A comparative study of fatty acid profiles of fat in commercial Spanish suckling kids and lambs

In oduc ion In Medi e anean Eu opean coun ies a ound 25% o he o al mea p oduc ion is ob ained om uminan s, om which app oxima ely 14% co espond o small uminan s (12% o lambs and 2% o goa s). Kid and lamb p oduc ion sys ems a e e y simila in his egion wi h bo h animals being aised on hei mo he ’s milk o p oduce suckling animals wi h a li e weigh o 10-12 kg (Ma ichal e al., 2003). The cha ac e is ics o goa mea a e a iable because o he la ge numbe o b eeds and he small numbe o animals in each. In he goa p oduc ion sys em, mos o he animals a e o milk p oduc ion whe e he suckling kid is conside ed a by-p oduc . Consequen ly, he kid mea indus y o e s a sca ce p oduc in con as A compa a i e s udy o a y acid p o iles o a in comme cial Spanish suckling kids and lambs Albe o Ho cada1*, Ma ia del Ma Campo2, Oli a Pol illo3, Ma ia Jesus Alcalde1, I ene Cilla2and Ca los Sañudo2 1Depa amen o de Ciencias Ag o o es ales. ETSIA. Uni e sidad de Se illa. 41013 Se illa, Spain. 2Depa amen o de P oducción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimen os. Facul ad de Ve e ina ia. Uni e sidad de Za agoza. 50013 Za agoza, Spain. 3Se icio Gene al de In es igación Ag a ia (CITIUS). Uni e sidad de Se illa. 41013 Se illa, Spain Abs ac Fa y acid p o iles a e a majo con ibu o o mea quali y in small uminan s. Ne e heless, while a y acid p o iles om suckling lambs ha e been ex ensi ely s udied hey a e i ually unknown in suckling kids. Fa y acid p o iles o in amuscula and kidney knob a depo s o suckling kids we e compa ed wi h a y acid p o iles o lambs wi h a quali y label in he Spanish ma ke . Fo y suckling kids om Blanca Cel ibé ica (BC), Moncaína (Mo), Neg a Se ana (NS) and Mu ciano G anadina (MG) b eeds and 20 Chu a male suckling lambs labelled wi h ‘Lechazo de Cas illa y León’P o ec ed Geog aphic Indica ion we e slaugh e ed a comme cial li e weigh s (12 kg). In bo h depo s di e ences in he unsa u a ed a y acid p o ile we e obse ed be ween b eeds. The mos p onounced di e ences we e obse ed be ween mea goa b eeds (BC, Mo and NS) and lambs, whils a g ea e simila i y in he a y acid p o ile was obse ed be ween kids om dai y goa b eeds (MG) and lambs. The lowes polyunsa u a ed a y acid con en was obse ed in mea goa b eeds (app oxima ely 21 o 22% o o al a y acids de ec ed in he in amuscula a ). No signi ican di e ences in a he ogenic index and desi able a y acid con en ( ange 68 o 70% o o al a y acids de ec ed) we e obse ed. Howe e , a mo e a ou able (lowe han 8.07) n-6/n-3 a io was obse ed in mea goa b eeds. The use o a y acid p o iles om in amuscula and kidney knob a could be p oposed as a ool o di e en ia e goa kids and lambs. The ac ha in amuscula a om suckling kids and lambs shows app op ia e lipid nu i ional indices and hei low ca cass a ness indica e ha mode a e consump ion o suckling kid and lamb mea may con ibu e o an o e all balanced die o humans. Addi ional key wo ds: goa kid; lamb kid; in amuscula a ; kidney knob a ; gas ch oma og aphy. * Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed] Recei ed: 03-06-13. Accep ed: 10-04-14. Abb e ia ions used: AI (a he ogenic index); BC (Blanca Cel ibé ica mea goa b eed); Ch (Chu a dai y ewe b eed); CLA (conju- ga ed linoleic acid); EEC (Eu opean Economic Communi y); FAME ( a y acid me hyl es e ); FID ( lame ionisa ion de ec o ; GLM (gene al linea model); IMF (in amuscula a ); KKF (kidney knob a ); MG (Mu ciano G anadina dai y goa b eed); Mo (Mon- caína mea goa b eed); MUFA (monounsa u a ed a y acids); NS (Neg a Se ana mea goa b eed); PCA (p incipal componen analysis); PGI (p o ec ed geog aphic indica ion); PUFA (polyunsa u a ed a y acids); SED (s anda d e o o he di e