Low-cos po compe i i eness index: Implemen a ion in he
Spanish po sys em
$
Jose
´I. Cas illo-Manzano
a
, Me cedes Cas o-Nun
˜o
a
, Fe nando Gonza
´lez Laxe
b,

,
Lou des Lo
´pez-Valpues a
a
, M. Te esa A e
´ alo-Quijada
a
a
Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain
b
Uni e si y o A Co un
˜a, Spain
a icle in o
A icle his o y:
Recei ed 6 June 2008
Recei ed in e ised o m
17 Sep embe 2008
Accep ed 19 Decembe 2008
Keywo ds:
Po hie a chy
Compe i i eness index
Po managemen
Mul i-c i e ia anking me hod
abs ac
Spanish Po Au ho i ies cu en ly ace a wide ange o complexi ies in hei decision-making p ocesses,
as hey ha e o sa is y se e al po managemen objec i es ha may conflic wi h one ano he . This
pape examines hese ci cums ances by using decision heo y me hodology wi h mul iple objec i es,
which, h ough he P ome hee me hod, makes he design o an index possible. This index combines
di e en decision ac o s ha shape he compe i i eness o a po o ank he Spanish Po Au ho i ies.
This anking se es as an al e na i e o he adi ional anking sys em by easily p o iding mo e
in o ma ion abou po a fic.
The P ome hee me hod was chosen because i is eliable, he ou comes a e easy o decision make s
o unde s and and he pa ame e s can be economically in e p e ed. To accoun o any subjec i i y in
he measu es o di e en c i e ia, we de eloped h ee su ey campaigns aimed a he ollowing
g oups: membe s o he po communi y, Po Au ho i y manage s and academic esea che s.
&2009 Else ie L d. All igh s ese ed.
1. In oduc ion
Since he 1990s, Spanish Po Au ho i ies ha e aced inc eased
compe i ion due o changes a ec ing he sec o on an in e na-
ional scale. These changes include he ma ked specialisa ion o
a fic, he selec i i y o ou es, he de elopmen o po
hie a chies, he con aine isa ion p ocess and he concen a ion
o companies and businesses [1,2]. In addi ion, se e al ex e nal
ac o s ha e been iden ified, such as he in oduc ion o
consecu i e legal e o ms [3,4].
1
As a consequence o hese
e o ms, he Spanish po sys em is now un unde a new po
managemen model ha is based on unc ional independence and
financial au onomy. In p ac ice, his in ol es mo ing away om
he se ice model owa ds he ool model.
In o de o apidly adap o his changing en i onmen ,
especially in Spain whe e he e a e 28
2
Po Au ho i ies compe -
ing in sha ed hin e lands, Spanish po s a e obliged o de ise po
managemen s a egies ha gi e g ea e emphasis o p o iding
compe i i e se ices.
Using mul i-c i e ia decision heo y, his esea ch combines
hose aspec s ha ha e an impac on po compe i i eness in a
low-cos mul i-dimensional index, which can be epea ed on a
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/ma pol
Ma ine Policy
0308-597X/$ - see on ma e &2009 Else ie L d. All igh s ese ed.
doi:10.1016/j.ma pol.2008.12.008
$
This a icle esul ed om pa o a esea ch p og am unded by he Spanish
Minis y o Public Wo ks and T anspo a ion, which p o ides financial assis ance
o public p ojec s I+D+I (O ficial S a e Bulle in 16/12/2005).

Co esponding au ho a : Ins i u o Uni e si a io de Es udios Ma ı
´ imos,
Uni e sidad de A Co un
˜a, Campus El in
˜a,15071 A Co un
˜a, Spain. Tel.: +34 981167000;
ax: +34 981167125.
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (J.I. Cas illo-Manzano),[email p o ec ed]
(M. Cas o-Nun
˜o),[email p o ec ed] (F.G. Laxe),[email p o ec ed] (L. Lo
´pez-Valpues a),
a e [email p o ec ed] (M. Te esa A e
´ alo-Quijada).
1
Since he ea ly 1990s he e ha e been h ee legisla i e e o ms o he Spanish
po sys em, bo h in managemen and o ganisa ion. These e o ms aimed a
achie ing g ea e au onomy, egional decen alisa ion, and p omo ion o he
p i a e sec o . The wo e o ms in 1990s we e Law 27/1992 o he Spanish S a e
Po s and o he Me chan Na y, and i s modifica ion in Law 62/1997. Gi en a mo e
compe i i e in e na ional con ex and a Spanish po sys em ha had li le
dynamism wi h a fic g ow h a es nea ing 2%, bo h laws ied o make po s
mo e flexible. The fi s law con e ed po s in Po Au ho i ies wi h legal s a us,
own esou ces, and independence o he S a e, and also wi h a high le el o
( oo no e con inued)
au onomy in managemen , al hough coo dina ed by a s a e o ganism, he Spanish
Po S a e Agency. The second law, Law 62/1997, os e ed po decen alisa ion,
allowing egional go e nmen s o appoin P esiden s o Po Au ho i ies, as well as
some o hei boa d membe s. I also in ended o gi e mo e au onomy o Po
Au ho i ies and o a ou in e -po compe i ion by allowing hem o fix hei po
a i s, p o ided ha po sel -financing could be gua an eed. This kind o in e -
po compe i ion ne e came in o e ec and he a i libe aliza ion was abolished
by Law 48/2003, on he Economic Regime and Se ices o Spanish S a e Po s. Law
48/2003 ocuses on in a-po compe i ion, by libe alising p i a e sec o access o
po se ices; whe eas he Po Au ho i y ac s as supplie and manage o po land
and in as uc u es, e en allowing he p i a e sec o o become a s akeholde .
