
Common cou
y
a
d
443
Communi
y
oo
m
432
Gues oo
m
412
Roo e ace 372
Small ca é 304
Sauna 170
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5 DESIRED RESIDENT STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES
Ano he g oup o ques ions deal wi h he in e es in di e en esiden s uc u es, again on a
scale 1 (lowes ) o 10 (highes ). Table 5 shows ha di e si y in housing s uc u es eached a
high sco e. In he ques ionnai e i is explained as a mix o single apa men s, la sha e and
amilies. Such a mix seems o p omise a ich social exchange wi h membe s in di e en
o ms o li ing. Bu i is in con adic ion o he inding ha e y ew households wan o
pa icipa e in sha ed la s and single households a e unde ep esen ed, he majo i y p e e s
he s anda d o ms o li ing as amily in an own apa men . I may be ha a ce ain exo icism
plays a ole o he wish no o exclude o ms o li ing ha a e well accep ed by he g oup bu
no as hei own.
Table 5: To al o es o se e al p oposed de ailed esiden s uc u es. Maximal o al o e
o 52 households would be 52 × 10 = 520.
Residen s uc u e
–
p
oposed in su e
y
To al o o es (max. 520)
Di e si
y
in housin
g
s uc u es 388
Addi ional supe ised esiden ial
g
oup o elde l
y
people 246
Addi ional supe ised esiden ial g oup o people wi h
disabili ies 158
Special supe ised uni s o elde ly and e en mo e o disabled people did no each a
high in e es . Tha is somewha su p ising, a coope a i e is a o m o li ing o he es o li e
bu he majo i y o 30+ o 50+ seems o concen a e mo e on he p oblems o he p esence
and doesn’ hink abou hei own a u u e and age ye .
In e es ing is a mo e de ailed iew a he o es o di e si y in housing s uc u es o e he
size o he household and he age esp., see Table 6. The s onges wish o di e si y is in he
gene a ions 50+ upwa ds, e.g. he households wi hou (o adul ) child en; in an analogous
manne he households wi h one o wo pe sons. Vice e sa, he households wi h child en
and in he middle gene a ions al eady ind enough a ie y in hei own amilies.
Table 6: Vo es o di e si y in housing s uc u es wi h a weigh o 10 ou o 10.
A
g
e %Pe sons pe househol
d
%
75+ 100 1 75
65+ 67 2 53
50+ 70 3 33
40+ 33 ≥4 40
30+ 17
20+ 33
Fu he in es iga ions showed ha he e is ema kable di e ence in ega d o he le el o
educa ion. 80% o he ones wi h p o essional aining weigh ed di e si y wi h 10 ou o 10,
while only 41% o he highe educa ed. May be ha he p o essional ained wo k di ec ly
wi h people, he highe educa ed (e en i in social p o essions) mo e on a desk. Tha
hypo hesis could be con i med wi h a de ailed iew in he single ques ionnai es. The di ec
con ac o people (like nu se y, educa o e c.) seems o make people awa e o he alue o
social di e si y o , ice e sa, he mos awa e ones sea ch co esponding p o essions.
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Supplemen a y, a “wha else” ques ion was asked in ega d o esiden s uc u es. To
assess he ex ual answe s he mos men ioned ideas we e so ed in se e al, a e wa ds
de eloped ca ego ies. Fo 52 households he maximum o o es is 52. Table 7 shows ha
abou wo hi ds ha e no own/ u he p oposals o he esiden s uc u e. Abou 20% saw
mixed gene a ions besides a di e si y in o ms o li ing (see Table 5) as a second, impo an
c i e ia, ollowed by di e en cul u al backg ound. As al eady seen in Table 5, special
suppo o elde ly and inclusion o disabled we e ha dly men ioned as own, pe sonal in e es .
Table 7: Vo es o sel -p oposed esiden s uc u es in “wha else” ques ions. Maximal o e
o 52 households would be 52.
Residen s uc u e
–
own p oposals To al o o es (max. 52)
N
one 36
Mixed
g
ene a ions 10
Di e en cul u al back
g
oun
d
7
S
p
ecial suppo o elde l
y
3
Disabled people 3
O he
6
Ano he “wha else” ques ion was asked in ega d o esiden ac i i ies. Table 8 shows
ha he majo i y had, besides he explici ly asked ac i i ies, no o he p oposals (o a he
nega i ely o mula ed: no ideas). Abou one ou h men ioned ga dening and a wo kshop,
hese a e again loca ions ou doo o indoo whe e he membe s could mee and ollow hei
own in e es s. Bo h p obably exp ess a ce ain lack o space in he p esen li ing si ua ion o
ollow such ac i i ies o hobbies and an ecological mindse as well.
Table 8: Vo es o sel -p oposed esiden ac i i ies in “wha else” ques ions. Maximal o e
o 52 households would be 52.
Residen ac i i
y
–
own p oposals To al o o es (max. 52)
N
one 32
Ga denin
g
13
Wo kshop 13
S udio/hobb
y
oo
m
5
Child en pla
yg
oun
d
5
S o e 4
Co-wo kin
g
oo
m
3
Laund
y
2
Ou doo a eas o pla
y
and s a
y
o
g
e he
2
S
p
o s oo
m
1
O he
13
6 PARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENT
The households we e asked i hey would be willing o pa icipa e ac i ely in he coope a i e.