ence); SFA (sa u a ed a y acids). Ins i u o Nacional de In es igación y Tecnología Ag a ia y Alimen a ia (INIA) Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch 2014 12(2): 427-435 h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5424/sja /2014122-4566 ISSN: 1695-971-X eISSN: 2171-9292 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS 428 A. Ho cada e al. / Span J Ag ic Res (2014) 12(2): 427-435 o he adi ional and well-known lamb p oduc ion. Cu en ly in Spain he e a e i e P o ec ed Geog aphic Indica ions (PGI) o lamb bu no p o ec ion schemes exis o kid goa mea . Fa y acid composi ion plays an impo an ole in de ining mea quali y since i is ela ed o di e ences in he nu i ional alue o a o human consump ion and in o ganolep ic a ibu es, especially la ou and ma bling (Wood e al., 2004). In ecen yea s he e has been a g owing in e es in asce aining he a composi ion o mea om small uminan s and, u he mo e, he concep o he ’heal hiness’ o ood is becoming a key quali y issue o consume s. In he case o uminan mea , his concep is la gely ela ed o i s a con en and i s a y acid composi ion, in ac , a ious e e ences o he incidence o n-6 and sa u a ed a y acids on human heal h ha e been epo ed (T ichopoulou & Lagiou, 1997). The a y acid composi ion o a depo s in lambs has been widely epo ed (Díaz e al., 2005; Nue nbe g e al., 2008) whe e he use o he a y acid composi ion o a ious a depo s has been ecommended as a disc imina o o he o igin o lambs (Juá ez e al., 2010). Fu he mo e, ecen expe imen s ha e shown he e ec i eness o he a y acid composi ion o in amuscula a (IMF) depo s as a ool o disc imina e goa b eeds (Ho cada e al., 2012) o he use o kidney knob a (KKF) as a me hod o di e en ia ing he a ening die o goa kids (Mellado e al., 2009). In spi e o his he e ha e been ew compa a i e s udies on he lipid composi ion o kid and ce i ied lamb (Lee e al., 2008; Sinanoglou e al., 2013). The aim o he p esen wo k was o compa e he a y acid p o iles o in amuscula and kidney knob a depo s o suckling kid goa o ou b eeds p oduced unde ypical p oduc ion sys ems in Spain and a suckling lamb wi h a quali y label in he ma ke . The seconda y objec i e o his wo k was also o assess he eliabili y o using a y acid p o iles o ca ego ize species om small uminan s. Ma e ial and me hods Animals Fou g oups o 10 en i e male suckling kids o he Blanca Cel ibé ica (BC), Moncaína (Mo), Neg a Se ana (NS), Mu ciano G anadina (MG) goa b eeds and 20 en i e male suckling lambs o he Chu a (Ch) sheep b eed we e used in his s udy. BC, Mo and NS goa b eeds a e classed as local Spanish mea b eeds. MG is a ecognised dai y b eed ha can be conside ed he main goa b eed in Spain, wi h heads all a ound he wo ld. These b eeds we e chosen as he mos comme cially a ailable b eeds om Sou h Spain. On he o he hand, Ch b eed lambs a e included in he ‘Lechazo de Cas illa y León’ Eu opean PGI quali y label o suckling lamb p oduc ion (Miguélez e al., 2006). The samples ob ained o his s udy we e simila o hose bough by consume s in he ma ke place. All he animals we e ea ed in hei espec i e local a eas and we e aised only on hei mo he ’s milk un il slaugh e ime. The die o goa s and ewes was comp ised o local pas u es and comme cial concen a e ( ange composi ion; 16.0-17.0% c ude p o ein, 4.5-5.1% c ude ib e, 3.5-4.0% o al a , 37-40% s a ch, 1.0-1.4% Ca, and 0.3-0.5% P), ollowing he adi ional p oduc ion sys em. Animals we e selec ed by hei espec i e B eede s’Associa ions, and we e slaugh e ed in win e a he usual comme cial weigh (a ound 12 kg li e weigh ) and ange o 30-35 days old. Slaugh e and pos -slaugh e condi ions Animals we e slaugh e ed in licensed slaugh e - houses acco dingly o he guidelines o Council Regula ion (EC) Nº 1099/2009 (EC, 2009) in hei espec