2
In he pe iod unde conside a ion in his pape (1992–2003), hey we e only
27 Po Au ho i ies. Subsequen ly, in Oc obe 2005, he Po Au ho i y o Alme ia-
Mo il became wo Po Au ho i ies.
Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598
yea ly basis o all Spanish po s. The p o ound changes ha ha e
aken place since he 1990s, especially he h ee legal e o ms
p e iously men ioned, jus i y a ca e ul analysis o po compe i-
ion om 1992 o 2003 (i.e., he yea s be ween he in oduc ion o
he fi s 27/1992 law and he la es 48/2003 law). This index also
allows o addi ional po classifica ion and compa ison wi h he
adi ional anking used o po s a is ics, based on he olume o
a fic a each po .
2. Me hodology
Gi en ha he e is no consensus abou he ideal me hodology
o e alua ing he compe i i eness o po in as uc u es, he
weal h o li e a u e on he subjec p o ides a ionale o he
a ious possibili ies ( e iewed in dep h by Teng e al. [5]).
Me hodologies can be g ouped in o wo ca ego ies: fi s ly,
quan i a i e me hods ha include da a en elopmen analysis
(DEA) [6,7], p oduc i i y analysis [8,9], and eg ession echniques
[10]; and secondly, a se o p ocedu es, which unde he mul i-
c i e ia decision-making me hod (MCDM), allow us o conside
quali a i e and quan i a i e indica o s.
The MCDM me hod has many applica ions in economic
analysis. When compa ed wi h con en ional op imisa ion me h-
ods ha p o ide a single solu ion (such as cos –p ofi analysis),
MCDM pe mi s a combina ion o di e en pe spec i es on
conflic ing issues o each a balanced solu ion o consensus.
3
Addi ionally, he MCDM o e comes he main limi a ion o
cos –p ofi analysis, which is he necessa y ansla ion o di e en
ac o s o he p oblem in o mone a y uni s o assessing p ofi -
abili y. The e o e, MCDM is app op ia e o con ex s whe e
decision making is based on a a ie y o iewpoin s ha a e no
always quan ifiable. Gi en he mul iplici y and a ie y o ac o s
ha influence s a egies o po compe i i eness, i was essen ial
o use MCDM o achie e ou esea ch objec i e [13–16].
The de elopmen o MCDM in he field o anspo manage-
men is ex ensi e bu ela i ely ecen . Because o he fini e
na u e p esen ed by a se o al e na i es, we use in his pape a
disc e e me hod. Thus, we ound applica ions o e alua ing
expansion plans o ai a fic in as uc u es [17], ci y anspo
[18], as well as o he analysis o high-speed ail anspo
managemen [19].
The use ulness o MCDM has also been shown in he
hie a chical o ganisa ion o po in as uc u es [20–23] and in
he analysis o po compe i i eness, using he ollowing mul i-
c i e ia p ocedu es: g ey ela ional analysis (GRA) [5], uzzy
mul i-c i e ia g ade classifica ion model (FMGC) [13,16,24],
P ome hee-GAIA [15,25], and pa icula ly, he mul i-c i e ia
p ocedu e o he analy ic hie a chy p ocess (AHP). The AHPs we e
he mos equen ly used in ecen s udies [14,26,27].
The AHP me hod can be conside ed as a comple e agg ega ion
me hod o he addi i e ype. The p oblem wi h such agg ega ion is
ha compensa ion be ween good sco es on some c i e ia and bad
sco es on some o he c i e ia can compensa e each o he , and
some in o ma ion can be los by such agg ega ion [28].
To sol e his p oblem, we used he P ome hee analysis [15],
chosen om he a ious mul i-c i e ia echniques [29]. The
P ome hee analysis p o ides an o e all anking o al e na i es
(simila o AHP) bu i also pa ially o ganises ankings and allows
o he de ec ion o possible incompa ibili ies ( wo o mo e
al e na i es whe e he di e ence canno be de e mined) while
allowing o addi ional assessmen i needs a ise.
Acco ding o B ans and Vincke [29], he o mula ion o a mul i-
c i e ia p oblem using he P ome hee me hod esponds o he
ollowing model: Op {
1
(a),
2
(a), y,
k
(a), aAA} whe e Ais a fini e
se o al e na i es, and
j
,j¼1, y,ka e he c i e ia o be aken
in o conside a ion. F om his, we ob ained a decision ma ix o
e alua ion able, which includes e alua ions o he al e na i es o
e e y single c i e ion.
