E hnological Values and Oppo uni ies o Es ablishing a
He i age Policy a ound Tuna- apping in Andalusia
(Spain)
Da id Flo ido-Co al
56
Tuna- apping in Andalusia
Da id Flo ido-Co al
Lec u e in Social An h opology, Uni e si y o Se ille
1. In oduc ion
Blue in una ishing ha s ill con inues oday along
he wes e n coas o Andalusia (in Ta i a, Zaha a de los
A unes, Ba ba e and Conil and o he places a ound he
S ai s o Gib al a ) (Pla e 1. map) is an ancien p ac ice
– oo ed in he Phoenician/Punic/Roman pe iod (Ga cia
Va gas: 2001; Ga cia Va gas & Flo ido-Co al: 2011, p.241).
I has seen g ea changes o e he yea s wi h espec o
bo h he echnical sys ems used and he social, poli ical and
economic ne wo ks in ol ed (Flo ido: 2005).
A una- ap is a passi e o m o ishing used p ima ily
o ca ching blue in una (
Thunnus hynnus
)1 in huge ap
ne s. This is done in wo phases: du ing he so-called
almad aba de de echo
(in an inwa d-bound ap), when
he ish swim close o he Andalusian coas in he S ai s
o Gib al a du ing hei gene ic mig a ion om he
A lan ic o hei b eeding g ounds in he wa me wa e s
o he Medi e anean which a e ideal o spawning; and
on he e u n jou ney, he
almad aba de e és
(in an
ou wa d-bound ap), as he una again pass h ough he
ABSTRACT
The subjec o his s udy is una ishing wi h aps (also
called pound ne s and
seines
) adi ionally ca ied ou o
he A lan ic coas o Andalusia in he S ai s o Gib al a .
The s udy is di ided in o wo main pa s: he i s se s ou
a concep o he i age ha s esses i s e hnological angle.
A ange o cul u al aspec s and ace s o ishing ha may
be applied in classi ying una- apping as he i age is
o e ed, wi h emphasis on he imma e ial and in angible.
The second pa econs uc s he e alua ion o una-
apping in wo dis inc ways: one ela ing o i s memo y
and undeniable ascina ion o gene a ions o w i e s and
o he a is s who ha e ocused hei a en ion on ishing;
he second o e s s a egies o classi ying ce ain aspec s
o p esen -day una- apping ha could be alida ed as
‘he i age’, o illus a e eal and possible, good and poo
managemen p ac ices.
Keywo ds
imma e ial he i age, e hnological he i age, he i age
managemen , Andalusia, S ai s o Gib al a , una ishing
ne s, una- apping, adi ion, he i agisa ion.
E hnological Values and
Oppo uni ies o Es ablishing
a He i age Policy a ound
Tuna- apping in Andalusia (Spain)
Vol.8 2013 In e na ional Jou nal o In angible He i age 57
S ai s in sea ch o he ood on which hey go ge in he
A lan ic. Fishing commences a he beginning o Ap il,
and he gene ic mig a ion ap phase is o e by 24 h June
(midsumme ’s day); ishing wi h he ou wa d-bound
aps goes on un il Augus . Schools o una app oach he
A lan ic coas o he S ai s du ing speci ic en i onmen al
condi ions–when he e is an eas wind o one om he
sou h o sou h-eas , when he wa e s a e clea , o when
he una a e being chased by kille whales. The ishing
cycle epea s i sel almos iden ically each yea : i begins
in Ma ch, wi h he ishing gea being p epa ed and
deployed, and con inues om summe (inwa d-bound) o
ea ly au umn (ou wa d-bound) ending wi h he ishing
gea being aken in and he epai o he essels and
equipmen du ing he win e .
