Rehabilitation vs demolition methodology to compare the waste generated in alternative scenarios of building elements in BIM during the design stage

Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology o Compa e he Was e Gene a ed in Al e na i e Scena ios o Building Elemen s in BIM Du ing he Design S age Rocio Quiñones1(B), Ca men Lla as2, Ma ia Vic o ia Mon es3, and Isid o Co és1 1Depa men o G aphical Exp ession and Building Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Se ille, 41012 Se ille, Spain [email p o ec ed] 2Depa men o Building Cons uc ion I, Uni e si y o Se ille, 41012 Se ille, Spain 3Depa men o Building Cons uc ion II, Uni e si y o Se ille, 41012 Se ille, Spain Abs ac . The cons uc ion sec o is one o he highes was e gene a o s in many coun ies. Se e al s udies e idence he close ela ionship be ween he decisions aken du ing he design phase and he educ ion o he cons uc ion and demoli ion was es (CDW). Mo eo e , many s udies show he ad an ages o Rehabili a ion e - sus Demoli ion. Howe e , a main ba ie o apply was e minimiza ion s a egies in p ojec s is he lack o in o ma ion included in he design ools hemsel es. The p esen pape aims o desc ibe a me hodological amewo k based on Quan i i- ca ion and Reduc ion Models o Cons uc ion Was es, used du ing design s ages o buildings and in eg a ed in o a building’s design me hodology such as Build- ing In o ma ion Modeling (BIM). The me hod is concei ed o guide designe s, con ibu e o measu e and p edic CDW. A case s udy is also p o ided. CDW o wo al e na i e scena ios a e ob ained and compa ed: he demoli ion e sus he e u bishmen o a oo . I also con ibu es o de elop a sus ainabili y simula ion o a building by ob aining he cons uc ion was es om i s BIM model. Keywo ds: Sus ainabili y ·Cons uc ion and demoli ion was e ·Building In o ma ion Modelling ·Building design 1 In oduc ion The cons uc ion indus y is essen ial o ealize he buil en i onmen and a key sec o in he sus ainable de elopmen o he wo ld p oduc ion model. In Eu ope, al hough cons uc ion cu en ly gene a es 9% o G oss Domes ic P oduc and p o ides 18 million jobs [1], i is also esponsible o 50% o ene gy consump ion, 50% o ma e ials ex ac ed, 33% o wa e consump ion and 33% o he gene a ed was e [2]. Due o he inc ease o he cos o cons uc ion p ojec s and he en i onmen al awa eness [3], he cons uc ion indus y is unde an immense p essu e o become a mo e e icien indus y in he use © The Edi o (s) (i applicable) and The Au ho (s), unde exclusi e license o Sp inge Na u e Swi ze land AG 2021 A. Ro a u (Ed.): CRIT-RE-BUILT 2019, SSGG, pp. 506–518, 2021. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-030-61118-7_41 Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology 507 o esou ces and in he minimisa ion o gene a ed was e. Speci ically, i is conside ed c ucial o pay mo e a en ion o he end o he use ul li e o buildings because demoli ion ac i i ies ep esen mo e han 50% o he o al was e p oduc ion o he cons uc ion indus y [4]. Di ec i e 2008/98/EC es ablishes he p inciple “who pollu es pays” and he “ex- panded esponsibili y o he p oduce o pollu ion.” I includes ecycling and eco e y a ge s ha mus be achie ed by 2020: 50% o ce ain household was e and o he simila was e, and 70% o was e om building cons uc ion and demoli ion (CDW). I also equi es Membe S a es o adop was e managemen plans and p e en ion p og ams o achie e hese objec i es. In his way, he Eu opean Commission aims o help he con- s uc ion indus y o be mo e compe i i e, esou ce e icien and sus ainable. I s app oach o was e managemen is based on he “was e hie a chy” ha indica es an o de o p io i y when con igu ing was e policy and i s managemen a an ope a ional le el: p e en ion (ze o was e), euse (once was e is gene a ed), ecycling, eco e y and, as las and leas desi able op ion, dumping in land ills and incine a ion wi hou ene gy eco e y [5]. The eme gence o new echnologies in he A chi ec u e, Enginee ing and Cons uc- ion (AEC), based on collabo a i e s a egies, such as Building In o ma ion Modelling (BIM), is conside ed an oppo uni y o add ess he p oblem o cons uc ion and demoli- ion was es (CDW) om ea ly design s