The decision-making p ocess begins once we ha e cons uc ed
he decision ma ix, assigned impo ance weigh s w
j
o he a ios
and gene alised he c i e ia (
j
,P
j
), j¼1, y,k. This p ocedu e
calcula es he so-called agg ega ed p e e ence indexes (defined as
p
ða;bÞ¼P
k
j¼1
w
j
P
j
ða;bÞ, o show how al e na i e ais ou anking b
o e all he c i e ia. I also calcula es he ou anking flows (posi i e
+
(a)¼1/(n1)
S
bAA
p
(a,b) and nega i e

ðaÞ¼1=ðn1Þ
P
b2A
p
ðb;aÞ) o exp ess how much an al e na i e ais domina ing
(powe o dominance) he o he ones, and how much is
domina ed (weakness) by he o he ones. The ne flows
(a)¼
+
(a)

(a) a e based on he balance o he wo p e e ence flows.
Addi ionally, he GAIA plane is ob ained as a esul o he
P ome hee me hod. This esul o e s a clea g aphic desc ip ion
o he decision p oblem in he k-dimensional space on a plane,
whe e poin s ep esen he al e na i es and ec o s ep esen he
c i e ia included on he decision axis (
p
). This analysis allows us o
dis inguish which al e na i es a e sui able o a specific c i e ion,
and which c i e ia a e conflic ing [30,31].
3. Choice o he decision c i e ia
Using ela ed s udies as a poin o e e ence [5,16], we used a
defini ion o compe i i eness ha is based on he capaci y o a
po o c ea e added alue, gene a e a nucleus o business, and
p oduce p oduc i e o indus ial ac i i y in he su ounding a ea.
Thus, he mos compe i i e po will be able o de elop and apply
a di e en ia ed s a egy, a ac ing mo e cus ome s and a fic
han i s compe i o s. The complexi y o his concep means ha
a ious aspec s mus be aken in o accoun when iden i ying he
decision ac o s o po compe i i eness.
Each o he decision c i e ia used ep esen ed one o he
aspec s o compe i i eness. When making hese choices, we used
he s udy c i e ia om Li n e al. [26], Song and Yeo [14] and Guy
and U li [15] as ou model. In addi ion, o a oid subjec i i y when
assigning impo ance o ce ain c i e ia, ex ensi e su eys we e
ca ied ou . Du ing he su eys i was necessa y o simpli y he
c i e ia defini ions and o educe he numbe o c i e ia in o de o
inc ease he numbe o esponses.
Since ou goal was o build a low-cos syn he ic index o
compe i i eness, i was necessa y o base he c i e ia on di ec ,
quick and low-cos s a is ical sou ces. Thus, we used ei he annual
po epo s o in o ma ion published by he Spanish S a is ical
Ins i u e (INE). Table 1 shows he se en decision c i e ia.
4. Assignmen o weigh s o decision c i e ia
Mul i-c i e ia p oblems all ha e ce ain, ye una oidable,
a iabili y when decisions abou he weigh o each c i e ion a e
being made. Since he ela i e impo ance o he c i e ia may no
be he same when o de ed by he P ome hee MCDM, i is
necessa y o es ablish he impo ance o each c i e ion by gi ing
hem weigh ings o adjus men s. When weigh s we e assigned, i
was essen ial ha he au ho s’ pe spec i es abou he po sec o
did no influence any decisions.
P e ious a icles [15,32,33] p oposed ha mo e han one
scena io o analysis should be in oduced o con ol o he
es ic ing ac o men ioned abo e. The e o e, ou s udy ini ially
ARTICLE IN PRESS
3
Ex ensi e compa ison o bo h analysis me hods may be ound in Roy [11]
and Fugui and Wilcox [12], among o he s.
J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598592
had de eloped h ee scena io assessmen s o med by adjudica o s
om di e en sphe es, which included: he academic sec o
( esea che s in anspo managemen ), Po Au ho i ies and he
Spanish Po S a e Agency (expe s om he public sec o ) as well
as he po communi y. The h ee g oups o adjudica o s we e
consul ed h oughou ou su ey campaigns. The main ea u es o
hese campaigns a e ou lined below.
Scena io I:Su ey campaign o he academic sec o . The su ey
was sen by mail o 26 acul y membe s and esea che s a
di e en Spanish uni e si ies; 18 o hese esponded. The
expe ise o his panel was in T anspo Economics in gene al,
and Ma i ime and Po Managemen in pa icula , wi h specialised
publica ions on hese ma e s.
Scena io II:Su ey campaign o Po Au ho i ies and manage s o
he Spanish Po S a e Agency. This su ey was sen by mail o
all Po Au ho i ies wi h a le e om he Managing Di ec o o
he Spanish Po S a e Agency (SPSA) suppo ing his esea ch.
The campaign was success ul, as all Spanish Po Au ho i ies
answe ed he su ey (by mail, e-mail o ax), excep o A iles
and Ta agona (i.e., 26 ou o 28 Po Au ho i ies). In addi ion,
ou op-le el manage s o he Spanish Po S a e Agency
also esponded o he su ey. Thus, he e we e a o al o 30
answe s.
Scena io III:Su ey campaign o shipping associa ions and
ma i ime ope a o s. The su ey was sen o all na ional associa-
ions o po businesses, as well as di e en ope a o s wo king a
he po s o Bahı
´a de Algeci as, A Co un
˜a, Fe ol-San Cib ao,
Huel a and Se ille (in o al, 25 associa ions and ope a o s).
