Integrated rehabilitation of the housing from the 1950s. The case of the neighborhood of Carranque (Malaga)

Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y 1174 INTEGRATED REHABILITATION OF THE HOUSING FROM THE 1950s. THE CASE OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF CARRANQUE (MALAGA) 1 Na as Ca illo, Daniel 1 MIATD, Uni e sidad de Se illa Plaza de La Mise ico dia, nº2 3ª, Málaga e-mail: na asca [email protected] ABSTRACT The neighbo hood o Ca anque was buil in he 1950s unde he p ecep s o he dic a o ial model. In ecen decades, i has su e ed a con inuous decline showing a comple ely deg aded and especially decon ex ualized image om he XXI cen u y ci y. F om he speci ic in e en ion p ojec o his a ea o he ci y o Malaga, i makes a me hodological o de e mine wha should be he model o in e en ion in consolida ed esiden ial pa k, anscending he exclusi i y o physical issues, o add ess he mul iple dimensions in ol ed is pe o med buil in obsolescence pa k ha is inhe i ed. This esea ch a icle ocuses on " he in eg a ed u ban egene a ion" as a e lec ion abou he in e en ion models in he consolida ed esiden ial a eas. This goes beyond he exclusi i y o he cons uc ion sys ems, s udying he mul iple dimensions in ol ed in he obsolescence o many o ou neighbo hoods. These buildings ha e conse a ion p oblems come om se ious s uc u al p oblems. These ones esul om de iciencies in he cu en ex emely poo ounda ion and cons uc ion solu ions. Measu es o imp o e he açade and oo , o he eplacemen o he windows a e equi ed due o he low ene gy e iciency measu es equi ed. Bu he ine ec i eness goes u he . Housing models espond o he ideals o he 20 h cen u y Spanish dic a o ial egime, away om he XXI cen u y li es yles. Consequen ly, i is essen ial ha he in e en ion mus be able o esol e all hese issues a he same ime. Thus, he p oposed ehabili a ion o he ounda ion will equi e s abilize he load-bea ing acade du ing he in e en ion a he same ime. This leads us o hink o using his ac and p opose a ixed s abiliza ion s uc u e o sol e he es o he ound pa hologies: ela ed o he s uc u e, cons uc ion sys ems, accessibili y, unc ional dis ibu ion, o ene gy. In line wi h he abo e, he consolida ion s uc u e will suppo cus omizable modules ha will assume du ies like he amily ex ension, he hos o elde ly, he pseudo-emancipa ion o young, he e u n o child en o he di ision o spaces. In his way, he buildings will adjus o each occupan needs. I a emp s o answe o he hype ac i e ib a ing jelly, de ined by Pe e Slo e dijk, and which includes a socie y wi h dispa a e modes o li e, away om he imposed li es yle p o o ype. To sum up, i is a comp ehensi e ehabili a ion s a egy ha ies o esol e all he pa hologies ound (ene gy, cons uc ion, s uc u al, accessibili y, housing lexibili y ...) in a global way o ensu e he highe e iciency o his p oposal. Keywo ds: ex ension housing, ene gy e iciency, obsolescence, pa hologies, comp ehensi e ehabili a ion. P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco- E icien Solu ions 1175 1. In oduc ion 1.1.- The mul iple dimensions o a sus ainable ehabili a ion. The impo ance o e e yday li e. This a icle is he esul o an academic wo k ha seeks o ackle he egene a ion o neighbo hoods which had become obsole e as a esul o he dynamic model o expansi e g ow h. The lack o in es men has led o he absence o enewal in neighbo hoods, like his one, which has a s a egic posi ion in hei ci ies. (1) (2) The pu pose o his pape is he analysis o a pa icula model o apply a me hodology o ac ion ha akes in o accoun he mul iplici y o app oaches ha a e necessa y o a sus ainable ehabili a ion o inhe i ed housing s ock. The u ban a ea has a mul i ude o dimensions (economic, social, en i onmen al, he i age ...) which mus be conside ed a di e en special and iming scales, alluding o he Eu opean F amewo k o In eg a ed U ban Regene a ion, e e ence documen o any in e en ion in he consolida ed ci y. [3] [4] T ying o simpli y his si ua ion in, mo e o less, objec i e da a, akes us away om he dimension o ci izens in hei daily li es, o ge ing ha his is a complex eali y in which