Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y
1174
INTEGRATED REHABILITATION OF THE HOUSING FROM THE 1950s. THE
CASE OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF CARRANQUE (MALAGA)
1
Na as Ca illo, Daniel
1
MIATD, Uni e sidad de Se illa
Plaza de La Mise ico dia, nº2 3ª, Málaga
e-mail: na asca [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The neighbo hood o Ca anque was buil in he 1950s unde he p ecep s o he dic a o ial
model. In ecen decades, i has su e ed a con inuous decline showing a comple ely
deg aded and especially decon ex ualized image om he XXI cen u y ci y.
F om he speci ic in e en ion p ojec o his a ea o he ci y o Malaga, i makes a
me hodological o de e mine wha should be he model o in e en ion in consolida ed
esiden ial pa k, anscending he exclusi i y o physical issues, o add ess he mul iple
dimensions in ol ed is pe o med buil in obsolescence pa k ha is inhe i ed.
This esea ch a icle ocuses on " he in eg a ed u ban egene a ion" as a e lec ion abou he
in e en ion models in he consolida ed esiden ial a eas. This goes beyond he exclusi i y o
he cons uc ion sys ems, s udying he mul iple dimensions in ol ed in he obsolescence o
many o ou neighbo hoods.
These buildings ha e conse a ion p oblems come om se ious s uc u al p oblems. These
ones esul om de iciencies in he cu en ex emely poo ounda ion and cons uc ion
solu ions. Measu es o imp o e he açade and oo , o he eplacemen o he windows a e
equi ed due o he low ene gy e iciency measu es equi ed. Bu he ine ec i eness goes
u he . Housing models espond o he ideals o he 20
h
cen u y Spanish dic a o ial egime,
away om he XXI cen u y li es yles.
Consequen ly, i is essen ial ha he in e en ion mus be able o esol e all hese issues a
he same ime. Thus, he p oposed ehabili a ion o he ounda ion will equi e s abilize he
load-bea ing acade du ing he in e en ion a he same ime. This leads us o hink o using
his ac and p opose a ixed s abiliza ion s uc u e o sol e he es o he ound pa hologies:
ela ed o he s uc u e, cons uc ion sys ems, accessibili y, unc ional dis ibu ion, o ene gy.
In line wi h he abo e, he consolida ion s uc u e will suppo cus omizable modules ha will
assume du ies like he amily ex ension, he hos o elde ly, he pseudo-emancipa ion o
young, he e u n o child en o he di ision o spaces.
In his way, he buildings will adjus o each occupan needs. I a emp s o answe o he
hype ac i e ib a ing jelly, de ined by Pe e Slo e dijk, and which includes a socie y wi h
dispa a e modes o li e, away om he imposed li es yle p o o ype.
To sum up, i is a comp ehensi e ehabili a ion s a egy ha ies o esol e all he
pa hologies ound (ene gy, cons uc ion, s uc u al, accessibili y, housing lexibili y ...) in a
global way o ensu e he highe e iciency o his p oposal.
Keywo ds: ex ension housing, ene gy e iciency, obsolescence, pa hologies,
comp ehensi e ehabili a ion.
P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
1175
1. In oduc ion
1.1.- The mul iple dimensions o a sus ainable ehabili a ion. The impo ance
o e e yday li e.
This a icle is he esul o an academic wo k ha seeks o ackle he egene a ion o
neighbo hoods which had become obsole e as a esul o he dynamic model o
expansi e g ow h. The lack o in es men has led o he absence o enewal in
neighbo hoods, like his one, which has a s a egic posi ion in hei ci ies. (1) (2)
The pu pose o his pape is he analysis o a pa icula model o apply a
me hodology o ac ion ha akes in o accoun he mul iplici y o app oaches ha a e
necessa y o a sus ainable ehabili a ion o inhe i ed housing s ock.
The u ban a ea has a mul i ude o dimensions (economic, social, en i onmen al,
he i age ...) which mus be conside ed a di e en special and iming scales, alluding
o he Eu opean F amewo k o In eg a ed U ban Regene a ion, e e ence documen
o any in e en ion in he consolida ed ci y. [3] [4]
T ying o simpli y his si ua ion in, mo e o less, objec i e da a, akes us away om
he dimension o ci izens in hei daily li es, o ge ing ha his is a complex eali y in
which social aspec s play a ole, beyond physical in o ma ion.
