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A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
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Pee e iew unde esponsibili y o In e na ional Fede a ion o Au oma ic Con ol.
10.1016/j.i acol.2020.12.2121
10.1016/j.i acol.2020.12.2121 2405-8963
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗
Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email p o ec ed]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se [email p o ec ed])
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email p o ec ed])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email p o ec ed])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es
∗
S. Vazquez
∗∗
C. Bo dons
∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Copy igh ©
2020 The Au ho s. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
)
F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 12919
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Powe Quali y Managemen o
In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model
P edic i e Con ol
F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗
I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez †
∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain,
(e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]).
∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa,
Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s)
∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men ,
Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected])
∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad
de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected])
†Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y
o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail:
ped o. once [email protected])
Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using
a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o
he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o
he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and
simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o
show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical
P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed
con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods
bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en
in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee-
phase ol age and cu en sys ems.
Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e
powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k
in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e
o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion
o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in
mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As
can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he
solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e
based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien
esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems
essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also
hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In
en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains
p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s
a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing
as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien
esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016).
This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ-
omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde
g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup-
po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE-
MENT)
Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma
B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a
ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC).
Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized
model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded
AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he
ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es
e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod
is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC
me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea
and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded
mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed
as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all
when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he
main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly
been s udied o da e.
In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020)
is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id.
The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o
his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1,
he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled
o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id
wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id.
Copy igh ©
2020 The Au ho s. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
)
S2,a
N
N
S1,a
S2,b
S1,b
S2,c
S1,c
S2,n
S1,n
N
MICROGRID A
GRID
IPS-A
N
POWER INVERTER
S2,a
N
N
S1,a
S2,b
S1,b
S2,c
S1,c
S2,n
S1,n
MICROGRID B
IPS-B
N
POWER INVERTER
IPS
GRID
PCC
PCC
Fig. 1. In e connec ed mic og ids objec o s udy
Fou ie ’s
T ans o m
Z h (k)
,
,
,
,
),,,(min 1111 ncba SSSS J =
15
15
Pa k’s
T ans o m
PLANT
MODEL
1/20
MPC Applied o he Di e en Con ol Le els o Renewable Ene gy Mic og ids wi h Mul iple Ene gy S o age Sys em
, 1
,
1
, 1
U,
Islanded/
G id-connec ed
Fig. 2. Block Diag am
2. CONTROLLER DESIGN
In AC mic og ids, he inal powe quali y ob ained in he
mic og id depends on he exchanged powe low be ween
i s local de ices connec ed and he g id. An app op ia e
ene gy s o age sys em (ESS) connec ed o a ol age sou ce
in e e (VSI) can be used o enhance he powe quali y
o he mic og id. The inal esul no only depends on he
opology o he VSI bu also on i s con ol sys em. Wi h
he aim o ob ain an op imal powe low in he mic og id,
a ou wi e VSI wi h ac i e neu al con ol is selec ed
in o de o in eg a e unbalanced and non-linea loads.
The VSI esponse is imp o ed using an inno a i e MPC
con olle o manage he powe quali y o he mic og ids
and hei powe exchange wi h he main g id o wi h he
neighbo mic og ids. The block diag am o he con olle
is exposed in Fig. 2. Fo he Pa k’s ans o ma ion, i
is conside ed ha he d-axe is aligned wi h he ol age
e e ence.
2.1 P edic i e Model
The i s s ep o he con olle design is o calcula e he
equi alen ou pu The enin’s impedance a each sample
ins an Ts o e e y phase Z h
ou ,α(k)|α=a,b,c o he unda-
men al equency, using he phaso s o ou pu ol ages
Uou ,α and cu en s Iou ,α:
Z h
ou ,α(k)= Uou ,α(k)
Iou ,α(k)−Ig id,α(k)
=R h
ou ,α(k)+jX h
ou ,α(k)
(1)
An equi alen induc ance o capaci ance can be ob ained.
