Ethnological Values and Opportunities for Establishing a Heritage Policy around Tuna-trapping in Andalusia (Spain)

E hnological Values and Oppo uni ies o Es ablishing a He i age Policy a ound Tuna- apping in Andalusia (Spain) Da id Flo ido-Co al 56 Tuna- apping in Andalusia Da id Flo ido-Co al Lec u e in Social An h opology, Uni e si y o Se ille 1. In oduc ion Blue in una ishing ha s ill con inues oday along he wes e n coas o Andalusia (in Ta i a, Zaha a de los A unes, Ba ba e and Conil and o he places a ound he S ai s o Gib al a ) (Pla e 1. map) is an ancien p ac ice – oo ed in he Phoenician/Punic/Roman pe iod (Ga cia Va gas: 2001; Ga cia Va gas & Flo ido-Co al: 2011, p.241). I has seen g ea changes o e he yea s wi h espec o bo h he echnical sys ems used and he social, poli ical and economic ne wo ks in ol ed (Flo ido: 2005). A una- ap is a passi e o m o ishing used p ima ily o ca ching blue in una ( Thunnus hynnus )1 in huge ap ne s. This is done in wo phases: du ing he so-called almad aba de de echo (in an inwa d-bound ap), when he ish swim close o he Andalusian coas in he S ai s o Gib al a du ing hei gene ic mig a ion om he A lan ic o hei b eeding g ounds in he wa me wa e s o he Medi e anean which a e ideal o spawning; and on he e u n jou ney, he almad aba de e és (in an ou wa d-bound ap), as he una again pass h ough he ABSTRACT The subjec o his s udy is una ishing wi h aps (also called pound ne s and seines ) adi ionally ca ied ou o he A lan ic coas o Andalusia in he S ai s o Gib al a . The s udy is di ided in o wo main pa s: he i s se s ou a concep o he i age ha s esses i s e hnological angle. A ange o cul u al aspec s and ace s o ishing ha may be applied in classi ying una- apping as he i age is o e ed, wi h emphasis on he imma e ial and in angible. The second pa econs uc s he e alua ion o una- apping in wo dis inc ways: one ela ing o i s memo y and undeniable ascina ion o gene a ions o w i e s and o he a is s who ha e ocused hei a en ion on ishing; he second o e s s a egies o classi ying ce ain aspec s o p esen -day una- apping ha could be alida ed as ‘he i age’, o illus a e eal and possible, good and poo managemen p ac ices. Keywo ds imma e ial he i age, e hnological he i age, he i age managemen , Andalusia, S ai s o Gib al a , una ishing ne s, una- apping, adi ion, he i agisa ion. E hnological Values and Oppo uni ies o Es ablishing a He i age Policy a ound Tuna- apping in Andalusia (Spain) Vol.8 2013 In e na ional Jou nal o In angible He i age 57 S ai s in sea ch o he ood on which hey go ge in he A lan ic. Fishing commences a he beginning o Ap il, and he gene ic mig a ion ap phase is o e by 24 h June (midsumme ’s day); ishing wi h he ou wa d-bound aps goes on un il Augus . Schools o una app oach he A lan ic coas o he S ai s du ing speci ic en i onmen al condi ions–when he e is an eas wind o one om he sou h o sou h-eas , when he wa e s a e clea , o when he una a e being chased by kille whales. The ishing cycle epea s i sel almos iden ically each yea : i begins in Ma ch, wi h he ishing gea being p epa ed and deployed, and con inues om summe (inwa d-bound) o ea ly au umn (ou wa d-bound) ending wi h he ishing gea being aken in and he epai o he essels and equipmen du ing he win e . Up o he nine een-eigh ies, he una economy was based on ish p ocessing and ma ke ing (cu ing and sal ing ish and canning in oil [which came in a he beginning o he wen ie h cen u y]. Howe e , ha his ype o ishing con inues oday can be explained by una ha ing become a much sough -a e commodi y ( h ough deep eezing) on he Japanese ma ke . F om he la e medie al pe iod, una- apping was a ac o in popula ing he coas , bo h o he Cas ilian kings and queens and he mo e p ominen noble amilies, un il amilies o en ep eneu s ook o e una- apping in he mid nine een h cen u y. A la ge numbe o hese amilies o igina ed om he Spanish Medi e anean whe e hey p ac ised his me hod o ishing un il he mid- wen ie h cen u y. Fo se en cen u ies, Andalusian A lan ic una- apping consis ed o wo majo echnical and socio- economic sys ems: up o he 18 h cen u