social aspec s play a ole, beyond physical in o ma ion. Admi edly, his makes di icul and dila es ac ion imes, bu i is i mly con inced o he need o a oid he same mis akes o he pas cen u y planning. The s uc u e o his wo k is complex, because i ies o ecognize his plu ali y. I s de elopmen has been a con inuous eedback p ocess. A ime we was disco e ing he neighbo hood, we ha e been adding new inpu s o de elopmen he p oposal. [5] This may seem logical, bu i seems no o be o u ban in e en ions, which y o be a inal and simple image in o de o con ol e e y hing. By con as , he need o wo k on a ious opics in a ious scales and di e en dep h is again s essed. Only i his kind o pe o mances is assumed as an in e en ion s a egy can co e a wide ange o conside a ions in he complex eali y o he al eady buil . I will be desc ibed a ious ac ions as he esul o he e iew o hese mul iple dimensions o he case s udy, emphasizing on he main conclusion d awn: he social pe spec i e as a undamen al a chi ec u al ool o he success o any in e en ion. The impo ance o conside ing how a si e is li ed has been a cons ain o go en in he p ocess o ehabili a ion, which ce ainly is c ucial o in e ene in i [6]. 2.- The social dimension o a sus ainable ehabili a ion 2.1.- F om he unique mode o mul iple li es yles To unde s and he cu en esiden ial ypology, we mus eco e he his o ical con ex o he neighbo hood cons uc ion. This should espond o a gi en mode o li e, imposed by he F anco’s egime, and adap ed o a e y speci ic ideology. A he same ime, we mus no o ge he economic si ua ion o ha momen , when a coun y was been e-build wi h e y limi ed esou ces. Fo his eason, i can be said ha al hough he e a e se e al esiden ial ypologies, all espond o he same amily p o o ype. [7] Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y 1176 Fig. 1 “Neighbo hood o Ca anque in Málaga”. Sou ce: Compiled by au ho . Anyway, his is no di e en o m he wo ld a chi ec u al con ex . The a chi ec u al a ionalism ose a e Wo ld Wa II as a esponse o social needs and poli ical changes which had happened in Eu ope. This p omo es a housing s anda diza ion in o de o achie e g ea e social wel a e. Bu , do hese minimum s anda ds espond o mul iple casuis y? As i has seen i , his so o neighbo hoods has unde gone a con inual p ocess o local app op ia ions, which is no mo e han he esponse o esiden s o hei a ious li es yles. I seemed logical o ecognize his si ua ion, which is a e lec ion o he need o adap he o iginal ypologies o he cha ac e is ics o he XXI cen u y ea u es. Also, he s a egy will ge he modus ope andi o he neighbo s as one o he ools o he p ojec , h ough local nego ia ion p ocesses, which no impose p e ious condi ions ha will be ejec ed by ci izen. Acco ding o he cu en echnological wo ld, he houses o he XX cen u y equi e a e-p og amming o adap hem o he changing needs o habi abili y he XXI cen u y demands (Fig.1). I should espond in as uc u e wi hou g ea adap abili y e o s gi e suppo o oday's socie y. I is he concep de ined by Pe e Slo e dijk as hype ac i e ib a ing jelly, which encompasses a socie y o uns able ho izon al ne wo ks o connec dispa a e li es yles. These ha e de ia ed om he unique mode ha i has been a emp ing o impose. [8] This di e gence be ween he con en and con aine , leads o a se ies o imbalances in he li es yle, which de i e om a alse ideal o imposed no mali y, and he impossibili y o a ee de elopmen o his s ay. Besides, adi ional housing imposes a alse homogenei y in ime, making impossible a ull adap a ion o di e en needs. The conce ns ha we ha e o change, lead us o some uncon olled and excessi e ehabili a ion cos s, due o he high s i ness o depa u e. 2.2.