Finally, 16 associa ions and companies o he po communi y
(including consigno s, shipping companies, cus oms agen s, e c.)
esponded o he su ey.
The a ing echnique [34] was used o agg ega e he assess-
men s by he a ious expe panels. This me hod was chosen
because i simplified he su ey design and he ules ha we e
imposed on he expe s. This was done o maximize he numbe o
answe s om non-academic adjudica o s (manage s o Po s
Au ho i ies and he Spanish Po S a e Agency, o po ope a o s)
who may no be amilia wi h mo e complex assessmen
echniques.
B iefly, he a ing me hod is defined as ollows: Le w
l
be he
associa ed weigh o c i e ion l (l¼1, y, k). Fo he sake o
ma hema ical con enience, weigh s a e usually no malised o 1,
so ha : 0ow
l
o1 and P
k
l1
w
l
¼1. The c i e ia ( he se en decision
c i e ia, in his case) a e p esen ed o each expe and a alue is
es ablished o each one. The alues o classifica ion ange om
0.0 o 10.0 o 100.0, wi h he possibili y ha mo e han one
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 1
Decision c i e ia.
C i e ia Defini ion
a
Economic p ofi abili y: a s anda d o mula ion, measu ing he esul o exploi a ion
on he business asse
R
1
¼NB
i
/TA
i
NB
i
: Ne benefi o po iin yea ¼exploi a ion incomes–exploi a ion expenses.
TA
i
: To al asse s acco ding o he si ua ion balance o po iin yea .
Dynamism o po ac i i y: an annual g ow h a e o o al po a fic R
2
¼(TRAFF
i
–TRAFF
i 1
)/TRAFF
i 1
TRAFF
i
: Thousands o ons o o al a fic mo ed in po iin yea .
TRAFF
i 1
: Thousands o ons o o al a fic mo ed in po iin he yea –1.
Specialisa ion in con aine s: i can become a p oxy a iable o show he deg ee o
in ol emen o each po in he g adual p ocess o con enedo isa ion o
in e na ional shippin.
R
3
¼TRAFFCONT
i
/TRAFF
i
TRAFFCONT
i
: Thousands o con aine ised ons mo ed in po iin yea .
TRAFF
i
: Thousands o ons o o al a fic mo ed in po iin yea .
In es men in fixed capi al: measu ed h ough he g ow h a e o fixed capi al o each
Po Au ho i y
R
4
¼(FA
i
FA
i 1
)/FA
i 1
FA
i
: To al fixed asse s acco ding o he balance o si ua ion in po iin yea .
FA
i 1
: To al fixed asse s acco ding o he balance o si ua ion in po iin yea –1.
Impo ance o he S ic ly po business: measu ed by he e enues om a i s o he
passage and ca go
b
, agains he o al po e enues, including concessions
c
R
5
¼REVPC
i
/TOTREV
i
REVPC
i
: Re enues o po iin yea , coming om a i s T-2 (passenge s) and T-3
(ca go).
TOTREV
i
: To al e enues o po iin yea (po a i s+canons and concessions).
P oduc i i y o labou ac o : he nume a o is a ep esen a i e magni ude o he
‘‘po h oughpu ’’ ( e enues coming om po a i s), and he denomina o is
only e e ed o he wo ke s o he di e en Po Au ho i ies, so he wo ke s o
p i a e e minals we e excluded
d
R
6
¼REVTAR
i
/LC
i
REVTAR
i
: Re enues o po iin yea , coming om a i s T-0 (signalling), T-1
( essels), T-2 (passenge s), T-3 (ca go), T-4 (fishe y), T-5 (spo and pleasu e boa s),
T-6 (po al c anes), T-7 (s o age), T-8 (supplies) and T-9 (o he se ices).
LC
i
: Labou cos s o po iin yea .
Economic dynamism: (measu ed by he g ow h a e o GDP a cons an p ices
e
)o
he po hin e land. I s a s om he p emise ha a compe i i e po a ec s
posi i ely o he e olu ion o he economic ac i i y o i s hin e land o zone o
geog aphical influence, and ice e sa; ha is, a dynamic hin e land mus
impac on po compe i i eness
R
7
¼
GDP
i
GDP
i 1
GDP
i 1
þ
GDP
GDP
1
GDP
1
=ð1
Þ
GDP
i
: GDP o he p o ince o po iin yea .
GDP
i 1
: GDP o he p o ince o po iin yea –1.
GDP
: GDP o Spain in yea .
GDP
1
: GDP o Spain in yea –1.
: Pe cen age o po a fics om/ o he p o ince o he po
.
a
The da a o calcula ing he a ios was aken om: Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics (www.ine.es); Po Au ho i ies annuals (1990–2004) and s a is ics and managemen
epo s om Spanish Po S a e Agency. (www.pue os.es) as well as om annual epo s om he Cen al Bank o Spain (www.bde.es).
b
Since 2003 was he las yea analysed, we did no ake in o accoun he new classifica ion o Po Taxes and Ta i s ha came in o e ec in 2004 wi h Law 48/2003. The
same is alid o R
6
.
c
Thus, we aim o exclude analyses no s ic ly ela ed o po s, such as hose supplied by his o ic po s ha ha e e o med his o ic acili ies si ua ed wi hin he ci y,
luc a i e businesses (malls, social clubs, o fices, ca pa ks).
d
Ga he ing in o ma ion om employees o p i a e e minals o all Spanish po s would be e y expensi e, and would make ou objec i e (de eloping a low-cos
syn he ic index), impossible.
e
The p o incial GDP da a published by he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics a e alued a cu en p ices. Fo his eason hey ha e been defla ed h ough he GDP defla o
published by he Cen al Bank o Spain.
has been calcula ed as he a i hme ic a e age o he hin e lands o Spanish po s by Ga cı
´a[35]. This s udy only calcula ed he hin e lands o peninsula po s. Fo
island po s and no h-A ican po s, as hey ep esen cap i e hin e lands, we ha e assumed
¼0.95, ha is, 95% o a fic gene a ed in he p o ince will use his po .