y he so-called is a and i o ap (a ‘spo and pull’ sys em wi h mo eable ne s) was managed by he nobili y ( he Duchy o Medina- Sidonia), which had been g an ed a monopoly by he c own o deploy ishing gea . The gea was o med by la ge mo eable beach- seines which we e ope a ed by people on he sho e pulling hem igh as he una passed h ough hem. In he 18 h and 19 h cen u ies, he Spanish c own wan ed o ee ishing om ducal con ol and wi hd ew he monopoly om he Duchy. The sys em used om hen on was a ixed ap, which was mo e e icien a ca ching una and equi ed ewe people o ope a e i . The e a e wo undamen al easons o his s udy. Fi s ly, he e is a his o ical con inui y o Andalusian A lan ic coas una- apping ha has gi en ise o social iden i ies which oday a e unde h ea . Secondly, he aps ha e enabled a aluable cul u al uni e se o be cons uc ed, especially as a as i s in angible ace s a e conce ned. As a ishing sys em, i enables us o ca ch a glimpse o an age-old way o exploi ing na u e. The means ha ha e been used o exploi una ishe ies a e in elligence, physical s eng h and highly-de eloped senses, he h ee powe s ha Zeus had o mas e in o de o c own himsel as king o he immo al gods.2 Wi h hese h ee powe s he ishe olk managed o u n an amazing, ye un elen ing, na u al phenomenon in o a deep- oo ed Pla e 1 Map. The e a e cu en ly ou una- apping ishe ies s ill ac i e in he Andalusian Sou h A lan ic (Spain), al hough du ing he i s hi d o he 20 h cen u y he e we e as many as ele en all wo king a he same ime. Sou ce: Google Maps. 58 Tuna- apping in Andalusia socio-cul u al eali y. In his monumen al pain ing, ‘Tuna Fishing’ (1966/67) (Pla e 2), Sal ado Dali akes he s uggle be ween he gods o Moun Olympus and he Ti ans as hey a e shown on he G ea Al a o Pe gamon as his model o ep esen ishing. Fishing is he e o e in e p e ed as a me apho o he my hical s uggle be ween Man and Na u e (Rome o de Solís: 1996, p.168). 2. App oaches o he concep o e hnological he i age and i s applica ion o una- apping He i age is a concep ha is di icul o pin down. I o e lows wi h conno a ions, such as ‘ adi ion’, ‘ he pas ’ and ‘immu abili y’. These no ions a e indeed a i s co e, as hey implici ly acknowledge ha he concep ca ies a legacy o alues and cul u al asse s ha ha e been handed down he gene a ions unchanged, bu hey a e incapable o illus a ing wo undamen al aspec s: (i) ha he i age is always he end esul o a p ocess o selec ion om he p esen , which means ha all elemen s o he i age a e pa o he p esen , o con empo anei y, and (ii) ha he elemen s o a cul u e ha a e chosen as he i age change wi h ime. This has wo consequences: he elemen s ha make up he i age a e hemsel es dynamic and hyb id, he esul o in luences and changes (and o he con inuous cycle o des uc ion and ec ea ion), as he aw ma e ial o cul u e is cons an ly e-wo ked in he same way ha he sea e-wo ks he sho e. Secondly, socie ies change hei opinions as o wha cons i u es he i age and wha selec ion c i e ia a e app op ia e o classi ying he i age. Some s udies ha e al eady clea ly es ablished wha he undamen al ends in Eu opean his o y a e ega ding he concep o he i age (A iño: 2002a). They ha e plo ed a line ha goes om he monumen al o he popula , om he ma e ial o he imma e ial, om he eli is o he popula , om he aes he ic-a is ic o he indigenous- e hnological, and which can c ea e social iden i y. E hnological he i age comes om choosing aspec s o cul u e ha ha e cha ac e ised social collec i es o e ime, and which ha e come o be o midable engines o c ea ing social iden i y in he mo ass o globalisa ion (A iño: 2002b, p.335). These mo e-o -less ecognisable his o ical dynamics ha e o be unde s ood in a social and ideological con ex as c ea ing hei own s uc u al amewo k in which he i age eme ges as a unique ca ego y. Fi s ly, his amewo k was linked ( om he 18 h cen u y onwa ds) o poli ics, in as much as he i age had o sus ain he p ocesses o na ionalism ha a e cha ac e is ic o mode nism; hen, om he second hal o he 19 h cen u y onwa ds, he economic angle began o e ol e, linked o ou ism and he cul u e indus y along wi h academic and scien i ic in e es s. The concomi ance be ween he mode n concep o ‘e hnological he i age’ and he no ion o ‘an h opological cul u e’ can be s essed in his espec (Ca e a: 2009). Pla e 2 Tuna ishing - a e lec ion by Sal ado Dali on he s uggle be ween Man and Na u e along he Ibe ian Medi e anean coas . 