In oduc ion
In Medi e anean Eu opean coun ies a ound 25%
o he o al mea p oduc ion is ob ained om
uminan s, om which app oxima ely 14% co espond
o small uminan s (12% o lambs and 2% o goa s).
Kid and lamb p oduc ion sys ems a e e y simila in
his egion wi h bo h animals being aised on hei
mo he ’s milk o p oduce suckling animals wi h a li e
weigh o 10-12 kg (Ma ichal e al., 2003). The
cha ac e is ics o goa mea a e a iable because o he
la ge numbe o b eeds and he small numbe o
animals in each. In he goa p oduc ion sys em, mos
o he animals a e o milk p oduc ion whe e he
suckling kid is conside ed a by-p oduc . Consequen ly,
he kid mea indus y o e s a sca ce p oduc in con as
A compa a i e s udy o a y acid p o iles o a in comme cial
Spanish suckling kids and lambs
Albe o Ho cada1*, Ma ia del Ma Campo2, Oli a Pol illo3, Ma ia Jesus Alcalde1,
I ene Cilla2and Ca los Sañudo2
1Depa amen o de Ciencias Ag o o es ales. ETSIA. Uni e sidad de Se illa. 41013 Se illa, Spain.
2Depa amen o de P oducción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimen os. Facul ad de Ve e ina ia.
Uni e sidad de Za agoza. 50013 Za agoza, Spain. 3Se icio Gene al de In es igación Ag a ia (CITIUS).
Uni e sidad de Se illa. 41013 Se illa, Spain
Abs ac
Fa y acid p o iles a e a majo con ibu o o mea quali y in small uminan s. Ne e heless, while a y acid p o iles
om suckling lambs ha e been ex ensi ely s udied hey a e i ually unknown in suckling kids. Fa y acid p o iles o
in amuscula and kidney knob a depo s o suckling kids we e compa ed wi h a y acid p o iles o lambs wi h a
quali y label in he Spanish ma ke . Fo y suckling kids om Blanca Cel ibé ica (BC), Moncaína (Mo), Neg a Se ana
(NS) and Mu ciano G anadina (MG) b eeds and 20 Chu a male suckling lambs labelled wi h ‘Lechazo de Cas illa y
León’P o ec ed Geog aphic Indica ion we e slaugh e ed a comme cial li e weigh s (12 kg). In bo h depo s di e ences
in he unsa u a ed a y acid p o ile we e obse ed be ween b eeds. The mos p onounced di e ences we e obse ed
be ween mea goa b eeds (BC, Mo and NS) and lambs, whils a g ea e simila i y in he a y acid p o ile was obse ed
be ween kids om dai y goa b eeds (MG) and lambs. The lowes polyunsa u a ed a y acid con en was obse ed in
mea goa b eeds (app oxima ely 21 o 22% o o al a y acids de ec ed in he in amuscula a ). No signi ican
di e ences in a he ogenic index and desi able a y acid con en ( ange 68 o 70% o o al a y acids de ec ed) we e
obse ed. Howe e , a mo e a ou able (lowe han 8.07) n-6/n-3 a io was obse ed in mea goa b eeds. The use o
a y acid p o iles om in amuscula and kidney knob a could be p oposed as a ool o di e en ia e goa kids and
lambs. The ac ha in amuscula a om suckling kids and lambs shows app op ia e lipid nu i ional indices and
hei low ca cass a ness indica e ha mode a e consump ion o suckling kid and lamb mea may con ibu e o an
o e all balanced die o humans.
Addi ional key wo ds: goa kid; lamb kid; in amuscula a ; kidney knob a ; gas ch oma og aphy.
* Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]
Recei ed: 03-06-13. Accep ed: 10-04-14.
Abb e ia ions used: AI (a he ogenic index); BC (Blanca Cel ibé ica mea goa b eed); Ch (Chu a dai y ewe b eed); CLA (conju-
ga ed linoleic acid); EEC (Eu opean Economic Communi y); FAME ( a y acid me hyl es e ); FID ( lame ionisa ion de ec o ; GLM
(gene al linea model); IMF (in amuscula a ); KKF (kidney knob a ); MG (Mu ciano G anadina dai y goa b eed); Mo (Mon-
caína mea goa b eed); MUFA (monounsa u a ed a y acids); NS (Neg a Se ana mea goa b eed); PCA (p incipal componen
analysis); PGI (p o ec ed geog aphic indica ion); PUFA (polyunsa u a ed a y acids); SED (s anda d e o o he di e ence); SFA
(sa u a ed a y acids).
Ins i u o Nacional de In es igación y Tecnología Ag a ia y Alimen a ia (INIA) Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch 2014 12(2): 427-435
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5424/sja /2014122-4566 ISSN: 1695-971-X
eISSN: 2171-9292
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
428 A. Ho cada e al. / Span J Ag ic Res (2014) 12(2): 427-435
o he adi ional and well-known lamb p oduc ion.
