Power Quality Management of Interconnected Microgrids using Model Predictive Control

IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 ScienceDi ec A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com 2405-8963 Copy igh © 2020 The Au ho s. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license . Pee e iew unde esponsibili y o In e na ional Fede a ion o Au oma ic Con ol. 10.1016/j.i acol.2020.12.2121 10.1016/j.i acol.2020.12.2121 2405-8963 Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗ Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email p o ec ed]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se [email p o ec ed]) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email p o ec ed]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email p o ec ed]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗ S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Copy igh © 2020 The Au ho s. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 ) F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 12919 Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Powe Quali y Managemen o In e connec ed Mic og ids using Model P edic i e Con ol  F. Ga cia-To es ∗S. Vazquez ∗∗ C. Bo dons ∗∗∗ I. Mo eno-Ga cia ∗∗∗∗ A. Gil ∗∗∗∗ P. Ronce o-Sanchez † ∗Cen o Nacional del Hid ogeno, Pue ollano (Ciudad Real), Spain, (e-mail: elix.ga [email protected]). ∗∗ Elec onic Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: se g[email p o ec ed]s) ∗∗∗ Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, Spain, (e-mail: bo [email protected]) ∗∗∗∗ Depa men o Elec onic and Compu e Enginee ing, Uni e sidad de Co doba, Co doba, Spain, (e-mail: isabel.mo [email protected]) †Sys ems Enginee ing and Au oma ic Con ol Depa men , Uni e si y o Cas illa-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain, (e-mail: ped o. once [email protected]) Abs ac : In his pape , he powe quali y o in e connec ed mic og ids is managed using a Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) me hodology which manipula es he powe con e e s o he mic og ids in o de o achie e he equi emen s. The con ol algo i hm is de eloped o he mic og ids wo king modes: g id-connec ed, islanded and in e connec ed. The esul s and simula ions a e also applied o he ansi ion be ween he di e en wo king modes. In o de o show he po en ial o he con ol algo i hm a compa ison s udy is ca ied ou wi h classical P opo ional-In eg al Pulse Wid h Modula ion (PI-PWM) based con olle s. The p oposed con ol algo i hm no only imp o es he ansien esponse in compa ison wi h classical me hods bu also shows an op imal beha io in all he wo king modes, minimizing he ha monics con en in cu en and ol age e en wi h he p esence o non-balanced and non-ha monic- ee h ee- phase ol age and cu en sys ems. Keywo ds: In e connec ed sys ems, Ha monics, P edic i e Con ol, Powe Sys em Con ol. 1. INTRODUCTION Mic og ids can be seen as a key echnology o imp o e powe quali y and eliabili y (PQR). Thei abili y o wo k in g id-connec ed o islanded mode is specially adequa e o supply elec ici y o sensi i e loads. An in oduc ion o he main p oblems and solu ions o powe quali y in mic og ids can be ound in Gue e o e al. (2012). As can be seen in he a o emen ioned pape , mos o he solu ions o powe elec onics de ices in mic og ids a e based on PI-PWM con olle s which p esen slow ansien esponse. Mic og ids a e no only elec ical powe sys ems essen ially based on enewable ene gy sys ems bu also hey usually con en sensi i e loads o PQR losses. In en i onmen s wi h sensi i e loads, as esponse agains p oblems ela ed wi h PQR is equi ed. MPC con olle s a e based on u u e beha io o he sys em, achie ing as dynamic esponse imp o ing in his way he