1966-7 (304 x 404 cms) Sou ce: Paul Rica d Founda ion, Bundol. Vol.8 2013 In e na ional Jou nal o In angible He i age 59 O all he a ie ies o he i age, e hnici y is one o he mos ecen (da ing om he second hal o he 19 h cen u y), as i is linked o aspec s ha we e no ega ded as aluable un il g ea s ides had been aken in mode nism, when ca ego ies such as ‘people’, ‘ adi ions’, ‘cus oms’, ‘ olklo e’ e c., began o acqui e some ele ance, whe he poli ical, economic o academic. The imma e ial aspec s o cul u e - belie sys ems, eligions, ideas, p oduc i e ac i i ies, ela ionships wi h eco-sys ems, landscapes, li e a y and musical o ms - e e y hing ha had o med pa o he ways o li e o he di e en collec i es, began o be pe cei ed as an ad hoc ca ego y - he e hnological, he indigenous, he cha ac e is ics o local socie ies. This awa eness led o singula i y, bo h in e nally and ex e nally, allowing he e y people who we e a he cen e o hese ypes o cul u e o become awa e o hei uniqueness, and o schola s, local and/o na ional poli icians and ou is s, summoned by a unique and seduc i e ‘o he ness’, o alue hese supposedly i eplaceable and ascina ing aspec s o o he people’s li es. In con empo a y socie ies, a ea u e o he way he i age is ea ed has been epea ed again and again: a pa adoxical ela ionship in which aspec s ha seemed ‘ o eign’, ‘exo ic’ and ‘peculia ’ we e plucked om pas cul u es by he p esen , and i e ocable links o ged wi h hem. This linkage occu ed h ough a dual ela ionship o ‘ o eignness’ and p oximi y, o exclusion and inclusion. I seemed o be a ascina ion o some hing ha was, o a leas was pe cei ed o be, going h ough a p ocess o i e e sible change, o e en disappea ing o e e . This so-called awa eness o he o eignness o he pas (A iño: 2002b, p.230; Lowen hal: 1998, p.28 ), is a cha ac e is ic ideological ea u e o mode n socie ies (meaning 18 h and 19 h cen u ies in Eu opean e ms), and became a key ac o in he c ea ion o he mode n no ion o he i age, a he same ime as i led o he ‘musei ica ion’, emblema isa ion and objec i ica ion o he pas , d awing a clea line in he sand wi h espec o i s con inui y. Fo in con empo a y socie ies, when hey a e no longe unc ional, adi ions a e ‘disco e ed’, o ‘in en ed’ (McKeon: 2004, p.176 ), and hey a e u ned in o ‘he i age’ (Koeckel: 2007, p.20). In his way, wha once was pa o he e e yday li e o collec i es becomes o ally o pa ially de ached om hem; wha was implici , becomes explici o ‘a cul objec ’, he subjec o ‘musealisa ion’, o academic e lec ion, o a poli ical p ojec o a cul u al and/ o ou is indus y. This is he pa adox o ‘he i agisa ion’ p ocesses in con empo a y socie ies (A iño: 2002b, p.245), as he ac ion o he i agisa ion has ens he p ocess o i e e sible me amo phosis, e en when he in en ion is o sa egua d a adi ion. In he case o Andalusian A lan ic una- apping, i should be s essed ha , om he ime ha hey began o be used a he end o he Middle Ages, aps we e o many yea s linked o he mos dis inguished nobili y, especially he House o Medina Sidonia. Fishing was hus uniquely p i ileged h oughou his pe iod, a p es igious posi ion os e ed e en mo e by he subs an ial e enue ha he Duchy ecei ed, pa icula ly du ing he 16 h cen u y. Th oughou his golden pe iod he Dukes used o eloca e hei households o he beach and spend he apping season he e, in i ing oyal and noble pe sonages o come and admi e he spec acle o Man’s s uggle agains Na u e in o de o ob ain sus enance, while making a ( inancial) killing in he p ocess. In he 16 h cen u y, he whole coas line s e ching om Conil o Ta i a, wi h Zaha a de los A unes a i s cen e poin , was known as he ‘Xa egue Republic’, as i i we e a on ie s a e bo de ing on he Be be enemy who inhabi ed he sou he n sho e o he Medi e anean. Thus a li e a