i e a eas o o igin, when hey eached hei comme cial ma ke weigh . Ca cass cha ac e is ics o suckling kids and lambs in ol ed in he p esen s udy ha e been epo ed in a p e ious pape (Sañudo e al., 2012). Ex e nal a ness we e assessed using he 15 poin (1: no g easy; 15: e y g easy) scale p oposed by he Commission Regula ion (EEC) No 461/93 (EEC, 1993). The Longissimus lumbo um muscle o he le hal ca cass was dissec ed 24 h a e slaugh e and a slice o his muscle (IMF) and o KKF we e ob ained. All samples we e acuum-packed and s o ed a –20°C in o de o de e mine he a y acid composi ion. Analy ical p ocedu e Fa y acid me hyl es e s (FAMEs) o IMF and KKF depo s we e ob ained using he me hod p oposed by Fa y acid p o iles o goa and lambs 429 Elmo e e al. (1999) and alida ed by Aldai e al. (2006). Thawed samples (1 g) we e saponi ied in 6 mL o 5 M KOH in me hanol:wa e (50:50, / ) wi h hyd oxyquinone (1 g L–1) a 60°C o 1 h, a e lushing wi h ni ogen. Following his, he mix u e was dilu ed wi h 12 mL o 0.5% NaCl and 5 mL o pe oleum e he . The non-saponi iable ac ion was emo ed. To neu alise he KOH, 3 mL o glacial ace ic acid was added. To ex ac he FAMEs, a double pe oleum e he clea ance was de eloped. The sol en was e apo a ed using ni ogen and he ex ac ed FAMEs we e me hyla ed using 200 µL o ime hylsilyldiazome hane in me hanol: oluene (2:1, / ) a 40°C o 10 min, d ied unde ni ogen and dissol ed in 1mL o n-hexane con aining 50 ppm o bu yla ed hyd oxy oluene. Samples we e cen i uged a 15,000 pm o 5 min and supe na an was ans e ed o analysis. Sepa a ion o FAMEs was ca ied ou using a gas ch oma og aph (GC, Agilen 6890N, Inc., CA, USA) equipped wi h a lame ionisa ion de ec o (FID), and HP 7683 au oma ic sample injec o i ed wi h an HP-88 capilla y column (100 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.2 µm ilm hickness, Agilen Technologies Spain, S.L., Mad id). The ch o- ma og aphic condi ions we e as ollows: ini ial column empe a u e 100°C, p og ammed o inc ease a a a e o 3°C min–1 up o 158°C and hen a a a e o 1.5°C min–1 up o 190°C main aining his empe a u e o 15 min, hen a a a e o 2°C min–1 up o 200°C and hen inc easing again a a a e o 10°C min–1 up o inal empe a u e o 240°C whe e he empe a u e was main ained o 10 min. The injec ion and de ec o we e main ained a 300°C and 320°C espec i ely. Hyd ogen was used as he ca ie gas a a low- a e o 2.7 mL min–1. The spli a io was 17.7:1, and 1 µL o solu ion was injec ed. Nonadecanoic acid me hyl es e a 10 mg mL–1 was used as an in e nal s anda d. Indi idual FAMEs, including he main CLA isome (9cis, 11 ans), we e iden i ied by compa ing hei e en ion imes wi h hose o he s anda d a y acid mix Supelco 37 (Sigma Chemical Co. L d., Poole, UK). Fa y acids we e exp essed as a pe cen age o o al a y acids iden i ied and g ouped as ollows: sa u a ed (SFA), monounsa u a ed (MUFA), poly- unsa u a ed (PUFA), Σn-3 PUFA, Σn-6 PUFA and o al o conjuga ed linoleic acid (CLA). Lipid quali y indices in ela ion wi h human heal h we e calcula ed as ollows: Σn-6PUFA/Σn-3PUFA (n-6/n-3 a io), [C12:0 + 4 (C14:0 + C16:0)] / [(Σn-6+Σn-3) PUFA + C18:1 + ΣMUFA)] (a he ogenic index, AI; Ulb ich & Sou hga e, 1991) and MUFA + PUFA + C18:0 (desi able a y acids; Hue a-Leidenz e al., 1991). Da a analysis A leas -squa e means analysis was pe o med o each a depo using gene al linea model (GLM) p ocedu es wi h one ixed ac o (b eed) and using he SAS s a is ical package (SAS, 1999), wi h he model: Yij = μ+ Xi(1….5) + ej(i) whe e Yij = dependen a iables (pe cen age o a y acids and a ios); μ= mean alue; Xi= mean b eed e ec (Blanca Cel ibé ica; Moncaína; Neg a Se ana, Mu ciano G anadina goa and Chu a sheep b eeds); ej= esidual e o . When F- es s we e signi ican (p<0.05) a Tukey es was used o compa e means, wi