When sign(X h
ou ,α(k)) =sign(R h
ou ,α(k)) using ela ion-
ship (2) and using he exp ession gi en in (3) when
sign(X h
ou ,α(k)) =sign(R h
ou ,α(k)):
L h
ou ,α(k)=X h
ou ,α(k)
2π ;C h
ou ,α(k)=0 (2)
L h
ou ,α(k)=0; C h
ou ,α(k)=−X h
ou ,α(k)·2π (3)
The p edic i e model o he in e e as unc ion o he
swi ching ec o s(k)=[S1a(k)S1b(k)S1c(k)S1n(k)]T
can be ob ained wi h he exp essions (4)-(6).
ou ,α(k+ 1) = Vdc ·(S1α(k+ 1) −S1n(k+ 1))
+TsRLN+LN
Ts·iLN(k+ 1) −LN
iLN(k)
Ts
−TsRL α +L α
Ts·iL α(k+1)+L α
iL α(k)
Tsα=a,b,c
(4)
iL ,α(k+ 1) = C
Ts+C R
ou ,α(k+ 1)
Ts
TsR h,µg id
α(k)+L h,µg id
α(k) ou ,α(k+ 1)
+L h,µg id
α(k)
TsR h,µg id
α(k)+L h,µg id
α(k)·iou ,α(k)
−C
Ts+C R
ou ,α(k)+ C R
Ts+C R
iC α(k)α=a,b,c
(5)
12920 F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923
iLN(k+ 1) = 1−2C+
TsTsRLN+LN
Ts−1
·
α=a,b,c
C ,α
Ts
C ,α(k+1)+C+
Ts
Vdc
+
α=a,b,c
Ts
TsR h,µg id
α(k)+L h,µg id
α(k) ou ,α(k+ 1)
−C+
Ts
( C+(k)+ C−(k)) −
α=a,b,c
C ,α
Ts
C ,α(k)
L h,µg id
α(k)
TsR h,µg id
α(k)+L h,µg id
α(k)·iou ,α(k)
−2C+
TsLN
iLN(k)
Ts
+Vdc ·S1n(k+ 1)
(6)
In g id-connec ed mode he ollowing equa ion has o be
added:
ig id,α(k+ 1) = Lg idig id,α(k)+
Ts
Rg idTs+Lg id
( g id,α(k+ 1) − ou ,α(k+ 1))α=a,b,c
(7)
2.2 Cos Func ion o he Islanded Mode
In his wo king mode he in e e objec o his s udy has
o manage he ol age wa e o m wi h espec o magni-
ude, equency, ha monics con en and phase equilib ium.
In o de o achie e hese c i e ia, he cos unc ion ex-
p essed in (8) is di ided in o h ee main pa s: Jwa e
isl which
manages he wa e o m o he ou pu ol age, Jha m
isl which
minimizes he ha monics con en and Jbal
isl which con ols
he balance be ween phases. In o de o use he p edic i e
model o he in e e , he assump ion ha be ween wo
sample ins an s Z h
ou ,α(k+ 1) = Z h
ou ,α(k) has o be used
in he p edic i e model o he in e e .
min
s(k)Jisl(k)=min
s(k)Jwa e
isl (k)+Jha m
isl (k)+Jbal
isl (k)(8)
Jwa e
isl (k)=
α=a,b,c wins
isl ou ,α(k+ 1) − e
ou ,α(k+ 1)2
+wcycle
isl,α e(Uou ,α(k+ 1)) −e(U e
ou ,α(k+ 1))2
+wcycle
isl,α m(Uou ,α(k+ 1)) −m(U e
ou ,α(k+ 1))2
(9)
A each sample ins an , he ol age e e ence is calcula ed
and imposed in he i s e m o (9) minimizing he
di e ence be ween he p edic ed ol age and he calcula ed
e e ence. In o de o minimize he s eady-s a e e o he
second e m o (9) is added, co ec ing his e o wi h he
comple e undamen al cycle compu a ion.
