Low-cost port competitiveness index: Implementation in the Spanish port system

Low-cos po compe i i eness index: Implemen a ion in he Spanish po sys em $ Jose ´I. Cas illo-Manzano a , Me cedes Cas o-Nun ˜o a , Fe nando Gonza ´lez Laxe b,  , Lou des Lo ´pez-Valpues a a , M. Te esa A e ´ alo-Quijada a a Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain b Uni e si y o A Co un ˜a, Spain a icle in o A icle his o y: Recei ed 6 June 2008 Recei ed in e ised o m 17 Sep embe 2008 Accep ed 19 Decembe 2008 Keywo ds: Po hie a chy Compe i i eness index Po managemen Mul i-c i e ia anking me hod abs ac Spanish Po Au ho i ies cu en ly ace a wide ange o complexi ies in hei decision-making p ocesses, as hey ha e o sa is y se e al po managemen objec i es ha may conflic wi h one ano he . This pape examines hese ci cums ances by using decision heo y me hodology wi h mul iple objec i es, which, h ough he P ome hee me hod, makes he design o an index possible. This index combines di e en decision ac o s ha shape he compe i i eness o a po o ank he Spanish Po Au ho i ies. This anking se es as an al e na i e o he adi ional anking sys em by easily p o iding mo e in o ma ion abou po a fic. The P ome hee me hod was chosen because i is eliable, he ou comes a e easy o decision make s o unde s and and he pa ame e s can be economically in e p e ed. To accoun o any subjec i i y in he measu es o di e en c i e ia, we de eloped h ee su ey campaigns aimed a he ollowing g oups: membe s o he po communi y, Po Au ho i y manage s and academic esea che s. &2009 Else ie L d. All igh s ese ed. 1. In oduc ion Since he 1990s, Spanish Po Au ho i ies ha e aced inc eased compe i ion due o changes a ec ing he sec o on an in e na- ional scale. These changes include he ma ked specialisa ion o a fic, he selec i i y o ou es, he de elopmen o po hie a chies, he con aine isa ion p ocess and he concen a ion o companies and businesses [1,2]. In addi ion, se e al ex e nal ac o s ha e been iden ified, such as he in oduc ion o consecu i e legal e o ms [3,4]. 1 As a consequence o hese e o ms, he Spanish po sys em is now un unde a new po managemen model ha is based on unc ional independence and financial au onomy. In p ac ice, his in ol es mo ing away om he se ice model owa ds he ool model. In o de o apidly adap o his changing en i onmen , especially in Spain whe e he e a e 28 2 Po Au ho i ies compe - ing in sha ed hin e lands, Spanish po s a e obliged o de ise po managemen s a egies ha gi e g ea e emphasis o p o iding compe i i e se ices. Using mul i-c i e ia decision heo y, his esea ch combines hose aspec s ha ha e an impac on po compe i i eness in a low-cos mul i-dimensional index, which can be epea ed on a ARTICLE IN PRESS Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/ma pol Ma ine Policy 0308-597X/$ - see on ma e &2009 Else ie L d. All igh s ese ed. doi:10.1016/j.ma pol.2008.12.008 $ This a icle esul ed om pa o a esea ch p og am unded by he Spanish Minis y o Public Wo ks and T anspo a ion, which p o ides financial assis ance o public p ojec s I+D+I (O ficial S a e Bulle in 16/12/2005).  Co esponding au ho a : Ins i u o Uni e si a io de Es udios Ma ı ´ imos, Uni e sidad de A Co un ˜a, Campus El in ˜a,15071 A Co un ˜a, Spain. Tel.: +34 981167000; ax: +34 981167125. E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (J.I. Cas illo-Manzano),[email p o ec ed] (M. Cas o-Nun ˜o),[email p o ec ed] (F.G. Laxe),[email p o ec ed] (L. Lo ´pez-Valpues a), a e [email p o ec ed] (M. Te esa A e ´ alo-Quijada). 1 Since he ea ly 1990s he e ha e been h ee legisla i e e o ms o he Spanish po sys em, bo h in managemen and o ganisa ion. These e o ms aimed a achie ing g ea e au onomy, egional decen alisa ion, and p omo ion o he p i a e sec o . The wo e o ms in 1990s we e Law 27/1992 o he Spanish S a e Po s and o he Me chan Na y, and i s modifica ion in Law 62/1997. Gi en a mo e compe i i e in e na ional con ex and a Spanish po sys em ha had li le dynamism wi h a fic g ow h a es nea ing 2%, bo h laws ied o make po s mo e flexible. The fi s law con e ed po s in Po Au ho i ies wi h legal s a us, own esou ces, and independence o he S a e, and also wi h a high le el o ( oo no e con inued) au onomy in managemen , al hough coo dina ed by a s a e