Admi edly, his makes di icul and dila es ac ion imes, bu i is i mly con inced o
he need o a oid he same mis akes o he pas cen u y planning. The s uc u e o
his wo k is complex, because i ies o ecognize his plu ali y. I s de elopmen has
been a con inuous eedback p ocess. A ime we was disco e ing he neighbo hood,
we ha e been adding new inpu s o de elopmen he p oposal. [5]
This may seem logical, bu i seems no o be o u ban in e en ions, which y o be
a inal and simple image in o de o con ol e e y hing. By con as , he need o wo k
on a ious opics in a ious scales and di e en dep h is again s essed. Only i his
kind o pe o mances is assumed as an in e en ion s a egy can co e a wide ange
o conside a ions in he complex eali y o he al eady buil .
I will be desc ibed a ious ac ions as he esul o he e iew o hese mul iple
dimensions o he case s udy, emphasizing on he main conclusion d awn: he social
pe spec i e as a undamen al a chi ec u al ool o he success o any in e en ion.
The impo ance o conside ing how a si e is li ed has been a cons ain o go en in
he p ocess o ehabili a ion, which ce ainly is c ucial o in e ene in i [6].
2.- The social dimension o a sus ainable ehabili a ion
2.1.- F om he unique mode o mul iple li es yles
To unde s and he cu en esiden ial ypology, we mus eco e he his o ical con ex
o he neighbo hood cons uc ion. This should espond o a gi en mode o li e,
imposed by he F anco’s egime, and adap ed o a e y speci ic ideology. A he
same ime, we mus no o ge he economic si ua ion o ha momen , when a
coun y was been e-build wi h e y limi ed esou ces. Fo his eason, i can be said
ha al hough he e a e se e al esiden ial ypologies, all espond o he same amily
p o o ype. [7]
Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y
1176
Fig. 1 “Neighbo hood o Ca anque in Málaga”. Sou ce: Compiled by au ho .
Anyway, his is no di e en o m he wo ld a chi ec u al con ex . The a chi ec u al
a ionalism ose a e Wo ld Wa II as a esponse o social needs and poli ical
changes which had happened in Eu ope. This p omo es a housing s anda diza ion in
o de o achie e g ea e social wel a e. Bu , do hese minimum s anda ds espond o
mul iple casuis y?
As i has seen i , his so o neighbo hoods has unde gone a con inual p ocess o
local app op ia ions, which is no mo e han he esponse o esiden s o hei a ious
li es yles. I seemed logical o ecognize his si ua ion, which is a e lec ion o he
need o adap he o iginal ypologies o he cha ac e is ics o he XXI cen u y
ea u es. Also, he s a egy will ge he modus ope andi o he neighbo s as one o
he ools o he p ojec , h ough local nego ia ion p ocesses, which no impose
p e ious condi ions ha will be ejec ed by ci izen.
Acco ding o he cu en echnological wo ld, he houses o he XX cen u y equi e a
e-p og amming o adap hem o he changing needs o habi abili y he XXI cen u y
demands (Fig.1). I should espond in as uc u e wi hou g ea adap abili y e o s
gi e suppo o oday's socie y. I is he concep de ined by Pe e Slo e dijk as
hype ac i e ib a ing jelly, which encompasses a socie y o uns able ho izon al
ne wo ks o connec dispa a e li es yles. These ha e de ia ed om he unique mode
ha i has been a emp ing o impose. [8]
This di e gence be ween he con en and con aine , leads o a se ies o imbalances
in he li es yle, which de i e om a alse ideal o imposed no mali y, and he
impossibili y o a ee de elopmen o his s ay. Besides, adi ional housing imposes a
alse homogenei y in ime, making impossible a ull adap a ion o di e en needs. The
conce ns ha we ha e o change, lead us o some uncon olled and excessi e
ehabili a ion cos s, due o he high s i ness o depa u e.
2.2.- P io equi ed sociabili y
Any wo k o a chi ec u e is made o be used o anyone and when ha does no
happen is a place wi h no name "... Fo example, a d ess becomes eally a d ess
only by being wo n; a house which is uninhabi ed is indeed no eally a house." [9]
Any in e en ion in he ci y should s a by ecognizing he plu ali y ha cha ac e izes
he liquid mode n socie y [10]. Hence, i is necessa y, a leas , o ha e he neighbo s
as a gene al p inciple, because no one knows he eali y we li e e e y day be e
han hem. The con ibu ions o neighbo s show he a e ha has led o a numbe o
needs, se ing p io i ies, and hus, he pace o he u u e pe o mance.