Jha m
isl (k)=
α=a,b,c w
isl,α (∆ ou ,α(k+ 1))2
+wi
isl,α (∆iou ,α(k+ 1))2
+wcap
isl ( C+(k+ 1) − C−(k+ 1))2
(10)
The i s and second e m o (10) minimize he ol age
and cu en ab up a ia ions be ween wo sample ins an s
a oiding he ha monics con en in bo h ol age and cu -
en . The hi d e m manages he balance o ol age o
he neu al poin .
Jbal
isl (k)=
β=b,c,a
α=a,b,c
wbal
isl (|Uou ,α(k+ 1))|−|Uou ,β (k+ 1)|)2
(11)
When unbalanced loads a e connec ed o he in e e he
ob ained ol age magni ude can ake di e en alues o
each phase . In o de o con ol hese si ua ions he e m
exp essed in (11) is included in he cos unc ion.
2.3 Cos Func ion o he G id-Connec ed Mode
In g id connec ed mode, i is assumed ha due o he
ac ha he ol age e e ence is imposed by he main
g id. Unde he assump ion o obus ness in he ol age
wa e o m p o ided by he main g id and conside ing ha
Pa k’s ans o ma ion is a o a ional e e ence ame, i
is conside ed ha be ween wo sample ins an s he dqo-
ol age is cons an . Unde his assump ion and using he
p edic i e model can be ob ained he ou pu cu en s
iou ,γ(k+ 1) ig id,γ (k+ 1) o each phase.
The con olle ecei es he se -poin o he exchange o
ac i e and eac i e powe s wi h he main g id. Due o he
ac ha U e
g id,α and ϕ e
g id,α a e imposed by he main
g id and supposed cons an be ween wo sample ins an s
, i can easily ob ained he e e ence cu en I e
g id,α wi h
he ollowing equa ions:
P e
g id,α(k)=|U e
g id,α(k)||I e
g id,α(k)|
2cos(ϕ e
g id,α(k))
(12)
Q e
g id,α(k)=|U e
g id,α(k)||I e
g id,α(k)|
2sin(ϕ e
g id,α(k))
(13)
The cu en e e ences a e calcula ed as ollows:
i e
g id,α(k+ 1) =
|I e
g id,α(k+ 1)|sin(2π (k+1+Dα)+ϕ e
g id,α(k+ 1))
(14)
A digi al delay Dαhas o be included which is adap i e
wi h Z h
ou ,α(k). As done o he case o islanded mode, he
cos unc ion in g id-connec ed mode is di ided in o h ee
pa s:
min
s(k)Jconn(k)=min
s(k)Jwa e
conn (k)+Jha m
conn (k)+Jbal
conn(k)
(15)
Jwa e
conn =
α=a,b,c wins
conn ig id,α(k+ 1) −i e
g id,α(k+ 1)2
+wcycle
conn,α e(Ig id,α(k+ 1)) −e(I e
g id,α(k+ 1))2
+wcycle
conn,α m(Ig id,α(k+ 1)) −m(I e
g id,α(k+ 1))2
(16)
The p ocedu e o o mula e (16) is simila o he one
ca ied ou o (9). A each sample ins an , he cu en
e e ence is calcula ed and imposed in he i s e m
o (16), minimizing he di e ence be ween he p edic ed
cu en exchange wi h he main g id and he e e ence
F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 12921
iLN(k+ 1) = 1−2C+
TsTsRLN+LN
Ts−1
·
α=a,b,c
C ,α
Ts
C ,α(k+1)+C+
Ts
Vdc
+
α=a,b,c
Ts
TsR h,µg id
α(k)+L h,µg id
α(k) ou ,α(k+ 1)
−C+
Ts
( C+(k)+ C−(k)) −
α=a,b,c
C ,α
Ts
C ,α(k)
L h,µg id
α(k)
TsR h,µg id
α(k)+L h,µg id
α(k)·iou ,α(k)
−2C+
TsLN
iLN(k)
Ts
+Vdc ·S1n(k+ 1)
(6)
In g id-connec ed mode he ollowing equa ion has o be
added:
ig id,α(k+ 1) = Lg idig id,α(k)+
Ts
Rg idTs+Lg id
( g id,α(k+ 1) − ou ,α(k+ 1))α=a,b,c
(7)
2.2 Cos Func ion o he Islanded Mode
In his wo king mode he in e e objec o his s udy has
o manage he ol age wa e o m wi h espec o magni-
ude, equency, ha monics con en and phase equilib ium.
