Margen de la actuación de Facebook y Twitter para censurar políticas de privacidad y derechos del usuario como límite de la libertad de expresión

 0$5*(1'($&78$&,Ï1'()$&(%22.<7:,77(53$5$ &(1685$532/Ë7,&$6'(35,9$&,'$'<'(5(&+26'(/868$5,2 &202/Ë0,7('(/$/,%(57$''((;35(6,Ï1  &DQR2UyQ/RUHQD 7HRU DGHORV/HQJXDMHV &LHQFLDVGHOD&RPXQLFDFLyQ 8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOHQFLD ORFDR#DOXPQLXYHV  5HVXPHQ /DVSRO WLFDVGHSULYDFLGDGTXHDFHSWDQORVXVXDULRVGHUHGHVVRFLDOHVFRQVWLWX HQXQ WH[WROHJDOTXHFRQGLFLRQDVXUHODFLyQFRQODHPSUHVDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH/DOLEHUWDGGH H[SUHVLyQ OD FHQVXUD  OD UHFROHFFLyQ GH GDWRV SHUVRQDOHV TXH KDFH OD HPSUHVD GHSHQGH GH HVWDV QRUPDWLYDV TXH VH DFHSWDQ FRQ HO UHJLVWUR HQ OD SODWDIRUPD 0HGLDQWHXQDUHYLVLyQELEOLRJUiILFD XQDQiOLVLVGRFXPHQWDOGHODQRUPDWLYDRILFLDO GH )DFHERRN  7ZLWWHU VH UHDOL]D XQD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GH FDUiFWHU GHVFULSWLYR  H[SORUDWRULRFRQXQGREOHREMHWLYRFRQRFHUODDGDSWDFLyQDOQXHYRHQWRUQRGLJLWDOGHO PDUFR MXU GLFR UHIHUHQWH D OD SULYDFLGDG  OD SURWHFFLyQ GH GDWRV  DQDOL]DU ODV SRO WLFDVGHSULYDFLGDGGHHVDVUHGHVVRFLDOHV(QFRQFUHWRHOHVWXGLRVHFHQWUDHQHO WLSRGHSURWHFFLyQTXHRWRUJDQ)DFHERRN 7ZLWWHUDOXVXDULRODVKHUUDPLHQWDVTXH SRQHQDVXDOFDQFHSDUDJDUDQWL]DUVXSULYDFLGDG HOJUDGRGHLQWHUYHQFLyQTXHWLHQHQ HVWDVSODWDIRUPDVHQODVSXEOLFDFLRQHVGHVXVXVXDULRV  3DODEUDVFODYH 3RO WLFDV GH SULYDFLGDG )DFHERRN 7ZLWWHU OLEHUWDG GH H[SUHVLyQ GHUHFKRV GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG  ,QWURGXFFLyQ (OXVRGHODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVLPSOLFDODDFHSWDFLyQGHODVSRO WLFDVGHSULYDFLGDGTXH HVDV HPSUHVDV HVWDEOHFHQ 0HGLDQWH HVWD QRUPDWLYD OHJDO VH UHJXOD QR VyOR OD SULYDFLGDG GH VXV XVXDULRV VLQR WDPELpQ OD OLEHUWDG GH H[SUHVLyQ (VWH WLSR GH SRO WLFDVDIHFWDQGLUHFWDPHQWHWDQWRDODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHFLUFXODHQHVWDVSODWDIRUPDV VRFLDOHVFRPRDODLGHQWLGDG SULYDFLGDGGHOSURSLRXVXDULR (Q ORV SULQFLSDOHV WH[WRV OHJLVODWLYRV D HVFDOD XQLYHUVDO  QDFLRQDO VH GHILQH OD OLEHUWDG GH H[SUHVLyQ  HQ VX PD RU D VH HVWDEOHFHQ HQ HO PLVPR DUWLFXODGR VXV O PLWHV3RUHMHPSOROD&RQVWLWXFLyQ(VSDxRODHVWDEOHFHTXHODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQ WLHQH VX O PLWH ³HQ HO UHVSHWR D ORV GHUHFKRV UHFRQRFLGRV HQ HVWH 7 WXOR HQ ORV  (VWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHHQPDUFDHQHO3UR HFWRGH,'©/RVIOXMRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQORVSURFHVRV GHPRYLOL]DFLyQSRO WLFDPHGLRVEORJV O GHUHVGHRSLQLyQª>5HI&625@GLULJLGRSRU *XLOOHUPR/ySH]*DUF DSURIHVRU7LWXODUGH3HULRGLVPR89(*(OSUR HFWRHVWiILQDQFLDGRSRUHO 0LQLVWHULRGH(FRQRP D &RPSHWLWLYLGDG VXSHULRGRGHHMHFXFLyQHVGHD0iV LQIRUPDFLyQVREUHHOSUR HFWRHQǤǤ  485  SUHFHSWRVGHODVOH HVTXHORGHVDUUROOHQ HVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOGHUHFKRDOKRQRUDOD LQWLPLGDG D OD SURSLD LPDJHQ  D OD SURWHFFLyQ GH OD MXYHQWXG  GH OD LQIDQFLD´ $UW(VGHFLUORVO PLWHVGHODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQVRQORVGHUHFKRV GHEHUHV IXQGDPHQWDOHV HQWUH ORV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ  HO PLVPR DUWLFXODGR GHVWDFD ORV GHUHFKRVGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGUHODWLYRVDODSULYDFLGDG ¢< TXp RFXUUH HQ ,QWHUQHW"¢4Xp GHUHFKRV WLHQH