P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
1177
Fo he case s udy, he ini ia i e “Ca anque Pa icipa” was de eloped in
collabo a ion wi h he neighbo hood associa ion in which i sough an analysis and
subsequen diagnosis o he si ua ion in he neighbo hood, o be able o lay he
basics o he eno a ion. (Fig. 2).
Thus, i was de e mined ha he s uc u al
p oblems a e he main u gency, due o he inciden s ha a e caused by hem in hei
day o day. F om his p io i y, he whole p oposal has been a icula ed, including all
he ac o s ha ha e been discussed.
Fig 2 “Pa icipa ion ools”. Fuen e: Ini ia i e “Pa icipa e Ca anque”.
I aims o c ea e he ge m o a new local c i ical a i ude abou he si ua ion o hei
neighbo hood. I should be aken in o conside a ion ha he democ a ic e olu ion has
esul ed in an excessi e delega ion o powe . This a i ude makes ci izen lose he
s a us o g oup, limi ed o be me e consume s o u ban op ions ha a e o e ed [11].
This is causing he ans o ma ion o popula neighbo hoods in impe sonal ones,
which a e cha ac e ized by he absence o ac i i ies ha implies insecu i y,
indi iduali y and ma ginali y, in compa ison o he quali y o li e ha p esen s a
cohesi e and collabo a i e pa ne ship [12]. Ci izen demand a deep in ol emen wi h
eali y, and his should mean neglec ing he indi iduali y and pe sonal in e es s o
each common in e es s, being pa o a collec i e.
On he con a y, his change will become eal, i i is ca ied ou in all a eas o socie y.
This u n in o impo an ha p o essionals would assume hei own esponsibili y,
gi ing up he ole o demiu ge de ini ely, ha is o say, one who makes decisions
igno ing he physical and social eali y, and whose adop ed solu ion is in alid, going
o a ole o in e p e e o manage o he ma e which i will ha e o wo k.
Mo eo e , he designe canno limi i sel o be an ou side obse e o judge and
decide based on a ional knowledge. This mus assume and "ac o " ole in he
de eloping o he p ojec , aking he isk which is associa ed o hei di ec
in ol emen wi h he objec ha i will be ans o med. This in ol emen de e mines a
" esponsible" answe de ined by he e hical sense o i ac . In sho , i means an
ac i e posi ion in sha ed p ocesses ha look and lis en he cu en ci y.
2.3.- Response o he idiosync asies o he neighbo s
In ecen yea s, Eu opean a chi ec u e has le impo an examples o his kind o
ac ions, which del e on concep s ela ed o holis ic hinking, and se long- e m
"s a egic scena ios" wi h enough lexibili y o inno a ion, adap a ion and e olu ion.
A he same ime all o hem mus be in eg a ed in o a whole s uc u e which mus be
implemen ed h ough speci ic and loca ed ac ions in compa ison o an indi idual
in e en ion on objec s and subjec s. [13]
Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y
1178
Fig. 3 “T aces o he app op ia ion p ocess”. Sou ce: Compiled by au ho .
I is impo an o no e ha al hough i a emp s o es ablish an app oxima e
me hodology based on he s udy o his case, he solu ions may no be common, bu
mus eimbu se pa icula i ies o each a ea. In his case, he dis ic is ma ked by he
con inuous p ocess o app op ia ion o hose o iginal ee a eas. Residen s ha e
been able o adap p imi i e ypes o changing modes o li e (Fig. 3).
As i de ined by he Real Academia Española de la Lengua (Academy o he Spanish
Language), we can de ine ha oppo unism is a speci ic way o espond o
oppo uni ies, which in ol es p io i izing sho - e m in e es s o achie e ce ain goals
o esol e conce ns sha ed by a g oup. In his sense, esiden s ha e unde aken a
con inuous p ocess o app op ia ion o he o iginal ee a eas o adap he o iginal
ixed ypologies o changing li es yles.
This ac could no ake in conside a ion, o example he simple demoli ion o hese
app op ia ions can be p oposed o e u n o he mo phological "alignmen ". He e i is
aken as he objec o he p ojec . And i he e is a p e ailing eali y in he
neighbo hood o any eason, i mus be ecognized and a icula ed wi h new ules, o
espond o unc ional issues in compa ison o an aes he ic decision. Undoub edly,
his ac ion ca ies a e y speci ic image, bu i will be he esul o he eply p ocess o
pa icula equi emen s (s uc u al, unc ional, spa ial, cons uc i e, echnical ...). In
no case, i will be a p e ious imposed decision.