In o de o achie e hese c i e ia, he cos unc ion ex-
p essed in (8) is di ided in o h ee main pa s: Jwa e
isl which
manages he wa e o m o he ou pu ol age, Jha m
isl which
minimizes he ha monics con en and Jbal
isl which con ols
he balance be ween phases. In o de o use he p edic i e
model o he in e e , he assump ion ha be ween wo
sample ins an s Z h
ou ,α(k+ 1) = Z h
ou ,α(k) has o be used
in he p edic i e model o he in e e .
min
s(k)Jisl(k)=min
s(k)Jwa e
isl (k)+Jha m
isl (k)+Jbal
isl (k)(8)
Jwa e
isl (k)=
α=a,b,c wins
isl ou ,α(k+ 1) − e
ou ,α(k+ 1)2
+wcycle
isl,α e(Uou ,α(k+ 1)) −e(U e
ou ,α(k+ 1))2
+wcycle
isl,α m(Uou ,α(k+ 1)) −m(U e
ou ,α(k+ 1))2
(9)
A each sample ins an , he ol age e e ence is calcula ed
and imposed in he i s e m o (9) minimizing he
di e ence be ween he p edic ed ol age and he calcula ed
e e ence. In o de o minimize he s eady-s a e e o he
second e m o (9) is added, co ec ing his e o wi h he
comple e undamen al cycle compu a ion.
Jha m
isl (k)=
α=a,b,c w
isl,α (∆ ou ,α(k+ 1))2
+wi
isl,α (∆iou ,α(k+ 1))2
+wcap
isl ( C+(k+ 1) − C−(k+ 1))2
(10)
The i s and second e m o (10) minimize he ol age
and cu en ab up a ia ions be ween wo sample ins an s
a oiding he ha monics con en in bo h ol age and cu -
en . The hi d e m manages he balance o ol age o
he neu al poin .
Jbal
isl (k)=
β=b,c,a
α=a,b,c
wbal
isl (|Uou ,α(k+ 1))|−|Uou ,β (k+ 1)|)2
(11)
When unbalanced loads a e connec ed o he in e e he
ob ained ol age magni ude can ake di e en alues o
each phase . In o de o con ol hese si ua ions he e m
exp essed in (11) is included in he cos unc ion.
2.3 Cos Func ion o he G id-Connec ed Mode
In g id connec ed mode, i is assumed ha due o he
ac ha he ol age e e ence is imposed by he main
g id. Unde he assump ion o obus ness in he ol age
wa e o m p o ided by he main g id and conside ing ha
Pa k’s ans o ma ion is a o a ional e e ence ame, i
is conside ed ha be ween wo sample ins an s he dqo-
ol age is cons an . Unde his assump ion and using he
p edic i e model can be ob ained he ou pu cu en s
iou ,γ(k+ 1) ig id,γ (k+ 1) o each phase.
