Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology
o Compa e he Was e Gene a ed in Al e na i e
Scena ios o Building Elemen s in BIM Du ing
he Design S age
Rocio Quiñones1(B), Ca men Lla as2, Ma ia Vic o ia Mon es3,
and Isid o Co és1
1Depa men o G aphical Exp ession and Building Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Se ille,
41012 Se ille, Spain
[email p o ec ed]
2Depa men o Building Cons uc ion I, Uni e si y o Se ille, 41012 Se ille, Spain
3Depa men o Building Cons uc ion II, Uni e si y o Se ille, 41012 Se ille, Spain
Abs ac . The cons uc ion sec o is one o he highes was e gene a o s in many
coun ies. Se e al s udies e idence he close ela ionship be ween he decisions
aken du ing he design phase and he educ ion o he cons uc ion and demoli ion
was es (CDW). Mo eo e , many s udies show he ad an ages o Rehabili a ion e -
sus Demoli ion. Howe e , a main ba ie o apply was e minimiza ion s a egies
in p ojec s is he lack o in o ma ion included in he design ools hemsel es. The
p esen pape aims o desc ibe a me hodological amewo k based on Quan i i-
ca ion and Reduc ion Models o Cons uc ion Was es, used du ing design s ages
o buildings and in eg a ed in o a building’s design me hodology such as Build-
ing In o ma ion Modeling (BIM). The me hod is concei ed o guide designe s,
con ibu e o measu e and p edic CDW. A case s udy is also p o ided. CDW o
wo al e na i e scena ios a e ob ained and compa ed: he demoli ion e sus he
e u bishmen o a oo . I also con ibu es o de elop a sus ainabili y simula ion
o a building by ob aining he cons uc ion was es om i s BIM model.
Keywo ds: Sus ainabili y ·Cons uc ion and demoli ion was e ·Building
In o ma ion Modelling ·Building design
1 In oduc ion
The cons uc ion indus y is essen ial o ealize he buil en i onmen and a key sec o
in he sus ainable de elopmen o he wo ld p oduc ion model. In Eu ope, al hough
cons uc ion cu en ly gene a es 9% o G oss Domes ic P oduc and p o ides 18 million
jobs [1], i is also esponsible o 50% o ene gy consump ion, 50% o ma e ials ex ac ed,
33% o wa e consump ion and 33% o he gene a ed was e [2]. Due o he inc ease o
he cos o cons uc ion p ojec s and he en i onmen al awa eness [3], he cons uc ion
indus y is unde an immense p essu e o become a mo e e icien indus y in he use
© The Edi o (s) (i applicable) and The Au ho (s), unde exclusi e license
o Sp inge Na u e Swi ze land AG 2021
A. Ro a u (Ed.): CRIT-RE-BUILT 2019, SSGG, pp. 506–518, 2021.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-030-61118-7_41
Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology 507
o esou ces and in he minimisa ion o gene a ed was e. Speci ically, i is conside ed
c ucial o pay mo e a en ion o he end o he use ul li e o buildings because demoli ion
ac i i ies ep esen mo e han 50% o he o al was e p oduc ion o he cons uc ion
indus y [4].
Di ec i e 2008/98/EC es ablishes he p inciple “who pollu es pays” and he “ex-
panded esponsibili y o he p oduce o pollu ion.” I includes ecycling and eco e y
a ge s ha mus be achie ed by 2020: 50% o ce ain household was e and o he simila
was e, and 70% o was e om building cons uc ion and demoli ion (CDW). I also
equi es Membe S a es o adop was e managemen plans and p e en ion p og ams o
achie e hese objec i es. In his way, he Eu opean Commission aims o help he con-
s uc ion indus y o be mo e compe i i e, esou ce e icien and sus ainable. I s app oach
o was e managemen is based on he “was e hie a chy” ha indica es an o de o p io i y
when con igu ing was e policy and i s managemen a an ope a ional le el: p e en ion
(ze o was e), euse (once was e is gene a ed), ecycling, eco e y and, as las and leas
desi able op ion, dumping in land ills and incine a ion wi hou ene gy eco e y [5].