Based on he ein en ion o oppo unism in he neighbo hood, i has been p oposed
espond o di e en ways o li e o i s esiden s. Fo his i has ocused on enan s
om a pa icula block, wi h all i s implica ions: disco e ing he con en and he
con aine o hei li es yle, because only om knowledge, i is possible o p opose
hem a new home.
3.- In e en ion p ocess
3.1.- Case s udies
Among ela ing s udied is signi ican o men ion he ac ions ca ied ou by he
Municipal Socie y o U ban Rehabili a ion o Za agoza on 21 u ban complexes, which
we e buil be ween 1945 and 1965. Wo ks ca ied ou be ween 2001 and 2006, and
ha e been aimed a balanced ans o ma ion o hese pieces o os e imp o ed
condi ions and quali y o li e o i s neighbo s.
I is de e mined ha he house has been
he key elemen o his o be possible.
Conside ing only he di e en ways o in e ening in buildings, he main objec i e
was o achie e he s anda ds se by he cu en legisla ion o public housing. To do
his, he i s hing was o unde ake he s uc u al adequacy by ounda ion
s abiliza ion and s uc u al ein o cemen o hose buildings in wo se condi ion. A e
he s uc u al consolida ion, he nex s ep was o de e mine whe he hese minimum
equi emen s obliged o a comp ehensi e es uc u ing. Tha would in ol e a change
in he numbe o uni s o an inc ease o hem by ex e nal g ow h. In his es uc u ing,
he ci cula ions o all homes we e s udied o be accessible wi h he ins alla ion o
new ele a o s.

P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
1179
In addi ion o hese, o he measu es we e unde aken o ensu e he equi emen s o
heal h and sa e y agains acciden s, and he enewal o a poo acili ies.
En i onmen al sus ainabili y measu es we e in oduced and o he s o inc ease
ene gy e iciency. So he buildings we e equipped wi h enough insula ion, in oducing
as a as possible design changes o be e bioclima ic pe o mance o buildings (Fig
4).
Fig. 4 “Building be o e and a e ehabili a ion". Sou ce: S.M.R.U.Z.
In pa allel, he S a e Housing Plan 2005-2008 allowed simila pe o mances in o he
many ci ies h oughou he na ional e i o y. This is he case o he ehabili a ion o
La Ciudad de Los Angeles in Mad id [15] o San Ma in de Po es in Có doba [16].
Al hough, hey a e smalle pe o mances, mee he same s anda ds, bo h in he
analysis o hei sho comings as in de eloped measu es.
On he same line, Laca on & Vassal a e de eloping simila ac ions on blocks o
esiden ial buildings cons uc ed du ing he decades 60 and 70. These ope a ions
seek o expand he di e en dwellings, and enew hei en elopes. Then, enan s can
ge be e iews, be e sunligh and be e ligh ing. Wi h his he su ace o he
houses has inc eased be ween 15% -25%, gi ing o he building a mo e e icien
skin. [17]
I is also possible o men ion expe iences ha seek o exploi loopholes inhe en o
any legisla ion o he p omo ion o collec i e owne ship. This is he case o he
a eling ins alla ion Rucksachaus, de eloped by a is S e an Ebe s ad [Fig.5] o
sub e si e ac i i ies ha a e being conduc ed by San iago Ci ujeda wi h he
collec i e Rece as U banas (U ban Recipes).
Fig. 5 “Rucksackhaus”. Sou ce: S e an Ebe s ad y a.k.a. Ingenieu e
3.2.- Rehabili a ion om echnical cons ain s.
Re u ning o he e o ha would be he simple ansla ion o hese p oposals, as a
s a ing poin , i is necessa y o analyze he exis ing pa hologies om di e en poin s
o iew: s uc u e, cons uc ion, accessibili y, unc ion. Hence, i is essen ial ha he
app oach o a ehabili a ion s a egy would be able o esol e hese issues
comp ehensi ely in o de o ensu e an e icien in e en ion.
The ac ions will be based on he need o consolida ion and s uc u al unde pinning,
which come o sol e he s uc u al p oblems (Fig.6) ha buildings a e su e ing. I is
no ewo hy ha his conside a ion as a p ima y ac ion o de elop is he esul o he
analysis in ol ed p ocess and no a pu ely echnical decision. The solu ion will
Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y
1180
equi e he s abiliza ion o he load-bea ing walls. The solu ion p oposed o
ounda ion will equi e he s abiliza ion o he load-bea ing walls du ing he su ge y.