Al hough his may seem a es ic i e hypo hesis, geog aphic eali y confi ms his assump ion, since i is impossible o island and no h-A ican p o inces o use ano he
po (since he e is no business on ie wi h Mo occo).
J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598 593
c i e ion has he same posi ion. Weigh s a e ob ained om he
ini ial o de ing as ollows:
w
lj
¼p
lj
P
k
l¼1
p
lj
and w
l
¼P
n
j¼1
w
lj
P
n
j¼1
P
k
l¼1
w
lj

whe e w
lj
is he weigh o c i e ion 1 by expe j;p
lj
he posi ion
o c i e ion 1 by expe jand w
l
he agg ega ed weigh o c i e ion
1 by all expe s.
Table 2 shows he esul s o he a ing me hod o he answe s
assigned o decision c i e ia om he h ee campaigns. The fi s
no able esul is he high a e age alue ha he h ee adjudica o
g oups ga e o each c i e ion ( om 5.66 o 8.00). This suppo s
he choice o c i e ia whe e each one ep esen s a compe i i eness
aspec acco ding o he 64 adjudica o s. On he o he hand,
acco ding o he s anda d de ia ion o each ca ego y, he
e alua ions o he adjudica o s in Scena ios I and III did no di e
significan ly om he a e age alue o he weigh s (0.1428); his is
logical since no c i e ion had a low e alua ion (less han 5).
In o de o achie e a highe le el o disc imina ion be ween
c i e ia, he adjudica ing panels we e homogenised and he
numbe o adjudica o s was educed o 12 pe panel.
4
The
ollowing c i e ia we e used o selec panellis s.
Scena io I.H: Twel e esea che s who had he bes cu iculum
i ae in T anspo Economy and published on Ma i ime and Po
Managemen we e chosen.
Scena io II.H: The op manage o he Spanish Po S a e Agency
and he di ec o s o he 11 mos impo an po s in e ms o
a fic olume.
Scena io III.H: The six na ional associa ions ha esponded o
he su ey, oge he wi h he six businesses ha had he g ea es
in oice olumes o 2006 ( he yea ha he su eys we e
conduc ed).
Table 3 shows he new esul s. The e alua ion alues gi en o
he c i e ia inc eased, namely 90% o he c i e ia ha e an a e age
alue o e 6.00. In addi ion, he s anda d de ia ion o wo o he
ca ego ies o adjudica o s in Scena ios I.H and II.H inc eased,
while he s anda d de ia ion o Scena io III.H dec eased. This may
be explained by he high le el o he e ogenei y o he po
communi y g oup, as i was comp ised o many ypes o ope a o s
(shipping companies, ansi companies, cus oms agen s o
consignees). These ope a o s may ha e e y di e en ideas
ega ding po compe i i eness.
Bo h Tables 2 and 3 illus a e ha he e a e wo di e en
isions o he unde s anding o po compe i i eness. Fi s ly,
he e is he economis ision o he academy (Scena ios I and I.H)
ha gi es g ea e impo ance o manage ial aspec s such as he
p oduc i i y o labou and economic p ofi abili y. Secondly,
he e exis s he enginee ing and geog aphic ision o he
p o essionals in Scena ios II, II.H, III and III.H. I is clea ha bo h
public sec o expe s and he po communi y conside he mos
impo an ac o o be he g ow h a e o a fic, ollowed by
hin e land dynamism, i.e., he po ela ionship wi h i s geog a-
phical a ea.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 2
Weigh s and a e age alues assigned o decision c i e ia in he su ey campaigns (64 esponses).
Decision c i e ia Academic sec o Po au ho i ies and SPSA Po communi y
A e age alues Weigh s A e age alues Weigh s A e age alues Weigh s
Economic p ofi abili y 6.73529 0.14814 6.54839 0.14156 5.81250 0.12722
Dynamism o po ac i i y 6.82352 0.14144 8.00000 0.17247 7.59375 0.16903
Specialisa ion in con aine s 6.70588 0.14106 5.69355 0.12209 6.12500 0.13563
In es men in fixed capi al 6.17647 0.13308 6.82258 0.14557 6.06250 0.13005
S ic ly po business 6.70588 0.14367 6.20968 0.13413 6.75000 0.14826
P oduc i i y o labou ac o 6.94117 0.15124 5.64516 0.11872 5.81250 0.12833
Economic dynamism o hin e land 6.79411 0.14137 7.64516 0.16546 7.50000 0.16146
S anda d de ia ion 0.24414 0.00580 0.9102481 0.02035 0.76732 0.01699
No e: The highes weigh assigned o each panel o expe s is in i alics.