The con olle ecei es he se -poin o he exchange o
ac i e and eac i e powe s wi h he main g id. Due o he
ac ha U e
g id,α and ϕ e
g id,α a e imposed by he main
g id and supposed cons an be ween wo sample ins an s
, i can easily ob ained he e e ence cu en I e
g id,α wi h
he ollowing equa ions:
P e
g id,α(k)=|U e
g id,α(k)||I e
g id,α(k)|
2cos(ϕ e
g id,α(k))
(12)
Q e
g id,α(k)=|U e
g id,α(k)||I e
g id,α(k)|
2sin(ϕ e
g id,α(k))
(13)
The cu en e e ences a e calcula ed as ollows:
i e
g id,α(k+ 1) =
|I e
g id,α(k+ 1)|sin(2π (k+1+Dα)+ϕ e
g id,α(k+ 1))
(14)
A digi al delay Dαhas o be included which is adap i e
wi h Z h
ou ,α(k). As done o he case o islanded mode, he
cos unc ion in g id-connec ed mode is di ided in o h ee
pa s:
min
s(k)Jconn(k)=min
s(k)Jwa e
conn (k)+Jha m
conn (k)+Jbal
conn(k)
(15)
Jwa e
conn =
α=a,b,c wins
conn ig id,α(k+ 1) −i e
g id,α(k+ 1)2
+wcycle
conn,α e(Ig id,α(k+ 1)) −e(I e
g id,α(k+ 1))2
+wcycle
conn,α m(Ig id,α(k+ 1)) −m(I e
g id,α(k+ 1))2
(16)
The p ocedu e o o mula e (16) is simila o he one
ca ied ou o (9). A each sample ins an , he cu en
e e ence is calcula ed and imposed in he i s e m
o (16), minimizing he di e ence be ween he p edic ed
cu en exchange wi h he main g id and he e e ence
calcula ed. In o de o minimize he s eady s a e e o
he second e m o (16) is added co ec ing his e o
wi h he comple e undamen al cycle calculus done o he
cu en exchange wi h he main g id exp essed in Fou ie ’s
domain.
Jha m
conn (k)=
α=a,b,c w
conn,α (∆ ou ,α(k+ 1))2
+wi
conn,α (∆ig id,α(k+ 1))2
+wcap
isl ( C+( k+1)− C−( k+1))2
(17)
The second pa o he cos unc ion in g id-connec ed
mode (17) minimizes he ha monic injec ion in cu en o
he g id, as well as he ol age a ia ions in he mic og id.
I also balances he neu al poin o he in e e . Finally,
when unbalanced loads a e connec ed o he mic og id
hey can a ec o balance in he ac i e and eac i e powe
injec ed o main g id. Fo his pu pose he e m o he cos
unc ion exp essed in (18) is included.
Jbal
conn(k)=
β=b,c,a
α=a,b,c
wbal
conn(Pg id,α(k+ 1)) −Pg id,β (k+ 1)))2
+
β=b,c,a
α=a,b,c
wbal
conn(Qg id,α(k+ 1)) −Qg id,β (k+ 1)))2
(18)
2.4 Cos Func ion o he In e connec ed Mode
The in e connec ed mode can be conside ed as a hyb id
mode be ween he connec ed and he islanded mode since
he e does no exis a main g id who imposes he e e ences
in ol age and equency bu he e can be ene gy exchange
be ween he in e connec ed mic og ids. Due o he ac
ha he e is no a main g id bo h mic og ids ha e o
wo k con olling he ol age and he equency, he so-
called mul i-mas e mode.
min
s(k)J(X)
in e (k)=min
s(k)J(X),wa e
isl (k)+J(X),ha m
isl (k)
+J(X),bal
isl (k)+
γ=a,b,c
(i(X)→(Y)
γ(k))2
(19)
The no a ion (X) e e s o he mic og ids (A) and (B)
and he e minology (X)→(Y) makes e e ence o he
exchange be ween he mic og id (X) and he mic og id
(Y), being iexch
(X)→(Y) he exchanged cu en be ween he
mic og id (X) and he mic og id (Y). No ice ha his
e m achie es o sync onize in equency bo h mic og ids
and also o equilib a e he ol age magni ude be ween
bo h mic og ids wi hou being necessa y any kind o
communica ion be ween he in e connec ed mic og ids.
3. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simula ions a e ca ied ou using Simpowe using
T=1µs as sample pe iod while he con olle ac s each
T= 20µs. The di e en alues o he simula ion and
powe in e e componen s a e exposed in Table 1.