Cu en ly in Spain he e a e i e P o ec ed Geog aphic
Indica ions (PGI) o lamb bu no p o ec ion schemes
exis o kid goa mea .
Fa y acid composi ion plays an impo an ole in
de ining mea quali y since i is ela ed o di e ences
in he nu i ional alue o a o human consump ion
and in o ganolep ic a ibu es, especially la ou and
ma bling (Wood e al., 2004). In ecen yea s he e has
been a g owing in e es in asce aining he a
composi ion o mea om small uminan s and,
u he mo e, he concep o he ’heal hiness’ o ood
is becoming a key quali y issue o consume s. In he
case o uminan mea , his concep is la gely ela ed
o i s a con en and i s a y acid composi ion, in ac ,
a ious e e ences o he incidence o n-6 and sa u a ed
a y acids on human heal h ha e been epo ed
(T ichopoulou & Lagiou, 1997).
The a y acid composi ion o a depo s in lambs
has been widely epo ed (Díaz e al., 2005; Nue nbe g
e al., 2008) whe e he use o he a y acid composi ion
o a ious a depo s has been ecommended as a
disc imina o o he o igin o lambs (Juá ez e al.,
2010). Fu he mo e, ecen expe imen s ha e shown
he e ec i eness o he a y acid composi ion o
in amuscula a (IMF) depo s as a ool o disc imina e
goa b eeds (Ho cada e al., 2012) o he use o kidney
knob a (KKF) as a me hod o di e en ia ing he
a ening die o goa kids (Mellado e al., 2009). In
spi e o his he e ha e been ew compa a i e s udies
on he lipid composi ion o kid and ce i ied lamb (Lee
e al., 2008; Sinanoglou e al., 2013).
The aim o he p esen wo k was o compa e he a y
acid p o iles o in amuscula and kidney knob a
depo s o suckling kid goa o ou b eeds p oduced
unde ypical p oduc ion sys ems in Spain and a
suckling lamb wi h a quali y label in he ma ke . The
seconda y objec i e o his wo k was also o assess he
eliabili y o using a y acid p o iles o ca ego ize
species om small uminan s.
Ma e ial and me hods
Animals
Fou g oups o 10 en i e male suckling kids o he
Blanca Cel ibé ica (BC), Moncaína (Mo), Neg a
Se ana (NS), Mu ciano G anadina (MG) goa b eeds
and 20 en i e male suckling lambs o he Chu a (Ch)
sheep b eed we e used in his s udy. BC, Mo and NS
goa b eeds a e classed as local Spanish mea b eeds.
MG is a ecognised dai y b eed ha can be conside ed
he main goa b eed in Spain, wi h heads all a ound he
wo ld. These b eeds we e chosen as he mos
comme cially a ailable b eeds om Sou h Spain. On
he o he hand, Ch b eed lambs a e included in he
‘Lechazo de Cas illa y León’ Eu opean PGI quali y
label o suckling lamb p oduc ion (Miguélez e al.,
2006).
The samples ob ained o his s udy we e simila o
hose bough by consume s in he ma ke place. All he
animals we e ea ed in hei espec i e local a eas and
we e aised only on hei mo he ’s milk un il slaugh e
ime. The die o goa s and ewes was comp ised o local
pas u es and comme cial concen a e ( ange
composi ion; 16.0-17.0% c ude p o ein, 4.5-5.1% c ude
ib e, 3.5-4.0% o al a , 37-40% s a ch, 1.0-1.4% Ca,
and 0.3-0.5% P), ollowing he adi ional p oduc ion
sys em. Animals we e selec ed by hei espec i e
B eede s’Associa ions, and we e slaugh e ed in win e
a he usual comme cial weigh (a ound 12 kg li e
weigh ) and ange o 30-35 days old.
Slaugh e and pos -slaugh e condi ions
Animals we e slaugh e ed in licensed slaugh e -
houses acco dingly o he guidelines o Council
Regula ion (EC) Nº 1099/2009 (EC, 2009) in hei
espec i e a eas o o igin, when hey eached hei
comme cial ma ke weigh . Ca cass cha ac e is ics o
suckling kids and lambs in ol ed in he p esen s udy
ha e been epo ed in a p e ious pape (Sañudo e al.,
2012). Ex e nal a ness we e assessed using he 15
poin (1: no g easy; 15: e y g easy) scale p oposed
by he Commission Regula ion (EEC) No 461/93
(EEC, 1993). The Longissimus lumbo um muscle o
he le hal ca cass was dissec ed 24 h a e slaugh e
and a slice o his muscle (IMF) and o KKF we e
ob ained. All samples we e acuum-packed and s o ed
a –20°C in o de o de e mine he a y acid
composi ion.
