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SULPHURVFDS WXORVGHOD&DUWDGH'HUHFKRV)XQGDPHQWDOHVGH8QLyQ(XURSHD HQHO
3DFWR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 'HUHFKRV &LYLOHV  3RO WLFRV GH  DGRSWDGR SRU OD
DVDPEOHD JHQHUDO GH OD 218 /RV GHUHFKRV GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG VRQ GHFODUDGRV 
GHVDUUROODGRVHQODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHFDGD(VWDGRPLHPEURHQ(VSDxDORVGHUHFKRVGH
ODSHUVRQDOLGDGVHHQFXHQWUDQHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGH
/RV GHUHFKRV GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG TXH SURWHJHQ OD HVIHUD SULYDGD GHO XVXDULR TXH
VXSRQHQO PLWHVDODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQVRQ
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SURSLD LPDJHQ GH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH DSDUHFHQ  HO GHUHFKR UHODWLYR D OD SURSLHGDG
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FHGLGRORVGHUHFKRVSRUVXELUHODUFKLYRDXQDSODWDIRUPDVHKDSHUGLGRHOFRQWURO
DEVROXWRGHODFLUFXODFLyQGHHVDLPDJHQ2ILFLDOPHQWHFRQHOFLHUUHGHODFXHQWDHQ
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DEVROXWDGHOFRQWURO7RXULxR
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SULYDGDVXIDPLOLDVXGRPLFLOLRRVXFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDQLGHDWDTXHVDVXKRQUDRDVX
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TXHOHSHUPLWHH[FOXLUDORVH[WUDxRVGHHQWURPHWHUVHHQpO GDUOHXQDSXEOLFLGDGTXH
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TXHQRKD DQVLGRGHVYHODGRVS~EOLFDPHQWHSRUHODIHFWDGR
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SODWDIRUPDV VRFLDOHV IXQFLRQDQ PiV FRPR SURGXFWRV GH OD SURSLD SODWDIRUPD TXH
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GHSURWHFFLyQGHGDWRVSHUVRQDOHVKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOGHUHFKROHJ WLPRGHOLQGLYLGXRD
³ODOLEUHGLVSRVLFLyQGHORVGDWRVSHUVRQDOHV´*R]D QL(VWRVLJQLILFDWHQHU
SRGHUSDUD GHFLGLUVREUH HOWUDWDPLHQWRTXH VHYD DUHDOL]DUDORVGDWRV SHUVRQDOHV
SURSLRV TXH KDQ VLGR DOPDFHQDGRV HQ GLVWLQWRV OXJDUHV HV GHFLU HO HMHUFLFLR GH OD
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OLEHUWDGLQIRUPDWLYDGHXQRPLVPRHVODFDSDFLGDGGHFRQWURODUODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHOH
FRQFLHUQH (Q FRQFUHWR KD  GRV Y DV GH FRQWURODU HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ 3RU XQ ODGR
FRQVLQWLHQGRGHIRUPDLQHTX YRFDOLEUHHLQIRUPDGDODFDSWDFLyQ HOWUDWDPLHQWRGH
ORV GDWRV SRU WHUFHURV  SRU RWUR ODGR PHGLDQWH OD DXWRUL]DFLyQ H[SUHVD GH OD
OHJLVODFLyQSRUHMHPSORORVGDWRVTXHUHFRJH DQDOL]D+DFLHQGDTXHQRGHSHQGHQ
GHODYROXQWDGGHODSHUVRQDVLQRTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQDFWRHVWDEOHFLGRSRUODOH 1R
REVWDQWHQLHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRQLODKDELOLWDFLyQOHJDOVXSRQHQODSpUGLGDGHOSRGHU
VREUH ORV GDWRV D TXH H[LVWHQ XQD VHULH GH GHUHFKRV TXH FRPSOHPHQWDQ D OD
DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD 0XULOOR  UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD SURWHFFLyQ GH
GDWRV
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LQIRUPDFLyQTXHFLUFXODVREUHHOSURSLRLQGLYLGXR4XL]iVHVHOPiVYXOQHUDEOHHQOD
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QXQFDVHOOHJDDFRQWURODUFRQJUDQFHUWH]DTXpLQIRUPDFLyQKD VREUHXQLQGLYLGXRHQ