A wide majo i y o 77% (Table 9) decla ed yes. Tha seems o be a e y good esul , howe e
he dis ibu ion o e age shows a mo e di e en ia ed image. Taking he single o e 75+ as
an excep ion, he mos ac i e ones a e in he g oups 30+, 40+ and 50+; ema kably a e he
lowe pe cen ages in he gene a ions 20+ and 65+. The households ha ha e leas ime, he
amilies wi h child en, a e eady o con ibu e mos . Tha may exp ess ha he middle-aged
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gene a ions in households wi h child en ha e mos powe o shape hei own li es and hose
o hei child en; while he 65+ wi h p obably mo e ime (and money) less. A lo o ime
alone seems no o be a sou ce o mo i a ion o pa icipa ion, he mo i a ion comes ou o
social hough s (good su ounding o child en).
Table 9: Vo es o ac i e pa icipa ion in he coope a i e, o al alues and dis ibu ed by
age. Maximal o e o 52 households would be 52.
Households willin
g
o pa icipa e ac i el
y
To al Yes
N
o
N
o in o ma ion
A
g
e
N
umbe
N
umbe
%
N
umbe
N
umbe
75+ 1 1 100 0 0
65+ 6 4 67 2 0
50+ 20 16 80 4 0
40+ 12 10 83 1 1
30+ 6 5 83 1 0
20+ 3 2 67 1 0
N
o in o ma ion 4 2 50 2 0
N
umbe
52 40 11 1
% 100 77 21 2
The ques ion o ac i e pa icipa ion was no de ailed, o answe yes is easy and
co esponds o a basic eeling. The nex ques ion e e ed o wha hey could b ing in de ail.
Table 10 shows ha now he wide majo i y decla es no o be able o conc e e engagemen ,
mos ly because o lack o ime. Only ew pe sons a e willing o b ing in hei own
p o essional expe ience; in spi e o he ac ha hey all would ha e a lo o p o essional
expe iences o b ing in. E en unde he households wi h expe iences decla e abou one o
i e no o be willing o pa icipa e ac i ely.
Table 10: Vo es o he 52 households o di e en con ibu ions in own de ailed
engagemen . The ma ked 11 households could be localized as he u u e main
coope a o s o he coope a i e.
En
g
a
g
emen o he coope a i e To al Willin
g
o pa icipa e ac i el
y
Yes
N
o
N
one 29 22 7
Own p o essional expe ience 4 4 0
Limi ed en
g
a
g
emen
4 3 1
Expe ience wi h coope a i e housin
g
6 4 2
O he
9 7 2
Again, i mus be no ed, ha he ques ion was a gene al “wha else” (bu unde he headline
pa icipa ion), i was no p ecisely asked o wha kind o de ailed con ibu ions and
expe iences could be b ough in. I may well be, ha wi h a co esponding ques ion mo e
answe s would be gained.
7 POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPMENT AND COLLECTIVE ACTION
Ou o Table 10 ele en households can be localized ha wan o pa icipa e ac i ely and ha e
own p o essional expe ience o expe ience wi h coope a i e housing o decla e limi ed
166 The Sus ainable Ci y XVI
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WIT T ansac ions on Ecology and he En i onmen , Vol 260, © 2022 WIT P ess
engagemen (because o a lack o ime). These could o m he co e o coope a o s o he
p esen and u u e de elopmen o he coope a i e. Table 11 deli e s a mo e de ailed
in o ma ion abou hese households, hey a e ou o he gene a ions 40+ and 50+ and a e
mainly composed o amilies wi h (mo e han) wo child en. The single pe sons and couples
belong o 50+ and olde , i may well be ha hey also li ed in bigge amilies o communi ies
be o e.
Table 11: Ele en households wi h he po en ial o become he u u e coope a o s o he
coope a i e (see Table 10), so ed by age and numbe o pe sons pe household.
A
g
e
N
umbe
Pe sons pe househol
d
N
umbe
75+ 1 1 3
65+ 1 2 2
50+ 3 3 1
40+ 4 ≥ 4 5
30+ 1
20+ 0
N
o in o ma ion 1
No o he clea co ela ion o educa ion, p o ession in ield and le el could be ound – i
seems, ha he amilial si ua ion and he wish o c ea e a good su ounding o he well-being
o he heads o hese households and hei child en is he dominan mo i a ion o become
ac i e.
8 A BRIEF VIEW TO THE THEORY OF COLLECTIVE ACTION
Collec i e ac ion is necessa y i a smalle o bigge g oup o people wan s o each a common
a ge o o main ain a common good. In case o he in es iga ed coope a i e hese a e he
p epa a ion and success ul applica ion o he pe mission o cons uc , ealize wishes in
building design and public spaces and a e mo ing in he common main enance o and ca e
abou he coope a i e.
In such a cons ella ion, in ol ed people a e in gene al in e es ed in a posi i e de elopmen
o he collec i e bu migh show di e en beha iou s. The heo y o collec i e ac ion [6] lis s
h ee basic beha iou al ypes, he willing punishe , he a ional egois and he condi ional
coope a o , see Table 12.
Table 12: The h ee basic beha iou al ypes o membe s o a collec i e in ega d o
common ac ion, based on Os om [6].
Willin
g
punishe
Ra ional e
g
ois
Condi ional coope a o
Willing o punish someone
in case he pe son does no
ollow he common ules o
he collec i e.
Wan s o enjoy in he
ad an ages o he collec i e
wi hou aking ac ion.
Willing o ini ia e
collec i e ac ion.
Expec ecip ocal
con ibu ion o o he s.
Wan s o push membe s,
ha a e on he w ong ack
o inac i e, o he a
g
e .
Wan s o gain he highes
yield wi h lowes pe sonal
inpu
.
Wan s o pull all o he s o
he a ge .
High le el o con ibu ion
in case o ac i i
y
.
Low le el o o no
con ibu ion. High le el o con ibu ion.
The Sus ainable Ci y XVI 167
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