ansien esponse o PI-PWM con olle s, see Vazquez e al. (2016). This wo k has been pa ially suppo ed by he Minis y o Econ- omy and Compe i i eness o Spain wi h he inancial suppo unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA) and pa ially sup- po ed by In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVE- MENT) Yazdi and Hosseinian (2019) in oduce a no el Sma B anch o compensa e powe quali y dis u bances using a ini e con ol se -model p edic i e con olle (FCS-MPC). Jayachand an and Ra i (2019) p esen a decen alized model p edic i e hie a chical con ol s a egy o islanded AC mic og ids. An MPC con olle is applied o he ol age con ol o an islanded mic og id in Ga cia-To es e al. (2015) o he case o non-linea loads. This me hod is expanded in Bo dons e al. (2020) de eloping an MPC me hodology o he cases o mic og ids wi h non-linea and unbalanced loads in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode. The in e connec ion o mic og ids can be conside ed as a way o inc ease he obus ness in powe supply o e all when hese mic og ids ha e o wo k islanded om he main g id. This mode o ope a ion o mic og ids has ha dly been s udied o da e. In his pape , he wo k p esen ed in Bo dons e al. (2020) is expanded o be used in he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a blackou o he main g id. The opology o he in e connec ed mic og ids objec o his pape is shown in Fig. 1. As can be seen in Fig. 1, he e a e h ee in elligen powe swi ches (IPS) ins alled o isola e o connec he wo king mode o each mic og id wi h he main g id and/o wi h he neighbo mic og id. Copy igh © 2020 The Au ho s. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license ( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 ) S2,a N N S1,a S2,b S1,b S2,c S1,c S2,n S1,n  N            MICROGRID A GRID IPS-A       N         POWER INVERTER S2,a N N S1,a S2,b S1,b S2,c S1,c S2,n S1,n             MICROGRID B IPS-B       N         POWER INVERTER IPS GRID PCC PCC Fig. 1. In e connec ed mic og ids objec o s udy Fou ie ’s T ans o m Z h (k) ,  ,  ,  ,  ),,,(min 1111 ncba SSSS J = 15 15 Pa k’s T ans o m PLANT MODEL 1/20 MPC Applied o he Di e en Con ol Le els o Renewable Ene gy Mic og ids wi h Mul iple Ene gy S o age Sys em      , 1  , 1 , 1 U,  Islanded/ G id-connec ed Fig. 2. Block Diag am 2. CONTROLLER DESIGN In AC mic og ids, he inal powe quali y ob ained in he mic og id depends on he exchanged powe low be ween i s local de ices connec ed and he g id. An app op ia e ene gy s o age sys em (ESS) connec ed o a ol age sou ce in e e (VSI) can be used o enhance he powe quali y o he mic og id. The inal esul no only depends on he opology o he VSI bu also on i s con ol sys em. Wi h he aim o ob ain an op imal powe low in he mic og id, a ou wi e VSI wi h ac i e neu al con ol is selec ed in o de o in eg a e unbalanced and non-linea loads. The VSI esponse is imp o ed using an inno a i e MPC con olle o manage he powe quali y o he mic og ids and hei powe exchange wi h he main g id o wi h he neighbo mic og ids. The block diag am o he con olle is exposed in Fig. 2. Fo he Pa k’s ans o ma ion, i is conside ed ha he d-axe is aligned wi h he ol age e e ence. 2.1 P edic i e Model The i s s ep o he con olle design is o calcula e he equi alen ou pu The enin’s impedance a each sample ins an Ts o e e y phase Z h ou ,α(k)|α=a,b,c o he unda- men al equency, using he phaso s o ou pu ol ages Uou ,α and cu en s Iou ,α: Z h ou ,α(k)= Uou ,α(k) Iou ,α(k)−Ig id,α(k) =R h ou ,α(k)+jX h ou ,α(k) (1) An equi alen induc ance o capaci ance can be ob ained. When sign(X h ou ,α(k)) =sign(R h ou ,α(k)) using ela ion- ship (2) and using he exp ession gi en in (3) when sign(X h ou ,α(k)) =sign(R h ou ,α(k)): L h ou ,α(k)=X h