h signi icance being se a p<0.05. In o de o summa ise he di e ences be ween animal g oups in ela ion o o e all a y acid p o iles and o analyze he ela i e con ibu ion o a y acid and hei di e en a ios o hese di e ences, wo p incipal componen analyses (PCA) we e ca ied ou , one o each a depo (IMF, and KKF). PCA analyses we e pe o med using he Fac o p ocedu e o SAS so wa e. Resul s Fa y acid p o ile o in amuscula a Mean alues o a y acid composi ion om IMF o kids and lambs a e shown in Table 1. Twen y- i e a y acid molecula species we e iden i ied acco ding o hei ela i e e en ion imes. C18:1 a y acids (including cis and ans isome s) we e he mo e abundan unsa u a ed a y acids in IMF. Among sa u a ed a y acids palmi ic (C16:0) and s ea ic (C18:0) acids we e he mo e abundan . Fo bo h kids and lambs b eeds, he pe cen age o o al unsa u a ed a y acids (PUFA + MUFA) in IMF was highe han o al SFA ( ange 45.3-46.2%). Di e ences in SFA pe cen ages be ween b eeds we e no obse ed, while signi ican di e ences in MUFA (p= 0.042) and PUFA (p= 0.022) we e obse ed among b eeds. MG kids con ained signi ican ly less MUFA han o he b eeds, 430 A. Ho cada e al. / Span J Ag ic Res (2014) 12(2): 427-435 while highe PUFA pe cen age was obse ed in MG kids and Ch lambs (p< 0.05). Fa y acid p o ile o kidney knob a In KKF depo , 24 a y acid molecula species we e iden i ied acco ding o hei ela i e e en ion imes (Table 2). The majo unsa u a ed a y acid in he i e b eeds was C18:1 n-9c, while in he case o sa u a ed a y acids hey we e C16:0, C18:0 and C14:0. All o he b eeds showed highe SFA pe cen age ( ange 55.8- 61.0%) han o al unsa u a ed a y acid (MUFA + PUFA). Di e ences in SFA pe cen age be ween b eeds we e obse ed (p< 0.001). Ch lambs showed he lowes SFA and he highes MUFA pe cen age (p < 0.05). The e we e di e ences in PUFA pe cen age be ween b eeds (p= 0.001). Highes PUFA con en was obse ed in MG b eed (p< 0.05), while lowes was showed in he Mo b eed (p< 0.05). Table 1 Mean alues o a y acids (pe cen age by weigh o o al a y acids de ec ed) o in amuscula a depo om Longissimus lumbo um muscle o suckling kids (BC: Blanca Cel ibé ica, Mo: Moncaína and NS: Neg a Se ana), dai y suckling kids (MG: Mu ciano G anadina) and suckling lambs (Ch: Chu a) Kids  Lambs  BC Mo NS MG Ch SED1Sig. C10:0 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.010 0.512 C12:0 0.15 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.013 0.366 C14:0 2.82 2.91 3.02 3.22 2.91 0.558 0.243 C14:1 0.29ab 0.31b0.28ab 0.23a0.27ab 0.011 0.008 C15:0 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.23 0.26 0.010 0.137 C16:0 26.29 26.34 26.71 27.32 26.39 3.755 0.356 C16:1 2.51 2.12 2.03 2.30 2.04 0.488 0.402 C17:0 0.53b0.44ab 0.40a0.43ab 0.53b0.029 0.049 C18:0 15.88b15.82b15.04b14.59a14.81a1.622 0.005 C18:1n-9 2.52 2.73 2.48 2.36 2.52 0.417 0.830 C18:1n-11 1.25c1.12b1.09b1.14b0.94a0.076 0.037 C18:1n-9c25.84ab 25.84ab 26.57b24.87a26.86b2.599 0.045 C18:2n-6c12.52a13.10b13.58b14.19c13.93c2.595 0.044 C18:3n-6 0.22b0.26b0.22b0.16a0.13a0.005 0.000 C20:0 0.10 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.004 0.754 C18:3n-3 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.001 0.351 C21:0 0.12b0.10ab 0.09a0.11ab 0.08a0.001 0.005 C20:2 0.16 0.13 0.13 0.18 0.15 0.005 0.512 C20:3n-6 0.85b0.72ab 0.79ab 0.90b0.61a0.100 0.037 C20:3n-3 0.09b0.09b0.08b0.08b0.06a0.001 0.041 C20:4n-6 4.40 4.17 3.92 4.57 4.55 1.113 0.295 C20:5n-3 0.46c0.46c0.45b0.42a0.43a0.001 0.008 C22:5n-3 1.32b1.31b1.25ab 1.21a1.24a0.011 0.007 C22:6n-3 0.44c0.44c0.43b0.40a0.41a0.001 0.008 CLA29c,11 0.69c0.79c0.71c0.56b0.43a0.042 0.001 SFA346.18 46.15 45.72 46.17 45.35 3.155 0.193 MUFA432.42b32.12b32.45b30.92a32.51b3.159 0.042 PUFA521.40a21.73a21.83a22.92b22.14b2.297 0.022 n-6/n-3 