Analy ical p ocedu e
Fa y acid me hyl es e s (FAMEs) o IMF and KKF
depo s we e ob ained using he me hod p oposed by
Fa y acid p o iles o goa and lambs 429
Elmo e e al. (1999) and alida ed by Aldai e al.
(2006). Thawed samples (1 g) we e saponi ied in 6
mL o 5 M KOH in me hanol:wa e (50:50, / ) wi h
hyd oxyquinone (1 g L–1) a 60°C o 1 h, a e
lushing wi h ni ogen. Following his, he mix u e
was dilu ed wi h 12 mL o 0.5% NaCl and 5 mL o
pe oleum e he . The non-saponi iable ac ion was
emo ed. To neu alise he KOH, 3 mL o glacial
ace ic acid was added. To ex ac he FAMEs, a double
pe oleum e he clea ance was de eloped. The sol en
was e apo a ed using ni ogen and he ex ac ed
FAMEs we e me hyla ed using 200 µL o
ime hylsilyldiazome hane in me hanol: oluene (2:1,
/ ) a 40°C o 10 min, d ied unde ni ogen and
dissol ed in 1mL o n-hexane con aining 50 ppm o
bu yla ed hyd oxy oluene. Samples we e cen i uged
a 15,000 pm o 5 min and supe na an was
ans e ed o analysis. Sepa a ion o FAMEs was
ca ied ou using a gas ch oma og aph (GC, Agilen
6890N, Inc., CA, USA) equipped wi h a lame
ionisa ion de ec o (FID), and HP 7683 au oma ic
sample injec o i ed wi h an HP-88 capilla y column
(100 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.2 µm ilm hickness, Agilen
Technologies Spain, S.L., Mad id). The ch o-
ma og aphic condi ions we e as ollows: ini ial column
empe a u e 100°C, p og ammed o inc ease a a a e
o 3°C min–1 up o 158°C and hen a a a e o 1.5°C
min–1 up o 190°C main aining his empe a u e o 15
min, hen a a a e o 2°C min–1 up o 200°C and hen
inc easing again a a a e o 10°C min–1 up o inal
empe a u e o 240°C whe e he empe a u e was
main ained o 10 min. The injec ion and de ec o we e
main ained a 300°C and 320°C espec i ely.
Hyd ogen was used as he ca ie gas a a low- a e o
2.7 mL min–1. The spli a io was 17.7:1, and 1 µL o
solu ion was injec ed. Nonadecanoic acid me hyl es e
a 10 mg mL–1 was used as an in e nal s anda d.
Indi idual FAMEs, including he main CLA isome
(9cis, 11 ans), we e iden i ied by compa ing hei
e en ion imes wi h hose o he s anda d a y acid
mix Supelco 37 (Sigma Chemical Co. L d., Poole,
UK). Fa y acids we e exp essed as a pe cen age o
o al a y acids iden i ied and g ouped as ollows:
sa u a ed (SFA), monounsa u a ed (MUFA), poly-
unsa u a ed (PUFA), Σn-3 PUFA, Σn-6 PUFA and o al
o conjuga ed linoleic acid (CLA). Lipid quali y
indices in ela ion wi h human heal h we e calcula ed
as ollows: Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA (n-6/n-3 a io),
[C12:0 + 4 (C14:0 + C16:0)] / [(Σn-6+Σn-3) PUFA +
C18:1 + ΣMUFA)] (a he ogenic index, AI; Ulb ich
& Sou hga e, 1991) and MUFA + PUFA + C18:0
(desi able a y acids; Hue a-Leidenz e al., 1991).
Da a analysis
A leas -squa e means analysis was pe o med o
each a depo using gene al linea model (GLM)
p ocedu es wi h one ixed ac o (b eed) and using
he SAS s a is ical package (SAS, 1999), wi h he
model:
Yij = μ+ Xi(1….5) + ej(i)
whe e Yij = dependen a iables (pe cen age o a y
acids and a ios); μ= mean alue; Xi= mean b eed
e ec (Blanca Cel ibé ica; Moncaína; Neg a Se ana,
Mu ciano G anadina goa and Chu a sheep b eeds);
ej= esidual e o .
When F- es s we e signi ican (p<0.05) a Tukey
es was used o compa e means, wi h signi icance
being se a p<0.05. In o de o summa ise he
di e ences be ween animal g oups in ela ion o
o e all a y acid p o iles and o analyze he ela i e
con ibu ion o a y acid and hei di e en a ios o
hese di e ences, wo p incipal componen analyses
(PCA) we e ca ied ou , one o each a depo (IMF,
and KKF). PCA analyses we e pe o med using he
Fac o p ocedu e o SAS so wa e.