ages, o ob ain mo e e icien esul s [6]. Se e al esea che s [7,8] poin ou ha he use o he BIM pla o m can help minimise CDW. Howe e , BIM emains a no el me hodology ha has no de eloped i s ull po en ial in he indus y, bo h a he le el o esea ch and p ac i ione s [9]. The e o e, he e is a clea need o accele a e he de elopmen and s anda disa ion o BIM ools o CDW and hus p o ide b oad co e age in li e cycle in o ma ion lows o cons uc ion p ojec s [10]. Hence, his wo k aims o es ablish a me hodological amewo k based on wo ali- da ed Quan i ica ion and Reduc ion o Cons uc ion and Demoli ion Was e Models [11, 12], o be used du ing building design s ages and in eg a ed in o he BIM me hodology. The p oposed me hod is in ended o help designe s in he ea ly p edic ion and mea- su emen o CDW. A he same ime, a case s udy is p o ided whe e he CDW o wo al e na i e scena ios modelled in BIM a e calcula ed and compa ed: demoli ion e sus ehabili a ion o a la oo . 2 Reduc ion o Cons uc ion Was e While CDW occu du ing cons uc ion execu ion ac i i ies, mo e and mo e oices ag ee ha hey a e caused by decisions and ac i i ies h oughou he whole building li e cycle. The e is a consensus in scien i ic li e a u e ha p ojec design, ma e ial acquisi ion, cons uc ion, eno a ion and demoli ion con ibu e di ec ly o indi ec ly o he gene a ion o was es [4,9,13,14]. O he ecen wo ks [8,9,12,13,15–17] e eal he impo ance o educing CDW in building planning and design s age as a i s s ep o minimise was e by elimina ing he oo causes o i s gene a ion. In addi ion, i is claimed ha inapp op ia e design decisions, lack o cons uc i e de ails and unexpec ed design changes can lead o an inc ease o up o 33% in he olume o cons uc ion was e [18]. New p oduc ion models such as “lean cons uc ion” [8,19], “ze o was e” [20]o he ci cula economy [21] also ag ee on he impo ance o educing CDW a hei sou ce 508 R. Quiñones e al. ins ead o ecycling and eco e ing hem, while hey inno a e h ough he in ol emen o people and he de elopmen o a mo e e icien wo k om he beginning o he design p ocess. The in luence ha s akeholde ’s p ojec engagemen exe s on he educ ion o CDW is conside ed c ucial [8,13], since CDW gene a ed by la e in o ma ion, cus ome ’s las -minu e equi emen s, bad dis ibu ion and slow e ision o plans could be a oided by imp o ing hei coo dina ion and communica ion du ing he design s age. Howe e , p ac i ione s and policy make s a e s ill a om implemen ing CDW minimiza ion measu es a he design s age and con inue o conside hem seconda y abou he adi ional objec i es o he p ojec , ha is, ime, cos and quali y [20]. Some au ho s [7] de ec a lack o e ec i e ools ha allow accu a e es ima ion o CDW. In conclusion, o he minimiza ion o CDW, quan i a i e p edic ion me hods and ools a e conside ed essen ial by p ac i ione s, since hey can p o ide hem wi h undamen al da a o assess he ac ual olume, ype, ime and place o gene a ion. 3 BIM Technology and Cons uc ion Was e The g ea ad ances ha e o ced he cons uc ion indus y, conside ed one o he mos esis an o change, o use new me hods ha allow i o su i e. In ecen yea s, new echnologies a e eme ging in he in e na ional sec o o A chi ec u e, Enginee ing and Cons uc ion (AEC). This is he case o he BIM me hodology. Since i i s appea ed in 1992 [22], he BIM concep is e ol ing om a 3D modelling echnology o a comp ehen- si e ool and p ojec managemen p ocess [3,7,23,24], which allows a be e exchange o in o ma ion among he pa icipan s in cons uc ion p ojec s, du ing he en i e li e cycle o he building, o p ecise decision making and a be e deli e y p ocess o he inal p oduc . The in e na ional ISO S anda d 2010 de ines BIM as “a sha ed digi al ep esen a ion o he physical and unc ional cha ac e is ics o any buil objec (…) ha cons i u es a eliable basis o decision making”. Many au ho s es ima e ha BIM is a se o p o- cesses [25–27]. Fo Bazjanac [28], BIM is “ he ac o c ea ing a cons uc ion in o ma ion model”. Eas man [24] de ines BIM as “a modelling echnology and he p ocesses associ- a ed o p oduce, communica e and analyse cons uc ion models”. The Building SMART In e na ional (BSI) associa ion, which p omo es he use o BIM wo ldwide, de