The eme gence o new echnologies in he A chi ec u e, Enginee ing and Cons uc-
ion (AEC), based on collabo a i e s a egies, such as Building In o ma ion Modelling
(BIM), is conside ed an oppo uni y o add ess he p oblem o cons uc ion and demoli-
ion was es (CDW) om ea ly design s ages, o ob ain mo e e icien esul s [6]. Se e al
esea che s [7,8] poin ou ha he use o he BIM pla o m can help minimise CDW.
Howe e , BIM emains a no el me hodology ha has no de eloped i s ull po en ial in
he indus y, bo h a he le el o esea ch and p ac i ione s [9]. The e o e, he e is a clea
need o accele a e he de elopmen and s anda disa ion o BIM ools o CDW and hus
p o ide b oad co e age in li e cycle in o ma ion lows o cons uc ion p ojec s [10].
Hence, his wo k aims o es ablish a me hodological amewo k based on wo ali-
da ed Quan i ica ion and Reduc ion o Cons uc ion and Demoli ion Was e Models [11,
12], o be used du ing building design s ages and in eg a ed in o he BIM me hodology.
The p oposed me hod is in ended o help designe s in he ea ly p edic ion and mea-
su emen o CDW. A he same ime, a case s udy is p o ided whe e he CDW o wo
al e na i e scena ios modelled in BIM a e calcula ed and compa ed: demoli ion e sus
ehabili a ion o a la oo .
2 Reduc ion o Cons uc ion Was e
While CDW occu du ing cons uc ion execu ion ac i i ies, mo e and mo e oices ag ee
ha hey a e caused by decisions and ac i i ies h oughou he whole building li e cycle.
The e is a consensus in scien i ic li e a u e ha p ojec design, ma e ial acquisi ion,
cons uc ion, eno a ion and demoli ion con ibu e di ec ly o indi ec ly o he gene a ion
o was es [4,9,13,14].
O he ecen wo ks [8,9,12,13,15–17] e eal he impo ance o educing CDW
in building planning and design s age as a i s s ep o minimise was e by elimina ing
he oo causes o i s gene a ion. In addi ion, i is claimed ha inapp op ia e design
decisions, lack o cons uc i e de ails and unexpec ed design changes can lead o an
inc ease o up o 33% in he olume o cons uc ion was e [18].
New p oduc ion models such as “lean cons uc ion” [8,19], “ze o was e” [20]o he
ci cula economy [21] also ag ee on he impo ance o educing CDW a hei sou ce
508 R. Quiñones e al.
ins ead o ecycling and eco e ing hem, while hey inno a e h ough he in ol emen
o people and he de elopmen o a mo e e icien wo k om he beginning o he design
p ocess. The in luence ha s akeholde ’s p ojec engagemen exe s on he educ ion o
CDW is conside ed c ucial [8,13], since CDW gene a ed by la e in o ma ion, cus ome ’s
las -minu e equi emen s, bad dis ibu ion and slow e ision o plans could be a oided
by imp o ing hei coo dina ion and communica ion du ing he design s age.
Howe e , p ac i ione s and policy make s a e s ill a om implemen ing CDW
minimiza ion measu es a he design s age and con inue o conside hem seconda y
abou he adi ional objec i es o he p ojec , ha is, ime, cos and quali y [20]. Some
au ho s [7] de ec a lack o e ec i e ools ha allow accu a e es ima ion o CDW. In
conclusion, o he minimiza ion o CDW, quan i a i e p edic ion me hods and ools a e
conside ed essen ial by p ac i ione s, since hey can p o ide hem wi h undamen al da a
o assess he ac ual olume, ype, ime and place o gene a ion.