This leads us o hink in using his ci cums ance o p opose he s abilizing s uc u e
as a ixed elemen . This will help o sol e o he pa hologies, as unc ional ones in his
case.
Fig. 6. “De e io a ion o he building ounda ion”. Sou ce: Ca anque Associa ion
This idea unde lies an impo an conside a ion in ques o sus ainabili y. This is he
sea ch o maximum e iciency o a cos ly in e en ion. I looks o he maximum
e iciency in a cos ly in e en ion, looking o he highes p o i abili y. Acco dingly, we
use his measu e o imp o e accessibili y issues, o ge highe ene gy e iciency o o
suppo u u e expansions.
I his new c unched is hough as a wiligh h eshold be o e homes, he sola
incidence on hem will be educed. As a he mal egula o , i will help o o se he
se ious sho comings ha hese buildings ha e, acco ding o he com o and in e io
i ings. This ea u e is common o buildings o his kind, since hey will be inhe en in
he sys ems and cons uc ion echniques used du ing his pe iod o ime, and he
low
quali y o ma e ials in a pos -wa ime.
Fo his eason, i is ad isable o e e o he measu es se by he guide o
ecommenda ions o imp o ing he ene gy e iciency o exis ing buildings o he
Ins i u e o Di e si ica ion and Sa ing o Ene gy. I s objec i e in ol es p o iding a
pa allel applica ion o ene gy ce i ica ion, o iden i y and e alua e di e en measu es
o sa ings. Among hese, in a cons uc ion le el i is impo an o inc ease he
he mal insula ion o he cu en acade. F om he men ioned social pe spec i e, i is
essen ial ha i he ou e skin is no going o be simila o he cu en one, a collec i e
image should be ag eed among neighbo s o a oid a ejec ion ac ion.
One o he weaknesses o he en elope is he ea men o window openings. The
highes ene gy loss h ough he acade due o bad wea he condi ions occu s h ough
hese openings. Subsequen ly, i is necessa y o analyze his pa in any
ehabili a ion p ojec . On one hand ene gy losses h ough windows should be limi ed,
paying special a en ion o he ea men o he mal discon inui ies, and he ype o
ames ha ha e been used. On he o he hand, in oducing sunligh in o he inne
space h ough he windows may be a good passi e mean o he mal con ol in win e .
In his espec i may be in e es ing o design loo - o-ceiling windows o inc ease he
ligh ing su ace.
Ano he common p oblem in his kind o in e en ions is he poo condi ion o
acili ies, la gely due o he passage o ime and he absence o a comp ehensi e
p ojec o imp o e he se o acili ies (Fig. 7). I is common ha pa ial p ojec s o
imp o e hese acili ies ha e been ca ied ou , showing a huge a ie y o pipes,
cables, and o he supply o sani a ion sys ems unning along he acades o
buildings. Likewise, he i ings o indoo spaces wi hou ai condi ioning, has esul ed
in he placemen o condense s along he building on .
P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco-
E icien Solu ions
1181
Fig. 7 “Cu en si ua ion o he building acili ies”. Compiled by au ho .
Fo i s pa , he analysis o he e iciency o hese acili ies, especially he gene a ion
o ho wa e , shows he need o ca y ou ac i e measu es o educe ene gy
consump ion. So, he e will be necessa y o cen alize HVAC and ho wa e sys ems
wi h indi idual sola panels o each dwelling.
3.1. Rehabili a ion om habi abili y.
A e ha ing ega d o echnical ac o s ha will a ec any in e en ion, he ollowing
is o de e mine he spa ial needs ha equi e he neighbo s o a speci ic building.
Thus, i will be possible o adap i s ehabili a ion o he a ious ypes o amilies ha
a e li ing in he building a his momen , and a e qui e di e en om he amily model
ha F anco’s egime wan ed o impose wi hin ha con ex [18] [19].
Cases like ha one, whe e s uc u al de iciencies equi e signi ican consolida ion
in e en ion, sugges ha his measu e can be used o sol e hose de ec ed housing
condi ions. Thus, his consolida ion may suppo new "plug-in's" o ac i a e each o
he exis ing buildings, as long as he maximum load hypo hesis would be de e mined.