y, cho og aphic and essayis adi ion was bo n be ween he 15 h and he 19 h cen u ies which ega ded he phenomenon as mi abilia, such was he admi a ion i a ac ed om locals and ou side s alike. I s linkage o he Duchy o Medina Sidonia, one o he mos powe ul noble amilies in he Cas ilian a is oc acy unde he Ancien Régime ( om he end o he 13 h cen u y o he mid 19 h cen u y), was a ac o in he p es ige ha una- apping enjoyed in he pas (Flo ido: 2005, p.23 ). I could e en be said ha he ex s, d awings, maps and plans c ea ed a legacy which a icula es he he i age o he Ancien Régime – a he i age linked o eli es, o majo economic signi icance and sepa a e om he gene al popula ion. Tuna- apping has always been unique. As Sáñez Regua , a na al Wa Commissione , a membe o he Socie ies o F iends o he Coun y, and au ho o he His o ical Dic iona y o Na ional Fishe y A , published in i e olumes (1791-1795), ecognised a he end o he 18 h cen u y … his is a mos ingenious and in e es ing ype o ishing, wi hou equal o his day, able o demons a e he poin which he ishing indus y has eached in an obse ing p ac ice (1791, I: p.11). By 60 Tuna- apping in Andalusia p esen ing he una ishe s as almos naked men and women, hei lea he y skins ha dened by he sun, ai and sal h ough spending hei li es on he beach, a s e eo yped image was o med ha ga e hese ishe olk and hei amilies hei place wi hin he con ines o he ci ilised wo ld. So, in he 16 h cen u y, he Duke and Duchess o Medina Sidonia o ganised e angelising missions o hei spi i ual edemp ion (An ón Solé: 1965; He e a Puga: 1981). The Duchy also ca ied ou he mili a y ec ui men o pe sonnel, which mean ha begga s and hose ound guil y by he cou s could end up being o ced o wo k on he Duke’s una- aps in a land ha bo de ed on Ba ba y. The li e a y and map-making adi ion ha was shaped a ound una- apping ec ea ed i s sa age and exo ic side, despi e una ishing being a ecu en and commonplace sigh on Andalusian beaches du ing he sp ing and summe mon hs. In he 20 h cen u y, man’s wonde a he g ea una- aps s ill e e be a ed in li e a y and pic o ial wo ks and in a ious documen a ies abou he indus y (F ías and Moya: 2005).3 Bu om he inal hi d o he 19 h cen u y, and du ing he whole o he 20 h, he social pe cep ion o ishing ook on o he meanings oo. Du ing he decades when p oduc ion was buoyan , he ingenui y o his me hod o ishing, despi e i s imposing ack- eco d in his o y, was linked o he onwa d ma ch o indus ial capi alism h ough he echnological inno a ions in canning and dis ibu ion by oad and ail. Howe e , in he las hi d o he 20 h cen u y, when p oduc ion s a ed o decline sha ply, he dominan pe cep ion o una- apping has been one o a isanal, ecological and socially sus ainable ishing, based on he know-how o he essels’ skippe s and deckhands. This is when a no ion o he i age appea s ha app oxima es mo e o he mode n concep o ‘cul u al he i age’, and his is wha enables he classi ica ion o una- apping as ‘e hnological’ he i age in as much as i s p ac ices, i s echnological a e ac s and know-how, and i s landscapes a e linked o ways o li e, cul u e, ac i i ies and means o p oduc ion ha a e pa o he Andalusian communi y (A icle 61 o Law 14/2007, conce ning he His o ical He i age o Andalusia). In he same way, he concep o ‘in angible cul u al he i age’, as de ined by UNESCO in i s Con en ion o he Sa egua ding o he In angible Cul u al He i age (UNESCO, 2003),4 is pe ec ly applicable o he subjec o his s udy. As he cul u al de ices his o ically de ised by sea- a ing ishing socie ies ha e been concei ed and ashioned o in e ac wi h he na u al and socio-cul u al en i onmen , i can be deduced om his ha hey gene a e a hugely e ec i e collec i e pe cep ion o his o ical con inui y and g oup iden i y o which he adminis a ion’s agencies mus be mind ul. In o he wo ds, in he inal analysis, una- apping is conside ed o be an exp ession by he local people o a way o acqui ing a esou ce, es ablishing cha ac e is ic social and e i o ial s uc u es and p oducing knowledge sys ems ha a e apposi e o hese me hods. A he same ime, una- apping is