7.46a7.60b8.07b8.90c8.61c1.005 0.000 AI60.70 0.71 0.71 0.75 0.71 0.005 0.563 Desi able a y acid7(%) 69.70 69.67 69.32 68.42 69.67 3.638 0.662 1SED: s anda d e o de ia ion; 2CLA: conjuga ed linoleic acid; 3SFA: sa u a ed a y acids; 4MUFA: monounsa u a ed a y acids; 5PUFA: polyunsa u a ed a y acids; 6AI: a he ogenic index: [C12:0 + 4(C14:0 + C16:0)] / [(Σn-6 + Σn-3)PUFA + C18:1 + ΣMUFA]; 7Desi able a y acid: MUFA + PUFA + C18:0; a-c alues in ows wi h di e en le e s a e signi ican ly di e en (p≤0.05). Fa y acid p o iles o goa and lambs 431 Lipid quali y indices A compa ison o a y acid a ios o IMF in kids and lambs in ela ion o human heal h a e epo ed in Table 1. B eeds di e ed signi ican ly in n-6/n-3 a io (p< 0.001) and CLA con en (p< 0.001) in IMF, al hough he e we e no signi ican di e ences in o he a ios, such as AI and o al desi able a y acid con en . P incipal componen analysis om a depo s Two p incipal componen s explained 94.2% o he o al a ia ion in in amuscula a y acid composi ion (Fig. 1a). The i s componen (66.9% o o al a iance) was mo e associa ed wi h PUFA and MG and Ch b eeds on he le side, opposi e o MUFA and SFA on he igh side. The second p incipal componen explained 27.3% o a iabili y and was mainly de ined by SFA, associa ed wi h Mo on he uppe side. In KKF (Fig. 1b), he i s wo p incipal componen s explained 91.1% o he o al a iabili y in a y acid composi ion. Func ion 1 (50.8% o he a iabili y) was essen ially de e mined by o al CLA and MUFA and Ch b eed on i s igh side, whe eas Func ion 2 (40.3% o he a iabili y) was mainly de e mined by PUFA con en associa ed wi h MG kid b eed on he uppe side. Discussion All o he ca cass mo phology was as expec ed o he Spanish ma ke (see Sañudo e al., 2012). A e age Table 2. Mean alues o a y acids (pe cen age by weigh o o al a y acids de ec ed) o kidney knob a depo om mea suckling kids (BC: Blanca Cel ibé ica, Mo: Moncaína and NS: Neg a Se ana), dai y suckling kids (MG: Mu ciano G anadina) and suckling lambs (Ch: Chu a) Kids  Lambs  BC Mo NS MG Ch SED1Sig C10:0 0.56c0.50bc 0.55c0.27a0.36ab 0.079 0.001 C12:0 1.19ab 1.13ab 1.53b2.35c0.91a0.359 0.001 C14:0 10.06b10.13b9.99b9.69b7.79a0.731 0.000 C14:1 0.23ab 0.24ab 0.19a0.16a0.31b0.062 0.007 C15:0 0.69cd 0.54b0.60bc 0.37a0.74d0.095 0.000 C16:0 28.81b27.19b27.83b28.41b24.43a1.030 0.001 C16:1 3.84b3.98b4.11b3.19a4.13b0.296 0.001 C17:0 1.28b1.31b1.44b0.71a1.71c0.113 0.000 C18:0 17.59ab 18.60bc 18.70bc 16.36a19.62d1.314 0.006 C18:1n-9 2.06bc 1.56a1.80ab 2.00ab 2.46c0.304 0.000 C18:1n-11 n n n n n — — C18:1n-9c27.50a28.30b26.76a27.86ab 30.37c0.918 0.001 C18:2n-6c2.45a1.99a2.57a4.91b2.74a0.549 0.000 C18:3n-6 0.27bc 0.32c0.33c0.25ab 0.19a0.045 0.000 C20:0 0.14a1.12a0.20b0.09a0.19b0.100 0.000 C18:3n-3 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.000 0.351 C21:0 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.000 0.225 C20:2 0.02ab 0.01a0.02ab 0.03c0.02ab 0.000 0.000 C20:3n-6 0.12ab 0.11a0.11a0.15b0.13ab 0.020 0.044 C20:3n-3 0.02a0.02a0.02a0.03b0.02a0.000 0.035 C20:4n-6 2.54b2.17a2.56b2.58b2.90c0.221 0.000 C20:5n-3 0.01a0.02b0.02b0.01a0.01a0.000 0.007 C22:5n-3 0.07b0.07b0.07b0.06a0.07b0.000 0.008 C22:6n-3 0.03a0.03a0.03a0.03a0.04b0.002 0.008 CLA29c,11 0.46a0.60b0.49a0.42a0.79c0.079 0.000 SFA360.33c59.85c60.87c58.27b55.76a1.043 0.000 MUFA433.63ab 34.76b32.86a33.21a37.27c1.018 0.000 PUFA56.03ab 5.38a6.27b8.52d6.97c0.592 0.001 1SED: s anda d e o de ia ion; 2CLA: conjuga ed linoleic acid; 3SFA: sa u a ed a y acids; 4MUFA: monounsa u a ed a y acids; 5PUFA: polyunsa u a ed a y acids; a-d: alues in ows wi h di e en le e s a e signi ican ly di e en (p≤0.05); n : no de ec ed. 432 A. Ho cada e al. / Span J Ag ic Res (2014) 12(2): 427-435 ca cass weigh anged om 6.56 kg (BC b eed) o 4.38 kg in MG. Ca cass weigh o Ch