- P io equi ed sociabili y Any wo k o a chi ec u e is made o be used o anyone and when ha does no happen is a place wi h no name "... Fo example, a d ess becomes eally a d ess only by being wo n; a house which is uninhabi ed is indeed no eally a house." [9] Any in e en ion in he ci y should s a by ecognizing he plu ali y ha cha ac e izes he liquid mode n socie y [10]. Hence, i is necessa y, a leas , o ha e he neighbo s as a gene al p inciple, because no one knows he eali y we li e e e y day be e han hem. The con ibu ions o neighbo s show he a e ha has led o a numbe o needs, se ing p io i ies, and hus, he pace o he u u e pe o mance. P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco- E icien Solu ions 1177 Fo he case s udy, he ini ia i e “Ca anque Pa icipa” was de eloped in collabo a ion wi h he neighbo hood associa ion in which i sough an analysis and subsequen diagnosis o he si ua ion in he neighbo hood, o be able o lay he basics o he eno a ion. (Fig. 2). Thus, i was de e mined ha he s uc u al p oblems a e he main u gency, due o he inciden s ha a e caused by hem in hei day o day. F om his p io i y, he whole p oposal has been a icula ed, including all he ac o s ha ha e been discussed. Fig 2 “Pa icipa ion ools”. Fuen e: Ini ia i e “Pa icipa e Ca anque”. I aims o c ea e he ge m o a new local c i ical a i ude abou he si ua ion o hei neighbo hood. I should be aken in o conside a ion ha he democ a ic e olu ion has esul ed in an excessi e delega ion o powe . This a i ude makes ci izen lose he s a us o g oup, limi ed o be me e consume s o u ban op ions ha a e o e ed [11]. This is causing he ans o ma ion o popula neighbo hoods in impe sonal ones, which a e cha ac e ized by he absence o ac i i ies ha implies insecu i y, indi iduali y and ma ginali y, in compa ison o he quali y o li e ha p esen s a cohesi e and collabo a i e pa ne ship [12]. Ci izen demand a deep in ol emen wi h eali y, and his should mean neglec ing he indi iduali y and pe sonal in e es s o each common in e es s, being pa o a collec i e. On he con a y, his change will become eal, i i is ca ied ou in all a eas o socie y. This u n in o impo an ha p o essionals would assume hei own esponsibili y, gi ing up he ole o demiu ge de ini ely, ha is o say, one who makes decisions igno ing he physical and social eali y, and whose adop ed solu ion is in alid, going o a ole o in e p e e o manage o he ma e which i will ha e o wo k. Mo eo e , he designe canno limi i sel o be an ou side obse e o judge and decide based on a ional knowledge. This mus assume and "ac o " ole in he de eloping o he p ojec , aking he isk which is associa ed o hei di ec in ol emen wi h he objec ha i will be ans o med. This in ol emen de e mines a " esponsible" answe de ined by he e hical sense o i ac . In sho , i means an ac i e posi ion in sha ed p ocesses ha look and lis en he cu en ci y. 2.3.- Response o he idiosync asies o he neighbo s In ecen yea s, Eu opean a chi ec u e has le impo an examples o his kind o ac ions, which del e on concep s ela ed o holis ic hinking, and se long- e m "s a egic scena ios" wi h enough lexibili y o inno a ion, adap a ion and e olu ion. A he same ime all o hem mus be in eg a ed in o a whole s uc u e which mus be implemen ed h ough speci ic and loca ed ac ions in compa ison o an indi idual in e en ion on objec s and subjec s. [13] Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y 1178 Fig. 3 “T aces o he app op ia ion p ocess”. Sou ce: Compiled by au ho . I is impo an o no e ha al hough i a emp s o es ablish an app oxima e me hodology based on he s udy o his case, he solu ions may no be common, bu mus eimbu se pa icula i ies o each a ea. In his case, he dis ic is ma ked by he con inuous p ocess o app op ia ion o hose o iginal ee a eas. Residen s ha e been able o adap p imi i e ypes o changing modes o li e (Fig. 3). As i de ined by he Real Academia Española de la Lengua (Academy o he Spanish Language), we can de ine ha oppo unism is a speci ic way o espond o oppo uni ies, which in ol es p io i izing sho - e m in e es s o achie e ce ain goals o esol e conce ns sha ed by a g oup. In his sense, esiden s ha e unde aken a con inuous p ocess o app op ia ion o he o iginal ee a eas o adap he o iginal ixed ypologies o changing li es yles. This ac could no ake in conside a ion, o example he simple demoli ion o hese app op ia ions can be p oposed o e u n o he mo phological "alignmen ". He e i is aken as he objec o he p ojec . And i he e is a p e ailing eali y in he neighbo hood o any eason, i mus be ecognized and a icula