Resul s
Fa y acid p o ile o in amuscula a
Mean alues o a y acid composi ion om IMF o
kids and lambs a e shown in Table 1. Twen y- i e a y
acid molecula species we e iden i ied acco ding o
hei ela i e e en ion imes. C18:1 a y acids
(including cis and ans isome s) we e he mo e
abundan unsa u a ed a y acids in IMF. Among
sa u a ed a y acids palmi ic (C16:0) and s ea ic
(C18:0) acids we e he mo e abundan . Fo bo h kids
and lambs b eeds, he pe cen age o o al unsa u a ed
a y acids (PUFA + MUFA) in IMF was highe han
o al SFA ( ange 45.3-46.2%). Di e ences in SFA
pe cen ages be ween b eeds we e no obse ed, while
signi ican di e ences in MUFA (p= 0.042) and PUFA
(p= 0.022) we e obse ed among b eeds. MG kids
con ained signi ican ly less MUFA han o he b eeds,
430 A. Ho cada e al. / Span J Ag ic Res (2014) 12(2): 427-435
while highe PUFA pe cen age was obse ed in MG
kids and Ch lambs (p< 0.05).
Fa y acid p o ile o kidney knob a
In KKF depo , 24 a y acid molecula species we e
iden i ied acco ding o hei ela i e e en ion imes
(Table 2). The majo unsa u a ed a y acid in he i e
b eeds was C18:1 n-9c, while in he case o sa u a ed
a y acids hey we e C16:0, C18:0 and C14:0. All o
he b eeds showed highe SFA pe cen age ( ange 55.8-
61.0%) han o al unsa u a ed a y acid (MUFA + PUFA).
Di e ences in SFA pe cen age be ween b eeds we e
obse ed (p< 0.001). Ch lambs showed he lowes SFA
and he highes MUFA pe cen age (p < 0.05). The e
we e di e ences in PUFA pe cen age be ween b eeds
(p= 0.001). Highes PUFA con en was obse ed in
MG b eed (p< 0.05), while lowes was showed in he
Mo b eed (p< 0.05).
Table 1 Mean alues o a y acids (pe cen age by weigh o o al a y acids de ec ed) o
in amuscula a depo om Longissimus lumbo um muscle o suckling kids (BC: Blanca
Cel ibé ica, Mo: Moncaína and NS: Neg a Se ana), dai y suckling kids (MG: Mu ciano
G anadina) and suckling lambs (Ch: Chu a)
Kids

Lambs

BC Mo NS MG Ch
SED1Sig.
C10:0 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.010 0.512
C12:0 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.013 0.366
C14:0 2.82 2.91 3.02 3.22 2.91 0.558 0.243
C14:1 0.29ab 0.31b0.28ab 0.23a0.27ab 0.011 0.008
C15:0 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.23 0.26 0.010 0.137
C16:0 26.29 26.34 26.71 27.32 26.39 3.755 0.356
C16:1 2.51 2.12 2.03 2.30 2.04 0.488 0.402
C17:0 0.53b0.44ab 0.40a0.43ab 0.53b0.029 0.049
C18:0 15.88b15.82b15.04b14.59a14.81a1.622 0.005
C18:1n-9 2.52 2.73 2.48 2.36 2.52 0.417 0.830
C18:1n-11 1.25c1.12b1.09b1.14b0.94a0.076 0.037
C18:1n-9c25.84ab 25.84ab 26.57b24.87a26.86b2.599 0.045
C18:2n-6c12.52a13.10b13.58b14.19c13.93c2.595 0.044
C18:3n-6 0.22b0.26b0.22b0.16a0.13a0.005 0.000
C20:0 0.10 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.004 0.754
C18:3n-3 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.001 0.351
C21:0 0.12b0.10ab 0.09a0.11ab 0.08a0.001 0.005
C20:2 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.18 0.15 0.005 0.512
C20:3n-6 0.85b0.72ab 0.79ab 0.90b0.61a0.100 0.037
C20:3n-3 0.09b0.09b0.08b0.08b0.06a0.001 0.041
C20:4n-6 4.40 4.17 3.92 4.57 4.55 1.113 0.295
C20:5n-3 0.46c0.46c0.45b0.42a0.43a0.001 0.008
C22:5n-3 1.32b1.31b1.25ab 1.21a1.24a0.011 0.007
C22:6n-3 0.44c0.44c0.43b0.40a0.41a0.001 0.008
CLA29c,11 0.69c0.79c0.71c0.56b0.43a0.042 0.001
SFA346.18 46.15 45.72 46.17 45.35 3.155 0.193
MUFA432.42b32.12b32.45b30.92a32.51b3.159 0.042
PUFA521.40a21.73a21.83a22.92b22.14b2.297 0.022
n-6/n-3 7.46a7.60b8.07b8.90c8.61c1.005 0.000
AI60.70 0.71 0.71 0.75 0.71 0.005 0.563
Desi able a y acid7(%) 69.70 69.67 69.32 68.42 69.67 3.638 0.662
1SED: s anda d e o de ia ion; 2CLA: conjuga ed linoleic acid; 3SFA: sa u a ed a y acids; 4MUFA:
monounsa u a ed a y acids; 5PUFA: polyunsa u a ed a y acids; 6AI: a he ogenic index:
[C12:0 + 4(C14:0 + C16:0)] / [(Σn-6 + Σn-3)PUFA + C18:1 + ΣMUFA]; 7Desi able a y acid:
MUFA + PUFA + C18:0; a-c alues in ows wi h di e en le e s a e signi ican ly di e en (p≤0.05).