HO XVXDULR HQ HO HQWRUQR GLJLWDO UHIHUHQWHVDODSULYDFLGDG ODSURWHFFLyQGHGDWRV"(VWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHFHQWUDHQORV HVSDFLRVVRFLDOHVGLJLWDOHVGH)DFHERRN 7ZLWWHU WLHQHFRPRREMHWLYRGHVFULELUOD DGDSWDFLyQDOSODQRYLUWXDOGHORVGHUHFKRVGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGTXHOLPLWDQODOLEHUWDG GHH[SUHVLyQ$GHPiVH[SRQHORVHOHPHQWRVTXHDIHFWDQDGLFKDOLEHUWDGGHQWURGHODV SRO WLFDV TXH HVDV UHGHV VRFLDOHV FRQILJXUDQ SDUD JDUDQWL]DU ORV GHUHFKRV  REOLJDFLRQHVDOXVXDULR  0HWRGRORJ D /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH KD OOHYDGR D FDER PHGLDQWH XQD UHYLVLyQ ELEOLRJUiILFD  XQ DQiOLVLVGRFXPHQWDOGHORVSULQFLSDOHVWH[WRVOHJLVODWLYRVTXHUHJXODQODSURWHFFLyQGH GDWRV GHODVSRO WLFDVGHSULYDFLGDGGHODVUHGHVVRFLDOHV)DFHERRN 7ZLWWHU/RV REMHWLYRV TXH KD SHUVHJXLGR HO DQiOLVLV HUDQ SRU XQ ODGR GHWHFWDU HO PRGHOR GH SRO WLFD GH SURWHFFLyQ TXH DGRSWD FDGD UHG VRFLDO HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD SURWHFFLyQ TXH RWRUJD DO XVXDULR < SRU RWUR ODGR HVWDEOHFHU HO JUDGR GH FHQVXUD TXH HVWDV SODWDIRUPDV SXHGHQ HMHUFHU SRU OD SXEOLFDFLyQGH FLHUWRV FRQWHQLGRVWDQWR SRU XQD GHQXQFLDSRUSDUWHGHXQXVXDULRTXHUHFODPDVXGHUHFKRDOKRQRUFRPRSRULQLFLDWLYD GHODPLVPDSODWDIRUPDDQWHLQIRUPDFLyQTXHFODVLILFDFRPRLQFRQYHQLHQWH (O FRUSXV KD VLGR HVFRJLGR GHOLEHUDGDPHQWH SDUD UHDOL]DU XQD DSUR[LPDFLyQ H[SORUDWRULDVREUHHOWHPD8QRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVLQWHUHVHVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHUD H[DPLQDUORVWH[WRVTXHIXQGDPHQWDQODSDUWHHVWUXFWXUDOGHODVUHGHVVRFLDOHV3DUD HOORKHPRVFRQVLGHUDGRQHFHVDULRXQDQiOLVLVGRFXPHQWDOTXHQRVSHUPLWLHUDUHYLVDUH LQWHUSUHWDU ORV GRFXPHQWRV SULQFLSDOHV GH HVWDV SODWDIRUPDV FRQ HO REMHWLYR GH WUDQVPLWLUXQSUREOHPDSRO WLFR-XVW 3XSSLV  / PLWHVGHODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQHQORVHVSDFLRVVRFLDOHVGLJLWDOHV /RVO PLWHVGHODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQHQODVUHGHVVRFLDOHVSRGHPRVDJUXSDUORVHQ GRVJUXSRV3RUXQODGRORVGHUHFKRVLQDOLHQDEOHVGHOXVXDULRFRPRSHUVRQDI VLFD GHUHFKRVUHIHULGRVDODSHUVRQDOLGDG DODSURWHFFLyQGHGDWRV SRURWURODGROD QRUPDWLYD TXH OD HPSUHVD TXH JHVWLRQD HO HVSDFLR VRFLDO GLJLWDO H[LJH FRPR FRQGLFLRQHVGHXVR 1RH[LVWHXQDOH TXHUHJXOH,QWHUQHWHVSHF ILFDPHQWHODIRUPDTXHKDDGRSWDGROD OHJLVODFLyQWDQWRHXURSHDFRPRHVSDxRODGHDERUGDUODGLJLWDOL]DFLyQVHIXQGDPHQWD HQ OD DPSOLDFLyQ GH OD FREHUWXUD GH ORV GHUHFKRV H[LVWHQWHV (V GHFLU ODV OH HV YLJHQWHVVHKDQDPSOLDGR PRGLILFDGRSDUD,QWHUQHW 486  /RV WH[WRV OHJDOHV GH XQ VLWLR ZHE TXH SXHGHQ UHFLELU QRPEUHV FRPR WpUPLQRV  FRQGLFLRQHVGHXVR FRQVWLWX HQXQ FRQWUDWRHQWUHXVXDULR SUHVWDGRUGHO VHUYLFLR (VWHGRFXPHQWRVXSRQHXQDGHFODUDFLyQGHLQWHQFLRQHVHQHOTXHVHGLFHQRVyOROD OHJLVODFLyQ D OD TXH VH DFRJH VLQR WDPELpQ TXp HV OR TXH KDUi OD HPSUHVD GH OD SODWDIRUPDFRQORVGDWRVTXHVHIDFLOLWHQRJHQHUHQHQHOOD(OGHVFRQRFLPLHQWRSRU SDUWHGHOXVXDULRGHODUHJXODFLyQTXHDWDxHDORVGLVWLQWRVDVSHFWRVGHODUHG GHOD DXWRULGDGDODTXHGHEHDFXGLUSDUDSHGLUMXVWLFLDFUHDXQDIDOVDVHQVDFLyQGHDSDUHQWH LPSXQLGDGDODSHUVRQDTXHKDLQIULQJLGRHOGHUHFKR7RXULxR /DV UHGHV VRFLDOHV KDQ WRPDGR FRQFLHQFLD GH TXH VL QR SRQHQ KHUUDPLHQWDV D GLVSRVLFLyQ GHO XVXDULR  QR VRQ UiSLGDV D OD KRUD GH DFWXDU IUHQWH D GHQXQFLDV UHODWLYDVDODYXOQHUDFLyQGHVXVGHUHFKRVVXSODQWDFLyQGHLGHQWLGDGH[WRUVLyQGDxR