ed wi h new ules, o espond o unc ional issues in compa ison o an aes he ic decision. Undoub edly, his ac ion ca ies a e y speci ic image, bu i will be he esul o he eply p ocess o pa icula equi emen s (s uc u al, unc ional, spa ial, cons uc i e, echnical ...). In no case, i will be a p e ious imposed decision. Based on he ein en ion o oppo unism in he neighbo hood, i has been p oposed espond o di e en ways o li e o i s esiden s. Fo his i has ocused on enan s om a pa icula block, wi h all i s implica ions: disco e ing he con en and he con aine o hei li es yle, because only om knowledge, i is possible o p opose hem a new home. 3.- In e en ion p ocess 3.1.- Case s udies Among ela ing s udied is signi ican o men ion he ac ions ca ied ou by he Municipal Socie y o U ban Rehabili a ion o Za agoza on 21 u ban complexes, which we e buil be ween 1945 and 1965. Wo ks ca ied ou be ween 2001 and 2006, and ha e been aimed a balanced ans o ma ion o hese pieces o os e imp o ed condi ions and quali y o li e o i s neighbo s. I is de e mined ha he house has been he key elemen o his o be possible. Conside ing only he di e en ways o in e ening in buildings, he main objec i e was o achie e he s anda ds se by he cu en legisla ion o public housing. To do his, he i s hing was o unde ake he s uc u al adequacy by ounda ion s abiliza ion and s uc u al ein o cemen o hose buildings in wo se condi ion. A e he s uc u al consolida ion, he nex s ep was o de e mine whe he hese minimum equi emen s obliged o a comp ehensi e es uc u ing. Tha would in ol e a change in he numbe o uni s o an inc ease o hem by ex e nal g ow h. In his es uc u ing, he ci cula ions o all homes we e s udied o be accessible wi h he ins alla ion o new ele a o s. P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco- E icien Solu ions 1179 In addi ion o hese, o he measu es we e unde aken o ensu e he equi emen s o heal h and sa e y agains acciden s, and he enewal o a poo acili ies. En i onmen al sus ainabili y measu es we e in oduced and o he s o inc ease ene gy e iciency. So he buildings we e equipped wi h enough insula ion, in oducing as a as possible design changes o be e bioclima ic pe o mance o buildings (Fig 4). Fig. 4 “Building be o e and a e ehabili a ion". Sou ce: S.M.R.U.Z. In pa allel, he S a e Housing Plan 2005-2008 allowed simila pe o mances in o he many ci ies h oughou he na ional e i o y. This is he case o he ehabili a ion o La Ciudad de Los Angeles in Mad id [15] o San Ma in de Po es in Có doba [16]. Al hough, hey a e smalle pe o mances, mee he same s anda ds, bo h in he analysis o hei sho comings as in de eloped measu es. On he same line, Laca on & Vassal a e de eloping simila ac ions on blocks o esiden ial buildings cons uc ed du ing he decades 60 and 70. These ope a ions seek o expand he di e en dwellings, and enew hei en elopes. Then, enan s can ge be e iews, be e sunligh and be e ligh ing. Wi h his he su ace o he houses has inc eased be ween 15% -25%, gi ing o he building a mo e e icien skin. [17] I is also possible o men ion expe iences ha seek o exploi loopholes inhe en o any legisla ion o he p omo ion o collec i e owne ship. This is he case o he a eling ins alla ion Rucksachaus, de eloped by a is S e an Ebe s ad [Fig.5] o sub e si e ac i i ies ha a e being conduc ed by San iago Ci ujeda wi h he collec i e Rece as U banas (U ban Recipes). Fig. 5 “Rucksackhaus”. Sou ce: S e an Ebe s ad y a.k.a. Ingenieu e 3.2.- Rehabili a ion om echnical cons ain s. Re u ning o he e o ha would be he simple ansla ion o hese p oposals, as a s a ing poin , i is necessa y o analyze he exis ing pa hologies om di e en poin s o iew: s uc u e, cons uc ion, accessibili y, unc ion. Hence, i is essen ial ha he app oach o a ehabili a ion s a egy would be able o esol e hese issues comp ehensi ely in o de o ensu e an e icien in e en ion. The ac ions will be based on he need o consolida ion and s uc u al unde pinning, which come o sol e he s uc u al p oblems (Fig.6) ha buildings a e su e ing. I is no ewo hy ha his conside a ion as a p ima y ac ion o de elop is he esul o he analysis in ol ed p ocess and