Table 3
Weigh s and a e age alues assigned o decision c i e ia in he su ey campaigns (36 esponses).
Decision c i e ia Academic sec o Po au ho i ies and SPSA Po communi y
A e age alues Weigh s A e age alues Weigh s A e age alues Weigh s
Economic p ofi abili y 7.41667 0.16537 6.91667 0.13648 5.66667 0.12595
dynamism o po ac i i y 6.25000 0.12726 9.25000 0.18588 7.45833 0.16827
Specialisa ion in con aine s 6.08333 0.12784 6.12500 0.12104 6.00000 0.13477
In es men in fixed capi al 6.33333 0.13423 8.04167 0.15937 6.16667 0.13252
S ic ly po business 6.83333 0.14284 5.87500 0.11413 6.50000 0.14377
P oduc i i y o labou ac o 7.75000 0.17016 6.08333 0.11758 6.16667 0.13848
Economic dynamism o hin e land 6.58333 0.13231 8.16667 0.16553 7.25000 0.15624
S anda d de ia ion 0.62546 0.01782 1.29636 0.02774 0.662749 0.014737
No e: The highes weigh assigned o each panel o expe s is in i alics.
4
Al hough he homogenisa ion means o educe he numbe o judges om
64 o 36, he new esul s a e s ill significan due o he chosen selec ion c i e ia o
educe he numbe o judges ( he mos impo an po s, he bes academic
cu iculay). We also conside ha he educed numbe o judges o he
homogenised scena ios is mo e han enough, as simila esea che s ha e p o ed
wi h e en a sligh ly less numbe o judges [36,37].
J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598594
5. Resul s
Once he di e en scena ios we e conside ed, he s udies
based on he P ome hee me hodology do no usually disc imina e
be ween hem. Fu he mo e, he a ie y o scena ios is p esen ed
as an indica o o he weal h o he esea ch [15,32,33]. As ou
objec i e was o de elop a complemen a y po anking o eplace
he adi ional anking o po a fic, we chose o use only one
scena io.
To selec a specific scena io om he six ou lined, we p opose
wo p ocedu es based on he weigh sensi i i y analysis. Fo each
weigh w
j
,j¼1, y,k, he P ome hee me hod p o ides a sensi i -
i y in e al [a
j
,b
j
], j¼1, y,k, which indica es he alues ha he
weigh s w
j
may oscilla e be ween wi hou changing he solu ion.
The solu ion will be mo e obus in e ms o changes in weigh s
when hey a e mo e cen ed on hei sensi i i y in e als. The wo
o mula ions a e ou lined below:
Limi a ion 1:
Min
i¼1;...;6
P
2003
¼1992
P
7
j¼1
w
ij

a
ij
þb
ij
=2
b
ij
a
ij

12
The op imum scena io (i¼1, y, 6) will be he one ha
minimises he a e age o he 12-yea pe iod unde conside a ion
( ¼1992, y, 2003) and he o al dis ance o weigh o each
c i e ion (j¼1, y, 7) o he cen e o i s in e al. This dis ance has
been homogenized by di iding by he ampli ude o each in e al.
Limi a ion 2:
Min
i¼1;...;6
P
2003
¼1992
Max
1pjp7
w
ij
a
ij
þb
ij
=2
b
ij
a
ij


12
Acco ding o his c i e ion, he scena io in which he a e age
maximum dis ances o each weigh o he cen e o i s in e al
will be he minimum, du ing he ime pe iod unde conside a ion.
Table 4 shows he esul s o he o mula ions o he six
p oposed scena ios o each yea o he pe iod s udied
(1992–2003). The a e age o each scena io o bo h p ocedu es
is gi en in he las ow. Scena io I.H ( he academic su ey wi h 12
adjudica o s) is he mos obus e alua ion, as i has he lowes
a e age alue o he wo p ocedu es.
Table 5 shows he ankings esul ing om he six scena ios,
oge he wi h he adi ional anking o 2003, which was he las
yea unde conside a ion. Addi ionally, in Fig. 1 he GAIA diag am
can be seen as he Scena io I.H, he mos obus e alua ion, in
2003. Rega ding he posi ion o he al e na i es, he diag am
depic s g aphically he esul s om Table 5 o his scena io. The
h ee po s we e anked as ollows: Bahı
´a de Algeci as (ALGE),
Valencia (VAL) and Ba celona (BAR), o being he ones u he -
mos in he di ec ion o he decision axis (
p
). On he o he hand, a
simila pa e n may be app ecia ed be ween ce ain g oups o
po s, wi h ega d o he same c i e ia, because hei ep esen a-
i e iangles a e e y close o each o he in he diag am. This is
he case o he po s in Tene i e (TEN), Bilbao (BIL), Las Palmas
(LAS) and Vigo (VIG).
6. Conclusions
New models o po managemen , simila o he Spanish
sys em, which a e based on po au onomy, ha e a g owing lis o
objec i es, such as logis ical unc ions and new demands such as
sel - unding. To define and accoun o hese new objec i es, i is
ad isable o wo k wi h a g ea weal h o s a is ical sou ces and
anking sys ems, which p o ide mo e in o ma ion han he
olume o o al a fic alone. This pape o e s a s aigh o wa d
me hodology o elabo a ing on a complemen a y al e na i e o
he adi ional anking sys em; his new me hod can easily be
adap ed o any po sys em.