Up o he nine een-eigh ies, he una economy was
based on ish p ocessing and ma ke ing (cu ing and
sal ing ish and canning in oil [which came in a he
beginning o he wen ie h cen u y]. Howe e , ha his
ype o ishing con inues oday can be explained by una
ha ing become a much sough -a e commodi y ( h ough
deep eezing) on he Japanese ma ke . F om he la e
medie al pe iod, una- apping was a ac o in popula ing
he coas , bo h o he Cas ilian kings and queens and
he mo e p ominen noble amilies, un il amilies o
en ep eneu s ook o e una- apping in he mid
nine een h cen u y. A la ge numbe o hese amilies
o igina ed om he Spanish Medi e anean whe e hey
p ac ised his me hod o ishing un il he mid- wen ie h
cen u y. Fo se en cen u ies, Andalusian A lan ic una-
apping consis ed o wo majo echnical and socio-
economic sys ems: up o he 18 h cen u y he so-called
is a
and
i o ap
(a ‘spo and pull’ sys em wi h mo eable
ne s) was managed by he nobili y ( he Duchy o Medina-
Sidonia), which had been g an ed a monopoly by he
c own o deploy ishing gea . The gea was o med by
la ge mo eable beach-
seines
which we e ope a ed by
people on he sho e pulling hem igh as he una passed
h ough hem. In he 18 h and 19 h cen u ies, he
Spanish c own wan ed o ee ishing om ducal con ol
and wi hd ew he monopoly om he Duchy. The sys em
used om hen on was a ixed ap, which was mo e
e icien a ca ching una and equi ed ewe people o
ope a e i .
The e a e wo undamen al easons o his s udy.
Fi s ly, he e is a his o ical con inui y o Andalusian
A lan ic coas una- apping ha has gi en ise o social
iden i ies which oday a e unde h ea . Secondly, he aps
ha e enabled a aluable cul u al uni e se o be
cons uc ed, especially as a as i s in angible ace s a e
conce ned. As a ishing sys em, i enables us o ca ch a
glimpse o an age-old way o exploi ing na u e. The means
ha ha e been used o exploi una ishe ies a e
in elligence, physical s eng h and highly-de eloped
senses, he h ee powe s ha Zeus had o mas e in o de
o c own himsel as king o he immo al gods.2 Wi h hese
h ee powe s he ishe olk managed o u n an amazing,
ye un elen ing, na u al phenomenon in o a deep- oo ed
Pla e 1
Map. The e a e cu en ly ou una- apping ishe ies s ill ac i e in he Andalusian Sou h A lan ic
(Spain), al hough du ing he i s hi d o he 20 h cen u y he e we e as many as ele en all wo king a
he same ime. Sou ce: Google Maps.
58
Tuna- apping in Andalusia
socio-cul u al eali y. In his monumen al pain ing, ‘Tuna
Fishing’ (1966/67) (Pla e 2), Sal ado Dali akes he
s uggle be ween he gods o Moun Olympus and he
Ti ans as hey a e shown on he G ea Al a o Pe gamon
as his model o ep esen ishing. Fishing is he e o e
in e p e ed as a me apho o he my hical s uggle
be ween Man and Na u e (Rome o de Solís: 1996, p.168).
2. App oaches o he concep o
e hnological he i age and i s applica ion o
una- apping
He i age is a concep ha is di icul o pin down. I
o e lows wi h conno a ions, such as ‘ adi ion’, ‘ he pas ’
and ‘immu abili y’. These no ions a e indeed a i s co e,
as hey implici ly acknowledge ha he concep ca ies a
legacy o alues and cul u al asse s ha ha e been
handed down he gene a ions unchanged, bu hey a e
incapable o illus a ing wo undamen al aspec s: (i) ha
he i age is always he end esul o a p ocess o selec ion
om he p esen , which means ha all elemen s o
he i age a e pa o he p esen , o con empo anei y, and
(ii) ha he elemen s o a cul u e ha a e chosen as
he i age change wi h ime. This has wo consequences:
he elemen s ha make up he i age a e hemsel es
dynamic and hyb id, he esul o in luences and changes
(and o he con inuous cycle o des uc ion and
ec ea ion), as he aw ma e ial o cul u e is cons an ly
e-wo ked in he same way ha he sea e-wo ks he
sho e. Secondly, socie ies change hei opinions as o
wha cons i u es he i age and wha selec ion c i e ia a e
app op ia e o classi ying he i age.
Some s udies ha e al eady clea ly es ablished wha
he undamen al ends in Eu opean his o y a e ega ding
he concep o he i age (A iño: 2002a). They ha e plo ed
a line ha goes om he monumen al o he popula ,
om he ma e ial o he imma e ial, om he eli is o
he popula , om he aes he ic-a is ic o he indigenous-
e hnological, and which can c ea e social iden i y.