3 BIM Technology and Cons uc ion Was e
The g ea ad ances ha e o ced he cons uc ion indus y, conside ed one o he mos
esis an o change, o use new me hods ha allow i o su i e. In ecen yea s, new
echnologies a e eme ging in he in e na ional sec o o A chi ec u e, Enginee ing and
Cons uc ion (AEC). This is he case o he BIM me hodology. Since i i s appea ed in
1992 [22], he BIM concep is e ol ing om a 3D modelling echnology o a comp ehen-
si e ool and p ojec managemen p ocess [3,7,23,24], which allows a be e exchange
o in o ma ion among he pa icipan s in cons uc ion p ojec s, du ing he en i e li e
cycle o he building, o p ecise decision making and a be e deli e y p ocess o he
inal p oduc .
The in e na ional ISO S anda d 2010 de ines BIM as “a sha ed digi al ep esen a ion
o he physical and unc ional cha ac e is ics o any buil objec (…) ha cons i u es
a eliable basis o decision making”. Many au ho s es ima e ha BIM is a se o p o-
cesses [25–27]. Fo Bazjanac [28], BIM is “ he ac o c ea ing a cons uc ion in o ma ion
model”. Eas man [24] de ines BIM as “a modelling echnology and he p ocesses associ-
a ed o p oduce, communica e and analyse cons uc ion models”. The Building SMART
In e na ional (BSI) associa ion, which p omo es he use o BIM wo ldwide, de ines i as
“a business p ocess o he gene a ion and use o cons uc ion da a, o design, build and
ope a e he building du ing i s li e cycle”. Al hough mos BIM p ocesses a e assis ed by
in o ma ic ools, he scien i ic communi y ag ees ha i is a new wo king me hod ha
links new p ocesses assis ed by an impo an echnological componen [29].
Due o he s ong commi men o he physical esou ces o cons uc ion p ojec s
and hei unique and i e e sible na u e, i is oo expensi e, p ac ically un easible, o y
di e en design and cons uc ion schemes be o e a p ojec is buil wi hou using new
echnologies. In his con ex , BIM has been e ealed as a powe ul echnology and a
e sa ile ool ha helps p edic and unde s and possible imp o emen s and changes in a
building be o e hey a e adop ed on si e [13,30].
The e o e, BIM is conside ed a iable echnology o add ess he pe o mance p ob-
lems o cons uc ion p ojec s be o e ha ing o make a la ge in es men o ime o money
[31]. The e is a consensus on he po en ial o BIM o minimise CDW du ing design sce-
na ios. Many au ho s conside ha BIM is a use ul ool in he ea ly s ages o a p ojec
Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology 509
o iden i y, e alua e and e ec i ely educe he gene a ion o CDW h oughou building
li e cycle [3,6,7,14,17,18,32].
I is widely ecognised ha in eg a ed building design based on BIM can imp o e
he accu acy and quali y o he design, hus educing e o s, epe i ions, ine iciencies in
communica ion and lack o coo dina ion amongs he p ojec pa icipan s and unexpec ed
changes in design, which hey a e equen causes o CDW gene a ion [13,32]. BIM
mechanisms, such as al e na i e design simula ions, design e iews, de ails, collision
de ec ion, digi al p e ab ica ion and cons uc ion ac i i y planning can educe he amoun
o cons uc ion was e by 4.3–15.2% [3,6,8,13,14,18].
Howe e , he mos c i ical au ho s [3,30,33] wa n ha BIM is no a panacea. In any
case, hey conside ha he implemen a ion o BIM and he imp o emen o in e ope -
abili y be ween di e en compu e p og ammes a e e y necessa y o e ec i ely add ess
was e minimisa ion, p oposing a way o wa d a he han adding me e he o ic. Fo his
pu pose, mo e esea ch and implemen a ion a e equi ed making his unc ionali y a
eali y.