ou ,α(k) 2π ;C h ou ,α(k)=0 (2) L h ou ,α(k)=0; C h ou ,α(k)=−X h ou ,α(k)·2π (3) The p edic i e model o he in e e as unc ion o he swi ching ec o s(k)=[S1a(k)S1b(k)S1c(k)S1n(k)]T can be ob ained wi h he exp essions (4)-(6). ou ,α(k+ 1) = Vdc ·(S1α(k+ 1) −S1n(k+ 1)) +TsRLN+LN Ts·iLN(k+ 1) −LN iLN(k) Ts −TsRL α +L α Ts·iL α(k+1)+L α iL α(k) Tsα=a,b,c (4) iL ,α(k+ 1) = C Ts+C R ou ,α(k+ 1) Ts TsR h,µg id α(k)+L h,µg id α(k) ou ,α(k+ 1) +L h,µg id α(k) TsR h,µg id α(k)+L h,µg id α(k)·iou ,α(k) −C Ts+C R ou ,α(k)+ C R Ts+C R iC α(k)α=a,b,c (5) 12920 F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 iLN(k+ 1) = 1−2C+ TsTsRLN+LN Ts−1 ·   α=a,b,c C ,α Ts C ,α(k+1)+C+ Ts Vdc + α=a,b,c Ts TsR h,µg id α(k)+L h,µg id α(k) ou ,α(k+ 1) −C+ Ts ( C+(k)+ C−(k)) − α=a,b,c C ,α Ts C ,α(k) L h,µg id α(k) TsR h,µg id α(k)+L h,µg id α(k)·iou ,α(k) −2C+ TsLN iLN(k) Ts +Vdc ·S1n(k+ 1) (6) In g id-connec ed mode he ollowing equa ion has o be added: ig id,α(k+ 1) = Lg idig id,α(k)+ Ts Rg idTs+Lg id ( g id,α(k+ 1) − ou ,α(k+ 1))α=a,b,c (7) 2.2 Cos Func ion o he Islanded Mode In his wo king mode he in e e objec o his s udy has o manage he ol age wa e o m wi h espec o magni- ude, equency, ha monics con en and phase equilib ium. In o de o achie e hese c i e ia, he cos unc ion ex- p essed in (8) is di ided in o h ee main pa s: Jwa e isl which manages he wa e o m o he ou pu ol age, Jha m isl which minimizes he ha monics con en and Jbal isl which con ols he balance be ween phases. In o de o use he p edic i e model o he in e e , he assump ion ha be ween wo sample ins an s Z h ou ,α(k+ 1) = Z h ou ,α(k) has o be used in he p edic i e model o he in e e . min s(k)Jisl(k)=min s(k)Jwa e isl (k)+Jha m isl (k)+Jbal isl (k)(8) Jwa e isl (k)=  α=a,b,c wins isl  ou ,α(k+ 1) − e ou ,α(k+ 1)2 +wcycle isl,α e(Uou ,α(k+ 1)) −e(U e ou ,α(k+ 1))2 +wcycle isl,α m(Uou ,α(k+ 1)) −m(U e ou ,α(k+ 1))2 (9) A each sample ins an , he ol age e e ence is calcula ed and imposed in he i s e m o (9) minimizing he di e ence be ween he p edic ed ol age and he calcula ed e e ence. In o de o minimize he s eady-s a e e o he second e m o (9) is added, co ec ing his e o wi h he comple e undamen al cycle compu a ion. Jha m isl (k)=  α=a,b,c w isl,α (∆ ou ,α(k+ 1))2 +wi isl,α (∆iou ,α(k+ 1))2 +wcap isl ( C+(k+ 1) − C−(k+ 1))2 (10) The i s and second e m o (10) minimize he ol age and cu en ab up a ia ions be ween wo sample ins an s a oiding he ha monics con en in bo h ol age and cu - en . The hi d e m manages he balance o ol age o he neu al poin . Jbal isl (k)= β=b,c,a  α=a,b,c wbal isl (|Uou ,α(k+ 1))|−|Uou ,β (k+ 1)|)2 (11) When unbalanced loads a e connec ed o he in e e he ob ained ol age magni ude can ake di e en alues o each phase . In o de o con ol hese si ua ions he e m exp essed in (11) is included in he cos unc ion. 2.3 Cos Func ion o he G id-Connec ed Mode In g id connec ed mode, i is assumed ha due o he ac ha he ol age e e ence is imposed by he main g id. Unde he assump ion o obus ness in he ol age wa e o m p o ided by he main g id and conside ing ha Pa k’s ans o ma ion is a o a ional e e ence ame, i is conside ed ha be ween wo sample ins an s he dqo- ol age is cons an . Unde his assump ion and using he p edic i e model can be ob ained he ou pu cu en s iou ,γ(k+ 1) ig id,γ (k+ 1) o each phase. The con olle ecei es he se -poin o he exchange o ac i e and eac i e powe s wi h he main g id. Due o he ac ha U e g id,α and ϕ e g id,α a e imposed by he main g id and supposed cons an be ween wo sample ins an s , i can easily ob ained he e e ence cu en I e g id,α wi h he ollowing equa ions: P e g id,α(k)=|U e g id,α(k)||I e g id,α(k)| 2cos(ϕ e g id,α(k)) (12) Q e g id,α(k)=|U e g id,α(k)||I e g id,α(k)| 2sin(ϕ e g