Fa y acid p o iles o goa and lambs 431
Lipid quali y indices
A compa ison o a y acid a ios o IMF in kids and
lambs in ela ion o human heal h a e epo ed in
Table 1. B eeds di e ed signi ican ly in n-6/n-3 a io
(p< 0.001) and CLA con en (p< 0.001) in IMF,
al hough he e we e no signi ican di e ences in o he
a ios, such as AI and o al desi able a y acid con en .
P incipal componen analysis om a depo s
Two p incipal componen s explained 94.2% o he
o al a ia ion in in amuscula a y acid composi ion
(Fig. 1a). The i s componen (66.9% o o al a iance)
was mo e associa ed wi h PUFA and MG and Ch
b eeds on he le side, opposi e o MUFA and SFA on
he igh side. The second p incipal componen
explained 27.3% o a iabili y and was mainly de ined
by SFA, associa ed wi h Mo on he uppe side. In KKF
(Fig. 1b), he i s wo p incipal componen s explained
91.1% o he o al a iabili y in a y acid composi ion.
Func ion 1 (50.8% o he a iabili y) was essen ially
de e mined by o al CLA and MUFA and Ch b eed on
i s igh side, whe eas Func ion 2 (40.3% o he
a iabili y) was mainly de e mined by PUFA con en
associa ed wi h MG kid b eed on he uppe side.
Discussion
All o he ca cass mo phology was as expec ed o
he Spanish ma ke (see Sañudo e al., 2012). A e age
Table 2. Mean alues o a y acids (pe cen age by weigh o o al a y acids de ec ed) o kidney
knob a depo om mea suckling kids (BC: Blanca Cel ibé ica, Mo: Moncaína and NS: Neg a
Se ana), dai y suckling kids (MG: Mu ciano G anadina) and suckling lambs (Ch: Chu a)
Kids

Lambs

BC Mo NS MG Ch
SED1Sig
C10:0 0.56c0.50bc 0.55c0.27a0.36ab 0.079 0.001
C12:0 1.19ab 1.13ab 1.53b2.35c0.91a0.359 0.001
C14:0 10.06b10.13b9.99b9.69b7.79a0.731 0.000
C14:1 0.23ab 0.24ab 0.19a0.16a0.31b0.062 0.007
C15:0 0.69cd 0.54b0.60bc 0.37a0.74d0.095 0.000
C16:0 28.81b27.19b27.83b28.41b24.43a1.030 0.001
C16:1 3.84b3.98b4.11b3.19a4.13b0.296 0.001
C17:0 1.28b1.31b1.44b0.71a1.71c0.113 0.000
C18:0 17.59ab 18.60bc 18.70bc 16.36a19.62d1.314 0.006
C18:1n-9 2.06bc 1.56a1.80ab 2.00ab 2.46c0.304 0.000
C18:1n-11 n n n n n — —
C18:1n-9c27.50a28.30b26.76a27.86ab 30.37c0.918 0.001
C18:2n-6c2.45a1.99a2.57a4.91b2.74a0.549 0.000
C18:3n-6 0.27bc 0.32c0.33c0.25ab 0.19a0.045 0.000
C20:0 0.14a1.12a0.20b0.09a0.19b0.100 0.000
C18:3n-3 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.000 0.351
C21:0 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.000 0.225
C20:2 0.02ab 0.01a0.02ab 0.03c0.02ab 0.000 0.000
C20:3n-6 0.12ab 0.11a0.11a0.15b0.13ab 0.020 0.044
C20:3n-3 0.02a0.02a0.02a0.03b0.02a0.000 0.035
C20:4n-6 2.54b2.17a2.56b2.58b2.90c0.221 0.000
C20:5n-3 0.01a0.02b0.02b0.01a0.01a0.000 0.007
C22:5n-3 0.07b0.07b0.07b0.06a0.07b0.000 0.008
C22:6n-3 0.03a0.03a0.03a0.03a0.04b0.002 0.008
CLA29c,11 0.46a0.60b0.49a0.42a0.79c0.079 0.000
SFA360.33c59.85c60.87c58.27b55.76a1.043 0.000
MUFA433.63ab 34.76b32.86a33.21a37.27c1.018 0.000
PUFA56.03ab 5.38a6.27b8.52d6.97c0.592 0.001
1SED: s anda d e o de ia ion; 2CLA: conjuga ed linoleic acid; 3SFA: sa u a ed a y acids; 4MUFA:
monounsa u a ed a y acids; 5PUFA: polyunsa u a ed a y acids; a-d: alues in ows wi h di e en
le e s a e signi ican ly di e en (p≤0.05); n : no de ec ed.