ines i as “a business p ocess o he gene a ion and use o cons uc ion da a, o design, build and ope a e he building du ing i s li e cycle”. Al hough mos BIM p ocesses a e assis ed by in o ma ic ools, he scien i ic communi y ag ees ha i is a new wo king me hod ha links new p ocesses assis ed by an impo an echnological componen [29]. Due o he s ong commi men o he physical esou ces o cons uc ion p ojec s and hei unique and i e e sible na u e, i is oo expensi e, p ac ically un easible, o y di e en design and cons uc ion schemes be o e a p ojec is buil wi hou using new echnologies. In his con ex , BIM has been e ealed as a powe ul echnology and a e sa ile ool ha helps p edic and unde s and possible imp o emen s and changes in a building be o e hey a e adop ed on si e [13,30]. The e o e, BIM is conside ed a iable echnology o add ess he pe o mance p ob- lems o cons uc ion p ojec s be o e ha ing o make a la ge in es men o ime o money [31]. The e is a consensus on he po en ial o BIM o minimise CDW du ing design sce- na ios. Many au ho s conside ha BIM is a use ul ool in he ea ly s ages o a p ojec Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology 509 o iden i y, e alua e and e ec i ely educe he gene a ion o CDW h oughou building li e cycle [3,6,7,14,17,18,32]. I is widely ecognised ha in eg a ed building design based on BIM can imp o e he accu acy and quali y o he design, hus educing e o s, epe i ions, ine iciencies in communica ion and lack o coo dina ion amongs he p ojec pa icipan s and unexpec ed changes in design, which hey a e equen causes o CDW gene a ion [13,32]. BIM mechanisms, such as al e na i e design simula ions, design e iews, de ails, collision de ec ion, digi al p e ab ica ion and cons uc ion ac i i y planning can educe he amoun o cons uc ion was e by 4.3–15.2% [3,6,8,13,14,18]. Howe e , he mos c i ical au ho s [3,30,33] wa n ha BIM is no a panacea. In any case, hey conside ha he implemen a ion o BIM and he imp o emen o in e ope - abili y be ween di e en compu e p og ammes a e e y necessa y o e ec i ely add ess was e minimisa ion, p oposing a way o wa d a he han adding me e he o ic. Fo his pu pose, mo e esea ch and implemen a ion a e equi ed making his unc ionali y a eali y. Recen s udies [14,24,31,34], which ha e mapped he global esea ch on BIM, e eal ha CDW esea ch is no a speci ic opic among BIM esea ch a eas. Main issues iden i ied ocused on he gene al en i onmen al assessmen o buildings, especially ene gy e iciency [35,36]. Likewise, exis ing BIM and CDW s udies ha e been de eloped mainly in he managemen o CDW du ing he execu ion o cons uc ion wo ks, being conside ed as he s age in which was es a e gene a ed [3]. Simila ly, he ac ual implemen a ion o BIM in he cons uc ion indus y o he minimiza ion o CDW is also ela i ely low, as eme ged om la es s udies [10,13]. While s akeholde s in he cons uc ion indus y seem o be awa e o he bene i s o BIM o elimina e a la ge numbe o causes o was e om i s beginning o i s comple ion in a cons uc ion p ojec , especially a he design s age, e idences show ha he use o BIM o educe hem is no ye an ex ended p ac ice. Now, none o he wo ld’s leading BIM so wa e p oduc s include was e minimiza ion and p edic ion unc ionali y. Ne e heless, i is e iden om he e iewed li e a u e ha he e is a p omising demand o he use o BIM o educe he gene a ion o was e in cons uc ion. 4 Me hods and Tools o Minimizing Cons uc ion Was e In eg a ed in BIM Al hough hey a e s ill limi ed, some speci ic me hods and ools assis ed by BIM ha e been de eloped o minimize and manage he amoun o was e om cons uc ion, eno a ion and demoli ion p ojec s. Won e al. [18] de eloped a me hod o quan i y how many CDW would be a oided wi h he use o BIM h ough a design alida ion p ocess on he Au odesk Re i pla o m and demons a ed h ough wo case s udies ha i could be a possible solu ion o elimina e he main causes o CDW. Fu he mo e, conside ing he possibili y o iden i ying e o s wi hou BIM, using he adi ional app oach based on d awings, he amoun o CDW was analysed and compa ed wi h he CDW a oided h ough he use o BIM. In addi ion, hey claimed ha wi h he use o BIM hey could minimize he cons uc ion was e gene a ed 510 R. Quiñones e al. no only du ing he design s age, bu also du ing he building cons uc ion. Fo example, was e gene a ed du ing he cons uc ion phase could also be minimized by maximizing he euse a e by selec ing app op ia e cu ing leng hs, a eas and olumes o ma e ials based on he p ecise amoun ob ained by BIM. A limi a ion o hei s udy is ha he olume o cons uc ion was e gene a ed by o mwo ks and packaging ma e ials was no conside ed. They jus i y hese me hodological aspec s a guing ha , in Sou h Ko ea, o mwo k in o ma ion is no commonly included in BIM models, and he pe cen age o packaging was e is e y insigni ican , ep esen ing only 0.02% o o al cons uc ion was e. Po wal and Hewage [37] p oposed a BIM-based me hod o educe s eel was e in ein- o ced conc e e s uc u es by selec ing app op ia e ba leng hs and conside ing a ailable cu ing leng hs. BIM was used o simula e he a chi ec u al and s uc u al design equi e- men s and o compa e he esul s in o de o make he necessa y changes in he design, o educe and euse he ein o cemen ba was e. In addi ion, BIM was used as a da abase o communica e p ojec in o ma ion be ween a ious design eams (a chi ec u al, s uc- u al, mechanical, elec ical and plumbing). The limi a ion o his me hod is de i ed om educing only a speci ic ype o cons uc ion was e, s eel was e. Me cade e al. [38] led an in es iga ion on he quan i ica ion o CDW ha was expec ed o be gene a ed du ing he implemen a ion o a building p ojec h ough a BIM model. They de e mined he amoun o was e gene a ed du ing he execu ion o he s uc u e, o al olume o conc e e was e and o al weigh in kg o s eel was e, as well as he o al amoun o ma e ial esou ces consumed. P e iously, Me cade e al. [39] had al eady demons a ed he possibili y o au oma ically quan i ying he was e gene a ed in a model de eloped in BIM du ing ea hwo ks and ounda ion p ocess. They compa ed he esul s wi h he manual p ocedu e, and hese esul s a ied in decimals o cubic me e s; a ia ions ha we e i ele an o he magni udes o he p ojec conside ed. Bilal e al. [8] de ined an in eg a ed desc ip i e da abase o cons uc ion ma e ials as a i s s ep o a cons uc ion was e simula ion ool o be implemen ed in BIM. In addi ion, hey coined he e m BIM Was e Analysis (BWA) o cap u e he en i e BIM p ocess, o p edic and design cons uc ion was e. The BWA consis s o ou key s eps: (i) analysis o he cons uc ion model, (ii) was e p edic ion, (iii) was e isualiza ion and (i ) was e minimiza ion. Mo eo e , i is conside ed ha , in a cons uc ion was e simula ion ool, BWA mus be in eg a ed. Fi s , he was e simula ion ool would ead BIM models and es ima e he ypes and quan i ies o was e ha a ise om he di e en elemen s used in cons uc ion. Subsequen ly, he ool would isualize he p oduc ion o was e om he cons uc ion elemen s and highligh s hose ha p oduce massi e amoun s o was e. Finally, designe s could u he in es iga e hese elemen s o be able o use di e en ma e ials and s a egies wi h lowe was e p oduc ion h ough he speci ica ion o sma ma e ials. Recen ly, Akinade [4] de eloped a BIM ool (BIM Was e) o cons uc ion was e analysis a he design s age, in eg a ed in o Au odesk Re i , based on hyb id models o A i icial In elligence (AI), due o i s abili y o s o e and p ocess la ge amoun s o da a. AI models we e inco po a ed in o Au odesk Re i as a complemen o allow he p edic ion o cons uc ion was e om building designs. Sys em pe o mance was assessed by a es plan and wo case s udies. Resul s show ha he ool wo ks well and p edic s cons uc ion Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology 511 was e acco ding o he ypes o was e, ypes o elemen s and le els o cons uc ion. The s udy p o ides a clea di ec ion on how cons uc ion was e (CW) managemen s a egies could be in eg a ed in o a BIM pla o m o s eamline CW analysis. No wi hs anding, he au ho ecognizes as a limi a ion o he s udy ha i was conduc ed in he con ex o he Uni ed Kingdom, so he indings ha e a bias in AI o concei e he en i onmen al po en ial o BIM a he end o he cons uc ion li e cycle. Cheng and Ma [7] designed a BIM applica ion p og amming in e ace (API) o he es ima ion and planning o demoli