DODLPDJHQGHOXVXDULRHWFORVFLXGDGDQRVSHUGHUiQODFRQILDQ]D ODILDELOLGDGHQ HVWDVSODWDIRUPDV'HELGRDHVWDUD]yQODVKHUUDPLHQWDVGHUHSRUWHGHDEXVRHQODV UHGHVVRFLDOHVPiVSRSXODUHVVRQUiSLGDV HIHFWLYDV7RXULxR   'HUHFKRV GHO XVXDULR ORV GHUHFKRV GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG HO GHUHFKR D OD SURWHFFLyQGHGDWRV HOGHUHFKRDOROYLGR /RVGHUHFKRVGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGGHUHFKRVSHUVRQDO VLPRVRGHUHFKRVGHODSHUVRQD KDFHQ UHIHUHQFLD D XQD VHULH GH GHUHFKRV SHUVRQDOHV DEVROXWRV LQDOLHQDEOHV H LQWUDQVIHULEOHV TXH HO LQGLYLGXR WLHQH GHVGH HO QDFLPLHQWR  QR SXHGH QL FHGHU QL UHQXQFLDUDHOORV6RQDTXHOORVTXHVHGLULJHQDSURWHJHUODLQWHJULGDGSHUVRQDOGHOVHU KXPDQRGHVGHXQDYHUWLHQWHI VLFDHOGHUHFKRDODYLGDSRUHMHPSOR HVSLULWXDOHO GHUHFKR DO KRQRU SRU HMHPSOR (VWRV GHUHFKRV HVWiQ UHFRJLGRV HQ OD 'HFODUDFLyQ 8QLYHUVDOGHORV'HUHFKRV+XPDQRVGHHQFRQFUHWRHQOD8QLyQ(XURSHDORV HQFRQWUDPRV HQ HO &RQYHQLR (XURSHR GH ORV 'HUHFKRV +XPDQRV &('+ HQ ORV SULPHURVFDS WXORVGHOD&DUWDGH'HUHFKRV)XQGDPHQWDOHVGH8QLyQ(XURSHD HQHO 3DFWR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH 'HUHFKRV &LYLOHV  3RO WLFRV GH  DGRSWDGR SRU OD DVDPEOHD JHQHUDO GH OD 218 /RV GHUHFKRV GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG VRQ GHFODUDGRV  GHVDUUROODGRVHQODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHFDGD(VWDGRPLHPEURHQ(VSDxDORVGHUHFKRVGH ODSHUVRQDOLGDGVHHQFXHQWUDQHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQGH /RV GHUHFKRV GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG TXH SURWHJHQ OD HVIHUD SULYDGD GHO XVXDULR TXH VXSRQHQO PLWHVDODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQVRQ xDe echo a la imagen (OGHUHFKRGHLPDJHQVXSRQHHOGHUHFKRDODFDSWDFLyQUHSURGXFFLyQRSXEOLFDFLyQGH ODLPDJHQ DVXYH]GHOQRPEUHYR]RLPDJHQGHXQDSHUVRQD$QWHULRUPHQWHDO KDEHUPHQRVPHGLRV VHUPiVFRUWRHOFLUFXLWRGHGLIXVLyQVHSRG DFRQWURODUFRQ PiV IDFLOLGDG OD YXOQHUDFLyQ GHO GHUHFKR D OD LPDJHQ  FDOFXODU VX GDxR (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG GDGD OD GLPHQVLyQ JOREDO GH ,QWHUQHW VX YLUDOLGDG  OD FDQWLGDG GH LPiJHQHVTXHVHVXEHQDOG DGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQGHVFRQWUROGHODVLPiJHQHVTXHVH GLIXQGHQHQODUHG GHODVSRVLEOHVYLRODFLRQHVGHHVWHGHUHFKR 487  'HVPLWLILFDQGR OR TXH PXFKRV XVXDULRV SLHQVDQ ODV LPiJHQHV GH ,QWHUQHW WLHQHQ GHUHFKRVWRGDVHOODV&XDOTXLHUIRWRFRQVWDGHGRVWLSRVGHGHUHFKRHOGHUHFKRDOD SURSLD LPDJHQ GH ODV SHUVRQDV TXH DSDUHFHQ  HO GHUHFKR UHODWLYR D OD SURSLHGDG LQWHOHFWXDOGHORVDXWRUHVGHODVLPiJHQHV6LDOJXQRGHHVWRVGHUHFKRVVHYXOQHUDQODV SODWDIRUPDV GH ,QWHUQHW KDELOLWDQ UHFXUVRV SDUD UHWLUDU IRWRV FRQ HO REMHWLYR GH JDUDQWL]DUODVHJXULGDG ILDELOLGDGGHOXVXDULR1RREVWDQWHFXDQGRXQXVXDULRVXEH XQD IRWR D ,QWHUQHW HVWi FHGLHQGR SDUWH GH VXV GHUHFKRV D ORV SURSLHWDULRV GH OD SODWDIRUPD  D ORV XVXDULRV (VWD LQIRUPDFLyQ GHEHU D VHU OH GDVLHPSUHDQWHVGH DFHSWDUORVWpUPLQRV FRQGLFLRQHVGHXVRGRQGHYLHQHUHIOHMDGRHOXVRTXHKDUiQFRQ ORVGDWRV ORVHOHPHQWRVTXHVHSXEOLTXHQHQODUHGODFHVLyQRUHQXQFLDGHGHUHFKRV HWF /D SXEOLFDFLyQ HQ ,QWHUQHW QR KDFH SHUGHU HO GHUHFKR OHJ WLPR SHUR VL VH KDQ FHGLGRORVGHUHFKRVSRUVXELUHODUFKLYRDXQDSODWDIRUPDVHKDSHUGLGRHOFRQWURO DEVROXWRGHODFLUFXODFLyQGHHVDLPDJHQ2ILFLDOPHQWHFRQHOFLHUUHGHODFXHQWDHQ XQDSODWDIRUPDVHDFDEDFRQHOORHOFRQWUDWR HOpode TXHpVWDWHQ DVREUHORVGDWRV GHOXVXDULR6LQHPEDUJRUHGHVVRFLDOHVFRPR)DFHERRNHVWDEOHFHQHQVXVFOiXVXODV TXH FRQ HO ILQ GH XQD FXHQWD VH DFDED OD OLFHQFLD TXH WLHQHQ VREUH ORV GDWRV GHO XVXDULRDQRVHUTXHKD DQVLGRFRPSDUWLGRVSRUWHUFHURVORTXHVXSRQHXQDSpUGLGD DEVROXWDGHOFRQWURO7RXULxR xDe echo a la in imidad (O GHUHFKR D OD LQWLPLGDG UHFRJLGR HQ OD 'HFODUDFLyQ 8QLYHUVDOGH'HUHFKRVGHO +RPEUHHQHVWLSXODTXH³QDGLHVHUiREMHWRGHLQMHUHQFLDVDUELWUDULDVHQVXYLGD SULYDGDVXIDPLOLDVXGRPLFLOLRRVXFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDQLGHDWDTXHVDVXKRQUDRDVX UHSXWDFLyQ 7RGD SHUVRQD WLHQH GHUHFKR D OD SURWHFFLyQ GH OD OH  FRQWUD WDOHV LQMHUHQFLDVRDWDTXHV´$UW(VGHFLUVXSRQHHO³GHUHFKRFRQFHGLGRDODSHUVRQD VREUHHOFRQMXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHVTXHIRUPDQVXF UFXOR QWLPRSHUVRQDO IDPLOLDU  TXHOHSHUPLWHH[FOXLUDORVH[WUDxRVGHHQWURPHWHUVHHQpO GDUOHXQDSXEOLFLGDGTXH QR GHVHH HO LQWHUHVDGR´ 7RXULxR   3RU OR TXH XQD LQWURPLVLyQ HQ HVWH GHUHFKRVHU DXQDSXEOLFDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRVUHODWLYRVDODYLGDSULYDGDGHXQDSHUVRQD TXHQRKD DQVLGRGHVYHODGRVS~EOLFDPHQWHSRUHODIHFWDGR (Q HO SODQR YLUWXDO FDGD YH] HV PiV GLI FLO SURWHJHU OD LQWLPLGDG /RV XVXDULRV GH SODWDIRUPDV VRFLDOHV IXQFLRQDQ PiV FRPR SURGXFWRV GH OD SURSLD SODWDIRUPD TXH FRPR FOLHQWHV GH OD PLVPD D TXH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ TXH VXELPRV  JHQHUDPRV DXWRPiWLFDPHQWH HV SURFHVDGD  YHQGLGD D ODV GLVWLQWDV HPSUHVDV SXEOLFLWDULDV LQWHUHVDGDV HQ GLULJLU VXV FDPSDxDV D XQ S~EOLFR HVSHF ILFR SRQHQ HQ ULHVJR VX LQWLPLGDG FRQVWDQWHPHQWH (VWH WLSR GH SUiFWLFDV TXH UHDOL]DQ FRQ ORV GDWRV ODV HPSUHVDVSURSLHWDULDVGHODVUHGHVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQVRQWRWDOPHQWHOHJDOHV DTXH WLHQHQHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRGHIRUPDFRQVFLHQWHRLQFRQVFLHQWHGHOXVXDULRDODFHSWDU ODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHODSODWDIRUPDDOUHJLVWUDUVH/DVcookiesFRQIRUPDQRWUDRSFLyQGH H[WUDFFLyQ UHFRSLODFLyQGHGDWRVOHJDOHVHQODUHGTXHFRQVLJXHQRWRUJDUWDPELpQXQ FRQWUROWDQWRGHODLQIRUPDFLyQGHORVXVXDULRVFRPRGHDTXHOODTXHJHQHUDQFRQVXV KiELWRVGHFRQVXPR/DVUD]RQHVSRUODVTXHODPD RU DGHORVXVXDULRVDFHSWDQORV WpUPLQRV  FRQGLFLRQHV GH XVR VLQ SUHRFXSDUVH GHPDVLDGR VRQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH GRV 488  3RUTXHHVOD~QLFDIRUPDGHSRGHUXWLOL]DUODDSOLFDFLyQ IRUPDUSDUWHGHHVDUHG  SRUTXHHOKHFKRGHTXHHVWDVLWXDFLyQVHUHSLWDFRQVWDQWHPHQWHHQODPD RU DGHODV SODWDIRUPDV KDFH TXH HO S~EOLFR VH KD D DFRVWXPEUDGR  QR OH Gp LPSRUWDQFLD DO FRQWUDWRTXHVHHVWiILUPDQGR7RXULxR $XQTXHHVWiUHODFLRQDGRFRQHOGHUHFKRDODLQWLPLGDGHOGHUHFKRDODSULYDFLGDGHQ FDPELRQRSHUWHQHFHDORVGHUHFKRVGHODSHUVRQDOLGDG6DOJDGRSUHFLVDPHQWH SRUHVWRHVQHFHVDULDVXGLVWLQFLyQUHVSHFWRDOGHUHFKRDODLQWLPLGDG(OGHUHFKRDOD SULYDFLGDG± igh o p i acyHQ((88VHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQHOGHUHFKRDODLQWLPLGDG HXURSHRSHURHQOD8QLyQ(XURSHDV TXHVHGLVWLQJXHQGRVHVIHUDVGHSURWHFFLyQ GLVWLQWDV3RUGHUHFKRDODSULYDFLGDGVHHQWLHQGHODSURWHFFLyQGHGDWRVGHFDUiFWHU SHUVRQDOFRQYLUWLpQGRVHDV ODSULYDFLGDGHQXQDHVIHUDGHSURWHFFLyQPiVDPSOLDTXH ODLQWLPLGDG DTXHSURWHJH³WRGRVORVGDWRVYLQFXODGRVDXQLQGLYLGXRVHDQpVWRV VHQVLEOHV R QR ORV FXDOHV GHEHQ VHU FRQWURODGRV  SURWHJLGRV HQ VX WHQHQFLD  WUDWDPLHQWRSRUSDUWHGHWHUFHURV´6DOJDGR xDe echo al hono /DOLEHUWDGGHPDQLIHVWDUXQDRSLQLyQOLEUHWLHQHVXO PLWHHQWUHRWURVHQHOGHUHFKR DOKRQRUGHORVVXMHWRVDIHFWDGRV(VWHGHUHFKRSHUVRQDO VLPRFRQVLVWHHQHO³GHUHFKR D QR VHU HVFDUQHFLGR R KXPLOODGR D TXH QDGLH VH UHILHUD D XQD SHUVRQD GH IRUPD LQVXOWDQWHRLQMXULRVDRDWHQWDQGRLQMXVWLILFDGDPHQWHFRQWUDVXUHSXWDFLyQKDFLpQGROD GHVPHUHFHUDQWHODRSLQLyQDMHQD´7RXULxR(OKRQRUFRPSUHQGHU DHQ FRQVHFXHQFLDWDQWRHOUHVSHWRDODLQWLPLGDGODUHSXWDFLyQHOUHVSHWRDOLQGLYLGXR OD EXHQDLPDJHQDV FRPRORTXHORVGHPiVSLHQVDQVREUHQRVRWURV6LQHPEDUJRHVWH WLSRGHGHUHFKRVHVGHOWLSRLQGHPQL]DWRULRGHELGRDTXHVHUHFODPDFXDQGRKDVLGR YXOQHUDGR  VH VXEVDQD FRQ XQD FRPSHQVDFLyQ QRUPDOPHQWH PRQHWDULD KDFLD OD SHUVRQD*R]D QL ¢+DVWDTXpSXQWRVHUHVSHWDHVWRHQODUHG"(QSULQFLSLRODOH TXHVHDSOLFDHVOD PLVPDTXHHQFXDOTXLHURWUDFLUFXQVWDQFLDDMHQDDODVGLQiPLFDVSURSLDVGH,QWHUQHW (V GHFLU TXH VL DOJXLHQ FRQVLGHUD TXH KD VLGR LQVXOWDGR VH KDQ GLYXOJDGR KHFKRV IDOVRVVREUHVXSHUVRQDRVHKDQODQ]DGRRSLQLRQHVLQMXULRVDVRMXLFLRVGHYDORUVREUH HOODTXHVRQODV WUHVLQIUDFFLRQHVUHFRQRFLGDVWLHQHHOGHUHFKRGHGHQXQFLDU HVWRV DFWRVSDUDVXEVDQDUHOGDxR VHULQGHPQL]DGR3RUGHVJUDFLDWUDQVJUHGLUORVO PLWHV GHODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQFDGDYH]HVPiVIUHFXHQWHHQUHGHVVRFLDOHV8QHMHPSOR FRP~Q HV HO FDVR GH ORV ols HQ WRGDV VXV YDULDQWHV GHVGH OD VXSODQWDFLyQ GH LGHQWLGDG KDVWD HO HQY R GH FRPHQWDULRV QRFLYRV SRU SDUWH GH XVXDULRV DQyQLPRV 7RXULxR xDe echo de Au ode e minación in o ma i a (OGHUHFKRGHDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQLQIRUPDWLYDRhabeas da a,SURWHJLGRSRUHOGHUHFKR GHSURWHFFLyQGHGDWRVSHUVRQDOHVKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDOGHUHFKROHJ WLPRGHOLQGLYLGXRD ³ODOLEUHGLVSRVLFLyQGHORVGDWRVSHUVRQDOHV´*R]D QL(VWRVLJQLILFDWHQHU SRGHUSDUD GHFLGLUVREUH HOWUDWDPLHQWRTXH VHYD DUHDOL]DUDORVGDWRV SHUVRQDOHV SURSLRV TXH KDQ VLGR DOPDFHQDGRV HQ GLVWLQWRV OXJDUHV HV GHFLU HO HMHUFLFLR GH OD 489  OLEHUWDGLQIRUPDWLYDGHXQRPLVPRHVODFDSDFLGDGGHFRQWURODUODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHOH FRQFLHUQH (Q FRQFUHWR KD  GRV Y DV GH FRQWURODU HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ 3RU XQ ODGR FRQVLQWLHQGRGHIRUPDLQHTX YRFDOLEUHHLQIRUPDGDODFDSWDFLyQ HOWUDWDPLHQWRGH ORV GDWRV SRU WHUFHURV  SRU RWUR ODGR PHGLDQWH OD DXWRUL]DFLyQ H[SUHVD GH OD OHJLVODFLyQSRUHMHPSORORVGDWRVTXHUHFRJH DQDOL]D+DFLHQGDTXHQRGHSHQGHQ GHODYROXQWDGGHODSHUVRQDVLQRTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQDFWRHVWDEOHFLGRSRUODOH 1R REVWDQWHQLHOFRQVHQWLPLHQWRQLODKDELOLWDFLyQOHJDOVXSRQHQODSpUGLGDGHOSRGHU VREUH ORV GDWRV D TXH H[LVWHQ XQD VHULH GH GHUHFKRV TXH FRPSOHPHQWDQ D OD DXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQ LQIRUPDWLYD 0XULOOR  UHODFLRQDGRV FRQ OD SURWHFFLyQ GH GDWRV (OGHUHFKRGHDXWRGHWHUPLQDFLyQLQIRUPDWLYDHVHOGHUHFKRDOFRQWUROSHUVRQDOGHOD LQIRUPDFLyQTXHFLUFXODVREUHHOSURSLRLQGLYLGXR4XL]iVHVHOPiVYXOQHUDEOHHQOD HVIHUDGLJLWDOSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUTXHDOVHUXQDPDJQLWXGLQDEDUFDEOHSRUXQDSHUVRQD QXQFDVHOOHJDDFRQWURODUFRQJUDQFHUWH]DTXpLQIRUPDFLyQKD VREUHXQLQGLYLGXRHQ ODUHG $GHPiVFXDQGRV  TXHVH HQFXHQWUDXQGDWR FRQFUHWR  VHTXLHUHUHWLUDUR UHFWLILFDU QR VyOR GHSHQGH GH OD SODWDIRUPD ZHE D OD TXH VH KD VXELGR GLFKD LQIRUPDFLyQ GHOXVXDULRHQFXHVWLyQTXHODKDSURSRUFLRQDGRTXHSXHGHVHUKDVWDHO PLVPR DIHFWDGR VLQR GH