E hnological he i age comes om choosing aspec s o
cul u e ha ha e cha ac e ised social collec i es o e
ime, and which ha e come o be o midable engines o
c ea ing social iden i y in he mo ass o globalisa ion
(A iño: 2002b, p.335). These mo e-o -less ecognisable
his o ical dynamics ha e o be unde s ood in a social and
ideological con ex as c ea ing hei own s uc u al
amewo k in which he i age eme ges as a unique
ca ego y. Fi s ly, his amewo k was linked ( om he
18 h cen u y onwa ds) o poli ics, in as much as he i age
had o sus ain he p ocesses o na ionalism ha a e
cha ac e is ic o mode nism; hen, om he second hal
o he 19 h cen u y onwa ds, he economic angle began
o e ol e, linked o ou ism and he cul u e indus y along
wi h academic and scien i ic in e es s. The concomi ance
be ween he mode n concep o ‘e hnological he i age’
and he no ion o ‘an h opological cul u e’ can be
s essed in his espec (Ca e a: 2009).
Pla e 2
Tuna ishing - a e lec ion by Sal ado Dali on he s uggle be ween Man and Na u e along he Ibe ian Medi e anean coas .
1966-7 (304 x 404 cms) Sou ce: Paul Rica d Founda ion, Bundol.
Vol.8 2013 In e na ional Jou nal o In angible He i age 59
O all he a ie ies o he i age, e hnici y is one o he
mos ecen (da ing om he second hal o he 19 h
cen u y), as i is linked o aspec s ha we e no ega ded
as aluable un il g ea s ides had been aken in
mode nism, when ca ego ies such as ‘people’,
‘ adi ions’, ‘cus oms’, ‘ olklo e’ e c., began o acqui e
some ele ance, whe he poli ical, economic o
academic. The imma e ial aspec s o cul u e - belie
sys ems, eligions, ideas, p oduc i e ac i i ies,
ela ionships wi h eco-sys ems, landscapes, li e a y
and musical o ms - e e y hing ha had o med pa o
he ways o li e o he di e en collec i es, began o be
pe cei ed as an
ad hoc
ca ego y - he e hnological, he
indigenous, he cha ac e is ics o local socie ies. This
awa eness led o singula i y, bo h in e nally and
ex e nally, allowing he e y people who we e a he
cen e o hese ypes o cul u e o become awa e o
hei uniqueness, and o schola s, local and/o
na ional poli icians and ou is s, summoned by a
unique and seduc i e ‘o he ness’, o alue hese
supposedly i eplaceable and ascina ing aspec s o
o he people’s li es.
In con empo a y socie ies, a ea u e o he way he i age
is ea ed has been epea ed again and again: a
pa adoxical ela ionship in which aspec s ha seemed
‘ o eign’, ‘exo ic’ and ‘peculia ’ we e plucked om pas
cul u es by he p esen , and i e ocable links o ged wi h
hem. This linkage occu ed h ough a dual ela ionship o
‘ o eignness’ and p oximi y, o exclusion and inclusion. I
seemed o be a ascina ion o some hing ha was, o a
leas was pe cei ed o be, going h ough a p ocess o
i e e sible change, o e en disappea ing o e e . This
so-called
awa eness o he o eignness o he pas
(A iño:
2002b, p.230; Lowen hal: 1998, p.28 ), is a cha ac e is ic
ideological ea u e o mode n socie ies (meaning 18 h and
19 h cen u ies in Eu opean e ms), and became a key
ac o in he c ea ion o he mode n no ion o he i age, a
he same ime as i led o he ‘musei ica ion’,
emblema isa ion and objec i ica ion o he pas , d awing a
clea line in he sand wi h espec o i s con inui y. Fo in
con empo a y socie ies, when hey a e no longe
unc ional, adi ions a e ‘disco e ed’, o ‘in en ed’
(McKeon: 2004, p.176 ), and hey a e u ned in o ‘he i age’
(Koeckel: 2007, p.20). In his way, wha once was pa o
he e e yday li e o collec i es becomes o ally o pa ially
de ached om hem; wha was implici , becomes explici
o ‘a cul objec ’, he subjec o ‘musealisa ion’, o
academic e lec ion, o a poli ical p ojec o a cul u al and/
o ou is indus y. This is he pa adox o ‘he i agisa ion’
p ocesses in con empo a y socie ies (A iño: 2002b, p.245),
as he ac ion o he i agisa ion has ens he p ocess o
i e e sible me amo phosis, e en when he in en ion is o
sa egua d a adi ion.
