Quodons in okamak usion eac o s
F. Michael Russell†, Juan F.R. A chilla‡,∗
†School o Compu ing and Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Hudde s ield, HD1 3DH, Uni ed Kingdom
‡G oup o Nonlinea Physics, Depa men o Applied Physics I
Uni e sidad de Se illa, ETSII, A da Reina Me cedes s/n, 41012-Se illa, Spain
Email: [email p o ec ed], ∗co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed],
Abs ac — Expe imen s ha e shown ha alpha pa icles
inciden on di e en ma e ials b ing abou he gene a ion o
quodons, ha is packe s o localized ene gy ha can bind o
an elec ic cha ge and anspo i wi hou he p esence o
an elec ic ield, a phenomenon called hype conduc i i y.
Tokamak usion eac o s p oduce a huge amoun o alpha
pa icles, anspo ing ene gy and cha ge ough insula o s
and me als a much mo e speed ha ohmic conduc ion and
hea conduc i i y. The consequences a e s ill unclea bu
should be s udied and inco po a ed in eac o designs.
1. In oduc ion
Cu en design o usion okamak eac o s a e based in
he eac ion o deu e ium (D o 2
1H) and i ium (T o 3
1H)
acco ding o he exo he mic nuclea eac ion:
2
1H+3
1H→4
2He (3.5 MeV) +1
0n (14 MeV)
The ene gy ca ied ou by he alpha pa icles (4
2He) and neu-
ons has o be ans o med in hea and e en ually in o elec-
ic powe , al hough ITER [1] will jus p oduce hea ha
has o be e acua ed by powe ul c yogenic sys ems. How-
e e , bo h pa icles also ha e o he in ended uses.
Some pa o he alpha pa icles a e expec ed o he mal-
ize p oducing a bu ning plasma, ha is, hey would gi e
enough ene gy o keep he plasma a 150 millions o Kel in
so as he usion eac ion con inues. Howe e , a signi ica-
i e pa o he alpha pa icles would escape he plasma and
hi he walls o he con aine .
Mos o he neu ons will escape he plasma con inemen
due o hei absence o elec ic cha ge and will hi he walls
o he plasma con aine . As i ium is no easy o ob ain,
hese walls will be co e ed wi h li hium, ei he 6Li o 7Li,
o ming a b eeding blanke , o b eed i ium so i can be
eused in o he eac o by he nuclea eac ions:
1
0n+6
3Li →4
2He (2.05 MeV) +3
1H (2.75 MeV)
1
0n+7
3Li →4
2He+3
1H+1
0n (Endo he mic)
Bo h 6
3Li and 7
3Li a e na u ally occu ing iso opes, 6
3Li
being be ween 2% and 8% and he es being 7
3Li. The
b eeding blanke should be en iched wi h 6
3Li in o de o
ORCID iDs FM Russell: 0000-0002-1178-1784, JFR A chilla:
0000-0001-6583-6114
keep he gene al p ocess exo he mic as in ended in a nu-
clea eac o . I is essen ial ha his p ocess is achie ed as
i ium is no easy o ob ain o he wise, so we can p edic
ha many neu ons in he plasma will e en ually lead o
alpha pa icles.
2. Resul s
Recen ly 5.1 MeV alpha pa icles om 241Am has been
used in expe imen s o hype conduc i i y, ha is he ans-
po o cha ge a oom empe a u e in absence o an elec ic
ield [2]. The cha ge is anspo ed by nonlinea exci a ions
called quodons ha also lea e ossil acks and may ca y
elec ic cha ge [3]. New expe imen al esul s [4] o i adi-
a ing samples o an alum and ungs en wi h alpha pa icles
sugges ha each 3.5 MeV hi ing a hea y me al would gen-
e a e a leas 104quodons. Thei speed o km/s was also
measu ed wi h ime-o - ligh expe imen s.
The conclusion is ha many quodons wi h he capaci y
o e y as anspo ene gy and cha ge h ough me als and
insula o s will be c ea ed wi h possible unin ended conse-
quences o he eac o design as possibly he o e whelm-
ing o he c yogenic sys em. The e ec o quodons should
be aken in o accoun wi h he necessa y design modi ica-
ions.
Acknowledgmen s
JFRA hanks p ojec MICINN PID2019-109175GB-
C22, and a el help om Uni e sidad de Se illa
VIIPPITUS-2023. FMR wishes o hank Ch is Eilbeck,
Leono C uzei o and La issa B izhik o use ul discus-
sions.
Re e ences
[1] h ps://www.i e .o g/mach/ okamak (2023)
[2] F.M. Russell, J.F.R. A chilla, F. F u os, S. Medina-
Ca asco, EPL 120, 46001 (2017); F.M. Russell, A.W.
Russell, J.F.R. A chilla, EPL 127(1), 16001 (2019)
[3] J.F.R. A chilla, F.M. Russell, Le e s on Ma e ials 6, 3
(2016)
[4] F.M. Russell. Expe imen al da a on quodon cu en in
me als (2023). To be published
– 686 –
2023 In e na ional Symposium on Nonlinea Theo y and I s Applica ions
NOLTA2023, Sep embe 26-29, 2023, Ca ania and Online
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