no a pu ely echnical decision. The solu ion will Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y 1180 equi e he s abiliza ion o he load-bea ing walls. The solu ion p oposed o ounda ion will equi e he s abiliza ion o he load-bea ing walls du ing he su ge y. This leads us o hink in using his ci cums ance o p opose he s abilizing s uc u e as a ixed elemen . This will help o sol e o he pa hologies, as unc ional ones in his case. Fig. 6. “De e io a ion o he building ounda ion”. Sou ce: Ca anque Associa ion This idea unde lies an impo an conside a ion in ques o sus ainabili y. This is he sea ch o maximum e iciency o a cos ly in e en ion. I looks o he maximum e iciency in a cos ly in e en ion, looking o he highes p o i abili y. Acco dingly, we use his measu e o imp o e accessibili y issues, o ge highe ene gy e iciency o o suppo u u e expansions. I his new c unched is hough as a wiligh h eshold be o e homes, he sola incidence on hem will be educed. As a he mal egula o , i will help o o se he se ious sho comings ha hese buildings ha e, acco ding o he com o and in e io i ings. This ea u e is common o buildings o his kind, since hey will be inhe en in he sys ems and cons uc ion echniques used du ing his pe iod o ime, and he low quali y o ma e ials in a pos -wa ime. Fo his eason, i is ad isable o e e o he measu es se by he guide o ecommenda ions o imp o ing he ene gy e iciency o exis ing buildings o he Ins i u e o Di e si ica ion and Sa ing o Ene gy. I s objec i e in ol es p o iding a pa allel applica ion o ene gy ce i ica ion, o iden i y and e alua e di e en measu es o sa ings. Among hese, in a cons uc ion le el i is impo an o inc ease he he mal insula ion o he cu en acade. F om he men ioned social pe spec i e, i is essen ial ha i he ou e skin is no going o be simila o he cu en one, a collec i e image should be ag eed among neighbo s o a oid a ejec ion ac ion. One o he weaknesses o he en elope is he ea men o window openings. The highes ene gy loss h ough he acade due o bad wea he condi ions occu s h ough hese openings. Subsequen ly, i is necessa y o analyze his pa in any ehabili a ion p ojec . On one hand ene gy losses h ough windows should be limi ed, paying special a en ion o he ea men o he mal discon inui ies, and he ype o ames ha ha e been used. On he o he hand, in oducing sunligh in o he inne space h ough he windows may be a good passi e mean o he mal con ol in win e . In his espec i may be in e es ing o design loo - o-ceiling windows o inc ease he ligh ing su ace. Ano he common p oblem in his kind o in e en ions is he poo condi ion o acili ies, la gely due o he passage o ime and he absence o a comp ehensi e p ojec o imp o e he se o acili ies (Fig. 7). I is common ha pa ial p ojec s o imp o e hese acili ies ha e been ca ied ou , showing a huge a ie y o pipes, cables, and o he supply o sani a ion sys ems unning along he acades o buildings. Likewise, he i ings o indoo spaces wi hou ai condi ioning, has esul ed in he placemen o condense s along he building on . P oceedings o he II In e na ional and IV Na ional Cong ess on Sus ainable Cons uc ion and Eco- E icien Solu ions 1181 Fig. 7 “Cu en si ua ion o he building acili ies”. Compiled by au ho . Fo i s pa , he analysis o he e iciency o hese acili ies, especially he gene a ion o ho wa e , shows he need o ca y ou ac i e measu es o educe ene gy consump ion. So, he e will be necessa y o cen alize HVAC and ho wa e sys ems wi h indi idual sola panels o each dwelling. 3.1. Rehabili a ion om habi abili y. A e ha ing ega d o echnical ac o s ha will a ec any in e en ion, he ollowing is o de e mine he spa ial needs ha equi e he neighbo s o a speci ic building. Thus, i will be possible o adap i s ehabili a ion o he a ious ypes o amilies ha a e li ing in he building a his momen , and a e qui e di e en om he amily model ha F anco’s egime wan ed o impose wi hin ha con ex [18] [19]. Cases like ha one, whe e s uc u al de iciencies equi e signi ican consolida ion in e en ion, sugges ha his measu e can be used o sol e hose de ec ed housing condi ions. Thus, his consolida ion may suppo new "plug-in's" o