ion and euse was e ha p o ides ale s o con ac o s ahead o ime in p ojec planning. This API can ex ac ma e ial and olume in o ma- ion h ough BIM models in he Au odesk Re i pla o m and in eg a e i o de ailed was e es ima ion and planning. This sys em can no only se e as an au oma ed, as and accu a e ool o es ima ing was e be o e demoli ion o euse, bu also se es as a ool o calcula e he was e disposal a e o di e en was e acili ies and pick-up uck equi emen s. This es ima ion and planning sys em ha e been alida ed in a 47-s o y esiden ial building in Hong Kong. Some o he limi a ions o his ool a e ha i ocuses mo e on was e managemen han on minimizing he oo causes ha gene a e was e. The e o e, i can be concluded om he li e a u e e iew ha he e is a lack o ools and decision-making me hods o minimizing CDW du ing he design phase o he building. 5 Me hodology Th ough a case s udy, he di e en scena ios o he me hodology based on he in eg a ion in he BIM me hodology o he Quan i ica ion and Reduc ion Models o Cons uc ion and Demoli ion Was es [11,12] a e es ablished. A na i e BIM p og am is used and he en ichmen o BIM objec s h ough a ibu es (see Fig. 1). The case s udy chosen is ha o a la oo co e ing 25 m2unde wo di e en scena ios; in S age 1, he demoli ion o he oo and i s subsequen econs uc ion a e es ablished, while in S age 2 he ehabili a ion o he la oo is p oposed. 5.1 S age 1: Da a Collec ion o he Quan i ica ion and Was e Reduc ion Model I is essen ial o s a om eliable and alida ed da a on he quan i ica ion and educ ion o was e gene a ed in he cons uc ion p ocesses. The e o e, he i s s ep is o collec da a on he p oduc ion o was e gene a ed in he ollowing ac i i ies: demoli ion, cons uc ion and ehabili a ion o a la oo in he alida ed Quan i ica ion and Reduc ion o CDW Models [11,12], (see Table 1and 2). These models de elop a sys ema ic s uc u e o he cons uc ion p ocess, a was e classi ica ion sys em and ac o -based analy ical exp essions. 5.2 S age 2: De elopmen o CDW A ibu e Da abase in BIM Then, in he BIM en i onmen chosen o model and p o ide CDW a ibu es o he case s udy - he Allplan p og am -, he BIM da abase is c ea ed co e ing he ypes o was es o be e alua ed (see Fig. 2). 512 R. Quiñones e al. Fig. 1. Me hodology scheme based on Quan i ica ion and Reduc ion Models o Cons uc ion Was es [11,12] in eg a ed in o Building In o ma ion Modeling. 5.3 Modelling A chi ec u al Elemen s in BIM and A ibu e Assignmen The oo s a e modelled, o he di e en scena ios o he case s udy, wi h he speci ic ool “Roo ”, hus ob aining quan i iable BIM objec s. Then, wi h he o de “Assignmen o a ibu es o any elemen ”, and using he p e iously c ea ed da abase, he ypes o was es co esponding o each case a e assigned and he co esponding alues o each ype o was e a e en e ed by a manual and sys ema ized p ocedu e (Fig. 3). This Allplan ool allows o de ine any p ope y o a ibu e, p o ide i wi h alue and link i o any objec so ha da a can be analysed and e alua ed la e h ough o he ools. 5.4 Analysis and Discussion o Resul s To analyse and e alua e he CDW o each o he p oposed scena ios, a epo ha iden i ies he di e en cons uc i e elemen s and he s ages o which hey a e subjec ed is designed. This epo allows he compa a i e s udy o esul s (Fig. 4and Table 3). F om his analysis i is concluded ha Rehabili a ing/ e u bishing he oo (S age 2) would educe up o 99% o he CDW was e gene a ed in he case ha he oo was demolished and ebuil (S age 1). Rehabili a ion s Demoli ion Me hodology 513 Table 1. CDW expec ed in building/si e wo k elemen s in S age 1 (Sou ce: da a ob ained om Lla as, 2011; and Lla as and Osmani, 2016) Table 2. CDW expec ed in building/si e wo k elemen s in Scena io 2 (Sou ce: da a ob ained om Lla as, 2011; and Lla as and Osmani, 2016) 514 R. Quiñones e al. Fig. 2. CDW da abase: de ini ion o CDW a ibu es. Fig. 3. CDW da abase c ea ed in Allplan: assignmen o CDW a ibu es. In addi ion, ano he ad an age o S age 2 is ha i acili a es he selec i e sepa a ion o was es and i s subsequen emo al, p omo ing hei eco e y. While in s age 1 mos o he was e is made up o a ac ion o mixed ma e ials, making i di icul o eco e (Table 3and Fig. 5).