Some o he ad an ages o his me hodology a e: anspa ency,
(p ima y da a is used om he mos common s a is ical sou ces
such as he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics o he Spanish Po S a e
Agency); he combina ion o di e en aspec s o compe i i eness
among Spanish po s in o a single alue, wi h all he aspec s being
as ele an as i hey we e gi en high g ades by 64 adjudica o s;
o e coming subjec i i y p oblems when gi ing weigh o di e en
c i e ia; and finally, based on obus c i e ia, i is p o ided a
s aigh o wa d me hod o selec ing scena ios is p o ided.
The p ocess o de eloping he new anking sys em has b ough
o he obse a ions o ligh . The e a e di e en isions ega ding
po compe i i eness o he academy in compa ison wi h sec o
p o essionals. Po p o essionals, including bo h he public sec o
(Po Au ho i ies and Spanish Po S a e Agency) and he p i a e
sec o (po communi y), would like o ocus mo e on a fic o on
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 4
Compa ison o he obus ness o he six scena ios.
Yea 64 Adjudica o s 36 Adjudica o s
Scena io I: academic
sec o
Scena io II: po
au ho i ies and SPSA
Scena io III: po
communi y
Scena io I.H: academic
sec o
Scena io II.H: po
au ho i ies and SPSA
Scena io III.H: po
communi y
Index o he obus ness
o he solu ion
Index o he obus ness
o he solu ion
Index o he obus ness
o he solu ion
Index o he obus ness
o he solu ion
Index o he obus ness
o he solu ion
Index o he obus ness
o he solu ion
Sum Min max Sum Min max Sum Min max Sum Min max Sum Min max Sum Min max
1992 1.5911 0.3432 3.3887 0.5 3.3887 0.5 2.0236 0.4526 2.0287 0.4167 1.9556 0.4574
1993 1.5137 0.4259 3.1738 0.4861 2.3960 0.4708 1.0206 0.3461 2.6694 0.4697 0.7202 0.2643
1994 0.7750 0.1875 2.5846 0.4784 1.993 0.4038 1.0975 0.3403 0.9907 0.3165 1.7161 0.4085
1995 0.8541 0.2842 0.7211 0.2667 2.7441 0.5 1.1158 0.3293 2.0481 0.4687 3.0293 0.5
1996 2.4260 0.4634 1.0990 0.2872 1.4471 0.3270 0.8505 0.2528 1.0721 0.3667 1.9229 0.4111
1997 0.9945 0.3070 2.5021 0.4652 1.8106 0.4273 1.1562 0.2273 2.2830 0.4697 2.0299 0.4783
1998 1.4744 0.3025 3.1940 0.5 1.3555 0.3974 0.8034 0.2250 1.0401 0.2885 1.1171 0.3396
1999 1.1957 0.2674 0.9926 0.2327 0.9223 0.2443 1.3250 0.2980 1.1341 0.3065 0.8978 0.2879
2000 0.7109 0.2027 1.7767 0.3691 0.9227 0.2555 1.1693 0.2743 0.9614 0.3230 1.3845 0.3333
2001 2.0369 0.3805 0.9138 0.2719 1.7731 0.3975 1.8924 0.4130 1.9270 0.4217 1.1350 0.2919
2002 1.4612 0.4105 2.9494 0.4907 2.0143 0.3981 1.3454 0.3832 1.1694 0.3320 1.5083 0.4348
2003 1.7336 0.4067 2.7549 0.4881 2.2415 0.4622 2.9024 0.4157 2.3917 0.4193 1.7899 0.4496
A e age 1.3972 0.3318 2.1708 0.4030 1.9174 0.3986 1.3918 0.3298 1.6429 0.3832 1.6005 0.3880
J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598 595

ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 5
Compa ison o ankings in 2003.