432 A. Ho cada e al. / Span J Ag ic Res (2014) 12(2): 427-435
ca cass weigh anged om 6.56 kg (BC b eed) o 4.38
kg in MG. Ca cass weigh o Ch lambs showed an
in e media e alue (5.49 kg). When da a we e
co a ia ed by ca cass weigh Ch lambs and MG goa
showed he highes a ness sco es (5.37 and 4.05
espec i ely). Ne e heless, esul s o a ness o he
mea goa b eeds did no di e signi ican ly (2.81, 2.78
and 2.75 o BC, Mo and NS espec i ely; see Sañudo
e al., 2012). Usually, in he aba oi he goa ca cass
ha e lowe a ness sco e han sheep. In his case, he e
we e ewe di e ences be ween ca cass a ness o Ch
and dai y goa b eed (MG) han among mea goa
b eeds. The a ness o he Ch ca casses was he ypical
o he comme cial ype acco ding o Lechazo de
Cas illa y León PGI (Miguélez e al., 2006).
Fa y acid p o ile o in amuscula
and kidney knob a
Fa y acid p o ile o IMF om kids (BC, Mo, NS,
MG b eeds) and Ch lambs (Table 1) a e in line wi h
hose epo ed in small uminan animals aised in
coun ies o he Medi e anean a ea (Sinanoglou e al.,
2013). In ac , o al C18:1 a y acids (28.4 o 30.3%)
a e in ag eemen wi h hose epo ed by Ho cada e al.
(2012) in kids and Díaz e al. (2005) in lambs. The
g ea es pe cen ages o SFA we e o C16:0 and C18:0
a y acids, as expec ed in he IMF depo o uminan s
(Banskalie a e al., 2000; Wood e al., 2008).
Di e ences in mos o SFA be ween b eeds we e no
obse ed, in disag eemen wi h Tshabalala e al. (2003)
and Lee e al. (2008) who epo ed di e en SFA
pe cen ages in in amuscula depo be ween goa and
lambs. In he case o MUFA, MG kids con ained
p opo ionally less MUFA han o he b eeds, including
Ch lambs, because o he lowes C18:1n-9cshowed.
Rega ding PUFA, highe pe cen age o PUFA was
obse ed in Ch lambs and dai y kids (MG) han in he
mea goa b eeds. Many esea che s ha e epo ed he
in luence o mo he ’s milk in he a y acid composi ion
o a depo s o suckling small uminan s (Rojas e al.,
1994; Wood e al., 2008). A his age o slaugh e , whe e
a sa u a ion by uminal e ec is no e iden , e idence
o a highe e iciency o deposi ion o unsa u a ed a y
acids in g eased animals han in lean animals could be
expec ed. This obse a ion was epo ed by Mad uga
e al. (2006) and Ho cada e al. (2009) ha showed
highe con en o unsa u a ed a y acids in g eased
lambs ( emales) han in leane animals (males).
Va ia ion in a y acid composi ion has an impo an
e ec on la ou de elopmen du ing cooking (Campo
e al., 2003). Along hese lines, i has been epo ed
ha b anched-chain a y acids o medium chain leng h
/
/
Figu e 1. P ojec ion o a y acid pe cen ages and a ios o in amuscula a depo (a) and kidney knob a depo s (b) on he plane
de ined by wo p incipal componen s. CLA: conjuga ed linoleic acid; SFA: sa u a ed a y acids; MUFA: monounsa u a ed a y
acids; PUFA: polyunsa u a ed a y acids; BC: Blanca Cel ibé ica goa b eed; Mo: Moncaína goa b eed; NS: Neg a Se ana goa
b eed; MG: Mu ciano G anadina goa b eed; Ch: Chu a sheep b eed; DesFAindex: MUFA + PUFA + C18:0. A he ogenic index:
[C12:0 + 4(C14:0 + C16:0)] / [(Σn-6 + Σn-3)PUFA + C18:1 + ΣMUFA].