also in e es ing as i can no longe be iden i ied wi h he Duchy, o wi h a speci ic a ea, bu wi h he Medi e anean, o wi h Andalusia, as a social, e i o ial and cul u al en i y a one and he same ime. The pa adoxical ela ionship cha ac e is ic o mode n socie ies can also be seen in he way ha una- apping is ea ed in he i age e ms, as i s ‘he i agisa ion’ begins o connec wi h an awa eness o i s c i ical si ua ion and he h ea o i disappea ing all oge he . My hypo hesis is, he e o e, ha social iden i y depends p ima ily on h ee adical cul u al sys ems which a e linked o o m a complex whole: cul u al sys ems associa ed wi h p oduc ion p ocesses (wo k cul u es); hose which a ise ou o he dis inc ion be ween gende s (sex/gende cul u es), and hose ha esul om belonging o socio-e hnic eali ies (e hnic cul u es, which a e di e se in he case o una- apping, coming om bo h wi hin and beyond he Ibe ian peninsula). O he a iables o social s uc u e should be men ioned, such as age and local place o o igin, which con inue o be impo an in una- apping. One o he mos powe ul he i age alues is ha una- apping has o ged hea ily segmen ed and he e ogeneous e i o ies and social sys ems, bo h unde he s a i ied class sys em (up o he 18 h/19 h cen u ies) and unde he capi alis sys em. Indi iduals we e anked acco ding o hei job wi hin he indus y, hei local and socio-e hnic o igin, hei le el o echnical expe ise and hei gende . And since e y ea ly imes, he demog aphic, social and cul u al his o y o his ishe y has been cha ac e ised by hyb idisa ion: Be be sla es, Po uguese, I alians, Valencians and o he s om he wes e n and eas e n ex emes o Andalusia skippe ed and manned he essels. Ca alonian, Galician, Valencian and I alian en ep eneu s and ade s om h oughou he mode n Ch is ian wo ld - hey a e he A lan eans o his his o ical expe ience. Vol.8 2013 In e na ional Jou nal o In angible He i age 61 In sho , una- apping is a cul u al ac i i y, i.e., i has nume ous ace s - economic, ideological, eligious, poli ical, social, employmen and so on. As B. Malinowski explained when e e ing o he T ob ian Island canoe, behind e e y cul u al elemen is concealed a se o p ac ices, men al ep esen a ions, socially-es ablished alues and socially-o ganised ins i u ions ha mus be app oached om a holis ic poin o iew. I will be he expe , ei he wi h a heo e ical oca ion, o wi h museog aphic in en ions, who will ha e o econs uc he e hnological eali y o his se o a e ac s, ela ionships and sys ems om a con ex ual pe spec i e. The epis emological posi ion ha is he e o e championed he e is ha which e eals he a ious dimensions ha cul u al elemen s enjoy (See appendix), anscending he old and much less ui ul deba e be ween he ma e iali y and non-ma e iali y o cul u e. So, he e hnological dimensions o cul u al goods ha ha e o be aken in o accoun a e di e se. They include he e i o ial aces and landma ks o he ishing ac i i ies (a chaeological emains, buildings and indus ial in as uc u es); a e ac s and echnical o economic ins i u ions o he exploi a ion o he en i onmen (boa s, ne s, and ishing gea ) o in angibles like e nacula knowledge, alues and ideological ep esen a ions linked o he indus y; social ela ionships in ol ed in p oduc ion and ade sys ems; managemen and poli ical ins i u ions and p ac ices and he documen ed e idence o his adi ion; e idence o social ac i i y beyond he boa s and wo king en i onmen (economic and social household s a egies, socialisa ion pa e ns, he pe cep ion and o ganisa ion o ime, he gende ing o social p ac ices); gas onomic adi ions; i ual p ac ices and es i als; o speci ic linguis ic exp essions and ocabula y. Fu he mo e, he una- ap has gene a ed a documen a y, li e a y, pic o ial and audio- isual legacy which shows ha una- apping has been app ecia ed o e ime as an excep ional ac i i y. This lis will hope ully open up he concep o e hnological he i age o ins i u ions and p ocesses ha a e no commonly included, wi hou lea ing ou he mo e adi ional p ocesses. I was in ended o highligh aspec s which, in an app op ia e con ex and unde a speci ic cul u al