HQ TXp SD V HVWi DORMDGD OD HPSUHVD TXH SURSRUFLRQD HO VHUYLFLR'HSHQGLHQGRGHO(VWDGRHQHOTXHVHHQFXHQWUHVHSRGUiHMHUFLWDUHOhabeas da aRQR DTXHODMXULVGLFFLyQWLHQHFRPRO PLWHOD]RQDJHRJUiILFDTXHOHJLVOD (OGHUHFKRGHSURWHFFLyQGHGDWRVSHUVRQDOHVHVRWURO PLWHTXHHQFRQWUDPRVSDUDOD OLEHUWDG GH H[SUHVLyQ 1R IRUPD SDUWH GH ORV GHUHFKRV GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG SHUR V  SURWHJHORVTXHKHPRVWUDWDGRDQWHULRUPHQWH DTXHWLHQHSRUILQDOLGDGSURWHJHUOD LQIRUPDFLyQ SHUVRQDO GHO DIHFWDGRFX R DOPDFHQDPLHQWR R WUDWDPLHQWR VXSRQJD XQ DJUDYLRKDFLDODSHUVRQDDGHPiVGHFUHDUQXHYRVGHUHFKRVFRQODILQDOLGDGGHGLFKD SURWHFFLyQ (VWi GHILQLGR HQ OD &DUWD (XURSHD GH 'HUHFKRV )XQGDPHQWDOHV DUWFRPRHO GHUHFKRTXH SRVHHWRGD SHUVRQDD SURWHJHUORV GDWRVTXH OHFRQFLHUQHQORV FXDOHV VHUiQ WUDWDGRV GH IRUPD OHDO  FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG TXH KD D VLGR HVWDEOHFLGD HQ HO FRQVHQWLPLHQWR SRU SDUWH GH OD SHUVRQD DIHFWDGD $GHPiV HVWH GHUHFKR LPSOLFD OD FDSDFLGDGGHDFFHVRDORVGDWRVTXHOHFRQFLHUQHQDODSHUVRQD DVXUHFWLILFDFLyQVL HVSHUWLQHQWH (O REMHWLYR ILQDO GHO GHUHFKR GH SURWHFFLyQ GH GDWRV HV HYLWDU OD FDSWDFLyQ  SURFHVDPLHQWRLOHJDOGHORVGDWRV³GHHVWHPRGRVHHOLPLQDDOPHQRVSDUFLDOPHQWH HOOODPDGRµUXPRULQIRUPiWLFR¶ VHLQVWDODXQDYDOODDODVHPSUHVDVTXHKDFHQGHODV EDVHVGHGDWRVVXIXHQWHGHFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ´*R]D QL < ILQDOPHQWH FDEH GHVWDFDU HO GHUHFKR DO ROYLGR SHUR QR FRPR HO O PLWH GH OD OLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQVLQRFRPRKHUUDPLHQWDGHODSHUVRQDDIHFWDGDSRUODOLEHUWDGGH H[SUHVLyQ GH RWUR 3UHFLVDPHQWH VXUJH D SDUWLU GH OD QHFHVLGDG GH UHWLUDU FLHUWD LQIRUPDFLyQ YHUD] GH ,QWHUQHW VREUH OD SHUVRQD SHUWHQHFLHQWH D XQ SDVDGR TXH QR WLHQH QLQJXQD MXVWLILFDFLyQ OHJDO SDUD FRQWLQXDU HQ O QHD DIHFWDQGR FRQ HOOR D VX LPDJHQGLJLWDO(VHOGHUHFKR³SDUDFULEDUDTXHOORVGDWRVSHUVRQDOHVVXVFHSWLEOHVGH 490  PLQDUORVGHUHFKRVGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGKRQRULQWLPLGDGHLPDJHQ´$EULO 3L]DUUR (VWRHVHO³GHUHFKRGHOLQGLYLGXRDHOLPLQDURKDFHULQDFFHVLEOHVFLHUWRV GDWRVRLQIRUPDFLyQSXEOLFDGRVHQHOHQWRUQRGLJLWDO TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQLQGH[DGRV SRU EXVFDGRUHV GH ,QWHUQHW´ 7RXULxR   (O DFFHVR  ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQVHKDQYXHOWRVHQFLOORV iJLOHVSHUPLWLHQGRFRQHOORHQFRQWUDUFXDOTXLHU GDWRSXEOLFDGRGHXQDDQWLJHGDGFRQVLGHUDEOHFRQXQDYHORFLGDGYHUWLJLQRVD(VWR VXSRQHTXHORVGDWRV KHFKRVTXHHVWiQHQODUHGQRVHTXHGDQHQHOSDVDGRVLQRTXH UHVXUJHQFDGDYH]TXHHVWiQUHODFLRQDGRVFRQODE~VTXHGDTXHVHUHDOL]D (OGHUHFKRDOROYLGRKDE DVLGRKDVWDHOPRPHQWRXQVXSXHVWRWHyULFR VLJXHVLQHVWDU GHVDUUROODGRQLLPSOHPHQWDGRHQQLQJXQDOHJLVODFLyQQLUHJODPHQWR(VWDEDSUHYLVWR TXH OD 8( OR UHFRQRFLHUD SRU SULPHUD YH] FRQ OD DSUREDFLyQ GH OD SURSXHVWD TXH SUHVHQWy OD &RPLVLyQ (XURSHD HQ  GRQGH VH FRQWHPSOD HVWH GHUHFKR 6LQ HPEDUJRILQDOPHQWHVLQVHUHVSHUDGDODVHQWHQFLD&GHOGHPD RGH GHO7-8(GHOFDVRGH0DULR&RVWHMDKDFDPELDGRODVLWXDFLyQDFWXDO(O7-8(OH KDGDGRODUD]yQDOD$JHQFLD(VSDxRODGH3URWHFFLyQGH'DWRVREOLJDQGRD*RRJOHD UHWLUDUODLQIRUPDFLyQTXHSHUMXGLFDEDDODIHFWDGR 3.2. La libe ad de exp esión en Twi e y Facebook (V LPSRUWDQWH GHVWDFDU  WHQHU HQ FXHQWD TXH ODV UHGHV VRFLDOHVDOPHQRVODVPiV SRSXODUHVVRQHPSUHVDVSULYDGDV³6RFLDOQHWZRUNZHEVLWHVDUHSULYDWHO RZQHGDQG H[LVWSULPDULO