In he case o Andalusian A lan ic una- apping, i
should be s essed ha , om he ime ha hey began o
be used a he end o he Middle Ages, aps we e o
many yea s linked o he mos dis inguished nobili y,
especially he House o Medina Sidonia. Fishing was hus
uniquely p i ileged h oughou his pe iod, a p es igious
posi ion os e ed e en mo e by he subs an ial e enue
ha he Duchy ecei ed, pa icula ly du ing he 16 h
cen u y. Th oughou his golden pe iod he Dukes used
o eloca e hei households o he beach and spend he
apping season he e, in i ing oyal and noble
pe sonages o come and admi e he spec acle o Man’s
s uggle agains Na u e in o de o ob ain sus enance,
while making a ( inancial) killing in he p ocess. In he
16 h cen u y, he whole coas line s e ching om Conil o
Ta i a, wi h Zaha a de los A unes a i s cen e poin , was
known as he ‘Xa egue Republic’, as i i we e a on ie
s a e bo de ing on he Be be enemy who inhabi ed he
sou he n sho e o he Medi e anean. Thus a li e a y,
cho og aphic and essayis adi ion was bo n be ween
he 15 h and he 19 h cen u ies which ega ded he
phenomenon as
mi abilia,
such was he admi a ion i
a ac ed om locals and ou side s alike. I s linkage o
he Duchy o Medina Sidonia, one o he mos powe ul
noble amilies in he Cas ilian a is oc acy unde he
Ancien Régime
( om he end o he 13 h cen u y o he
mid 19 h cen u y), was a ac o in he p es ige ha una-
apping enjoyed in he pas (Flo ido: 2005, p.23 ). I
could e en be said ha he ex s, d awings, maps and
plans c ea ed a legacy which a icula es he he i age o
he
Ancien Régime
– a he i age linked o eli es, o majo
economic signi icance and sepa a e om he gene al
popula ion. Tuna- apping has always been unique. As
Sáñez Regua , a na al Wa Commissione , a membe o
he Socie ies o F iends o he Coun y, and au ho o he
His o ical Dic iona y o Na ional Fishe y A ,
published in
i e olumes (1791-1795), ecognised a he end o he
18 h cen u y …
his is a mos ingenious and in e es ing
ype o ishing, wi hou equal o his day, able o
demons a e he poin which he ishing indus y has
eached in an obse ing p ac ice
(1791, I: p.11). By

60
Tuna- apping in Andalusia
p esen ing he una ishe s as almos naked men and
women, hei lea he y skins ha dened by he sun, ai and
sal h ough spending hei li es on he beach, a
s e eo yped image was o med ha ga e hese ishe olk
and hei amilies hei place wi hin he con ines o he
ci ilised wo ld. So, in he 16 h cen u y, he Duke and
Duchess o Medina Sidonia o ganised e angelising
missions o hei spi i ual edemp ion (An ón Solé: 1965;
He e a Puga: 1981). The Duchy also ca ied ou he
mili a y ec ui men o pe sonnel, which mean ha
begga s and hose ound guil y by he cou s could end up
being o ced o wo k on he Duke’s una- aps in a land ha
bo de ed on Ba ba y. The li e a y and map-making
adi ion ha was shaped a ound una- apping ec ea ed
i s sa age and exo ic side, despi e una ishing being a
ecu en and commonplace sigh on Andalusian beaches
du ing he sp ing and summe mon hs. In he 20 h cen u y,
man’s wonde a he g ea una- aps s ill e e be a ed in
li e a y and pic o ial wo ks and in a ious documen a ies
abou he indus y (F ías and Moya: 2005).3
Bu om he inal hi d o he 19 h cen u y, and
du ing he whole o he 20 h, he social pe cep ion o
ishing ook on o he meanings oo. Du ing he decades
when p oduc ion was buoyan , he ingenui y o his
me hod o ishing, despi e i s imposing ack- eco d in
his o y, was linked o he onwa d ma ch o indus ial
capi alism h ough he echnological inno a ions in
canning and dis ibu ion by oad and ail. Howe e , in he
las hi d o he 20 h cen u y, when p oduc ion s a ed o
decline sha ply, he dominan pe cep ion o una-
apping has been one o a isanal, ecological and
socially sus ainable ishing, based on he know-how o
he essels’ skippe s and deckhands. This is when a
no ion o he i age appea s ha app oxima es mo e o he
mode n concep o ‘cul u al he i age’, and his is wha
enables he classi ica ion o una- apping as
‘e hnological’ he i age in as much as i s p ac ices, i s
echnological a e ac s and know-how, and i s
landscapes a e linked o
ways o li e, cul u e, ac i i ies
and means o p oduc ion ha a e pa o he Andalusian
communi y
(A icle 61 o Law 14/2007, conce ning he
His o ical He i age o Andalusia).