id,α(k)) (13) The cu en e e ences a e calcula ed as ollows: i e g id,α(k+ 1) = |I e g id,α(k+ 1)|sin(2π (k+1+Dα)+ϕ e g id,α(k+ 1)) (14) A digi al delay Dαhas o be included which is adap i e wi h Z h ou ,α(k). As done o he case o islanded mode, he cos unc ion in g id-connec ed mode is di ided in o h ee pa s: min s(k)Jconn(k)=min s(k)Jwa e conn (k)+Jha m conn (k)+Jbal conn(k) (15) Jwa e conn = α=a,b,c wins conn ig id,α(k+ 1) −i e g id,α(k+ 1)2 +wcycle conn,α e(Ig id,α(k+ 1)) −e(I e g id,α(k+ 1))2 +wcycle conn,α m(Ig id,α(k+ 1)) −m(I e g id,α(k+ 1))2 (16) The p ocedu e o o mula e (16) is simila o he one ca ied ou o (9). A each sample ins an , he cu en e e ence is calcula ed and imposed in he i s e m o (16), minimizing he di e ence be ween he p edic ed cu en exchange wi h he main g id and he e e ence F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 12921 iLN(k+ 1) = 1−2C+ TsTsRLN+LN Ts−1 ·   α=a,b,c C ,α Ts C ,α(k+1)+C+ Ts Vdc + α=a,b,c Ts TsR h,µg id α(k)+L h,µg id α(k) ou ,α(k+ 1) −C+ Ts ( C+(k)+ C−(k)) − α=a,b,c C ,α Ts C ,α(k) L h,µg id α(k) TsR h,µg id α(k)+L h,µg id α(k)·iou ,α(k) −2C+ TsLN iLN(k) Ts +Vdc ·S1n(k+ 1) (6) In g id-connec ed mode he ollowing equa ion has o be added: ig id,α(k+ 1) = Lg idig id,α(k)+ Ts Rg idTs+Lg id ( g id,α(k+ 1) − ou ,α(k+ 1))α=a,b,c (7) 2.2 Cos Func ion o he Islanded Mode In his wo king mode he in e e objec o his s udy has o manage he ol age wa e o m wi h espec o magni- ude, equency, ha monics con en and phase equilib ium. In o de o achie e hese c i e ia, he cos unc ion ex- p essed in (8) is di ided in o h ee main pa s: Jwa e isl which manages he wa e o m o he ou pu ol age, Jha m isl which minimizes he ha monics con en and Jbal isl which con ols he balance be ween phases. In o de o use he p edic i e model o he in e e , he assump ion ha be ween wo sample ins an s Z h ou ,α(k+ 1) = Z h ou ,α(k) has o be used in he p edic i e model o he in e e . min s(k)Jisl(k)=min s(k)Jwa e isl (k)+Jha m isl (k)+Jbal isl (k)(8) Jwa e isl (k)=  α=a,b,c wins isl  ou ,α(k+ 1) − e ou ,α(k+ 1)2 +wcycle isl,α e(Uou ,α(k+ 1)) −e(U e ou ,α(k+ 1))2 +wcycle isl,α m(Uou ,α(k+ 1)) −m(U e ou ,α(k+ 1))2 (9) A each sample ins an , he ol age e e ence is calcula ed and imposed in he i s e m o (9) minimizing he di e ence be ween he p edic ed ol age and he calcula ed e e ence. In o de o minimize he s eady-s a e e o he second e m o (9) is added, co ec ing his e o wi h he comple e undamen al cycle compu a ion. Jha m isl (k)=  α=a,b,c w isl,α (∆ ou ,α(k+ 1))2 +wi isl,α (∆iou ,α(k+ 1))2 +wcap isl ( C+(k+ 1) − C−(k+ 1))2 (10) The i s and second e m o (10) minimize he ol age and cu en ab up a ia ions be ween wo sample ins an s a oiding he ha monics con en in bo h ol age and cu - en . The hi d e m manages he balance o ol age o he neu al poin . Jbal isl (k)= β=b,c,a  α=a,b,c wbal isl (|Uou ,α(k+ 1))|−|Uou ,β (k+ 1)|)2 (11) When unbalanced loads a e connec ed o he in e e he ob ained ol age magni ude can ake di e en alues o each phase . In o de o con ol hese si ua ions he e m exp essed in (11) is included in he cos unc ion. 2.3 Cos Func ion o he G id-Connec ed Mode In g id connec ed mode, i is assumed ha due o he ac ha he ol age e e ence is imposed by he main g id. Unde he assump ion o obus ness in he ol age wa e o m p o ided by he main g id and conside ing ha Pa k’s ans o ma ion is a o a ional e e ence ame, i is conside ed ha be ween wo sample ins an s he dqo- ol age is cons an . Unde his assump ion and using he p edic i e model can be ob ained he ou pu cu en s iou ,γ(k+ 1) ig id,γ (k+ 1) o each phase. The con olle ecei es he se -poin o he exchange o ac i e and eac i e powe s wi h he main g id. Due o he ac ha U e g id,α and ϕ e g id,α a e imposed by he main g id and