policy, could be classed as ‘he i age’ because hey comply wi h all he cha ac e is ic ea u es o e hnological he i age. 3. Wha should be he basic p inciples in o ming a he i age policy o una- apping, and wha ‘he i agisa ion’ s a egies would be app op ia e? A he i age policy o una- apping should comply wi h he ollowing p inciples: (i) Main aining a balance be ween he whole ange o objec i es ha all he i age esou ce managemen should comply wi h - esea ch, conse a ion and ac i a ion. I he esea ch in ol es e hnog aphical scien i ic knowledge and is embodied in he ca aloguing o cul u al asse s wi h e hnological alue, conse a ion in ol es es o a ion and p ese a ion, while ac i a ion equi es ac ions o exhibi ing, dissemina ing and alo ising wi h he aim o p ese ing memo ies, e c. These ac ions should be unde aken by a ious agencies: public bodies, ci il socie y o ganisa ions and inancial bodies. He i age is in e p e ed by c ea ing links o eedback be ween socie y and he cul u al elemen s ha ha e been selec ed o be ensh ined as ‘he i age’ (Ma ín: 2006, p.205). Consequen ly, he e alua ion o he i age should be nei he an a ai es ic ed o he sphe e o science, no should i be unde aken o he bene i o some speci ic eli e, and nei he should i be exclusi ely comme cial - suppo ing ad e ising o a ac ou is s, o example. (ii) Any he i age policy mus suppo una- apping as a p oduc i e ac i i y and his is an objec i e ha logically alls ou side he emi o o ganisa ions de o ed o cul u al policy. This is a case whe e a sec o al pe spec i e is no enough; a comp ehensi e ocus is equi ed as pa o a egional de elopmen policy wi h speci ic poli ical s a egies o sa egua ding he socio-economic and ecological p ocess o blue in una ishing h ough he use o una- aps. This equi es a shi in he poli ical pe spec i e om ishing and i s a e ac s o he ishe olk hemsel es. In o he wo ds, i s he sus ainabili y o he ac i i y has o be gua an eed, and hen i s classi ica ion as ‘he i age’ has o be os e ed. This implies mo ing beyond a ocus on sa egua ding ishing a e ac s ex si u o e en ually ac i a ing di e en poli ical channels o encou age he in si u p o ec ion o he ishe olk and hei ela ionship wi h hei en i onmen al and socio- economic amewo k. (iii) Local socie ies should ake a lead ole ei he h ough he ins i u ions ha ep esen hem (local councils and highe au ho i ies, ishe men’s guilds and 62 Tuna- apping in Andalusia o he bodies ha ep esen he ishe olk), h ough hose businesses hea ily in ol ed in he ishe y, o h ough he wo k o he i age and cul u al associa ions and people in e es ed in he subjec . The local pe spec i e is consis en wi h he local angle. The poli ical ba le o cul u al ecogni ion is also one o he ecogni ion o he place in he wo ld o all he collec i es ha comp ise he wo ld sys em: championing one posi ion in an inc easingly enmeshed and globalised economy (Le : 2004, p.85). Wi h hese p emises es ablished, I se ou a p oposal o selec ing aspec s ha can be ac i a ed as he i age on he basis o possible s a egies ha combine conse a ion, esea ch and dissemina ion. 3.1. Conse a ion s a egies and ac i a ion: capi al goods and documen s P oposing a conse a ion policy o an ac i i y cha ac e ised by i s sus ainabili y h oughou his o y is e y much a pa adox; howe e , he e a e wo a eas o ac ion ha i well wi hin his ype o s a egy - capi al goods and documen a y and bibliog aphical eposi o ies. ‘Capi al goods’ he e e e s o he imposing in as uc u e along he sou he n A lan ic coas ha is a pe manen eminde o he ishe y. This includes he chancas , buildings whe e he una we e p ocessed and whe e adminis a i e du ies we e ca ied ou , and he eales , camps used as s o ehouses o ishing gea and o keeping sailo s and wo ke s sa e, wi h hei dwellings, and he o es igía, o look-ou owe s, do ed along he whole o he Andalusian coas line which we e used o spo ing he ‘ una a mies’ as hey nea ed he S ai s. Highligh ing hese a chi ec u al and u ban landma ks gi es ecogni ion o how una- apping ma ked a e i o y and i s peoples. Wha is impo an is ha he una ishe ies we e a p ima y ac o in popula