Recen s udies [14,24,31,34], which ha e mapped he global esea ch on BIM,
e eal ha CDW esea ch is no a speci ic opic among BIM esea ch a eas. Main issues
iden i ied ocused on he gene al en i onmen al assessmen o buildings, especially
ene gy e iciency [35,36]. Likewise, exis ing BIM and CDW s udies ha e been de eloped
mainly in he managemen o CDW du ing he execu ion o cons uc ion wo ks, being
conside ed as he s age in which was es a e gene a ed [3].
Simila ly, he ac ual implemen a ion o BIM in he cons uc ion indus y o he
minimiza ion o CDW is also ela i ely low, as eme ged om la es s udies [10,13].
While s akeholde s in he cons uc ion indus y seem o be awa e o he bene i s o BIM
o elimina e a la ge numbe o causes o was e om i s beginning o i s comple ion in a
cons uc ion p ojec , especially a he design s age, e idences show ha he use o BIM
o educe hem is no ye an ex ended p ac ice.
Now, none o he wo ld’s leading BIM so wa e p oduc s include was e minimiza ion
and p edic ion unc ionali y. Ne e heless, i is e iden om he e iewed li e a u e ha
he e is a p omising demand o he use o BIM o educe he gene a ion o was e in
cons uc ion.
4 Me hods and Tools o Minimizing Cons uc ion Was e
In eg a ed in BIM
Al hough hey a e s ill limi ed, some speci ic me hods and ools assis ed by BIM
ha e been de eloped o minimize and manage he amoun o was e om cons uc ion,
eno a ion and demoli ion p ojec s.
Won e al. [18] de eloped a me hod o quan i y how many CDW would be a oided
wi h he use o BIM h ough a design alida ion p ocess on he Au odesk Re i pla o m
and demons a ed h ough wo case s udies ha i could be a possible solu ion o elimina e
he main causes o CDW. Fu he mo e, conside ing he possibili y o iden i ying e o s
wi hou BIM, using he adi ional app oach based on d awings, he amoun o CDW was
analysed and compa ed wi h he CDW a oided h ough he use o BIM. In addi ion, hey
claimed ha wi h he use o BIM hey could minimize he cons uc ion was e gene a ed
510 R. Quiñones e al.
no only du ing he design s age, bu also du ing he building cons uc ion. Fo example,
was e gene a ed du ing he cons uc ion phase could also be minimized by maximizing
he euse a e by selec ing app op ia e cu ing leng hs, a eas and olumes o ma e ials
based on he p ecise amoun ob ained by BIM. A limi a ion o hei s udy is ha he
olume o cons uc ion was e gene a ed by o mwo ks and packaging ma e ials was
no conside ed. They jus i y hese me hodological aspec s a guing ha , in Sou h Ko ea,
o mwo k in o ma ion is no commonly included in BIM models, and he pe cen age
o packaging was e is e y insigni ican , ep esen ing only 0.02% o o al cons uc ion
was e.
Po wal and Hewage [37] p oposed a BIM-based me hod o educe s eel was e in ein-
o ced conc e e s uc u es by selec ing app op ia e ba leng hs and conside ing a ailable
cu ing leng hs. BIM was used o simula e he a chi ec u al and s uc u al design equi e-
men s and o compa e he esul s in o de o make he necessa y changes in he design, o
educe and euse he ein o cemen ba was e. In addi ion, BIM was used as a da abase
o communica e p ojec in o ma ion be ween a ious design eams (a chi ec u al, s uc-
u al, mechanical, elec ical and plumbing). The limi a ion o his me hod is de i ed
om educing only a speci ic ype o cons uc ion was e, s eel was e.