o ganism, he Spanish Po S a e Agency. The second law, Law 62/1997, os e ed po decen alisa ion, allowing egional go e nmen s o appoin P esiden s o Po Au ho i ies, as well as some o hei boa d membe s. I also in ended o gi e mo e au onomy o Po Au ho i ies and o a ou in e -po compe i ion by allowing hem o fix hei po a i s, p o ided ha po sel -financing could be gua an eed. This kind o in e - po compe i ion ne e came in o e ec and he a i libe aliza ion was abolished by Law 48/2003, on he Economic Regime and Se ices o Spanish S a e Po s. Law 48/2003 ocuses on in a-po compe i ion, by libe alising p i a e sec o access o po se ices; whe eas he Po Au ho i y ac s as supplie and manage o po land and in as uc u es, e en allowing he p i a e sec o o become a s akeholde . 2 In he pe iod unde conside a ion in his pape (1992–2003), hey we e only 27 Po Au ho i ies. Subsequen ly, in Oc obe 2005, he Po Au ho i y o Alme ia- Mo il became wo Po Au ho i ies. Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598 yea ly basis o all Spanish po s. The p o ound changes ha ha e aken place since he 1990s, especially he h ee legal e o ms p e iously men ioned, jus i y a ca e ul analysis o po compe i- ion om 1992 o 2003 (i.e., he yea s be ween he in oduc ion o he fi s 27/1992 law and he la es 48/2003 law). This index also allows o addi ional po classifica ion and compa ison wi h he adi ional anking used o po s a is ics, based on he olume o a fic a each po . 2. Me hodology Gi en ha he e is no consensus abou he ideal me hodology o e alua ing he compe i i eness o po in as uc u es, he weal h o li e a u e on he subjec p o ides a ionale o he a ious possibili ies ( e iewed in dep h by Teng e al. [5]). Me hodologies can be g ouped in o wo ca ego ies: fi s ly, quan i a i e me hods ha include da a en elopmen analysis (DEA) [6,7], p oduc i i y analysis [8,9], and eg ession echniques [10]; and secondly, a se o p ocedu es, which unde he mul i- c i e ia decision-making me hod (MCDM), allow us o conside quali a i e and quan i a i e indica o s. The MCDM me hod has many applica ions in economic analysis. When compa ed wi h con en ional op imisa ion me h- ods ha p o ide a single solu ion (such as cos –p ofi analysis), MCDM pe mi s a combina ion o di e en pe spec i es on conflic ing issues o each a balanced solu ion o consensus. 3 Addi ionally, he MCDM o e comes he main limi a ion o cos –p ofi analysis, which is he necessa y ansla ion o di e en ac o s o he p oblem in o mone a y uni s o assessing p ofi - abili y. The e o e, MCDM is app op ia e o con ex s whe e decision making is based on a a ie y o iewpoin s ha a e no always quan ifiable. Gi en he mul iplici y and a ie y o ac o s ha influence s a egies o po compe i i eness, i was essen ial o use MCDM o achie e ou esea ch objec i e [13–16]. The de elopmen o MCDM in he field o anspo manage- men is ex ensi e bu ela i ely ecen . Because o he fini e na u e p esen ed by a se o al e na i es, we use in his pape a disc e e me hod. Thus, we ound applica ions o e alua ing expansion plans o ai a fic in as uc u es [17], ci y anspo [18], as well as o he analysis o high-speed ail anspo managemen [19]. The use ulness o MCDM has also been shown in he hie a chical o ganisa ion o po in as uc u es [20–23] and in he analysis o po compe i i eness, using he ollowing mul i- c i e ia p ocedu es: g ey ela ional analysis (GRA) [5], uzzy mul i-c i e ia g ade classifica ion model (FMGC) [13,16,24], P ome hee-GAIA [15,25], and pa icula ly, he mul i-c i e ia p ocedu e o he analy ic hie a chy p ocess (AHP). The AHPs we e he mos equen ly used in ecen s udies [14,26,27]. The AHP me hod can be conside ed as a comple e agg ega ion me hod o he addi i e ype. The p oblem wi h such agg ega ion is ha compensa ion be ween good sco es on some c i e ia and bad sco es on some o he c i e ia can compensa e each o he , and some in o ma ion can be los by such agg ega ion [28]. To sol e his p oblem, we used he P ome hee analysis [15], chosen om he a ious mul i-c i e ia echniques [29]. The P ome hee analysis p o ides an o e all anking o al e na i es (simila o AHP) bu i also pa ially o ganises ankings and allows o he de ec ion o possible incompa ibili ies ( wo o mo e al e na i es whe e he di e ence canno be de e mined) while