lambs showed an in e media e alue (5.49 kg). When da a we e co a ia ed by ca cass weigh Ch lambs and MG goa showed he highes a ness sco es (5.37 and 4.05 espec i ely). Ne e heless, esul s o a ness o he mea goa b eeds did no di e signi ican ly (2.81, 2.78 and 2.75 o BC, Mo and NS espec i ely; see Sañudo e al., 2012). Usually, in he aba oi he goa ca cass ha e lowe a ness sco e han sheep. In his case, he e we e ewe di e ences be ween ca cass a ness o Ch and dai y goa b eed (MG) han among mea goa b eeds. The a ness o he Ch ca casses was he ypical o he comme cial ype acco ding o Lechazo de Cas illa y León PGI (Miguélez e al., 2006). Fa y acid p o ile o in amuscula and kidney knob a Fa y acid p o ile o IMF om kids (BC, Mo, NS, MG b eeds) and Ch lambs (Table 1) a e in line wi h hose epo ed in small uminan animals aised in coun ies o he Medi e anean a ea (Sinanoglou e al., 2013). In ac , o al C18:1 a y acids (28.4 o 30.3%) a e in ag eemen wi h hose epo ed by Ho cada e al. (2012) in kids and Díaz e al. (2005) in lambs. The g ea es pe cen ages o SFA we e o C16:0 and C18:0 a y acids, as expec ed in he IMF depo o uminan s (Banskalie a e al., 2000; Wood e al., 2008). Di e ences in mos o SFA be ween b eeds we e no obse ed, in disag eemen wi h Tshabalala e al. (2003) and Lee e al. (2008) who epo ed di e en SFA pe cen ages in in amuscula depo be ween goa and lambs. In he case o MUFA, MG kids con ained p opo ionally less MUFA han o he b eeds, including Ch lambs, because o he lowes C18:1n-9cshowed. Rega ding PUFA, highe pe cen age o PUFA was obse ed in Ch lambs and dai y kids (MG) han in he mea goa b eeds. Many esea che s ha e epo ed he in luence o mo he ’s milk in he a y acid composi ion o a depo s o suckling small uminan s (Rojas e al., 1994; Wood e al., 2008). A his age o slaugh e , whe e a sa u a ion by uminal e ec is no e iden , e idence o a highe e iciency o deposi ion o unsa u a ed a y acids in g eased animals han in lean animals could be expec ed. This obse a ion was epo ed by Mad uga e al. (2006) and Ho cada e al. (2009) ha showed highe con en o unsa u a ed a y acids in g eased lambs ( emales) han in leane animals (males). Va ia ion in a y acid composi ion has an impo an e ec on la ou de elopmen du ing cooking (Campo e al., 2003). Along hese lines, i has been epo ed ha b anched-chain a y acids o medium chain leng h / / Figu e 1. P ojec ion o a y acid pe cen ages and a ios o in amuscula a depo (a) and kidney knob a depo s (b) on he plane de ined by wo p incipal componen s. CLA: conjuga ed linoleic acid; SFA: sa u a ed a y acids; MUFA: monounsa u a ed a y acids; PUFA: polyunsa u a ed a y acids; BC: Blanca Cel ibé ica goa b eed; Mo: Moncaína goa b eed; NS: Neg a Se ana goa b eed; MG: Mu ciano G anadina goa b eed; Ch: Chu a sheep b eed; DesFAindex: MUFA + PUFA + C18:0. A he ogenic index: [C12:0 + 4(C14:0 + C16:0)] / [(Σn-6 + Σn-3)PUFA + C18:1 + ΣMUFA]. Fa y acid p o iles o goa and lambs 433 a e impo an cons i uen s o he la ou and odou o lamb mea (Young e al., 1997). The abili y o unsa u a ed a y acids, especially hose wi h mo e han wo double bonds, o apidly oxidise du ing cooking and p oduce a oma ic compounds such as aldehydes, alcohols and ke ones has been assessed (Wood e al., 2004). Some o hese aldehydes a e mo e likely o de i e om C18:3n-3 and C18:3n-6 isome s. In IMF depo , di e ences in C18:3n-3 p opo ions be ween kid b eeds and Ch lambs we e no obse ed, while C18:3n-6 p opo ion was highe in mea kids han in dai y kids and lambs. We could assume ha C18:3n-6 di e ences obse ed be ween b eeds o young kids and lambs could help o di e en ia e he la ou o mea om mea kids and o he b eeds analyzed. On he o he hand, Sañudo e al., (2000) epo ed ha C18:0 is posi i ely co ela ed wi h odou and la ou in ensi y and