supposed cons an be ween wo sample ins an s , i can easily ob ained he e e ence cu en I e g id,α wi h he ollowing equa ions: P e g id,α(k)=|U e g id,α(k)||I e g id,α(k)| 2cos(ϕ e g id,α(k)) (12) Q e g id,α(k)=|U e g id,α(k)||I e g id,α(k)| 2sin(ϕ e g id,α(k)) (13) The cu en e e ences a e calcula ed as ollows: i e g id,α(k+ 1) = |I e g id,α(k+ 1)|sin(2π (k+1+Dα)+ϕ e g id,α(k+ 1)) (14) A digi al delay Dαhas o be included which is adap i e wi h Z h ou ,α(k). As done o he case o islanded mode, he cos unc ion in g id-connec ed mode is di ided in o h ee pa s: min s(k)Jconn(k)=min s(k)Jwa e conn (k)+Jha m conn (k)+Jbal conn(k) (15) Jwa e conn = α=a,b,c wins conn ig id,α(k+ 1) −i e g id,α(k+ 1)2 +wcycle conn,α e(Ig id,α(k+ 1)) −e(I e g id,α(k+ 1))2 +wcycle conn,α m(Ig id,α(k+ 1)) −m(I e g id,α(k+ 1))2 (16) The p ocedu e o o mula e (16) is simila o he one ca ied ou o (9). A each sample ins an , he cu en e e ence is calcula ed and imposed in he i s e m o (16), minimizing he di e ence be ween he p edic ed cu en exchange wi h he main g id and he e e ence calcula ed. In o de o minimize he s eady s a e e o he second e m o (16) is added co ec ing his e o wi h he comple e undamen al cycle calculus done o he cu en exchange wi h he main g id exp essed in Fou ie ’s domain. Jha m conn (k)=  α=a,b,c w conn,α (∆ ou ,α(k+ 1))2 +wi conn,α (∆ig id,α(k+ 1))2 +wcap isl ( C+( k+1)− C−( k+1))2 (17) The second pa o he cos unc ion in g id-connec ed mode (17) minimizes he ha monic injec ion in cu en o he g id, as well as he ol age a ia ions in he mic og id. I also balances he neu al poin o he in e e . Finally, when unbalanced loads a e connec ed o he mic og id hey can a ec o balance in he ac i e and eac i e powe injec ed o main g id. Fo his pu pose he e m o he cos unc ion exp essed in (18) is included. Jbal conn(k)= β=b,c,a  α=a,b,c wbal conn(Pg id,α(k+ 1)) −Pg id,β (k+ 1)))2 + β=b,c,a  α=a,b,c wbal conn(Qg id,α(k+ 1)) −Qg id,β (k+ 1)))2 (18) 2.4 Cos Func ion o he In e connec ed Mode The in e connec ed mode can be conside ed as a hyb id mode be ween he connec ed and he islanded mode since he e does no exis a main g id who imposes he e e ences in ol age and equency bu he e can be ene gy exchange be ween he in e connec ed mic og ids. Due o he ac ha he e is no a main g id bo h mic og ids ha e o wo k con olling he ol age and he equency, he so- called mul i-mas e mode. min s(k)J(X) in e (k)=min s(k)J(X),wa e isl (k)+J(X),ha m isl (k) +J(X),bal isl (k)+  γ=a,b,c (i(X)→(Y) γ(k))2  (19) The no a ion (X) e e s o he mic og ids (A) and (B) and he e minology (X)→(Y) makes e e ence o he exchange be ween he mic og id (X) and he mic og id (Y), being iexch (X)→(Y) he exchanged cu en be ween he mic og id (X) and he mic og id (Y). No ice ha his e m achie es o sync onize in equency bo h mic og ids and also o equilib a e he ol age magni ude be ween bo h mic og ids wi hou being necessa y any kind o communica ion be ween he in e connec ed mic og ids. 3. SIMULATION RESULTS The simula ions a e ca ied ou using Simpowe using T=1µs as sample pe iod while he con olle ac s each T= 20µs. The di e en alues o he simula ion and powe in e e componen s a e exposed in Table 1. Table 1. Componen s alue Pa ame e Value Fil e induc ance L 1 mH Fil e induc ance esis ance RL 0.1 Ω Fil e capaci o C 0.5 mF Fil e capaci o esis ance RC 0.1 Ω DC link ol age Udc 950 V Neu al induc ance LN2.5 µF Neu al induc ance esis ance RLN0.1 Ω Neu al balancing capaci o s C+,C −6600 µF G id connec ion line induc ance Lg id 0.1 mH G id connec ion line esis ance Rg id 0.1 Ω Sla e in e e line induc ance Lin 0.1 mH Sla e in e e line esis ance Rin 0.1 Ω Non-linea load line induc ance Lnon 0.1 mH Non-linea load line esis ance RLnon 0.1 Ω Non-linea