Table 1. Componen s alue
Pa ame e Value
Fil e induc ance L 1 mH
Fil e induc ance esis ance RL 0.1 Ω
Fil e capaci o C 0.5 mF
Fil e capaci o esis ance RC 0.1 Ω
DC link ol age Udc 950 V
Neu al induc ance LN2.5 µF
Neu al induc ance esis ance RLN0.1 Ω
Neu al balancing capaci o s C+,C
−6600 µF
G id connec ion line induc ance Lg id 0.1 mH
G id connec ion line esis ance Rg id 0.1 Ω
Sla e in e e line induc ance Lin 0.1 mH
Sla e in e e line esis ance Rin 0.1 Ω
Non-linea load line induc ance Lnon 0.1 mH
Non-linea load line esis ance RLnon 0.1 Ω
Non-linea load dc esis ance Rnon 60 Ω
Non-linea load dc capaci o Cnon 6.6 mF
Unbalanced load phase a esis ance Ra1 MΩ
Unbalanced load phase b esis ance Rb10 Ω
Unbalanced load phase c esis ance Rc10 Ω
Unbalanced load phase b induc ance Lb1 mH
Unbalanced load phase c capaci o Cc0.1 mF
3.1 Compa a i e be ween con olle s
The i s simula ion is used o compa e he esul s in
bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode, as well as he
ansi ion be ween modes using an MPC-con olle and a
PI-PWM-con olle o a single mic og id wo king in bo h
modes: g id-connec ed and islanded. In his simula ion
he non-linea and he unbalanced loads a e connec ed o
he mic og id in all he sample ins an s. Bo h con olle s
ecei e he nex e e ences o he powe exchange wi h
he main g id:
[P e
g id,α,Q
e
g id,α]=[−15000 W,−9000 Va ]∀ ≤0.5s
[P e
g id,α,Q
e
g id,α] = [15000 W,9000 Va ]∀ ≥0.5s
Be ween ∈[1s, 1.5s] a aul in he main g id occu s
so he ansi ion o islanded mode is equi ed, es o ing
he connec ion o he mic og id wi h he main g id o
>1.5s. The compa ison be ween he esul s ob ained in
he e e ence acking o he ac i e and eac i e powe
be ween he MPC and he PI con olle can be ound
in Fig. 3. As can been seen in he igu e, he PI con-
olle p esen s a longe ansien esponse while he MPC
con olle eaches he gi en e e ences in jus wo cycles
o he undamen al equency. In Fig. 4, he compa ison
be ween he THD esul s o he MPC and PI con olle
a e exposed. As can be seen, despi e he p esence o non-
linea and unbalanced loads he cu en wa e o ms p esen
a low con en o ha monics in he MPC-con olle while he
PI con olle is no able o minimize he ha monic con en
in he cu en wa e o m.
Du ing he ins an s = 1 s and =1.5 s, a g id blackou
occu s and he powe in e e wo ks in islanded mode. The
compa ison be ween he beha io o he powe in e e
wi h he MPC and he PI-PWM con olle s can be seen
in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 whe e he ol age magni ude and he
phase alues a e shown. As i occu s o he case o g id-
connec ed mode, a be e ansien esponse is ob ained
in he case o he MPC con olle . A be e esponse is
also ob ained o THD alues o he ol age a he Poin
12922 F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923
o Common Coupling (PCC) in he case o he MPC
con olle as can be seen in Fig. 7.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
−2
−1
0
1
2x 104
Time (s)
Ac i e/Reac i e Powe (W/Va )
Pa(MPC)
Pa(PI−PWM)
Qa(MPC)
Qa(PI−PWM)
Fig. 3. Compa ison o he esul s o he ac i e and eac i e
powe exchange wi h he main g id be ween he MPC
and PI-PWM con olle s o phase a
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
10
20
30
40
Time(s)
THD (%)
THD(Ia) MPC
THD(Ia) PI−PWM
THD(Ib) MPC
THD(Ib) PI−PWM
THD(Ic) MPC
THD(Ic) PI−PWM
Fig. 4. Compa ison o he THD alues o he cu en
exchange wi h he main g id be ween he MPC and
PI-PWM Con olle s
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
Time (s)
Vol age Magni ude (V ms)
Mag Ua (MPC)
Mag Ua (PI−PWM)
Fig. 5. Vol age Magni ude o phase A a he PCC
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
−100
−50
0
50
100
Time (s)
Vol age Phase (º)
MPC
PI−PWM
Fig. 6. Absolu e ol age phase angle alue o he ol ages
a he PCC du ing he blackou o he main g id
3.2 Powe Quali y Managemen Resul s o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king wi hou p esence o g id
The aim o he second simula ion launched is o e alua e
he beha io o he p esen ed con olle o he case o
in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a g id blackou .