ing a numbe o places along he Andalusian coas . Knowledge o hese capi al asse s sheds ligh on some e y di e en his o ical and social p ocesses; some, he esul o policies o se le he ‘ on ie ’ (Conil, 14 h-17 h cen u ies); o he s o indus ialise he una ishe ies as a way o e-launching he ‘na ional p ojec ’ owa ds No h A ica (Ba ba e, om he las hi d o he 19 h cen u y); o he s linked o expe imen s in s a e capi alism, c ea ing seg ega ed ‘islands’ wi hin he popula ion, as we e done by he Na ional Tuna T apping Conso ium a Sanc i- Pe i and Nue a Umb ía.5 The Conil chanca was classi ied as a ‘Place o E hnological In e es ’ in 2000, acco ding o he Law o His o ical He i age o Andalusia. Wi hin his ca ego y a e conside ed a eas, cons uc ions o ins alla ions linked o ways o li e, cul u e, and o ms o p oduc ion belonging o he Andalusian people ha a e wo h p ese ing o hei signi ican e hnological alue (Law 14/2007, a icle 26.6). I conside his an example o how he i agisa ion ac ions do no always pu sue he i age objec i es. Today i is home o a museum p ojec and social se ices ha ha e been s ongly con es ed by he local La Laja Associa ion.6 The es o a ion was begun in 2008, no wi hou ce ain a a a s ha b ough o ligh he con lic be ween he i age c i e ia and eal-es a e policies (San os: 2003). This has also been he case wi h Ba ba e’s old esh ish ma ke . This was buil in 1940 in he so-called ‘ancien po ’ a ea, whe e he o iginal economic cen e o he own had been since he end o he 19 h cen u y. Howe e , a e 1958 he ishing mo ed o he new po on he wes side o he own. The esh ish ma ke building was inally es o ed be ween 2009 and 2010, bu he su ounding a ea was le un ouched. This was no done wi h any iew o he i age, bu o p o ide he own wi h a mul i-pu pose building which has li le, i any, link o local socie y. Ano he case is he chanca -palace (cas le) a Zaha a (Ba ba e), acc edi ed as a ‘Na ional Monumen ’ in 1949. Because o i s s a e o decay, in 2003 i was decla ed a ‘Place o E hnological In e es ’ by he Andalusian Regional Go e nmen a e a demons a ion by local people. Today i s ands opposi e he beach, i ually in uins, only he sal s o e and he old una- ap a e le , as i has been con e ed in o a chu ch. This oo is he case wi h he Nue a Umb ía una- appe s’ ins alla ions and buildings, he so-called eal (Ruiz, J. and J.A. López: 2002). In hese la e cases, wha is e iden is a o al neglec o a chi ec u al emains ha could clea ly be classi ied acco ding o one o o he o he exis ing ypes o legal p o ec ion ound in egula ions on his o ical he i age, he abo e-men ioned ‘Places o E hnological In e es ’. Howe e , he mos as onishing u ban complex, bo h o i s size and he adminis a ion’s o al dis ega d o i s gua dianship, can be ound a Sanc i-Pe i, nea Chiclana de la F on e a, in he p o ince o Cadiz (Ga cía A güez: 2003). These a e all s uc u es which, wi h p ope es o a ion, could ha e been u ned in o pe o mance Vol.8 2013 In e na ional Jou nal o In angible He i age 63 a eas and museums abou he ishe ies and hei his o ical a a a s om an in eg a ed and con ex ual pe spec i e, which would ha e b ough he ishe y and i s e i o ial and socio-cul u al amewo k o he a en ion o he public (Ma í: 2003, p.103). In 2012 a p ojec en i led Monumen o he Tuna d ew o i s close. This was a landma k sculp u e which was pu up a he his o ical si es ha a e mos ep esen a i e o una- apping in Cadiz p o ince. The success o ini ia i es o his ype depends o a g ea ex en on how well hey a e p omo ed. As o documen a y he i age, some p i a e ins i u ions ha e al eady aken measu es o p ese e documen s linked o he his o y o una- apping. As he p op ie o s o he ishe y om he 13 h o he 19 h cen u ies, he Duchy o Medina Sidonia has acc ued a magni icen a chi e o documen s con aining news shee s, epo s, desc ip ions and inancial accoun s ( he ‘S a emen s’) which a e oday a majo esou ce o his o ical esea ch (Bohó quez Jiménez: 1999; A aceli Guillaume-Alonso: 2008). The Duchy Founda ion7 has also digi ised some o he eco ds hus p o iding be e access o his in o ma ion. I all he exis ing bibliog aphic and documen a y ma e ial was collec ed oge he and pu on display his would enable us o econs uc he sequence o images ha una- apping has gene a ed, om wo ks by men o le e s o pic u es by pain e s and a is s, om eco ds by monks and ia s o, in mo e ecen imes, hose o schola s conce ned o he poli ical economy. 