load dc esis ance Rnon 60 Ω Non-linea load dc capaci o Cnon 6.6 mF Unbalanced load phase a esis ance Ra1 MΩ Unbalanced load phase b esis ance Rb10 Ω Unbalanced load phase c esis ance Rc10 Ω Unbalanced load phase b induc ance Lb1 mH Unbalanced load phase c capaci o Cc0.1 mF 3.1 Compa a i e be ween con olle s The i s simula ion is used o compa e he esul s in bo h g id-connec ed and islanded mode, as well as he ansi ion be ween modes using an MPC-con olle and a PI-PWM-con olle o a single mic og id wo king in bo h modes: g id-connec ed and islanded. In his simula ion he non-linea and he unbalanced loads a e connec ed o he mic og id in all he sample ins an s. Bo h con olle s ecei e he nex e e ences o he powe exchange wi h he main g id: [P e g id,α,Q e g id,α]=[−15000 W,−9000 Va ]∀ ≤0.5s [P e g id,α,Q e g id,α] = [15000 W,9000 Va ]∀ ≥0.5s Be ween ∈[1s, 1.5s] a aul in he main g id occu s so he ansi ion o islanded mode is equi ed, es o ing he connec ion o he mic og id wi h he main g id o >1.5s. The compa ison be ween he esul s ob ained in he e e ence acking o he ac i e and eac i e powe be ween he MPC and he PI con olle can be ound in Fig. 3. As can been seen in he igu e, he PI con- olle p esen s a longe ansien esponse while he MPC con olle eaches he gi en e e ences in jus wo cycles o he undamen al equency. In Fig. 4, he compa ison be ween he THD esul s o he MPC and PI con olle a e exposed. As can be seen, despi e he p esence o non- linea and unbalanced loads he cu en wa e o ms p esen a low con en o ha monics in he MPC-con olle while he PI con olle is no able o minimize he ha monic con en in he cu en wa e o m. Du ing he ins an s = 1 s and =1.5 s, a g id blackou occu s and he powe in e e wo ks in islanded mode. The compa ison be ween he beha io o he powe in e e wi h he MPC and he PI-PWM con olle s can be seen in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 whe e he ol age magni ude and he phase alues a e shown. As i occu s o he case o g id- connec ed mode, a be e ansien esponse is ob ained in he case o he MPC con olle . A be e esponse is also ob ained o THD alues o he ol age a he Poin 12922 F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 o Common Coupling (PCC) in he case o he MPC con olle as can be seen in Fig. 7. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 −2 −1 0 1 2x 104 Time (s) Ac i e/Reac i e Powe (W/Va ) Pa(MPC) Pa(PI−PWM) Qa(MPC) Qa(PI−PWM) Fig. 3. Compa ison o he esul s o he ac i e and eac i e powe exchange wi h he main g id be ween he MPC and PI-PWM con olle s o phase a 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 10 20 30 40 Time(s) THD (%) THD(Ia) MPC THD(Ia) PI−PWM THD(Ib) MPC THD(Ib) PI−PWM THD(Ic) MPC THD(Ic) PI−PWM Fig. 4. Compa ison o he THD alues o he cu en exchange wi h he main g id be ween he MPC and PI-PWM Con olle s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 Time (s) Vol age Magni ude (V ms) Mag Ua (MPC) Mag Ua (PI−PWM) Fig. 5. Vol age Magni ude o phase A a he PCC 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 −100 −50 0 50 100 Time (s) Vol age Phase (º) MPC PI−PWM Fig. 6. Absolu e ol age phase angle alue o he ol ages a he PCC du ing he blackou o he main g id 3.2 Powe Quali y Managemen Resul s o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king wi hou p esence o g id The aim o he second simula ion launched is o e alua e he beha io o he p esen ed con olle o he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a g id blackou . 