Me cade e al. [38] led an in es iga ion on he quan i ica ion o CDW ha was
expec ed o be gene a ed du ing he implemen a ion o a building p ojec h ough a BIM
model. They de e mined he amoun o was e gene a ed du ing he execu ion o he
s uc u e, o al olume o conc e e was e and o al weigh in kg o s eel was e, as well as
he o al amoun o ma e ial esou ces consumed. P e iously, Me cade e al. [39] had
al eady demons a ed he possibili y o au oma ically quan i ying he was e gene a ed in
a model de eloped in BIM du ing ea hwo ks and ounda ion p ocess. They compa ed
he esul s wi h he manual p ocedu e, and hese esul s a ied in decimals o cubic
me e s; a ia ions ha we e i ele an o he magni udes o he p ojec conside ed.
Bilal e al. [8] de ined an in eg a ed desc ip i e da abase o cons uc ion ma e ials as
a i s s ep o a cons uc ion was e simula ion ool o be implemen ed in BIM. In addi ion,
hey coined he e m BIM Was e Analysis (BWA) o cap u e he en i e BIM p ocess, o
p edic and design cons uc ion was e. The BWA consis s o ou key s eps: (i) analysis
o he cons uc ion model, (ii) was e p edic ion, (iii) was e isualiza ion and (i ) was e
minimiza ion. Mo eo e , i is conside ed ha , in a cons uc ion was e simula ion ool,
BWA mus be in eg a ed. Fi s , he was e simula ion ool would ead BIM models and
es ima e he ypes and quan i ies o was e ha a ise om he di e en elemen s used
in cons uc ion. Subsequen ly, he ool would isualize he p oduc ion o was e om
he cons uc ion elemen s and highligh s hose ha p oduce massi e amoun s o was e.
Finally, designe s could u he in es iga e hese elemen s o be able o use di e en
ma e ials and s a egies wi h lowe was e p oduc ion h ough he speci ica ion o sma
ma e ials.
Recen ly, Akinade [4] de eloped a BIM ool (BIM Was e) o cons uc ion was e
analysis a he design s age, in eg a ed in o Au odesk Re i , based on hyb id models o
A i icial In elligence (AI), due o i s abili y o s o e and p ocess la ge amoun s o da a. AI
models we e inco po a ed in o Au odesk Re i as a complemen o allow he p edic ion
o cons uc ion was e om building designs. Sys em pe o mance was assessed by a es
plan and wo case s udies. Resul s show ha he ool wo ks well and p edic s cons uc ion

Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology 511
was e acco ding o he ypes o was e, ypes o elemen s and le els o cons uc ion. The
s udy p o ides a clea di ec ion on how cons uc ion was e (CW) managemen s a egies
could be in eg a ed in o a BIM pla o m o s eamline CW analysis. No wi hs anding,
he au ho ecognizes as a limi a ion o he s udy ha i was conduc ed in he con ex
o he Uni ed Kingdom, so he indings ha e a bias in AI o concei e he en i onmen al
po en ial o BIM a he end o he cons uc ion li e cycle.
Cheng and Ma [7] designed a BIM applica ion p og amming in e ace (API) o he
es ima ion and planning o demoli ion and euse was e ha p o ides ale s o con ac o s
ahead o ime in p ojec planning. This API can ex ac ma e ial and olume in o ma-
ion h ough BIM models in he Au odesk Re i pla o m and in eg a e i o de ailed
was e es ima ion and planning. This sys em can no only se e as an au oma ed, as
and accu a e ool o es ima ing was e be o e demoli ion o euse, bu also se es as a
ool o calcula e he was e disposal a e o di e en was e acili ies and pick-up uck
equi emen s. This es ima ion and planning sys em ha e been alida ed in a 47-s o y
esiden ial building in Hong Kong. Some o he limi a ions o his ool a e ha i ocuses
mo e on was e managemen han on minimizing he oo causes ha gene a e was e.
The e o e, i can be concluded om he li e a u e e iew ha he e is a lack o
ools and decision-making me hods o minimizing CDW du ing he design phase o he
building.
