Quodons in tokamak fusion reactors
Abstract
Experiments have shown that alpha particles incident on different materials bring about the generation of quodons, that is packets of localized energy that can bind to an electric charge and transport it without the presence of an electric field, a phenomenon called hyperconductivity. Tokamak fusion reactors produce a huge amount of alpha particles, transporting energy and charge trough insulators and metals at much more speed that ohmic conduction and heat conductivity. The consequences are still unclear but should be studied and incorporated in reactor designs.
Full text
Quodons in okamak usion eac o s
F. Michael Russell†, Juan F.R. A chilla‡,∗
†School o Compu ing and Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Hudde s ield, HD1 3DH, Uni ed Kingdom
‡G oup o Nonlinea Physics, Depa men o Applied Physics I
Uni e sidad de Se illa, ETSII, A da Reina Me cedes s/n, 41012-Se illa, Spain
Email: [email p o ec ed], ∗co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed],
Abs ac — Expe imen s ha e shown ha alpha pa icles
inciden on di e en ma e ials b ing abou he gene a ion o
quodons, ha is packe s o localized ene gy ha can bind o
an elec ic cha ge and anspo i wi hou he p esence o
an elec ic ield, a phenomenon called hype conduc i i y.
Tokamak usion eac o s p oduce a huge amoun o alpha
pa icles, anspo ing ene gy and cha ge ough insula o s
and me als a much mo e speed ha ohmic conduc ion and
hea conduc i i y. The consequences a e s ill unclea bu
should be s udied and inco po a ed in eac o designs.
1. In oduc ion
Cu en design o usion okamak eac o s a e based in
he eac ion o deu e ium (D o 2
1H) and i ium (T o 3
1H)
acco ding o he exo he mic nuclea eac ion:
2
1H+3
1H→4
2He (3.5 MeV) +1
0n (14 MeV)
The ene gy ca ied ou by he alpha pa icles (4
2He) and neu-
ons has o be ans o med in hea and e en ually in o elec-
ic powe , al hough ITER [1] will jus p oduce hea ha
has o be e acua ed by powe ul c yogenic sys ems. How-
e e , bo h pa icles also ha e o he in ended uses.
Some pa o he alpha pa icles a e expec ed o he mal-
ize p oducing a bu ning plasma, ha is, hey would gi e
enough ene gy o keep he plasma a 150 millions o Kel in
so as he usion eac ion con inues. Howe e , a signi ica-
i e pa o he alpha pa icles would escape he plasma and
hi he walls o he con aine .
Mos o he neu ons will escape he plasma con inemen
due o hei absence o elec ic cha ge and will hi he walls
o he plasma con aine . As i ium is no easy o ob ain,
hese walls will be co e ed wi h li hium, ei he 6Li o 7Li,
o ming a b eeding blanke , o b eed i ium so i can be
eused in o he eac o by he nuclea eac ions:
1
0n+6
3Li →4
2He (2.05 MeV) +3
1H (2.75 MeV)
1
0n+7
3Li →4
2He+3
1H+1
0n (Endo he mic)
Bo h 6
3Li and 7
3Li a e na u ally occu ing iso opes, 6
3Li
being be ween 2% and 8% and he es being 7
3Li. The
b eeding blanke should be en iched wi h 6
3Li in o de o
ORCID iDs FM Russell: 0000-0002-1178-1784, JFR A chilla:
0000-0001-6583-6114
keep he gene al p ocess exo he mic as in ended in a nu-
clea eac o . I is essen ial ha his p ocess is achie ed as
i ium is no easy o ob ain o he wise, so we can p edic
ha many neu ons in he plasma will e en ually lead o
alpha pa icles.
2. Resul s
Recen ly 5.1 MeV alpha pa icles om 241Am has been
used in expe imen s o hype conduc i i y, ha is he ans-
po o cha ge a oom empe a u e in absence o an elec ic
ield [2]. The cha ge is anspo ed by nonlinea exci a ions
called quodons ha also lea e ossil acks and may ca y
elec ic cha ge [3]. New expe imen al esul s [4] o i adi-
a ing samples o an alum and ungs en wi h alpha pa icles
sugges ha each 3.5 MeV hi ing a hea y me al would gen-
e a e a leas 104quodons. Thei speed o km/s was also
measu ed wi h ime-o - ligh expe imen s.
The conclusion is ha many quodons wi h he capaci y
o e y as anspo ene gy and cha ge h ough me als and
insula o s will be c ea ed wi h possible unin ended conse-
quences o he eac o design as possibly he o e whelm-
ing o he c yogenic sys em. The e ec o quodons should
be aken in o accoun wi h he necessa y design modi ica-
ions.
Acknowledgmen s
JFRA hanks p ojec MICINN PID2019-109175GB-
C22, and a el help om Uni e sidad de Se illa
VIIPPITUS-2023. FMR wishes o hank Ch is Eilbeck,
Leono C uzei o and La issa B izhik o use ul discus-
sions.
Re e ences
[1] h ps://www.i e .o g/mach/ okamak (2023)
[2] F.M. Russell, J.F.R. A chilla, F. F u os, S. Medina-
Ca asco, EPL 120, 46001 (2017); F.M. Russell, A.W.
Russell, J.F.R. A chilla, EPL 127(1), 16001 (2019)
[3] J.F.R. A chilla, F.M. Russell, Le e s on Ma e ials 6, 3
(2016)
[4] F.M. Russell. Expe imen al da a on quodon cu en in
me als (2023). To be published
– 686 –
2023 In e na ional Symposium on Nonlinea Theo y and I s Applica ions
NOLTA2023, Sep embe 26-29, 2023, Ca ania and Online
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