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time(s) THD (%) MPC Phase A PI−PWM Phase A MPC Phase C PI−PWM Phase C MPC Phase C PI−PWM Phase C Fig. 7. THD alues o he ol ages a he PCC du ing he blackou o he main g id In his case, he IPS-A and IPS-B a e connec ed and IPS-g id is disconnec ed (see Fig. 1). In he case o he mic og id (A) he non-linea loads a e connec ed du ing all he sample ins an s o he simula ion and he unbalanced loads a e connec ed o hese sample ins an s >0.1s. In he mic og id (B) he unbalanced loads a e connec ed du ing all he sample ins an s and he non-linea loads a e connec ed a >0.1s. In Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 a compa ison be ween he ob ained esul s o he ol age magni udes o e e y phase o each mic og id a e shown. The cu en consump ion can be obse ed in Fig.12. As can be seen, o he sample ins an s ∈[0.10,0.12] in Fig. 9 a mo e obus beha io is ob ained in he case o wo king in e connec ed whe e he ol age magni udes o each mic og ids a e always |U(X) ou ,γ|>200 o bo h mic og ids. In Fig.13 he ob ained esul s o he cu en exchange be ween bo h mic og ids a e shown. As can be seen, each mic og id manages i s own loads wi hou nea ly non-a ec ion o he neighbo mic og id. As can be seen in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, he p esence o non-linea and unbalanced loads and he changes in cu en demand a each mic og id, as well as he in e ac ion be ween mic og ids do no a ec o he THD con en in ol age o o he balance be ween phases gua an eeing he powe quali y supply o he loads connec ed o bo h mic og ids. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 180 200 220 Vol age Magni ude (V ms) (A)-a (A)-b (A)-c (B)-a (B)-b (B)-c 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Time (s) Fig. 8. Vol age Magni ude pe phase and mic og id in mode non-in e connec ed and g id-islanded Fig. 9. Vol age Magni ude pe phase and mic og id in mode in e connec ed and g id-islanded F. Ga cia-To es e al. / IFAC Pape sOnLine 53-2 (2020) 12918–12923 12923 o Common Coupling (PCC) in he case o he MPC con olle as can be seen in Fig. 7. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 −2 −1 0 1 2x 104 Time (s) Ac i e/Reac i e Powe (W/Va ) Pa(MPC) Pa(PI−PWM) Qa(MPC) Qa(PI−PWM) Fig. 3. Compa ison o he esul s o he ac i e and eac i e powe exchange wi h he main g id be ween he MPC and PI-PWM con olle s o phase a 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 10 20 30 40 Time(s) THD (%) THD(Ia) MPC THD(Ia) PI−PWM THD(Ib) MPC THD(Ib) PI−PWM THD(Ic) MPC THD(Ic) PI−PWM Fig. 4. Compa ison o he THD alues o he cu en exchange wi h he main g id be ween he MPC and PI-PWM Con olle s 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 Time (s) Vol age Magni ude (V ms) Mag Ua (MPC) Mag Ua (PI−PWM) Fig. 5. Vol age Magni ude o phase A a he PCC 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 −100 −50 0 50 100 Time (s) Vol age Phase (º) MPC PI−PWM Fig. 6. Absolu e ol age phase angle alue o he ol ages a he PCC du ing he blackou o he main g id 3.2 Powe Quali y Managemen Resul s o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king wi hou p esence o g id The aim o he second simula ion launched is o e alua e he beha io o he p esen ed con olle o he case o in e connec ed mic og ids wo king unde a g id blackou . 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 0 2 4 6 8 10 Time(s) THD (%) MPC Phase A PI−PWM Phase A MPC Phase C PI−PWM Phase C MPC Phase C PI−PWM Phase C Fig. 7. THD alues o he ol ages a he PCC du ing he blackou o he main g id In his case, he IPS-A and IPS-B a e connec ed and IPS-g id is disconnec ed (see Fig. 1). In he case o he mic og id (A) he non-linea loads a e connec ed du ing all he sample ins an s o he simula ion and he unbalanced loads a e connec ed o hese sample ins an s >0.1s. In he mic og id (B) he unbalanced loads a e connec ed du ing all he sample ins an s and he non-linea loads a e connec ed a >0.1s. In Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 