In he same way, he concep o ‘in angible cul u al
he i age’, as de ined by UNESCO in i s
Con en ion o he
Sa egua ding o he In angible Cul u al He i age
(UNESCO, 2003),4 is pe ec ly applicable o he subjec o
his s udy. As he cul u al de ices his o ically de ised by
sea- a ing ishing socie ies ha e been concei ed and
ashioned o in e ac wi h he na u al and socio-cul u al
en i onmen , i can be deduced om his ha hey
gene a e a hugely e ec i e collec i e pe cep ion o
his o ical con inui y and g oup iden i y o which he
adminis a ion’s agencies mus be mind ul.
In o he wo ds, in he inal analysis, una- apping is
conside ed o be an exp ession by he local people o a
way o acqui ing a esou ce, es ablishing cha ac e is ic
social and e i o ial s uc u es and p oducing knowledge
sys ems ha a e apposi e o hese me hods. A he same
ime, una- apping is also in e es ing as i can no longe
be iden i ied wi h he Duchy, o wi h a speci ic a ea, bu
wi h he Medi e anean, o wi h Andalusia, as a social,
e i o ial and cul u al en i y a one and he same ime.
The pa adoxical ela ionship cha ac e is ic o mode n
socie ies can also be seen in he way ha una- apping is
ea ed in he i age e ms, as i s ‘he i agisa ion’ begins o
connec wi h an awa eness o i s c i ical si ua ion and he
h ea o i disappea ing all oge he .
My hypo hesis is, he e o e, ha social iden i y
depends p ima ily on h ee adical cul u al sys ems
which a e linked o o m a complex whole: cul u al
sys ems associa ed wi h p oduc ion p ocesses (wo k
cul u es); hose which a ise ou o he dis inc ion
be ween gende s (sex/gende cul u es), and hose ha
esul om belonging o socio-e hnic eali ies (e hnic
cul u es, which a e di e se in he case o una- apping,
coming om bo h wi hin and beyond he Ibe ian
peninsula). O he a iables o social s uc u e should be
men ioned, such as age and local place o o igin, which
con inue o be impo an in una- apping. One o he
mos powe ul he i age alues is ha una- apping has
o ged hea ily segmen ed and he e ogeneous e i o ies
and social sys ems, bo h unde he s a i ied class sys em
(up o he 18 h/19 h cen u ies) and unde he capi alis
sys em. Indi iduals we e anked acco ding o hei job
wi hin he indus y, hei local and socio-e hnic o igin,
hei le el o echnical expe ise and hei gende . And
since e y ea ly imes, he demog aphic, social and
cul u al his o y o his ishe y has been cha ac e ised by
hyb idisa ion: Be be sla es, Po uguese, I alians,
Valencians and o he s om he wes e n and eas e n
ex emes o Andalusia skippe ed and manned he essels.
Ca alonian, Galician, Valencian and I alian en ep eneu s
and ade s om h oughou he mode n Ch is ian wo ld
- hey a e he A lan eans o his his o ical expe ience.
Vol.8 2013 In e na ional Jou nal o In angible He i age 61
In sho , una- apping is a cul u al ac i i y, i.e., i has
nume ous ace s - economic, ideological, eligious,
poli ical, social, employmen and so on. As B. Malinowski
explained when e e ing o he T ob ian Island canoe,
behind e e y cul u al elemen is concealed a se o
p ac ices, men al ep esen a ions, socially-es ablished
alues and socially-o ganised ins i u ions ha mus be
app oached om a holis ic poin o iew. I will be he
expe , ei he wi h a heo e ical oca ion, o wi h
museog aphic in en ions, who will ha e o econs uc
he e hnological eali y o his se o a e ac s,
ela ionships and sys ems om a con ex ual pe spec i e.
The epis emological posi ion ha is he e o e
championed he e is ha which e eals he a ious
dimensions ha cul u al elemen s enjoy (See appendix),
anscending he old and much less ui ul deba e
be ween he ma e iali y and non-ma e iali y o cul u e.