Fa y acid p o iles o goa and lambs 433
a e impo an cons i uen s o he la ou and odou o
lamb mea (Young e al., 1997). The abili y o
unsa u a ed a y acids, especially hose wi h mo e han
wo double bonds, o apidly oxidise du ing cooking
and p oduce a oma ic compounds such as aldehydes,
alcohols and ke ones has been assessed (Wood e al.,
2004). Some o hese aldehydes a e mo e likely o
de i e om C18:3n-3 and C18:3n-6 isome s. In IMF
depo , di e ences in C18:3n-3 p opo ions be ween
kid b eeds and Ch lambs we e no obse ed, while
C18:3n-6 p opo ion was highe in mea kids han in
dai y kids and lambs. We could assume ha C18:3n-6
di e ences obse ed be ween b eeds o young kids and
lambs could help o di e en ia e he la ou o mea
om mea kids and o he b eeds analyzed. On he o he
hand, Sañudo e al., (2000) epo ed ha C18:0 is
posi i ely co ela ed wi h odou and la ou in ensi y
and nega i ely wi h C18:2. In he cu en s udy,
samples om mea b eed kids (BC, Mo and NS)
con ained highe pe cen ages o C18:0 and lowe
pe cen ages o C18:2n-6 han dai y kids o Ch lambs.
Hence, a highe la ou in ensi y could be expec ed
om samples om mea kids han dai y kid o Ch
lambs. Howe e , o he c i e ia in ela ionship wi h o al
a con en in mea mus be conside ed when in ensi y
o odou and la ou o mea is e alua ed. In ac ,
Mad uga e al. (2013) epo ed ha high o al a
con en om lambs is associa ed wi h a highe
in ensi y o la ou compa ed wi h goa s because i has
a highe concen a ion o ola ile compounds de i ed
om lipids, mainly sa u a ed lipids. In ou s udy, Ch
lambs showed highe a ness sco es (see Sañudo e al.,
2012). Hence, a g ea e in ensi y o odou and la ou
in mea om lambs han kids can be expec ed.
In e e ence o KK a (Table 2), he majo un-
sa u a ed a y acid in he i e b eeds was C18:1n-9c
( ange 27.5 o 30.37) as epo ed by Zygoyiannis e al.
(1992) in suckling kids and Cañeque e al. (2005) in
lambs. The highes SFA we e C16:0, C18:0 and C14:0,
as co esponding o KK a o uminan s (Díaz e al.,
2005; Mellado e al., 2009). These ou a y acids
accoun ed o o e 82% o o al a y acids in KK a
o all b eeds s udied. Clea signi ican di e ences
be ween kids and lambs we e obse ed o o al SFA,
MUFA and PUFA pe cen ages (Table 2). The ela i e
con en o SFA was highe in all kid b eeds han in
lambs, and he highes SFA con en was obse ed in
mea kids (BC, Mo and NS). In luence o b eed on SFA
o KK a can be p oposed (Sinanoglou e al., 2013).
Highe MUFA con en was obse ed in Ch lambs han
in kids (Table 2), while o PUFA con en he e we e
no clea di e ences be ween kids and Ch lambs.
Lipid quali y indices
The e has been inc easing in e es o e ecen yea s o
in es iga e mo e abou he implica ions o a consump ion
on human heal h and a ious a y acid a ios ha e been
p oposed as ecommenda ions (Van Ho n e al., 2008). Fo
some ime, he n-6/n-3 a io has been used as an indica o
o he ole o a y acids in he incidence o ca diogenic
diseases. Nu i ionis s epo ed ha a balance in he die
be ween n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA wi h a a io below 4 is
ecommended o p e en co ona y hea diseases. The
n-6/n-3 a io o IMF in kids and Ch lambs shown in his
wo k (Table 1) is in line wi h he a ios epo ed o
comme cial Spanish lambs ( ange 6.4 o 8.4; Díaz e al.,
2005) and highe ha hose epo ed by Sinanoglou e al.
(2013) in G eek b eeds o small uminan s ( ange 2.9 o
5.8). Ch lambs and MG kids displayed a highe and
un a ou able n-6/n-3 a io han mea kid b eeds (BC, Mo
and NS), as hey showed he highes pe cen age o PUFA
C18:2 n-6cand lowes o long chain n-3 a y acids
(C20:5n-3; C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3) (Table 1). These
di e ences can be a ibu ed o di e ences in ca cass
a ness be ween kids om mea b eeds and kids om dai y
b eeds (MG) and Ch lambs. Sañudo e al. (2012) epo ed
highe ca cass a ness in MG and Ch lambs han mea kid
b eeds when ca cass weigh was used as a co a ia e.
The AI can be conside ed a sui able measu e o he
a he ogenici y o oods (Ulb ich & Sou hga e, 1991).
In gene al, anges o 0.5 o 1 in mea a s ha e been
epo ed (Tu an e al., 2007), while alues less han
0.5 ha e been desc ibed in ege ables oils. In his wo k,
he AI was in he ange desc ibed o mea (0.70-0.75).