nega i ely wi h C18:2. In he cu en s udy, samples om mea b eed kids (BC, Mo and NS) con ained highe pe cen ages o C18:0 and lowe pe cen ages o C18:2n-6 han dai y kids o Ch lambs. Hence, a highe la ou in ensi y could be expec ed om samples om mea kids han dai y kid o Ch lambs. Howe e , o he c i e ia in ela ionship wi h o al a con en in mea mus be conside ed when in ensi y o odou and la ou o mea is e alua ed. In ac , Mad uga e al. (2013) epo ed ha high o al a con en om lambs is associa ed wi h a highe in ensi y o la ou compa ed wi h goa s because i has a highe concen a ion o ola ile compounds de i ed om lipids, mainly sa u a ed lipids. In ou s udy, Ch lambs showed highe a ness sco es (see Sañudo e al., 2012). Hence, a g ea e in ensi y o odou and la ou in mea om lambs han kids can be expec ed. In e e ence o KK a (Table 2), he majo un- sa u a ed a y acid in he i e b eeds was C18:1n-9c ( ange 27.5 o 30.37) as epo ed by Zygoyiannis e al. (1992) in suckling kids and Cañeque e al. (2005) in lambs. The highes SFA we e C16:0, C18:0 and C14:0, as co esponding o KK a o uminan s (Díaz e al., 2005; Mellado e al., 2009). These ou a y acids accoun ed o o e 82% o o al a y acids in KK a o all b eeds s udied. Clea signi ican di e ences be ween kids and lambs we e obse ed o o al SFA, MUFA and PUFA pe cen ages (Table 2). The ela i e con en o SFA was highe in all kid b eeds han in lambs, and he highes SFA con en was obse ed in mea kids (BC, Mo and NS). In luence o b eed on SFA o KK a can be p oposed (Sinanoglou e al., 2013). Highe MUFA con en was obse ed in Ch lambs han in kids (Table 2), while o PUFA con en he e we e no clea di e ences be ween kids and Ch lambs. Lipid quali y indices The e has been inc easing in e es o e ecen yea s o in es iga e mo e abou he implica ions o a consump ion on human heal h and a ious a y acid a ios ha e been p oposed as ecommenda ions (Van Ho n e al., 2008). Fo some ime, he n-6/n-3 a io has been used as an indica o o he ole o a y acids in he incidence o ca diogenic diseases. Nu i ionis s epo ed ha a balance in he die be ween n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA wi h a a io below 4 is ecommended o p e en co ona y hea diseases. The n-6/n-3 a io o IMF in kids and Ch lambs shown in his wo k (Table 1) is in line wi h he a ios epo ed o comme cial Spanish lambs ( ange 6.4 o 8.4; Díaz e al., 2005) and highe ha hose epo ed by Sinanoglou e al. (2013) in G eek b eeds o small uminan s ( ange 2.9 o 5.8). Ch lambs and MG kids displayed a highe and un a ou able n-6/n-3 a io han mea kid b eeds (BC, Mo and NS), as hey showed he highes pe cen age o PUFA C18:2 n-6cand lowes o long chain n-3 a y acids (C20:5n-3; C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3) (Table 1). These di e ences can be a ibu ed o di e ences in ca cass a ness be ween kids om mea b eeds and kids om dai y b eeds (MG) and Ch lambs. Sañudo e al. (2012) epo ed highe ca cass a ness in MG and Ch lambs han mea kid b eeds when ca cass weigh was used as a co a ia e. The AI can be conside ed a sui able measu e o he a he ogenici y o oods (Ulb ich & Sou hga e, 1991). In gene al, anges o 0.5 o 1 in mea a s ha e been epo ed (Tu an e al., 2007), while alues less han 0.5 ha e been desc ibed in ege ables oils. In his wo k, he AI was in he ange desc ibed o mea (0.70-0.75). Signi ican di e ences in he AI be ween b eeds we e no obse ed. This inding sugges s ha in small uminan s his a io is no in luenced by gene ics ac o s o di e ences in a deposi ion. Howe e , Sinanoglou e al. (2013) epo ed signi ican di e ences in he hype choles e olemic index (sum o C14:0 and C16: 0) in he IMF be ween kids and lambs. Acco ding o hese au ho s, hese di e ences a e mainly associa ed wi h gene ic ac o s. Desi able a y acids can be conside ed as