allowing o addi ional assessmen i needs a ise. Acco ding o B ans and Vincke [29], he o mula ion o a mul i- c i e ia p oblem using he P ome hee me hod esponds o he ollowing model: Op { 1 (a), 2 (a), y, k (a), aAA} whe e Ais a fini e se o al e na i es, and j ,j¼1, y,ka e he c i e ia o be aken in o conside a ion. F om his, we ob ained a decision ma ix o e alua ion able, which includes e alua ions o he al e na i es o e e y single c i e ion. The decision-making p ocess begins once we ha e cons uc ed he decision ma ix, assigned impo ance weigh s w j o he a ios and gene alised he c i e ia ( j ,P j ), j¼1, y,k. This p ocedu e calcula es he so-called agg ega ed p e e ence indexes (defined as p ða;bÞ¼P k j¼1 w j P j ða;bÞ, o show how al e na i e ais ou anking b o e all he c i e ia. I also calcula es he ou anking flows (posi i e + (a)¼1/(n1) S bAA p (a,b) and nega i e  ðaÞ¼1=ðn1Þ P b2A p ðb;aÞ) o exp ess how much an al e na i e ais domina ing (powe o dominance) he o he ones, and how much is domina ed (weakness) by he o he ones. The ne flows (a)¼ + (a)  (a) a e based on he balance o he wo p e e ence flows. Addi ionally, he GAIA plane is ob ained as a esul o he P ome hee me hod. This esul o e s a clea g aphic desc ip ion o he decision p oblem in he k-dimensional space on a plane, whe e poin s ep esen he al e na i es and ec o s ep esen he c i e ia included on he decision axis ( p ). This analysis allows us o dis inguish which al e na i es a e sui able o a specific c i e ion, and which c i e ia a e conflic ing [30,31]. 3. Choice o he decision c i e ia Using ela ed s udies as a poin o e e ence [5,16], we used a defini ion o compe i i eness ha is based on he capaci y o a po o c ea e added alue, gene a e a nucleus o business, and p oduce p oduc i e o indus ial ac i i y in he su ounding a ea. Thus, he mos compe i i e po will be able o de elop and apply a di e en ia ed s a egy, a ac ing mo e cus ome s and a fic han i s compe i o s. The complexi y o his concep means ha a ious aspec s mus be aken in o accoun when iden i ying he decision ac o s o po compe i i eness. Each o he decision c i e ia used ep esen ed one o he aspec s o compe i i eness. When making hese choices, we used he s udy c i e ia om Li n e al. [26], Song and Yeo [14] and Guy and U li [15] as ou model. In addi ion, o a oid subjec i i y when assigning impo ance o ce ain c i e ia, ex ensi e su eys we e ca ied ou . Du ing he su eys i was necessa y o simpli y he c i e ia defini ions and o educe he numbe o c i e ia in o de o inc ease he numbe o esponses. Since ou goal was o build a low-cos syn he ic index o compe i i eness, i was necessa y o base he c i e ia on di ec , quick and low-cos s a is ical sou ces. Thus, we used ei he annual po epo s o in o ma ion published by he Spanish S a is ical Ins i u e (INE). Table 1 shows he se en decision c i e ia. 4. Assignmen o weigh s o decision c i e ia Mul i-c i e ia p oblems all ha e ce ain, ye una oidable, a iabili y when decisions abou he weigh o each c i e ion a e being made. Since he ela i e impo ance o he c i e ia may no be he same when o de ed by he P ome hee MCDM, i is necessa y o es ablish he impo ance o each c i e ion by gi ing hem weigh ings o adjus men s. When weigh s we e assigned, i was essen ial ha he au ho s’ pe spec i es abou he po sec o did no influence any decisions. P e ious a icles [15,32,33] p oposed ha mo e han one scena io o analysis should be in oduced o con ol o he es ic ing ac o men ioned abo e. The e o e, ou s udy ini ially ARTICLE IN PRESS 3 Ex ensi e compa ison o bo h analysis me hods may be ound in Roy [11] and Fugui and Wilcox [12], among o he s. J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598592 had de eloped h ee scena io assessmen s o med by adjudica o s om di e en sphe es, which included: he academic sec o ( esea che s in anspo managemen ), Po Au ho i ies and he Spanish Po S a e Agency (expe s om he public sec o ) as well as he po communi y. The h ee g oups o adjudica o s we e consul ed h oughou ou su ey campaigns. The main ea u es o hese campaigns a e ou lined below. Scena io I:Su ey campaign o he academic sec o . The su ey was sen by mail o 26 acul y membe s and esea che s a di e en Spanish uni e si ies; 18 o hese esponded. The expe ise o his