WRHDUQDSURILW2QHFRXOGDUJXHWKDWDQ EHQHILFLDOVRFLDOHIIHFWVRI WKHVLWHVDUHDWPRVWDVXEVLGLDU FRQVLGHUDWLRQIRUWKHLURZQHUV´-DFNVRQ (VGHFLUDSHVDUGHTXHDSDUHQWHPHQWHVHDQKHUUDPLHQWDVJUDWXLWDV GHTXH HVWiQDGLVSRVLFLyQGHWRGRHOPXQGRSDUDHOELHQFRP~QVXREMHWLYRHVFRQVHJXLU EHQHILFLRV HFRQyPLFRV < VL D QLYHO GH XVXDULR QR VH H[LJH XQD FRPSHQVDFLyQ HFRQyPLFDSRUVXVVHUYLFLRVHVSRUTXH DKDQGDGRFRQODIyUPXODSDUDTXHVHSDJXH SRURWUDY D(QHOFDVRGH)DFHERRN 7ZLWWHUFRQORVGDWRV $GHPiVHVWDVHPSUHVDVUHFLEHQWDQWRSUHVLRQHVLQWHUQDVFRPRODVTXHSXHGDUHDOL]DU XQXVXDULRDOVROLFLWDUODHOLPLQDFLyQGHXQFRQWHQLGRFRPRSUHVLRQHVH[WHUQDVFRPR SXHGDQUHDOL]DUORVJRELHUQRVSDUDVROLFLWDULQIRUPDFLyQGHXQXVXDULRRUHWLUDUFLHUWR FRQWHQLGR GH OD UHG -DFNVRQ  ¢(VWi HQWRQFHV HQ ULHVJR OD SULYDFLGDG GHO XVXDULR"¢&yPRDIHFWDQVXVSRO WLFDVDODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQ"¢(QTXpVHEDVDQ SDUDFHQVXUDUFRQWHQLGRV" 3.2.1. Polí icas de Twi e (Sep iemb e 2014) y sus in o mes de anspa encia (QORVWH[WRVRILFLDOHVGH7ZLWWHUWDQWRHQVXSRO WLFDGHSULYDFLGDG7ZLWWHUD FRPR HQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV  UHJODVYTXH HVWDEOHFH SDUD XVDU VX VHUYLFLR PDQLILHVWDQ HVWDUDIDYRUGHODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQ DVHJXUDQQRFRQWURODUORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHORV XVXDULRV SXEOLFDQ /D SURWHFFLyQ TXH RIUHFHQ DO XVXDULR SRGHPRV GLYLGLUOD HQ GRV WLSRVXQRGHFDUiFWHUSUHYHQWLYRTXHVHU DHOFRQWUROGHODDXGLHQFLDSRWHQFLDOTXH SXHGH YHU WXV FRQWHQLGRV (VWH WLSR GH FRQILJXUDFLyQ HV OR TXHVH GHQRPLQD ³WXLWV 491  SURWHJLGRV´TXHFRQVLVWHHQOLPLWDUODYLVLELOLGDGGHHVWRVFRQWHQLGRVDORVVHJXLGRUHV DXWRUL]DGRVSRUHOXVXDULR$GHPiVFRQHVWDRSFLyQDFWLYDGDORVWXLWVQRDSDUHFHQHQ ODE~VTXHGDGH7ZLWWHUQLVHLQGH[DQHQ*RRJOH <SRURWURODGRODSURWHFFLyQGHFDUiFWHUGHIHQVLYR(QHVWHFDVRQRVUHIHULPRVDOD RSFLyQGHUHSRUWDULQIUDFFLRQHV(VGHFLUXQDYH]HOGDxR DHVWiKHFKRFyPRSXHGH DFWXDU HO XVXDULR SDUD UHLYLQGLFDU VXV GHUHFKRV 6L XQ XVXDULR FRQVLGHUD TXH KD  FRQWHQLGRTXHRELHQOHDIHFWDGLUHFWDPHQWH DVXVGHUHFKRVIXQGDPHQWDOHVRTXH VXSRQHDOJ~QWLSRGHLQIUDFFLyQVHxDODGDSRU7ZLWWHUYLYLLSXHGHUHSRUWDUHOWXLWROD FXHQWDGHXVXDULRHQFRQFUHWRSDUDTXHHVWXGLHQHOFDVR DFW~HQHQFRQVHFXHQFLD(Q HVWRVFDVRVODGHWHFFLyQGHODLQIUDFFLyQGHSHQGHGHOXVXDULR7ZLWWHUQRPDQWLHQHXQ FRQWUROGHORVFRQWHQLGRVTXHVHHVWiQSXEOLFDQGRFRQVWDQWHPHQWH 1RREVWDQWH7ZLWWHUDILUPDTXH³QRYLJLODGHPDQHUDDFWLYDQLFHQVXUDHOFRQWHQLGR GH ORV XVXDULRV H[FHSWR HQ OLPLWDGDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV GHVFULWDV´ HQ ODV 5HJODV GH 7ZLWWHULL/RVO PLWHVTXHHVWDEOHFH7ZLWWHUDODOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQTXHWLHQHQTXH YHU FRQ OD WHPiWLFD GHO FRQWHQLGR  FRQ HO DWDTXH GLUHFWR D RWURV XVXDULRV HVWiQ HVWLSXODGRVHQODV5HJODVGH7ZLWWHULL3RUXQODGRVHHVWDEOHFHQVLHWHOLPLWDFLRQHVSRU HO FRQWHQLGR  HO XVR GH OD SODWDIRUPD &RQFUHWDPHQWH HVWDV OLPLWDFLRQHV VRQ OD VXSODQWDFLyQ GH LGHQWLGDG ODV FRQGLFLRQHV HVSHF ILFDV GHO XVR GH XQD PDUFD FRPHUFLDO OD SXEOLFDFLyQ GH LQIRUPDFLyQ SULYDGD GH RWUD SHUVRQD VLQ VX FRQVHQWLPLHQWRODSXEOLFDFLyQGHDPHQD]DVGHYLROHQFLDODYLRODFLyQGHORVGHUHFKRV GHDXWRUHOXVRGHODSODWDIRUPDSDUDXQILQLOHJDO HOXVRLQGHELGRGHLQVLJQLDVGH 7ZLWWHU<SRURWURODGRHVWLSXODQRFKRDFWLYLGDGHVTXHFRQVWLWX HQXQDEXVRRspam TXH VXSRQGU DQ OD VXVSHQVLyQ SHUPDQHQWH GH OD FXHQWD GH TXLHQ ODV UHDOL]DUD (VSHF ILFDPHQWH VHxDODQ OD FUHDFLyQ GH