ODUHG $GHPiVFXDQGRV  TXHVH HQFXHQWUDXQGDWR FRQFUHWR  VHTXLHUHUHWLUDUR
UHFWLILFDU QR VyOR GHSHQGH GH OD SODWDIRUPD ZHE D OD TXH VH KD VXELGR GLFKD
LQIRUPDFLyQ GHOXVXDULRHQFXHVWLyQTXHODKDSURSRUFLRQDGRTXHSXHGHVHUKDVWDHO
PLVPR DIHFWDGR VLQR GH HQ TXp SD V HVWi DORMDGD OD HPSUHVD TXH SURSRUFLRQD HO
VHUYLFLR'HSHQGLHQGRGHO(VWDGRHQHOTXHVHHQFXHQWUHVHSRGUiHMHUFLWDUHOhabeas
da aRQR DTXHODMXULVGLFFLyQWLHQHFRPRO PLWHOD]RQDJHRJUiILFDTXHOHJLVOD
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OLEHUWDG GH H[SUHVLyQ 1R IRUPD SDUWH GH ORV GHUHFKRV GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG SHUR V 
SURWHJHORVTXHKHPRVWUDWDGRDQWHULRUPHQWH DTXHWLHQHSRUILQDOLGDGSURWHJHUOD
LQIRUPDFLyQ SHUVRQDO GHO DIHFWDGRFX R DOPDFHQDPLHQWR R WUDWDPLHQWR VXSRQJD XQ
DJUDYLRKDFLDODSHUVRQDDGHPiVGHFUHDUQXHYRVGHUHFKRVFRQODILQDOLGDGGHGLFKD
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GHUHFKRTXH SRVHHWRGD SHUVRQDD SURWHJHUORV GDWRVTXH OHFRQFLHUQHQORV FXDOHV
VHUiQ WUDWDGRV GH IRUPD OHDO  FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG TXH KD D VLGR HVWDEOHFLGD HQ HO
FRQVHQWLPLHQWR SRU SDUWH GH OD SHUVRQD DIHFWDGD $GHPiV HVWH GHUHFKR LPSOLFD OD
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HVSHUWLQHQWH
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EDVHVGHGDWRVVXIXHQWHGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ´*R]D QL
< ILQDOPHQWH FDEH GHVWDFDU HO GHUHFKR DO ROYLGR SHUR QR FRPR HO O PLWH GH OD
OLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQVLQRFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGHODSHUVRQDDIHFWDGDSRUODOLEHUWDGGH
H[SUHVLyQ GH RWUR 3UHFLVDPHQWH VXUJH D SDUWLU GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH UHWLUDU FLHUWD
LQIRUPDFLyQ YHUD] GH ,QWHUQHW VREUH OD SHUVRQD SHUWHQHFLHQWH D XQ SDVDGR TXH QR
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LPDJHQGLJLWDO(VHOGHUHFKR³SDUDFULEDUDTXHOORVGDWRVSHUVRQDOHVVXVFHSWLEOHVGH
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GDWRVRLQIRUPDFLyQSXEOLFDGRVHQHOHQWRUQRGLJLWDO TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQLQGH[DGRV
SRU EXVFDGRUHV GH ,QWHUQHW´ 7RXULxR   (O DFFHVR  ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH OD
LQIRUPDFLyQVHKDQYXHOWRVHQFLOORV iJLOHVSHUPLWLHQGRFRQHOORHQFRQWUDUFXDOTXLHU
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3.2. La libe ad de exp esión en Twi e y Facebook
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GHWHUPLQDGRVSD VHV FXOWXUDV VREUHWRGRGHELGRDODOHJLVODFLyQORFDOGHFDGDSD V
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DFFHGHGHVGHHOSD VHQFRQFUHWRDSDUHFHXQDYLVRGHTXHKDQUHVWULQJLGRHODFFHVRD
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JRELHUQRRSRUXQUHTXHULPLHQWROHJDO ORVDYLVRVGHLQIUDFFLyQGHGHUHFKRVGHDXWRU
492
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FRQWHQLGRVHQFRPHQ]DURQDVROLFLWDUORWUHFHSD VHV HQ DVRQORVTXH
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VROLFLWXGHV GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGR TXH KDQ VXELGR XQ  HQ HVWH ~OWLPR
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HPEDUJR V  TXH KD FUHFLGR OD GHPDQGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ SRU SDUWH GHO JRELHUQR 
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GHUHFKRVGHDXWRU(VSDxDKDOOHJDGRDXQPi[LPRGHWXLWV 
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493