So, he e hnological dimensions o cul u al goods ha
ha e o be aken in o accoun a e di e se. They include
he e i o ial aces and landma ks o he ishing
ac i i ies (a chaeological emains, buildings and
indus ial in as uc u es); a e ac s and echnical o
economic ins i u ions o he exploi a ion o he
en i onmen (boa s, ne s, and ishing gea ) o in angibles
like e nacula knowledge, alues and ideological
ep esen a ions linked o he indus y; social
ela ionships in ol ed in p oduc ion and ade sys ems;
managemen and poli ical ins i u ions and p ac ices and
he documen ed e idence o his adi ion; e idence o
social ac i i y beyond he boa s and wo king en i onmen
(economic and social household s a egies, socialisa ion
pa e ns, he pe cep ion and o ganisa ion o ime, he
gende ing o social p ac ices); gas onomic adi ions;
i ual p ac ices and es i als; o speci ic linguis ic
exp essions and ocabula y. Fu he mo e, he una- ap
has gene a ed a documen a y, li e a y, pic o ial and
audio- isual legacy which shows ha una- apping has
been app ecia ed o e ime as an excep ional ac i i y.
This lis will hope ully open up he concep o
e hnological he i age o ins i u ions and p ocesses ha
a e no commonly included, wi hou lea ing ou he mo e
adi ional p ocesses. I was in ended o highligh aspec s
which, in an app op ia e con ex and unde a speci ic
cul u al policy, could be classed as ‘he i age’ because
hey comply wi h all he cha ac e is ic ea u es o
e hnological he i age.
3. Wha should be he basic p inciples
in o ming a he i age policy o una- apping,
and wha ‘he i agisa ion’ s a egies would
be app op ia e?
A he i age policy o una- apping should comply
wi h he ollowing p inciples:
(i) Main aining a balance be ween he whole ange o
objec i es ha all he i age esou ce managemen
should comply wi h - esea ch, conse a ion and
ac i a ion. I he esea ch in ol es e hnog aphical
scien i ic knowledge and is embodied in he ca aloguing
o cul u al asse s wi h e hnological alue, conse a ion
in ol es es o a ion and p ese a ion, while ac i a ion
equi es ac ions o exhibi ing, dissemina ing and
alo ising wi h he aim o p ese ing memo ies, e c.
These ac ions should be unde aken by a ious agencies:
public bodies, ci il socie y o ganisa ions and inancial
bodies. He i age is in e p e ed by c ea ing links o
eedback be ween socie y and he cul u al elemen s ha
ha e been selec ed o be ensh ined as ‘he i age’ (Ma ín:
2006, p.205). Consequen ly, he e alua ion o he i age
should be nei he an a ai es ic ed o he sphe e o
science, no should i be unde aken o he bene i o
some speci ic eli e, and nei he should i be exclusi ely
comme cial - suppo ing ad e ising o a ac ou is s,
o example.
(ii) Any he i age policy mus suppo una- apping as
a p oduc i e ac i i y and his is an objec i e ha logically
alls ou side he emi o o ganisa ions de o ed o
cul u al policy. This is a case whe e a sec o al pe spec i e
is no enough; a comp ehensi e ocus is equi ed as pa
o a egional de elopmen policy wi h speci ic poli ical
s a egies o sa egua ding he socio-economic and
ecological p ocess o blue in una ishing h ough he use
o una- aps. This equi es a shi in he poli ical
pe spec i e om ishing and i s a e ac s o he ishe olk
hemsel es. In o he wo ds, i s he sus ainabili y o he
ac i i y has o be gua an eed, and hen i s classi ica ion
as ‘he i age’ has o be os e ed. This implies mo ing
beyond a ocus on sa egua ding ishing a e ac s ex si u
o e en ually ac i a ing di e en poli ical channels o
encou age he in si u p o ec ion o he ishe olk and
hei ela ionship wi h hei en i onmen al and socio-
economic amewo k.