panel was in T anspo Economics in gene al, and Ma i ime and Po Managemen in pa icula , wi h specialised publica ions on hese ma e s. Scena io II:Su ey campaign o Po Au ho i ies and manage s o he Spanish Po S a e Agency. This su ey was sen by mail o all Po Au ho i ies wi h a le e om he Managing Di ec o o he Spanish Po S a e Agency (SPSA) suppo ing his esea ch. The campaign was success ul, as all Spanish Po Au ho i ies answe ed he su ey (by mail, e-mail o ax), excep o A iles and Ta agona (i.e., 26 ou o 28 Po Au ho i ies). In addi ion, ou op-le el manage s o he Spanish Po S a e Agency also esponded o he su ey. Thus, he e we e a o al o 30 answe s. Scena io III:Su ey campaign o shipping associa ions and ma i ime ope a o s. The su ey was sen o all na ional associa- ions o po businesses, as well as di e en ope a o s wo king a he po s o Bahı ´a de Algeci as, A Co un ˜a, Fe ol-San Cib ao, Huel a and Se ille (in o al, 25 associa ions and ope a o s). Finally, 16 associa ions and companies o he po communi y (including consigno s, shipping companies, cus oms agen s, e c.) esponded o he su ey. The a ing echnique [34] was used o agg ega e he assess- men s by he a ious expe panels. This me hod was chosen because i simplified he su ey design and he ules ha we e imposed on he expe s. This was done o maximize he numbe o answe s om non-academic adjudica o s (manage s o Po s Au ho i ies and he Spanish Po S a e Agency, o po ope a o s) who may no be amilia wi h mo e complex assessmen echniques. B iefly, he a ing me hod is defined as ollows: Le w l be he associa ed weigh o c i e ion l (l¼1, y, k). Fo he sake o ma hema ical con enience, weigh s a e usually no malised o 1, so ha : 0ow l o1 and P k l1 w l ¼1. The c i e ia ( he se en decision c i e ia, in his case) a e p esen ed o each expe and a alue is es ablished o each one. The alues o classifica ion ange om 0.0 o 10.0 o 100.0, wi h he possibili y ha mo e han one ARTICLE IN PRESS Table 1 Decision c i e ia. C i e ia Defini ion a Economic p ofi abili y: a s anda d o mula ion, measu ing he esul o exploi a ion on he business asse R 1 ¼NB i /TA i NB i : Ne benefi o po iin yea ¼exploi a ion incomes–exploi a ion expenses. TA i : To al asse s acco ding o he si ua ion balance o po iin yea . Dynamism o po ac i i y: an annual g ow h a e o o al po a fic R 2 ¼(TRAFF i –TRAFF i 1 )/TRAFF i 1 TRAFF i : Thousands o ons o o al a fic mo ed in po iin yea . TRAFF i 1 : Thousands o ons o o al a fic mo ed in po iin he yea –1. Specialisa ion in con aine s: i can become a p oxy a iable o show he deg ee o in ol emen o each po in he g adual p ocess o con enedo isa ion o in e na ional shippin. R 3 ¼TRAFFCONT i /TRAFF i TRAFFCONT i : Thousands o con aine ised ons mo ed in po iin yea . TRAFF i : Thousands o ons o o al a fic mo ed in po iin yea . In es men in fixed capi al: measu ed h ough he g ow h a e o fixed capi al o each Po Au ho i y R 4 ¼(FA i FA i 1 )/FA i 1 FA i : To al fixed asse s acco ding o he balance o si ua ion in po iin yea . FA i 1 : To al fixed asse s acco ding o he balance o si ua ion in po iin yea –1. Impo ance o he S ic ly po business: measu ed by he e enues om a i s o he passage and ca go b , agains he o al po e enues, including concessions c R 5 ¼REVPC i /TOTREV i REVPC i : Re enues o po iin yea , coming om a i s T-2 (passenge s) and T-3 (ca go). TOTREV i : To al e enues o po iin yea (po a i s+canons and concessions). P oduc i i y o labou ac o : he nume a o is a ep esen a i e magni ude o he ‘‘po h oughpu ’’ ( e enues coming om po a i s), and he denomina o is only e e ed o he wo ke s o he di e en Po Au ho i ies, so he wo ke s o p i a e e minals we e excluded d R 6 ¼REVTAR i /LC i REVTAR i : Re enues o po iin yea , coming om a i s T-0 (signalling), T-1 ( essels), T-2 (passenge s), T-3 (ca go), T-4 (fishe y), T-5 (spo and pleasu e boa s), T-6 (po al c anes), T-7 (s o age), T-8 (supplies) and T-9 (o he se ices). LC i : Labou cos s o po iin yea . Economic dynamism: (measu ed by he g ow h a e o GDP a cons an p ices e )o he po hin e land. I s a s om he p emise ha a compe i i e po a ec s posi i ely o he e olu ion o he economic ac i i y o i s hin e land o zone o geog aphical influence, and ice e sa; ha is, a dynamic hin e land mus impac on po compe i i eness R 