ac i a e each o he exis ing buildings, as long as he maximum load hypo hesis would be de e mined. Fig. 8 “Adap a ion o mul iple li es yles”. Sou ce: Compiled by au ho Thus, hese will allow hem inc easing he amily, hos ing g andpa en s o e u ning sons, ge ing eenage s’ independence, he pseudo-emancipa ion o young, o he seg ega ion o spaces in housing whe e elde s a e li ing alone... Buildings will eadjus o each occupan ’s need, exp essing on he building ele a ions and he e o e, wi h he possibili y ha each pe son can iden i y hei housing place. I ’s no de imen o a collec i e game ules, which a e necessa y o communal li ing and good unde s anding as a g oup. (Fig. 8) I should commen ha in compa ison o he analyzed s udy cases, his me hodology assumes un inished as hei own any wo k o his na u e, so ha i s cons uc ion should seek s anda dized solu ions and modula ed, enabling he assembly o i s componen s. The expansion modules acqui e he s a us o p og essi e cons uc ion elemen s. Fo his, a ca alogue o solu ions will be de ined so ha esiden s acqui e ei he model acco ding o hei needs. Chap e VI - The s udy o he ci y as a s a egy o sus ainabili y 1182 As i has been de ec ed, hese neighbo hoods, e en hough hey we e buil in pu sui o hei communi y, ha e u ned o he impe sonal in ecen decades, mainly mo i a ed by he lack o space o ep esen hem collec i ely. I is impo an o eco e los awa eness o neighbo hood uni , and i is he e o e necessa y o p o ide spaces o in e ac ion and coexis ence in bo h he ci y and wi hin buildings. Only i he socio-spa ial p ocesses a e aken in o accoun , i will be a icula e he o dina y, he isible and he open ha o m he basis o any collec i e. [20] And he ein lies ano he o he measu es p oposed in he p esen case: eco e ing co e s o a collec i e u ili y. I aims o exploi he s uc u al in e en ion o ha e small ga dens o ec ea ion. On he one hand, his esponds o a claim o o de s ha a e o iginally om a u al a ea. On he o he hand, i will posi i ely impac on he o e all ene gy e iciency o he building. I e-emphasizes he concep o e iciency in his ype o in e en ion o esol e join ly se e al de iciencies ounded. 4.- Conclusions The app oach o he ehabili a ion o buildings om unde s anding he mul iple dimensions hose a ec and de e mine hei deg ee o obsolescence, sees ha i will be di icul o ely on he abili y o he inish, ully de ined and delimi ed, o in e ene in hem. Undoub edly such ac ions ca y wi h hem a e y speci ic image, bu he poin is ha hese mus be he esul o a p ocess o eply o ce ain equi emen s (s uc u al, unc ional, spa ial, cons uc i e, echnical ...) and no a decision imposed a p io i. I we assume ha o he case s udy and he es o e e en s ha ha e been analyzed, hey canno be aken as a p o o ype o epea in o m o speci ic con en . They p e end o ge a lexible esul , an open sys em wi h capaci y o change. The e o e, i is concluded ha he ac ions desc ibed a e jus he epi ome o a se ies o bes p ac ices, which a e based on he ollowing maximum wo: - Any in e en ion on inhabi ed buildings shall ecognize he di e si y ha de ines oday's liquid socie y. The e o e, i will be necessa y o assume he neighbo s as he objec o he p ojec , conside ing ha nobody knows he eali y we li e e e y day be e han hem. - The complexi y mus be ackled om a global s a egy ha hyb idizes he pa icula conside a ions o he di e en dimensions ha a ec hese in e en ions. I should build a whole scena io in which a ious pa hologies we e add essed oge he and no independen ly, looking o he mos e icien in e en ion possible. REFERENCES [1] Reinoso Bellio R. (2005). Topog a ías del Pa aíso. La cons ucción de la ciudad de Málaga en e 1897 y 1959, Málaga: Colegio O icial de A qui ec os Técnicos de Málaga. [2] Díaz Rubio A. (1985). Reco idos didác icos po Málaga. Ciudad del pa aíso. Málaga: Ins i u o de ciencias de la educación. Uni e sidad de Málaga. [3] Consejo de la Unión Eu opea (2010). Decla ación de Toledo. Reunión In o mal de Minis os de Desa ollo U bano de la UE. P esidencia Española UE, Toledo. [4] Ins i u o Uni e si a io de U banísi ica de la Uni e sidad de Valladolid (2010). In o me