FXHQWDV HQ VHULH FRQ ILQDOLGDG DEXVLYD R SHUMXGLFLDOHODEXVR DFRVRGLULJLGRDXQDSHUVRQDODDSURSLDFLyQGHQRPEUHVOD UHDOL]DFLyQGHspamFRQLQYLWDFLRQHVODYHQWDGHQRPEUHVGHXVXDULRODVXSODQWDFLyQ GH LGHQWLGDG HO HQY R GH spam D WUDYpV GH OD SODWDIRUPD  HO XVR GH LPiJHQHV SRUQRJUiILFDVFRPRSHUILOHQFDEH]DGRRIRQGRGHXQDFXHQWD 5HVSHFWRDOJUDGRGHFHQVXUDTXHSXHGHHMHUFHU7ZLWWHUFRPRHQWLGDGDORVXVXDULRV VLQ DWHQGHU D ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV H[SXHVWDV DQWHULRUPHQWH OD HPSUHVD VRVWLHQH TXH 7ZLWWHUGHELGRDODVGLIHUHQWHVQRFLRQHVGHOLEHUWDGGHH[SUHVLyQH[LVWHQWHVHQ GHWHUPLQDGRVSD VHV FXOWXUDV VREUHWRGRGHELGRDODOHJLVODFLyQORFDOGHFDGDSD V FLHUWRV FRQWHQLGRV VRQ UHWHQLGRV EDMR SHWLFLyQ GH XQD HQWLGDG DXWRUL]DGDYLLL 'HVGH HQOXJDUGHHOLPLQDUHVWRVFRQWHQLGRVGHWRGDVXUHG7ZLWWHUUHWLHQHHOWXLWROD FXHQWDHVSHF ILFDTXHYXOQHUDODOH GHXQSD VVyORHQHOSD VTXHKD DVROLFLWDGRVX HOLPLQDFLyQ (O FRQWHQLGR VLJXH HVWDQGR GLVSRQLEOH HQ HO UHVWR GHO PXQGR  VL VH DFFHGHGHVGHHOSD VHQFRQFUHWRDSDUHFHXQDYLVRGHTXHKDQUHVWULQJLGRHODFFHVRD HVHFRQWHQLGR 7ZLWWHUDSXHVWDSRUXQDSRO WLFDGHWUDQVSDUHQFLD3RUHVWDUD]yQHODERUDGHVGH LQIRUPHVGHWUDQVSDUHQFLDHQORVFXDOHVHVSHFLILFDODVVROLFLWXGHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXH KDUHFLELGRSRUSDUWHGHORVJRELHUQRVODVVROLFLWXGHVGHHOLPLQDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHXQ JRELHUQRRSRUXQUHTXHULPLHQWROHJDO ORVDYLVRVGHLQIUDFFLyQGHGHUHFKRVGHDXWRU 492  'HVGHHOSULPHULQIRUPHGHKDVWDHOSULPHULQIRUPHGH7ZLWWHUKDUHWHQLGR XQWRWDOGHWXLWV FXHQWDVGH7ZLWWHU$XQTXHODUHWHQFLyQGHWXLWVDXPHQWD FDGD DxR  FDGD YH] VRQ PiV ORV SD VHV TXH UHDOL]DQ VROLFLWXGHV SDUD FHQVXUDU FRQWHQLGRVHQFRPHQ]DURQDVROLFLWDUORWUHFHSD VHV HQ DVRQORVTXH KDQ DFXGLGR D OD HPSUHVD SDUD UHWLUDU HO FRQWHQLGR HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ ORV  PLOORQHVGHWXLWVSXEOLFDGRVFDGDG D7ZLWWHUEQRKD XQJUDGRHOHYDGRGH FHQVXUD (QHOVLJXLHQWHJUiILFRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUODHYROXFLyQGHODVUHWHQFLRQHVGHFRQWHQLGR TXHKDQUHDOL]DGRGHVGHHOVHJXQGRLQIRUPHGHTXHHVFXDQGRVHLPSODQWDHVWD PHGLGD3RGHPRVREVHUYDUFyPRHQHO~OWLPRSHULRGRKDQVLGRUHWHQLGRVXQWRWDOGH WXLWVVLHQGRODPD RU DGH7XUTX DWXLWV)UDQFLDWXLWV-DSyQWXLWV &RUHDGHO6XUWXLWV7ZLWWHUF *UiILFR  )XHQWHHODERUDFLyQSURSLDDSDUWLUGH7ZLWWHUD  'HVWDFDGHORVLQIRUPHVODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ DGHSD VHVSDUDVROLFLWDULQIRUPDFLyQD 7ZLWWHUSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUUD]RQHVSROLFLDOHVVLHQGR((88HOPiVLQTXLVLWLYR±VyOR VXV SHWLFLRQHV VXSRQHQ HO  GH WRGDV ODV TXH VH UHFLEHQ (Q OR UHIHUHQWH D ODV VROLFLWXGHV GH HOLPLQDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGR TXH KDQ VXELGR XQ  HQ HVWH ~OWLPR LQIRUPHODPD RU DGHHVWDVVROLFLWXGHVSURYLHQHQGH7XUTX D)UDQFLD  5XVLD )LQDOPHQWHVLQRVFHQWUDPRVHQHOFDVRGH(VSDxDFRPRSRGHPRVREVHUYDUHQORV VLJXLHQWHVJUiILFRVODVVROLFLWXGHVWRWDOHVSDUDODHOLPLQDFLyQGHFRQWHQLGRHQHVWRV GRV DxRV KDQ VLGR FXDWUR GH ODV FXDOHV QLQJXQD KD FRQVHJXLGR VX SURSyVLWR 6LQ HPEDUJR V  TXH KD FUHFLGR OD GHPDQGD GH LQIRUPDFLyQ SRU SDUWH GHO JRELHUQR  HQWLGDGHVDXWRUL]DGDVOOHJDQGRDXQPi[LPRGHVROLFLWXGHVHQ1RREVWDQWH HQ OR UHIHUHQWH D OD HOLPLQDFLyQ GH FRQWHQLGR SRU PRWLYRV GH YXOQHUDFLyQ GH ORV GHUHFKRVGHDXWRU(VSDxDKDOOHJDGRDXQPi[LPRGHWXLWV  FXHQWDV&DEHPHQFLRQDUTXHKD DOJXQRVLQIRUPHVHQORVFXDOHVQRVHUHFRJLyOD 493