Fig. 8 “Adap a ion o mul iple li es yles”. Sou ce: Compiled by au ho
Thus, hese will allow hem inc easing he amily, hos ing g andpa en s o e u ning
sons, ge ing eenage s’ independence, he pseudo-emancipa ion o young, o he
seg ega ion o spaces in housing whe e elde s a e li ing alone... Buildings will
eadjus o each occupan ’s need, exp essing on he building ele a ions and
he e o e, wi h he possibili y ha each pe son can iden i y hei housing place. I ’s no
de imen o a collec i e game ules, which a e necessa y o communal li ing and
good unde s anding as a g oup. (Fig. 8)
I should commen ha in compa ison o he analyzed s udy cases, his me hodology
assumes un inished as hei own any wo k o his na u e, so ha i s cons uc ion
should seek s anda dized solu ions and modula ed, enabling he assembly o i s
componen s. The expansion modules acqui e he s a us o p og essi e cons uc ion
elemen s. Fo his, a ca alogue o solu ions will be de ined so ha esiden s acqui e
ei he model acco ding o hei needs.
Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y
1182
As i has been de ec ed, hese neighbo hoods, e en hough hey we e buil in pu sui
o hei communi y, ha e u ned o he impe sonal in ecen decades, mainly
mo i a ed by he lack o space o ep esen hem collec i ely. I is impo an o
eco e los awa eness o neighbo hood uni , and i is he e o e necessa y o p o ide
spaces o in e ac ion and coexis ence in bo h he ci y and wi hin buildings. Only i
he socio-spa ial p ocesses a e aken in o accoun , i will be a icula e he o dina y,
he isible and he open ha o m he basis o any collec i e. [20]
And he ein lies ano he o he measu es p oposed in he p esen case: eco e ing
co e s o a collec i e u ili y. I aims o exploi he s uc u al in e en ion o ha e small
ga dens o ec ea ion. On he one hand, his esponds o a claim o o de s ha a e
o iginally om a u al a ea. On he o he hand, i will posi i ely impac on he o e all
ene gy e iciency o he building. I e-emphasizes he concep o e iciency in his
ype o in e en ion o esol e join ly se e al de iciencies ounded.
4.- Conclusions
The app oach o he ehabili a ion o buildings om unde s anding he mul iple
dimensions hose a ec and de e mine hei deg ee o obsolescence, sees ha i will
be di icul o ely on he abili y o he inish, ully de ined and delimi ed, o in e ene in
hem.
Undoub edly such ac ions ca y wi h hem a e y speci ic image, bu he poin is ha
hese mus be he esul o a p ocess o eply o ce ain equi emen s (s uc u al,
unc ional, spa ial, cons uc i e, echnical ...) and no a decision imposed a p io i. I
we assume ha o he case s udy and he es o e e en s ha ha e been analyzed,
hey canno be aken as a p o o ype o epea in o m o speci ic con en . They
p e end o ge a lexible esul , an open sys em wi h capaci y o change.
The e o e, i is concluded ha he ac ions desc ibed a e jus he epi ome o a se ies
o bes p ac ices, which a e based on he ollowing maximum wo:
- Any in e en ion on inhabi ed buildings shall ecognize he di e si y ha
de ines oday's liquid socie y. The e o e, i will be necessa y o assume he
neighbo s as he objec o he p ojec , conside ing ha nobody knows he
eali y we li e e e y day be e han hem.
- The complexi y mus be ackled om a global s a egy ha hyb idizes he
pa icula conside a ions o he di e en dimensions ha a ec hese
in e en ions. I should build a whole scena io in which a ious pa hologies
we e add essed oge he and no independen ly, looking o he mos e icien
in e en ion possible.
REFERENCES
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Reinoso Bellio R. (2005).
Topog a ías del Pa aíso. La cons ucción de la ciudad de
Málaga en e 1897 y 1959, Málaga: Colegio O icial de A qui ec os Técnicos de Málaga.
[2]
Díaz Rubio A. (1985). Reco idos didác icos po Málaga. Ciudad del pa aíso.
Málaga:
Ins i u o de ciencias de la educación. Uni e sidad de Málaga.
[3]
Consejo de la Unión Eu opea (2010). Decla ación de Toledo. Reunión
In o mal de
Minis os de Desa ollo U bano de la UE. P esidencia Española UE, Toledo.
[4]
Ins i u o Uni e si a io de U banísi ica de la Uni e sidad de Valladolid (2010).
In o me