Signi ican di e ences in he AI be ween b eeds we e
no obse ed. This inding sugges s ha in small
uminan s his a io is no in luenced by gene ics
ac o s o di e ences in a deposi ion. Howe e ,
Sinanoglou e al. (2013) epo ed signi ican
di e ences in he hype choles e olemic index (sum o
C14:0 and C16: 0) in he IMF be ween kids and lambs.
Acco ding o hese au ho s, hese di e ences a e
mainly associa ed wi h gene ic ac o s.
Desi able a y acids can be conside ed as a good
indica o o he ela i e nu i ional mea alues o
di e en animal species (Hue a-Leidenz e al., 1991).
This index includes MUFA + PUFA and C18:0. These
a y acids, ha ep esen he majo i y o muscle a ,
434 A. Ho cada e al. / Span J Ag ic Res (2014) 12(2): 427-435
ha e a ou able implica ions on consume s’heal h. In
ac , i has been epo ed ha C18:1n-9cdec eases
blood choles e ol con en (Binkoski e al., 2005). The
a e age pe cen age o desi able a y acids o IMF in
kids and lambs was g ea e han 68%. O he au ho s
epo ed simila esul s in o he goa b eeds ( ange 67-
70%; Mushi e al., 2010), while somewha lowe alues
ha e been epo ed on Manchego lambs (66.3%;
Cañeque e al., 2005). No signi ican di e ences in
he composi ion o desi able a y acids among he ou
b eeds o goa s and Ch lambs we e obse ed (Table 2),
indica ing ha gene ic ac o s migh no in luence he
desi able a con en in suckling small uminan .
Conjuga ed linoleic acid isome s (CLA) ha e
ecei ed much a en ion due o hei heal h p omo ing
e ec s. In ac , a pu a i e an i-a he ogenic e ec o
CLA 9c,11 has been conside ed (Pa iza e al., 2001).
IMF om mea kids (BC, Mo and NS) showed a highe
(p< 0.05) pe cen age o CLA han dai y kids (MG)
and Ch lambs. While, in KKF highes CLA 9c,11
con en was obse ed in Ch lambs (Table 2). Hence,
in young small uminan s, he e ec s o pu pose, b eed
o species on CLA con en is no clea and o he ac o s
such as he composi ion o mo he milk o di e ences
in desa u ase ac i i y o a y acids om IMF and KKF
should be conside ed.
P incipal componen analysis
Two p incipal componen s analyses (PCA),
including he main a ios ob ained om he a y acid
p o ile o IMF and KKF we e pe o med. In he PCA
o he IMF, Ch lambs we e loca ed wi h MG kids on
he le side, close o PUFA (Fig. 1a). In he opposi e
side, SFA con en was close o he Mo and BC kid
b eeds. This esul would show he di e ences in he
a y acid composi ion be ween a e ca casses (MG
and Ch) and leane ca casses (BC and Mo). This
obse a ion is in ag eemen wi h esul s epo ed by
Ho cada e al. (2012) om a ious Spanish goa
b eeds. On he o he hand, Ch lambs appea ed clea ly
dis inguished in a di e en quad an (lowe le ) om
goa b eeds. The PCA including a ious a y acid
a ios and indices o KKF (Fig. 1b) shows a clea
sepa a ion be ween Ch lambs and all kid b eeds
acco ding o Func ion 1. Ch lambs we e loca ed on he
igh side o he Fig. 2 close o CLA and MUFA, in
ag eemen wi h hei highe alues o MUFA and CLA
9c,11 in KKF depo (Table 2).
In a ecen wo k using a ious lipid quali y indices
om G eek b eeds, Sinanoglou e al. (2013) showed
ha PCA analysis is an e icien ool o he clas-
si ica ion o small uminan b eeds and species because
each one has hei own cha ac e is ic lipid p o ile. This
obse a ion can be epo ed o comme cial ca casses
o Spanish kids and lambs when lipid quali y indices
o IMF and KKF depo s a e included in PCA analysis.
In conclusion, he mos e iden di e ences in a y
acid p o iles in issues we e obse ed be ween mea
goa b eeds and lambs, whils simila i ies be ween he
dai y goa b eed and lambs we e de ec ed. The use o
in amuscula and kidney knob a depo s o disc i-
mina e comme cial suckling kids and lambs acco ding
o hei a y acid p o iles could be sugges ed. The ac
ha in amuscula a om suckling kid and lamb mea
show an app op ia e lipid indices associa ed wi h low
a con en , indica es ha mode a e consump ion o
suckling kid and lamb mea may con ibu e o an
o e all balanced die o humans.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s wish o acknowledge he inancial
suppo ecei ed om he CICYT (AGL-2005-05777-
C02-01) and o all o he membe s o he Quali y and
Mea Technology G oup o hei echnical assis ance
when i was needed.
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