7 ¼ GDP i GDP i 1 GDP i 1 þ GDP GDP 1 GDP 1 =ð1 Þ GDP i : GDP o he p o ince o po iin yea . GDP i 1 : GDP o he p o ince o po iin yea –1. GDP : GDP o Spain in yea . GDP 1 : GDP o Spain in yea –1. : Pe cen age o po a fics om/ o he p o ince o he po . a The da a o calcula ing he a ios was aken om: Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics (www.ine.es); Po Au ho i ies annuals (1990–2004) and s a is ics and managemen epo s om Spanish Po S a e Agency. (www.pue os.es) as well as om annual epo s om he Cen al Bank o Spain (www.bde.es). b Since 2003 was he las yea analysed, we did no ake in o accoun he new classifica ion o Po Taxes and Ta i s ha came in o e ec in 2004 wi h Law 48/2003. The same is alid o R 6 . c Thus, we aim o exclude analyses no s ic ly ela ed o po s, such as hose supplied by his o ic po s ha ha e e o med his o ic acili ies si ua ed wi hin he ci y, luc a i e businesses (malls, social clubs, o fices, ca pa ks). d Ga he ing in o ma ion om employees o p i a e e minals o all Spanish po s would be e y expensi e, and would make ou objec i e (de eloping a low-cos syn he ic index), impossible. e The p o incial GDP da a published by he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics a e alued a cu en p ices. Fo his eason hey ha e been defla ed h ough he GDP defla o published by he Cen al Bank o Spain. has been calcula ed as he a i hme ic a e age o he hin e lands o Spanish po s by Ga cı ´a[35]. This s udy only calcula ed he hin e lands o peninsula po s. Fo island po s and no h-A ican po s, as hey ep esen cap i e hin e lands, we ha e assumed ¼0.95, ha is, 95% o a fic gene a ed in he p o ince will use his po . Al hough his may seem a es ic i e hypo hesis, geog aphic eali y confi ms his assump ion, since i is impossible o island and no h-A ican p o inces o use ano he po (since he e is no business on ie wi h Mo occo). J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598 593 c i e ion has he same posi ion. Weigh s a e ob ained om he ini ial o de ing as ollows: w lj ¼p lj P k l¼1 p lj and w l ¼P n j¼1 w lj P n j¼1 P k l¼1 w lj  whe e w lj is he weigh o c i e ion 1 by expe j;p lj he posi ion o c i e ion 1 by expe jand w l he agg ega ed weigh o c i e ion 1 by all expe s. Table 2 shows he esul s o he a ing me hod o he answe s assigned o decision c i e ia om he h ee campaigns. The fi s no able esul is he high a e age alue ha he h ee adjudica o g oups ga e o each c i e ion ( om 5.66 o 8.00). This suppo s he choice o c i e ia whe e each one ep esen s a compe i i eness aspec acco ding o he 64 adjudica o s. On he o he hand, acco ding o he s anda d de ia ion o each ca ego y, he e alua ions o he adjudica o s in Scena ios I and III did no di e significan ly om he a e age alue o he weigh s (0.1428); his is logical since no c i e ion had a low e alua ion (less han 5). In o de o achie e a highe le el o disc imina ion be ween c i e ia, he adjudica ing panels we e homogenised and he numbe o adjudica o s was educed o 12 pe panel. 4 The ollowing c i e ia we e used o selec panellis s. Scena io I.H: Twel e esea che s who had he bes cu iculum i ae in T anspo Economy and published on Ma i ime and Po Managemen we e chosen. Scena io II.H: The op manage o he Spanish Po S a e Agency and he di ec o s o he 11 mos impo an po s in e ms o a fic olume. Scena io III.H: The six na ional associa ions ha esponded o he su ey, oge he wi h he six businesses ha had he g ea es in oice olumes o 2006 ( he yea ha he su eys we e conduc ed). Table 3 shows he new esul s. The e alua ion alues gi en o he c i e ia inc eased, namely 90% o he c i e ia ha e an a e age alue o e 6.00. In addi ion, he s anda d de ia ion o wo o he ca ego ies o adjudica o s in Scena ios I.H and II.H inc eased, while he s anda d de ia ion o Scena io III.H dec eased. This may be explained by he high le el o he e ogenei y o he po communi y g oup, as i was comp ised o many ypes o ope a o s (shipping companies, ansi companies, cus oms agen s o consignees). These ope a o s may ha e e y di e en ideas ega ding po compe i i eness. Bo h Tables 2 and 3 illus a e ha he e a e wo di e en isions o he unde s anding o po compe i i eness. Fi s ly, he e is he economis ision o he academy (Scena ios I and I.H) ha gi es g ea e impo ance o manage