a compa ison be ween he ob ained esul s o he ol age magni udes o e e y phase o each mic og id a e shown. The cu en consump ion can be obse ed in Fig.12. As can be seen, o he sample ins an s ∈[0.10,0.12] in Fig. 9 a mo e obus beha io is ob ained in he case o wo king in e connec ed whe e he ol age magni udes o each mic og ids a e always |U(X) ou ,γ|>200 o bo h mic og ids. In Fig.13 he ob ained esul s o he cu en exchange be ween bo h mic og ids a e shown. As can be seen, each mic og id manages i s own loads wi hou nea ly non-a ec ion o he neighbo mic og id. As can be seen in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, he p esence o non-linea and unbalanced loads and he changes in cu en demand a each mic og id, as well as he in e ac ion be ween mic og ids do no a ec o he THD con en in ol age o o he balance be ween phases gua an eeing he powe quali y supply o he loads connec ed o bo h mic og ids. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 180 200 220 Vol age Magni ude (V ms) (A)-a (A)-b (A)-c (B)-a (B)-b (B)-c 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Time (s) Fig. 8. Vol age Magni ude pe phase and mic og id in mode non-in e connec ed and g id-islanded Fig. 9. Vol age Magni ude pe phase and mic og id in mode in e connec ed and g id-islanded Fig. 10. Absolu e ol age phase angle alue pe phase and mic og id in mode in e connec ed and g id-islanded 00.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 10 20 30 Time (s) Vol age THD (%) Phase (A)-a Phase (A)-b Phase (A)-c Phase (B)-a Phase (B)-b Phase (B)-c Time (s) Fig. 11. Vol age THD pe phase and mic og id in mode in e connec ed and g id-islanded Fig. 12. Cu en pe phase and mic og id in mode in e - connec ed and g id-islanded 4. CONCLUSIONS The main aim o he p esen s udy has been he implemen- a ion and alida ion unde simula ion o a me hodology o manage he powe quali y in in e connec ed mic og ids ac ing when hey a e g id-connec ed o unde a g id black- ou whe e hey ha e o wo k in e connec ed bu islanded om he main g id. The con ol algo i hm is based on an MPC-con olle applied o a ou -wi e h ee-phase VSI wi h ac i e con ol o he neu al poin which wo ks as mas e o a mic og id wi h unbalanced and non-linea loads and gene a o s connec ed. The simula ion esul s show he po en ial o he p esen ed MPC-con olle in compa ison wih classical PI-PWM con olle s sol ing he ansien esponse p oblems o adi ional me hods. As can 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 -100 0 100 Cu en (A) (B)->(A)-a 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 -100 0 100 Cu en (A) (B)->(A)-b 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 -100 0 100 Time (s) Cu en (A) (B)->(A)-c Fig. 13. Cu en exchange pe phase be ween mic og id (A) and mic og id (B) be seen, he de eloped me hodology is imp o ed wi h i s applica ion o he case o in e connec ed mic og ids ac ing islanded om he main g id. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This wo k has been ca ied ou wi h he inancial suppo o he Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund (ERDF) unde he p og am In e eg SUDOE SOE3/P3/E0901 (P ojec IMPROVEMENT) and he inancial suppo by Spanish Minis y o Science, Inno a ion and Uni e si ies unde g an DPI2016-78338-R (P ojec CONFIGURA). REFERENCES Bo dons, C., Ga cia-To es, F., and Ridao, M.A. (2020). Model p edic i e con ol o mic og ids. Ga cia-To es, F., Bo dons, C., and Vazquez, S. (2015). Vol age p edic i e con ol o mic og ids in islanded mode based on ou ie ans o m. In 2015 IEEE In e - na ional Con e ence on Indus ial Technology (ICIT), 2358–2363. IEEE. Gue e o, J.M., Loh, P.C., Lee, T.L., and Chando ka , M. (2012). 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