3.2. Resea ch policy and he dissemina ion o echnical, socio-economic and cogni i e in o ma ion Gaining a deepe knowledge o , and subsequen ly dissemina ing in o ma ion abou , all he elemen s ha unde pin una- apping would p o ide ano he g ea oppo uni y o a he i age policy. This ange o echnical de ices can bes be unde s ood as a angible aspec o ishe ies’ cul u e which can be displayed and in e p e ed h ough demons a ions. Simila ly, he essels used o se up and ake down he aps, and each le an á (‘hauling up’)8 in ol ed an a ay o echnical ins umen s which did no change adically o e ime, could be displayed in he same way. The Ancien Régime ishing sys ems ( is a and i o - ‘spo and pull’) can be shown and explained using a whole ange o maps and ex s and o he documen a y ma e ial, as can he ancien aps (Pla e 3). The e a e also a chaeological emains and e idence in he shape o insc ip ions, ex s and coins wi h which i would be possible o c ea e a comple e his o y o una- apping. Howe e , om an e hnological s andpoin , he hing ha mos me i s scien i ic and he i age e alua ion is he con inui y o knowledge abou he wo main me hods o una- apping. This is applied knowledge, locally-based Pla e 3 ‘Spo and Pull’ Tuna T ap o Conil (Cádiz), 1765. Hand-d awn map whe e he s ages o his kind o ishe y a e explained. The ac ions and asks in ol ed a e ep esen ed in a wo pa sequence ( he i s ope a ions a e d awn a he op, he ollowing ones a he bo om). The look-ou owe s ( o es igía ) a e shown. Sou ce: A chi e o he Duchy o Medina Sidonia (Sanlúca de Ba ameda, Cádiz. Spain). 70 Tuna- apping in Andalusia ·Llo ca Baus, Ca los, 1994. His o ia Ma ine a de Benido m (1781-1950). Ayun amien o de Benido m. ·Llo ca Baus, Ca los, 1988. Almad aba, salazón y cocina. Villa Joyosa (Alican e): C. Llo ca Baus. ·Malinowski, B onislaw, 2001 [1922], Los a gonau as del Pací ico Occiden al: come cio y a en u a en e los indígenas de la Nue a Guinea Melanésica. Ba celona, Península, ·Ma í, Josep, 2003. ‘El Museo de la Pesca de Palamós, único de su especialidad en el Medi e áneo’ in PH. Bole ín del Ins i u o del Pa imonio His ó ico, 44: pp. 102-103. ·Ma ín, Ma celo, 2006. ‘La in e p e ación del pa imonio y la ges ión de los ecu sos cul u ales’ in Fon al Me illas, O. and Cala Masachs, R. (coo ds.) Mi adas al pa imonio. Gijón: T ea, pp. 203-214. ·McKeon, Michael, 2004. Taci Knowledge: T adi ion and i s A e ma h’ in Ques ions o T adi ion, edi ed by Philips, M. & Schoche , G. Uni e si y o To on o P ess, pp. 171-202. ·Mo eno Feliú, Mª Paz, 2011. El bosque de las G acias y sus Pasa iempos. Raíces de la An opología Económica. Mad id: Edi o ial T o a. ·Mo eno Na a o, Isido o, 2002. ‘Cul u a Andaluza, Pa imonio Cul u al y Polí icas del Pa imonio’ in Demó ilo. Re is a de Cul u a T adicional. Te ce a Época: pp. 71-87. ·Ricoeu , Paul, 2003. La memo ia, la his o ia, el ol ido. Mad id: Edi o ial T o a. ·Rome o de Solís, Ped o, 1996. ‘La pesca del a ún y su apo eosis daliniana. Re lexiones e nocul u ales en o no a los a es de almad aba’ in An opología de la Alimen ación: nue os ensayos sob e Die a Medi e ánea, edi ed by González Tu mo, Isabel. & Ped o Rome o de Solís. Se illa. Fundación Machado y Uni e sidad de Se illa, 1996, pp. 149-170. ·Ruiz, Juan and José An onio López, 2002. La almad aba de Nue a Umb ía (El Rompido). Ca aya (Huel a): Ayun amien o de Ca aya. ·San os, An onio, 2003. ‘La Chanca de Conil, Museo de la Pesca y de la Ciudad’ in PH. Bole ín del Ins i u o del Pa imonio His ó ico, 44: pp. 104-105. ·Sáñez Regua , An onio, 1791. Dicciona io His ó ico de las A es de Pesca Nacional. V ols. Mad id: Imp en a Vda. de Yba a. ·Uni ed Na ions Educa ional, Scien i ic and Cul u al O ganisa ion, 2003. Con ención pa a la sal agua dia del Pa imonio Cul u al Inma e ial. Pa ís.