(iii) Local socie ies should ake a lead ole ei he
h ough he ins i u ions ha ep esen hem (local
councils and highe au ho i ies, ishe men’s guilds and
62
Tuna- apping in Andalusia
o he bodies ha ep esen he ishe olk), h ough hose
businesses hea ily in ol ed in he ishe y, o h ough he
wo k o he i age and cul u al associa ions and people
in e es ed in he subjec . The local pe spec i e is
consis en wi h he local angle. The poli ical ba le o
cul u al ecogni ion is also one o he ecogni ion o he
place in he wo ld o all he collec i es ha comp ise he
wo ld sys em: championing one posi ion in an inc easingly
enmeshed and globalised economy (Le : 2004, p.85).
Wi h hese p emises es ablished, I se ou a p oposal
o selec ing aspec s ha can be ac i a ed as he i age on
he basis o possible s a egies ha combine conse a ion,
esea ch and dissemina ion.
3.1. Conse a ion s a egies and ac i a ion: capi al
goods and documen s
P oposing a conse a ion policy o an ac i i y
cha ac e ised by i s sus ainabili y h oughou his o y is
e y much a pa adox; howe e , he e a e wo a eas o
ac ion ha i well wi hin his ype o s a egy - capi al
goods and documen a y and bibliog aphical eposi o ies.
‘Capi al goods’ he e e e s o he imposing in as uc u e
along he sou he n A lan ic coas ha is a pe manen
eminde o he ishe y. This includes he
chancas
,
buildings whe e he una we e p ocessed and whe e
adminis a i e du ies we e ca ied ou , and he
eales
,
camps used as s o ehouses o ishing gea and o
keeping sailo s and wo ke s sa e, wi h hei dwellings,
and he
o es igía,
o look-ou owe s, do ed along he
whole o he Andalusian coas line which we e used o
spo ing he ‘ una a mies’ as hey nea ed he S ai s.
Highligh ing hese a chi ec u al and u ban landma ks
gi es ecogni ion o how una- apping ma ked a e i o y
and i s peoples. Wha is impo an is ha he una
ishe ies we e a p ima y ac o in popula ing a numbe o
places along he Andalusian coas . Knowledge o hese
capi al asse s sheds ligh on some e y di e en
his o ical and social p ocesses; some, he esul o
policies o se le he ‘ on ie ’ (Conil, 14 h-17 h cen u ies);
o he s o indus ialise he una ishe ies as a way o
e-launching he ‘na ional p ojec ’ owa ds No h A ica
(Ba ba e, om he las hi d o he 19 h cen u y); o he s
linked o expe imen s in s a e capi alism, c ea ing
seg ega ed ‘islands’ wi hin he popula ion, as we e done
by he Na ional Tuna T apping Conso ium a Sanc i-
Pe i and Nue a Umb ía.5
The Conil
chanca
was classi ied as a ‘Place o
E hnological In e es ’ in 2000, acco ding o he Law o
His o ical He i age o Andalusia. Wi hin his ca ego y a e
conside ed
a eas, cons uc ions o ins alla ions linked o
ways o li e, cul u e, and o ms o p oduc ion belonging
o he Andalusian people ha a e wo h p ese ing o
hei signi ican e hnological alue
(Law 14/2007, a icle
26.6). I conside his an example o how he i agisa ion
ac ions do no always pu sue he i age objec i es. Today i
is home o a museum p ojec and social se ices ha
ha e been s ongly con es ed by he local
La Laja
Associa ion.6 The es o a ion was begun in 2008, no
wi hou ce ain a a a s ha b ough o ligh he con lic
be ween he i age c i e ia and eal-es a e policies
(San os: 2003). This has also been he case wi h
Ba ba e’s old esh ish ma ke . This was buil in 1940 in
he so-called ‘ancien po ’ a ea, whe e he o iginal
economic cen e o he own had been since he end o
he 19 h cen u y. Howe e , a e 1958 he ishing mo ed
o he new po on he wes side o he own. The esh
ish ma ke building was inally es o ed be ween 2009
and 2010, bu he su ounding a ea was le un ouched.
This was no done wi h any iew o he i age, bu o
p o ide he own wi h a mul i-pu pose building which has
li le, i any, link o local socie y.
Ano he case is he
chanca
-palace (cas le) a Zaha a
(Ba ba e), acc edi ed as a ‘Na ional Monumen ’ in 1949.