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time(s)
THD (%)
MPC Phase A
PI−PWM Phase A
MPC Phase C
PI−PWM Phase C
MPC Phase C
PI−PWM Phase C
Fig. 7. THD alues o he ol ages a he PCC du ing he
blackou o he main g id
In his case, he IPS-A and IPS-B a e connec ed and
IPS-g id is disconnec ed (see Fig. 1). In he case o he
mic og id (A) he non-linea loads a e connec ed du ing all
he sample ins an s o he simula ion and he unbalanced
loads a e connec ed o hese sample ins an s >0.1s.
In he mic og id (B) he unbalanced loads a e connec ed
du ing all he sample ins an s and he non-linea loads a e
connec ed a >0.1s. In Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 a compa ison
be ween he ob ained esul s o he ol age magni udes
o e e y phase o each mic og id a e shown. The cu en
consump ion can be obse ed in Fig.12. As can be seen, o
he sample ins an s ∈[0.10,0.12] in Fig. 9 a mo e obus
beha io is ob ained in he case o wo king in e connec ed
whe e he ol age magni udes o each mic og ids a e
always |U(X)
ou ,γ|>200 o bo h mic og ids. In Fig.13 he
ob ained esul s o he cu en exchange be ween bo h
mic og ids a e shown. As can be seen, each mic og id
manages i s own loads wi hou nea ly non-a ec ion o
he neighbo mic og id. As can be seen in Fig. 10 and
Fig. 11, he p esence o non-linea and unbalanced loads
and he changes in cu en demand a each mic og id, as
well as he in e ac ion be ween mic og ids do no a ec
o he THD con en in ol age o o he balance be ween
phases gua an eeing he powe quali y supply o he loads
connec ed o bo h mic og ids.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
180
200
220
Vol age Magni ude
(V ms)
(A)-a
(A)-b
(A)-c
(B)-a
(B)-b
(B)-c
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Time (s)
Fig. 8. Vol age Magni ude pe phase and mic og id in
mode non-in e connec ed and g id-islanded
Fig. 9. Vol age Magni ude pe phase and mic og id in
mode in e connec ed and g id-islanded
F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 12923
o Common Coupling (PCC) in he case o he MPC
con olle as can be seen in Fig. 7.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
−2
−1
0
1
2x 104
Time (s)
Ac i e/Reac i e Powe (W/Va )
Pa(MPC)
Pa(PI−PWM)
Qa(MPC)
Qa(PI−PWM)
Fig. 3. Compa ison o he esul s o he ac i e and eac i e
powe exchange wi h he main g id be ween he MPC
and PI-PWM con olle s o phase a
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
10
20
30
40
Time(s)
THD (%)
THD(Ia) MPC
THD(Ia) PI−PWM
THD(Ib) MPC
THD(Ib) PI−PWM
THD(Ic) MPC
THD(Ic) PI−PWM
Fig. 4. Compa ison o he THD alues o he cu en
exchange wi h he main g id be ween he MPC and
PI-PWM Con olle s
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
Time (s)
Vol age Magni ude (V ms)
Mag Ua (MPC)
Mag Ua (PI−PWM)
Fig. 5. Vol age Magni ude o phase A a he PCC
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
−100
−50
0
50
100
Time (s)
Vol age Phase (º)
MPC
PI−PWM
Fig. 6. Absolu e ol age phase angle alue o he ol ages
a he PCC du ing he blackou o he main g id
3.2 Powe Quali y Managemen Resul s o in e connec ed
mic og ids wo king wi hou p esence o g id
The aim o he second simula ion launched is o e alua e
he beha io o he p esen ed con olle o he case o
in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a g id blackou .