ial aspec s such as he p oduc i i y o labou and economic p ofi abili y. Secondly, he e exis s he enginee ing and geog aphic ision o he p o essionals in Scena ios II, II.H, III and III.H. I is clea ha bo h public sec o expe s and he po communi y conside he mos impo an ac o o be he g ow h a e o a fic, ollowed by hin e land dynamism, i.e., he po ela ionship wi h i s geog a- phical a ea. ARTICLE IN PRESS Table 2 Weigh s and a e age alues assigned o decision c i e ia in he su ey campaigns (64 esponses). Decision c i e ia Academic sec o Po au ho i ies and SPSA Po communi y A e age alues Weigh s A e age alues Weigh s A e age alues Weigh s Economic p ofi abili y 6.73529 0.14814 6.54839 0.14156 5.81250 0.12722 Dynamism o po ac i i y 6.82352 0.14144 8.00000 0.17247 7.59375 0.16903 Specialisa ion in con aine s 6.70588 0.14106 5.69355 0.12209 6.12500 0.13563 In es men in fixed capi al 6.17647 0.13308 6.82258 0.14557 6.06250 0.13005 S ic ly po business 6.70588 0.14367 6.20968 0.13413 6.75000 0.14826 P oduc i i y o labou ac o 6.94117 0.15124 5.64516 0.11872 5.81250 0.12833 Economic dynamism o hin e land 6.79411 0.14137 7.64516 0.16546 7.50000 0.16146 S anda d de ia ion 0.24414 0.00580 0.9102481 0.02035 0.76732 0.01699 No e: The highes weigh assigned o each panel o expe s is in i alics. Table 3 Weigh s and a e age alues assigned o decision c i e ia in he su ey campaigns (36 esponses). Decision c i e ia Academic sec o Po au ho i ies and SPSA Po communi y A e age alues Weigh s A e age alues Weigh s A e age alues Weigh s Economic p ofi abili y 7.41667 0.16537 6.91667 0.13648 5.66667 0.12595 dynamism o po ac i i y 6.25000 0.12726 9.25000 0.18588 7.45833 0.16827 Specialisa ion in con aine s 6.08333 0.12784 6.12500 0.12104 6.00000 0.13477 In es men in fixed capi al 6.33333 0.13423 8.04167 0.15937 6.16667 0.13252 S ic ly po business 6.83333 0.14284 5.87500 0.11413 6.50000 0.14377 P oduc i i y o labou ac o 7.75000 0.17016 6.08333 0.11758 6.16667 0.13848 Economic dynamism o hin e land 6.58333 0.13231 8.16667 0.16553 7.25000 0.15624 S anda d de ia ion 0.62546 0.01782 1.29636 0.02774 0.662749 0.014737 No e: The highes weigh assigned o each panel o expe s is in i alics. 4 Al hough he homogenisa ion means o educe he numbe o judges om 64 o 36, he new esul s a e s ill significan due o he chosen selec ion c i e ia o educe he numbe o judges ( he mos impo an po s, he bes academic cu iculay). We also conside ha he educed numbe o judges o he homogenised scena ios is mo e han enough, as simila esea che s ha e p o ed wi h e en a sligh ly less numbe o judges [36,37]. J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598594 5. Resul s Once he di e en scena ios we e conside ed, he s udies based on he P ome hee me hodology do no usually disc imina e be ween hem. Fu he mo e, he a ie y o scena ios is p esen ed as an indica o o he weal h o he esea ch [15,32,33]. As ou objec i e was o de elop a complemen a y po anking o eplace he adi ional anking o po a fic, we chose o use only one scena io. To selec a specific scena io om he six ou lined, we p opose wo p ocedu es based on he weigh sensi i i y analysis. Fo each weigh w j ,j¼1, y,k, he P ome hee me hod p o ides a sensi i - i y in e al [a j ,b j ], j¼1, y,k, which indica es he alues ha he weigh s w j may oscilla e be ween wi hou changing he solu ion. The solu ion will be mo e obus in e ms o changes in weigh s when hey a e mo e cen ed on hei sensi i i y in e als. The wo o mula ions a e ou lined below: Limi a ion 1: Min i¼1;...;6 P 2003 ¼1992 P 7 j¼1 w ij  a ij þb ij =2 b ij a ij  12 The op imum scena io (i¼1, y, 6) will be he one ha minimises he a e age o he 12-yea pe iod unde conside a ion ( ¼1992, y, 2003) and he o al dis ance o weigh o each c i e ion (j¼1, y, 7) o he cen e o i s in e al. This dis ance has been homogenized by di iding by he ampli ude o each in e al. Limi a ion 2: Min i¼1;...;6 P 2003 ¼1992 Max 1pjp7 w ij a ij þb ij =2 b ij a ij   12 Acco ding o his c i e ion, he scena io in which he a e age maximum dis ances o each weigh o he cen e o i s in e al will be he minimum, du ing he ime pe iod unde conside a ion. Table 4 shows he esul s o he o mula ions o he six p oposed scena ios o each yea o he pe iod s udied (1992–2003). The a e age o each scena io o