Because o i s s a e o decay, in 2003 i was decla ed a
‘Place o E hnological In e es ’ by he Andalusian
Regional Go e nmen a e a demons a ion by local
people. Today i s ands opposi e he beach, i ually in
uins, only he sal s o e and he old una- ap a e le , as
i has been con e ed in o a chu ch. This oo is he case
wi h he Nue a Umb ía una- appe s’ ins alla ions and
buildings, he so-called
eal
(Ruiz, J. and J.A. López:
2002). In hese la e cases, wha is e iden is a o al
neglec o a chi ec u al emains ha could clea ly be
classi ied acco ding o one o o he o he exis ing ypes
o legal p o ec ion ound in egula ions on his o ical
he i age, he abo e-men ioned ‘Places o E hnological
In e es ’. Howe e , he mos as onishing u ban complex,
bo h o i s size and he adminis a ion’s o al dis ega d
o i s gua dianship, can be ound a Sanc i-Pe i, nea
Chiclana de la F on e a, in he p o ince o Cadiz (Ga cía
A güez: 2003).
These a e all s uc u es which, wi h p ope
es o a ion, could ha e been u ned in o pe o mance
Vol.8 2013 In e na ional Jou nal o In angible He i age 63
a eas and museums abou he ishe ies and hei
his o ical a a a s om an in eg a ed and con ex ual
pe spec i e, which would ha e b ough he ishe y and i s
e i o ial and socio-cul u al amewo k o he a en ion
o he public (Ma í: 2003, p.103). In 2012 a p ojec en i led
Monumen o he Tuna
d ew o i s close. This was a
landma k sculp u e which was pu up a he his o ical
si es ha a e mos ep esen a i e o una- apping in
Cadiz p o ince. The success o ini ia i es o his ype
depends o a g ea ex en on how well hey a e p omo ed.
As o documen a y he i age, some p i a e ins i u ions
ha e al eady aken measu es o p ese e documen s
linked o he his o y o una- apping. As he p op ie o s
o he ishe y om he 13 h o he 19 h cen u ies, he
Duchy o Medina Sidonia has acc ued a magni icen
a chi e o documen s con aining news shee s, epo s,
desc ip ions and inancial accoun s ( he ‘S a emen s’)
which a e oday a majo esou ce o his o ical esea ch
(Bohó quez Jiménez: 1999; A aceli Guillaume-Alonso:
2008). The Duchy Founda ion7 has also digi ised some o
he eco ds hus p o iding be e access o his
in o ma ion.
I all he exis ing bibliog aphic and documen a y
ma e ial was collec ed oge he and pu on display his
would enable us o econs uc he sequence o images
ha una- apping has gene a ed, om wo ks by men o
le e s o pic u es by pain e s and a is s, om eco ds
by monks and ia s o, in mo e ecen imes, hose o
schola s conce ned o he poli ical economy.
3.2. Resea ch policy and he dissemina ion o echnical,
socio-economic and cogni i e in o ma ion
Gaining a deepe knowledge o , and subsequen ly
dissemina ing in o ma ion abou , all he elemen s ha
unde pin una- apping would p o ide ano he g ea
oppo uni y o a he i age policy. This ange o echnical
de ices can bes be unde s ood as a angible aspec o
ishe ies’ cul u e which can be displayed and in e p e ed
h ough demons a ions. Simila ly, he essels used o
se up and ake down he aps, and each
le an á
(‘hauling up’)8 in ol ed an a ay o echnical ins umen s
which did no change adically o e ime, could be
displayed in he same way. The
Ancien Régime
ishing
sys ems (
is a
and
i o
- ‘spo and pull’) can be shown
and explained using a whole ange o maps and ex s and
o he documen a y ma e ial, as can he ancien aps
(Pla e 3). The e a e also a chaeological emains and
e idence in he shape o insc ip ions, ex s and coins wi h
which i would be possible o c ea e a comple e his o y o
una- apping.
Howe e , om an e hnological s andpoin , he hing
ha mos me i s scien i ic and he i age e alua ion is he
con inui y o knowledge abou he wo main me hods o
una- apping. This is applied knowledge, locally-based
Pla e 3
‘Spo and Pull’ Tuna T ap o Conil (Cádiz), 1765. Hand-d awn map whe e he s ages o his kind o ishe y a e explained. The ac ions and asks in ol ed a e ep esen ed in a
wo pa sequence ( he i s ope a ions a e d awn a he op, he ollowing ones a he bo om). The look-ou owe s (
o es igía
) a e shown.
Sou ce: A chi e o he Duchy o Medina Sidonia (Sanlúca de Ba ameda, Cádiz. Spain).
70
Tuna- apping in Andalusia
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