O de 64 Adjudica o s 36 Adjudica o s T adi ional classifica ion
acco ding o po a fic
Scena io I: academic
sec o
Scena io II: po
au ho i ies and SPSA
Scena io III: po
communi y
Scena io I.H: academic
sec o
Scena io II.H: po
au ho i ies and SPSA
Scena io III.H: po
communi y
1 Bahı
´a de Algeci as Bahı
´a de Algeci as Bahı
´a de Algeci as Bahı
´a de Algeci as Bahı
´a de Algeci as Bahı
´a de Algeci as Bahı
´a de Algeci as
2 Valencia Ba celona Valencia Valencia Ba celona Valencia Ba celona
3 Ba celona Valencia Ba celona Ba celona Valencia Ba celona Valencia
4 Ca agena Ca agena Ca agena Ca agena Ca agena Ca agena Ta agona
5 Tene i e Las Palmas Tene i e Alme ı
´a-Mo il Las Palmas Tene i e Bilbao
6 Las Palmas Alme ı
´a-Mo il Las Palmas Tene i e Alme ı
´a-Mo il Las Palmas Las Palmas
7 Alme ı
´a-Mo il Tene i e Alme ı
´a-Mo il Las Palmas Tene i e Alme ı
´a-Mo il Ca agena
8 Balea es Bilbao Bilbao Balea es Vigo Bilbao Gijo
´n
9 Bilbao Vigo Vigo Bilbao Bilbao Balea es Huel a
10 Vigo Balea es Balea es Vigo Balea es Vigo Tene i e
11 Alican e Alican e Alican e Alican e Alican e Alican e A Co un
˜a
12 Fe ol-San Cib ao Fe ol-San Cib ao Fe ol-San Cib ao Fe ol-San Cib ao A ile
´s Fe ol-San Cib ao Balea es
13 A ile
´s A ile
´s A ile
´s A ile
´s Fe ol-San Cib ao A ile
´s Cas ello
´n
14 Cas ello
´n Huel a Huel a Cas ello
´n Huel a Huel a Fe ol-San Cib ao
15 Huel a Cas ello
´n Cas ello
´n Huel a Cas ello
´n Cas ello
´n Alme ı
´a-Mo il
16 Bahı
´adeCa
´diz Bahı
´adeCa
´diz Bahı
´adeCa
´diz Ta agona Bahı
´adeCa
´diz Bahı
´adeCa
´diz Pasajes
17 Ta agona Villaga cı
´a Villaga cı
´a Bahı
´adeCa
´diz Villaga cı
´a Villaga cı
´a San ande
18 Villaga cı
´a Ma ı
´n-Pon e ed a Ta agona Ceu a Ma ı
´n-Pon e ed a Ta agona Se ille
19 Ceu a Ta agona Ma ı
´n-Pon e ed a Villaga cı
´a Ta agona Ma ı
´n-Pon e ed a A ile
´s
20 Ma ı
´n-Pon e ed a Ceu a Ceu a Ma ı
´n-Pon e ed a Ceu a Ceu a Bahı
´adeCa
´diz
21 Gijo
´nGijo
´n A Co un
˜aGijo
´nGijo
´nGijo
´n Vigo
22 A Co un
˜a A co un
˜aGijo
´n A Co un
˜a A Co un
˜a A Co un
˜a Alican e
23 Melilla Pasajes Pasajes Melilla Pasajes Pasajes Malaga
24 San ande Melilla San ande San ande Ma
´laga San ande Ceu a
25 Pasajes Ma
´laga Ma
´laga Pasajes Melilla Melilla Ma ı
´n-Pon e ed a
26 Se ille San ande Melilla Se ille San ande Ma
´laga Villaga cı
´a
27 Ma
´laga Se ille Se ille Ma
´laga Se ille Se ille Melilla
J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598596
po ela ionships wi h su ounding a eas. The academic sec o ,
on he o he hand, belie es ha po managemen is mo e
impo an o compe i i eness.
I is ema kable ha all he scena ios in which he cha ac e -
is ics o he judges ha e been homogenised (I.H, II.H and III.H)
ha e lowe a e ages in bo h c i e ia o es ablish obus ness
han hei co esponding scena ios wi hou homogenising (see
Table 4). This si ua ion i sel would jus i y any e o ca ied ou o
homogenise he cha ac e is ics o he judges employed o
de e mine he weigh s.
Finally, he p oposed ankings p o ide a di e en and mo e
dynamic ision wi h g ea e in o ma ion abou Spanish po s,
wi hou neglec ing i s g aphic ep esen a ion h ough he GAIA
diag am. In Table 5, he six new ankings ag ee wi h he adi ional
one o he h ee la ges po s (Bahı
´a de Algeci as, Ba celona and
Valencia), which is a logical consequence o hei posi ions as
in e na ional e e ence poin s o con aine a fic in he Medi e a-
nean. By defini ion, his obliges hem o main ain a high le el o
compe i i eness. I is wo h no ing ha ou o he al e na i e
ankings, he ones om he academic sec o and om he po
communi y, place Valencia highe han Ba celona. Thus hey o esee
he ela i e posi ions ha bo h ci ies ha e in he adi ional anking
since 2007, when Valencia’s a fic became g ea e han Ba celona’s.
The al e na i e ankings and he adi ional anking di e
conside ably a e he hi d place. The di e ences can be
summa ised in wo po g oups. The po s in he fi s g oup a e
placed highe in he al e na i e ankings han i a fic olume had
been he only conside a ion (see o example Alme ı
´a-Mo il o
Alican e). Po s in his g oup a e s i ing o imp o e hei
compe i i e edge. Po s in he second g oup, posi ions 21–27,
apa om Melilla, ha e be e posi ions in he adi ional anking
han in he compe i i eness ankings. This demons a es he
di ficul ies hese po s ha e in conse ing hei appeal wi hin he
amewo k o g ea e compe i ion be ween po s caused by
changes in he laws egula ing hei ac i i y. The e o e, i is no
su p ising ha o e he las ew yea s many o hese po s ( o
example, Ma
´laga, Se ille o A Co un
˜a) ha e made significan
in es men s by comple ely ans o ming hei acili ies and e en,
on occasion, mo ing si es.
I migh be wo h highligh ing ha apa om he impo an
di e ences in he weigh s wi hin he six p oposed scena ios/
ankings, he e a e mo e simila i ies among hem han he one
ob ained wi h he adi ional anking.
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