bo h p ocedu es is gi en in he las ow. Scena io I.H ( he academic su ey wi h 12 adjudica o s) is he mos obus e alua ion, as i has he lowes a e age alue o he wo p ocedu es. Table 5 shows he ankings esul ing om he six scena ios, oge he wi h he adi ional anking o 2003, which was he las yea unde conside a ion. Addi ionally, in Fig. 1 he GAIA diag am can be seen as he Scena io I.H, he mos obus e alua ion, in 2003. Rega ding he posi ion o he al e na i es, he diag am depic s g aphically he esul s om Table 5 o his scena io. The h ee po s we e anked as ollows: Bahı ´a de Algeci as (ALGE), Valencia (VAL) and Ba celona (BAR), o being he ones u he - mos in he di ec ion o he decision axis ( p ). On he o he hand, a simila pa e n may be app ecia ed be ween ce ain g oups o po s, wi h ega d o he same c i e ia, because hei ep esen a- i e iangles a e e y close o each o he in he diag am. This is he case o he po s in Tene i e (TEN), Bilbao (BIL), Las Palmas (LAS) and Vigo (VIG). 6. Conclusions New models o po managemen , simila o he Spanish sys em, which a e based on po au onomy, ha e a g owing lis o objec i es, such as logis ical unc ions and new demands such as sel - unding. To define and accoun o hese new objec i es, i is ad isable o wo k wi h a g ea weal h o s a is ical sou ces and anking sys ems, which p o ide mo e in o ma ion han he olume o o al a fic alone. This pape o e s a s aigh o wa d me hodology o elabo a ing on a complemen a y al e na i e o he adi ional anking sys em; his new me hod can easily be adap ed o any po sys em. Some o he ad an ages o his me hodology a e: anspa ency, (p ima y da a is used om he mos common s a is ical sou ces such as he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics o he Spanish Po S a e Agency); he combina ion o di e en aspec s o compe i i eness among Spanish po s in o a single alue, wi h all he aspec s being as ele an as i hey we e gi en high g ades by 64 adjudica o s; o e coming subjec i i y p oblems when gi ing weigh o di e en c i e ia; and finally, based on obus c i e ia, i is p o ided a s aigh o wa d me hod o selec ing scena ios is p o ided. The p ocess o de eloping he new anking sys em has b ough o he obse a ions o ligh . The e a e di e en isions ega ding po compe i i eness o he academy in compa ison wi h sec o p o essionals. Po p o essionals, including bo h he public sec o (Po Au ho i ies and Spanish Po S a e Agency) and he p i a e sec o (po communi y), would like o ocus mo e on a fic o on ARTICLE IN PRESS Table 4 Compa ison o he obus ness o he six scena ios. Yea 64 Adjudica o s 36 Adjudica o s Scena io I: academic sec o Scena io II: po au ho i ies and SPSA Scena io III: po communi y Scena io I.H: academic sec o Scena io II.H: po au ho i ies and SPSA Scena io III.H: po communi y Index o he obus ness o he solu ion Index o he obus ness o he solu ion Index o he obus ness o he solu ion Index o he obus ness o he solu ion Index o he obus ness o he solu ion Index o he obus ness o he solu ion Sum Min max Sum Min max Sum Min max Sum Min max Sum Min max Sum Min max 1992 1.5911 0.3432 3.3887 0.5 3.3887 0.5 2.0236 0.4526 2.0287 0.4167 1.9556 0.4574 1993 1.5137 0.4259 3.1738 0.4861 2.3960 0.4708 1.0206 0.3461 2.6694 0.4697 0.7202 0.2643 1994 0.7750 0.1875 2.5846 0.4784 1.993 0.4038 1.0975 0.3403 0.9907 0.3165 1.7161 0.4085 1995 0.8541 0.2842 0.7211 0.2667 2.7441 0.5 1.1158 0.3293 2.0481 0.4687 3.0293 0.5 1996 2.4260 0.4634 1.0990 0.2872 1.4471 0.3270 0.8505 0.2528 1.0721 0.3667 1.9229 0.4111 1997 0.9945 0.3070 2.5021 0.4652 1.8106 0.4273 1.1562 0.2273 2.2830 0.4697 2.0299 0.4783 1998 1.4744 0.3025 3.1940 0.5 1.3555 0.3974 0.8034 0.2250 1.0401 0.2885 1.1171 0.3396 1999 1.1957 0.2674 0.9926 0.2327 0.9223 0.2443 1.3250 0.2980 1.1341 0.3065 0.8978 0.2879 2000 0.7109 0.2027 1.7767 0.3691 0.9227 0.2555 1.1693 0.2743 0.9614 0.3230 1.3845 0.3333 2001 2.0369 0.3805 0.9138 0.2719 1.7731 0.3975 1.8924 0.4130 1.9270 0.4217 1.1350 0.2919 2002 1.4612 0.4105 2.9494 0.4907 2.0143 0.3981 1.3454 0.3832 1.1694 0.3320 1.5083 0.4348 2003 1.7336 0.4067 2.7549 0.4881 2.2415 0.4622 2.9024 0.4157 2.3917 0.4193 1.7899 0.4496 A e age 1.3972 0.3318 2.1708 0.4030 1.9174 0.3986 1.3918 0.3298 1.6429 0.3832 1.6005 0.3880 J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598 595 