a good indica o o he ela i e nu i ional mea alues o di e en animal species (Hue a-Leidenz e al., 1991). This index includes MUFA + PUFA and C18:0. These a y acids, ha ep esen he majo i y o muscle a , 434 A. Ho cada e al. / Span J Ag ic Res (2014) 12(2): 427-435 ha e a ou able implica ions on consume s’heal h. In ac , i has been epo ed ha C18:1n-9cdec eases blood choles e ol con en (Binkoski e al., 2005). The a e age pe cen age o desi able a y acids o IMF in kids and lambs was g ea e han 68%. O he au ho s epo ed simila esul s in o he goa b eeds ( ange 67- 70%; Mushi e al., 2010), while somewha lowe alues ha e been epo ed on Manchego lambs (66.3%; Cañeque e al., 2005). No signi ican di e ences in he composi ion o desi able a y acids among he ou b eeds o goa s and Ch lambs we e obse ed (Table 2), indica ing ha gene ic ac o s migh no in luence he desi able a con en in suckling small uminan . Conjuga ed linoleic acid isome s (CLA) ha e ecei ed much a en ion due o hei heal h p omo ing e ec s. In ac , a pu a i e an i-a he ogenic e ec o CLA 9c,11 has been conside ed (Pa iza e al., 2001). IMF om mea kids (BC, Mo and NS) showed a highe (p< 0.05) pe cen age o CLA han dai y kids (MG) and Ch lambs. While, in KKF highes CLA 9c,11 con en was obse ed in Ch lambs (Table 2). Hence, in young small uminan s, he e ec s o pu pose, b eed o species on CLA con en is no clea and o he ac o s such as he composi ion o mo he milk o di e ences in desa u ase ac i i y o a y acids om IMF and KKF should be conside ed. P incipal componen analysis Two p incipal componen s analyses (PCA), including he main a ios ob ained om he a y acid p o ile o IMF and KKF we e pe o med. In he PCA o he IMF, Ch lambs we e loca ed wi h MG kids on he le side, close o PUFA (Fig. 1a). In he opposi e side, SFA con en was close o he Mo and BC kid b eeds. This esul would show he di e ences in he a y acid composi ion be ween a e ca casses (MG and Ch) and leane ca casses (BC and Mo). This obse a ion is in ag eemen wi h esul s epo ed by Ho cada e al. (2012) om a ious Spanish goa b eeds. On he o he hand, Ch lambs appea ed clea ly dis inguished in a di e en quad an (lowe le ) om goa b eeds. The PCA including a ious a y acid a ios and indices o KKF (Fig. 1b) shows a clea sepa a ion be ween Ch lambs and all kid b eeds acco ding o Func ion 1. Ch lambs we e loca ed on he igh side o he Fig. 2 close o CLA and MUFA, in ag eemen wi h hei highe alues o MUFA and CLA 9c,11 in KKF depo (Table 2). In a ecen wo k using a ious lipid quali y indices om G eek b eeds, Sinanoglou e al. (2013) showed ha PCA analysis is an e icien ool o he clas- si ica ion o small uminan b eeds and species because each one has hei own cha ac e is ic lipid p o ile. This obse a ion can be epo ed o comme cial ca casses o Spanish kids and lambs when lipid quali y indices o IMF and KKF depo s a e included in PCA analysis. In conclusion, he mos e iden di e ences in a y acid p o iles in issues we e obse ed be ween mea goa b eeds and lambs, whils simila i ies be ween he dai y goa b eed and lambs we e de ec ed. The use o in amuscula and kidney knob a depo s o disc i- mina e comme cial suckling kids and lambs acco ding o hei a y acid p o iles could be sugges ed. The ac ha in amuscula a om suckling kid and lamb mea show an app op ia e lipid indices associa ed wi h low a con en , indica es ha mode a e consump ion o suckling kid and lamb mea may con ibu e o an o e all balanced die o humans. Acknowledgemen s The au ho s wish o acknowledge he inancial suppo ecei ed om he CICYT (AGL-2005-05777- C02-01) and o all o he membe s o he Quali y and Mea Technology G oup o hei echnical assis ance when i was needed. Re e ences Aldai N, Oso o K, Ba on LJ, Naje a A, 2006. 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