5 Me hodology
Th ough a case s udy, he di e en scena ios o he me hodology based on he in eg a ion
in he BIM me hodology o he Quan i ica ion and Reduc ion Models o Cons uc ion
and Demoli ion Was es [11,12] a e es ablished. A na i e BIM p og am is used and he
en ichmen o BIM objec s h ough a ibu es (see Fig. 1).
The case s udy chosen is ha o a la oo co e ing 25 m2unde wo di e en
scena ios; in S age 1, he demoli ion o he oo and i s subsequen econs uc ion a e
es ablished, while in S age 2 he ehabili a ion o he la oo is p oposed.
5.1 S age 1: Da a Collec ion o he Quan i ica ion and Was e Reduc ion Model
I is essen ial o s a om eliable and alida ed da a on he quan i ica ion and educ ion
o was e gene a ed in he cons uc ion p ocesses. The e o e, he i s s ep is o collec da a
on he p oduc ion o was e gene a ed in he ollowing ac i i ies: demoli ion, cons uc ion
and ehabili a ion o a la oo in he alida ed Quan i ica ion and Reduc ion o CDW
Models [11,12], (see Table 1and 2). These models de elop a sys ema ic s uc u e
o he cons uc ion p ocess, a was e classi ica ion sys em and ac o -based analy ical
exp essions.
5.2 S age 2: De elopmen o CDW A ibu e Da abase in BIM
Then, in he BIM en i onmen chosen o model and p o ide CDW a ibu es o he case
s udy - he Allplan p og am -, he BIM da abase is c ea ed co e ing he ypes o was es
o be e alua ed (see Fig. 2).
512 R. Quiñones e al.
Fig. 1. Me hodology scheme based on Quan i ica ion and Reduc ion Models o Cons uc ion
Was es [11,12] in eg a ed in o Building In o ma ion Modeling.
5.3 Modelling A chi ec u al Elemen s in BIM and A ibu e Assignmen
The oo s a e modelled, o he di e en scena ios o he case s udy, wi h he speci ic
ool “Roo ”, hus ob aining quan i iable BIM objec s. Then, wi h he o de “Assignmen
o a ibu es o any elemen ”, and using he p e iously c ea ed da abase, he ypes o
was es co esponding o each case a e assigned and he co esponding alues o each
ype o was e a e en e ed by a manual and sys ema ized p ocedu e (Fig. 3). This Allplan
ool allows o de ine any p ope y o a ibu e, p o ide i wi h alue and link i o any
objec so ha da a can be analysed and e alua ed la e h ough o he ools.
5.4 Analysis and Discussion o Resul s
To analyse and e alua e he CDW o each o he p oposed scena ios, a epo ha
iden i ies he di e en cons uc i e elemen s and he s ages o which hey a e subjec ed is
designed. This epo allows he compa a i e s udy o esul s (Fig. 4and Table 3). F om
his analysis i is concluded ha Rehabili a ing/ e u bishing he oo (S age 2) would
educe up o 99% o he CDW was e gene a ed in he case ha he oo was demolished
and ebuil (S age 1).
Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology 513
Table 1. CDW expec ed in building/si e wo k elemen s in S age 1 (Sou ce: da a ob ained om
Lla as, 2011; and Lla as and Osmani, 2016)
Table 2. CDW expec ed in building/si e wo k elemen s in Scena io 2 (Sou ce: da a ob ained om
Lla as, 2011; and Lla as and Osmani, 2016)
514 R. Quiñones e al.
Fig. 2. CDW da abase: de ini ion o CDW a ibu es.
Fig. 3. CDW da abase c ea ed in Allplan: assignmen o CDW a ibu es.
In addi ion, ano he ad an age o S age 2 is ha i acili a es he selec i e sepa a ion
o was es and i s subsequen emo al, p omo ing hei eco e y. While in s age 1 mos
o he was e is made up o a ac ion o mixed ma e ials, making i di icul o eco e
(Table 3and Fig. 5).