ARTICLE IN PRESS Table 5 Compa ison o ankings in 2003. O de 64 Adjudica o s 36 Adjudica o s T adi ional classifica ion acco ding o po a fic Scena io I: academic sec o Scena io II: po au ho i ies and SPSA Scena io III: po communi y Scena io I.H: academic sec o Scena io II.H: po au ho i ies and SPSA Scena io III.H: po communi y 1 Bahı ´a de Algeci as Bahı ´a de Algeci as Bahı ´a de Algeci as Bahı ´a de Algeci as Bahı ´a de Algeci as Bahı ´a de Algeci as Bahı ´a de Algeci as 2 Valencia Ba celona Valencia Valencia Ba celona Valencia Ba celona 3 Ba celona Valencia Ba celona Ba celona Valencia Ba celona Valencia 4 Ca agena Ca agena Ca agena Ca agena Ca agena Ca agena Ta agona 5 Tene i e Las Palmas Tene i e Alme ı ´a-Mo il Las Palmas Tene i e Bilbao 6 Las Palmas Alme ı ´a-Mo il Las Palmas Tene i e Alme ı ´a-Mo il Las Palmas Las Palmas 7 Alme ı ´a-Mo il Tene i e Alme ı ´a-Mo il Las Palmas Tene i e Alme ı ´a-Mo il Ca agena 8 Balea es Bilbao Bilbao Balea es Vigo Bilbao Gijo ´n 9 Bilbao Vigo Vigo Bilbao Bilbao Balea es Huel a 10 Vigo Balea es Balea es Vigo Balea es Vigo Tene i e 11 Alican e Alican e Alican e Alican e Alican e Alican e A Co un ˜a 12 Fe ol-San Cib ao Fe ol-San Cib ao Fe ol-San Cib ao Fe ol-San Cib ao A ile ´s Fe ol-San Cib ao Balea es 13 A ile ´s A ile ´s A ile ´s A ile ´s Fe ol-San Cib ao A ile ´s Cas ello ´n 14 Cas ello ´n Huel a Huel a Cas ello ´n Huel a Huel a Fe ol-San Cib ao 15 Huel a Cas ello ´n Cas ello ´n Huel a Cas ello ´n Cas ello ´n Alme ı ´a-Mo il 16 Bahı ´adeCa ´diz Bahı ´adeCa ´diz Bahı ´adeCa ´diz Ta agona Bahı ´adeCa ´diz Bahı ´adeCa ´diz Pasajes 17 Ta agona Villaga cı ´a Villaga cı ´a Bahı ´adeCa ´diz Villaga cı ´a Villaga cı ´a San ande 18 Villaga cı ´a Ma ı ´n-Pon e ed a Ta agona Ceu a Ma ı ´n-Pon e ed a Ta agona Se ille 19 Ceu a Ta agona Ma ı ´n-Pon e ed a Villaga cı ´a Ta agona Ma ı ´n-Pon e ed a A ile ´s 20 Ma ı ´n-Pon e ed a Ceu a Ceu a Ma ı ´n-Pon e ed a Ceu a Ceu a Bahı ´adeCa ´diz 21 Gijo ´nGijo ´n A Co un ˜aGijo ´nGijo ´nGijo ´n Vigo 22 A Co un ˜a A co un ˜aGijo ´n A Co un ˜a A Co un ˜a A Co un ˜a Alican e 23 Melilla Pasajes Pasajes Melilla Pasajes Pasajes Malaga 24 San ande Melilla San ande San ande Ma ´laga San ande Ceu a 25 Pasajes Ma ´laga Ma ´laga Pasajes Melilla Melilla Ma ı ´n-Pon e ed a 26 Se ille San ande Melilla Se ille San ande Ma ´laga Villaga cı ´a 27 Ma ´laga Se ille Se ille Ma ´laga Se ille Se ille Melilla J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598596 po ela ionships wi h su ounding a eas. The academic sec o , on he o he hand, belie es ha po managemen is mo e impo an o compe i i eness. I is ema kable ha all he scena ios in which he cha ac e - is ics o he judges ha e been homogenised (I.H, II.H and III.H) ha e lowe a e ages in bo h c i e ia o es ablish obus ness han hei co esponding scena ios wi hou homogenising (see Table 4). This si ua ion i sel would jus i y any e o ca ied ou o homogenise he cha ac e is ics o he judges employed o de e mine he weigh s. Finally, he p oposed ankings p o ide a di e en and mo e dynamic ision wi h g ea e in o ma ion abou Spanish po s, wi hou neglec ing i s g aphic ep esen a ion h ough he GAIA diag am. In Table 5, he six new ankings ag ee wi h he adi ional one o he h ee la ges po s (Bahı ´a de Algeci as, Ba celona and Valencia), which is a logical consequence o hei posi ions as in e na ional e e ence poin s o con aine a fic in he Medi e a- nean. By defini ion, his obliges hem o main ain a high le el o compe i i eness. I is wo h no ing ha ou o he al e na i e ankings, he ones om he academic sec o and om he po communi y, place Valencia highe han Ba celona. Thus hey o esee he ela i e posi ions ha bo h ci ies ha e in he adi ional anking since 2007, when Valencia’s a fic became g ea e han Ba celona’s. The al e na i e ankings and he adi ional anking di e conside ably a e he hi d place. The di e ences can be summa ised in wo po g oups. The po s in he fi s g oup a e placed highe in he al e na i e ankings han i a fic olume had been he only conside a ion (see o example Alme ı ´a-Mo il o Alican e). Po s in his g oup a e s i ing o imp o e hei compe i i e edge. 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ARTICLE IN PRESS J.I. Cas illo-Manzano e al. / Ma ine Policy 33 (2009) 591–598598