1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time(s)
THD (%)
MPC Phase A
PI−PWM Phase A
MPC Phase C
PI−PWM Phase C
MPC Phase C
PI−PWM Phase C
Fig. 7. THD alues o he ol ages a he PCC du ing he
blackou o he main g id
In his case, he IPS-A and IPS-B a e connec ed and
IPS-g id is disconnec ed (see Fig. 1). In he case o he
mic og id (A) he non-linea loads a e connec ed du ing all
he sample ins an s o he simula ion and he unbalanced
loads a e connec ed o hese sample ins an s >0.1s.
In he mic og id (B) he unbalanced loads a e connec ed
du ing all he sample ins an s and he non-linea loads a e
connec ed a >0.1s. In Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 a compa ison
be ween he ob ained esul s o he ol age magni udes
o e e y phase o each mic og id a e shown. The cu en
consump ion can be obse ed in Fig.12. As can be seen, o
he sample ins an s ∈[0.10,0.12] in Fig. 9 a mo e obus
beha io is ob ained in he case o wo king in e connec ed
whe e he ol age magni udes o each mic og ids a e
always |U(X)
ou ,γ|>200 o bo h mic og ids. In Fig.13 he
ob ained esul s o he cu en exchange be ween bo h
mic og ids a e shown. As can be seen, each mic og id
manages i s own loads wi hou nea ly non-a ec ion o
he neighbo mic og id. As can be seen in Fig. 10 and
Fig. 11, he p esence o non-linea and unbalanced loads
and he changes in cu en demand a each mic og id, as
well as he in e ac ion be ween mic og ids do no a ec
o he THD con en in ol age o o he balance be ween
phases gua an eeing he powe quali y supply o he loads
connec ed o bo h mic og ids.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
180
200
220
Vol age Magni ude
(V ms)
(A)-a
(A)-b
(A)-c
(B)-a
(B)-b
(B)-c
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Time (s)
Fig. 8. Vol age Magni ude pe phase and mic og id in
mode non-in e connec ed and g id-islanded
Fig. 9. Vol age Magni ude pe phase and mic og id in
mode in e connec ed and g id-islanded
Fig. 10. Absolu e ol age phase angle alue pe phase and
mic og id in mode in e connec ed and g id-islanded
00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
0
10
20
30
Time (s)
Vol age THD (%)
Phase (A)-a
Phase (A)-b
Phase (A)-c
Phase (B)-a
Phase (B)-b
Phase (B)-c
Time (s)
Fig. 11. Vol age THD pe phase and mic og id in mode
in e connec ed and g id-islanded
Fig. 12. Cu en pe phase and mic og id in mode in e -
connec ed and g id-islanded
4. CONCLUSIONS
The main aim o he p esen s udy has been he implemen-
a ion and alida ion unde simula ion o a me hodology
o manage he powe quali y in in e connec ed mic og ids
ac ing when hey a e g id-connec ed o unde a g id black-
ou whe e hey ha e o wo k in e connec ed bu islanded
om he main g id. The con ol algo i hm is based on
an MPC-con olle applied o a ou -wi e h ee-phase VSI
wi h ac i e con ol o he neu al poin which wo ks as
mas e o a mic og id wi h unbalanced and non-linea
loads and gene a o s connec ed. The simula ion esul s
show he po en ial o he p esen ed MPC-con olle in
compa ison wih classical PI-PWM con olle s sol ing he
ansien esponse p oblems o adi ional me hods. As can
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-100
0
100
Cu en (A)
(B)->(A)-a
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-100
0
100
Cu en (A)
(B)->(A)-b
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
-100
0
100
Time (s)
Cu en (A)
(B)->(A)-c
Fig. 13. Cu en exchange pe phase be ween mic og id
(A) and mic og id (B)
be seen, he de eloped me hodology is imp o ed wi h i s
applica ion o he case o in e connec ed mic og ids ac ing
islanded om he main g id.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This wo k has been ca ied ou wi h he inancial suppo
o he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund (ERDF)
unde he p og am In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901
(P ojec IMPROVEMENT) and he inancial suppo by
Spanish Minis y o Science, Inno a ion and Uni e si ies
unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA).
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