SEASONAL PATTERN IN THE TOURIST SPANISH SECTOR
Jesús Manuel López Bonilla
1
Luis Miguel López Bonilla
2
Bo ja Sanz Al ami a
3
1
Jesús Manuel López Bonilla. Depa amen o de Adminis ación de Emp esas y Ma ke ing. Uni e si y o Se ille.
Tel: 0034 854 55 75 75.
2
Luis Miguel López Bonilla. Depa amen o de Adminis ación de Emp esas y Ma ke ing. Uni e si y o Se ille.
Tel: 0034 854 55 75 75.
3
Bo ja Sanz Al ami a. Depa amen o de Adminis ación de Emp esas y Ma ke ing. Uni e si y o Se ille. Tel:
0034 854 55 75 75.
SEASONAL PATTERN IN THE TOURIST SPANISH SECTOR
Jesús Manuel López Bonilla
Luis Miguel López Bonilla
Bo ja Sanz Al ami a
Abs ac :
The seasonal a ia ions ma e ialize in di e en ways in he des ina ions. In his pape
we y o analyze he seasonal ypology ha di e s in he Spanish e i o y,
especially, we e e o he Au onomous Communi ies. Wi h his aim, we obse e he
le els o seasonali y o he ou is demand and supply depending on di e en
a iables, such as: he numbe o ou is s, he a e age days o s ay o he ou is s,
he numbe o a ailable ooms, and he pe sonnel employed in he ou is housings.
Key wo ds: ou ism demand, ou ism supply, seasonal a ia ion
SEASONAL PATTERN IN THE TOURIST SPANISH SECTOR
Jesús Manuel López Bonilla
Luis Miguel López Bonilla
Bo ja Sanz Al ami a
1. INTRODUCTION
Seasonali y does no conce n exclusi ely he ou is ac i i y, bu i ep esen s one o
he mos p edominan cha ac e is ics in he ou ism. The seasonal a ia ions ha e
u ned in o a p oblem o long du a ion ha conce ns many ac i i ies and many
des ina ions, and a e y ele an ques ion o ha ing in conside a ion o he ou is
agen s. Mos o he academic li e a u e, specially ea ed om an economic
pe spec i e, sugges s ha he seasonali y mus be conside ed as a signi ican
p oblem ha i is necessa y o look o answe s.
In he p esen pape we analyse he pa e ns o he seasonal a ia ions in he
Spanish egions, ying o de e mine hei possible di e ences. Seasonali y is
commonly de ined as he ecu ing mo emen s in a ime se ies du ing a pa icula
pe iod o he yea ha occu o simila o m e e y yea (Moo e, 1989), o as he end
o he ou is lows in ela i ely sho pe iods o he yea (Allcock, 1994). Bu also we
can ind o he concep s ha ga he , somehow, a ew mo e wide ideas. Fo ins ance,
Bu le (1994) explains seasonali y as a empo al imbalance in he phenomenon o
ou ism which may be exp essed in e ms o numbe o isi o s, expendi u e o
isi o s, a ic in highways and o he o ms o anspo a ion, employmen , and
admission o a ac ions. F om his poin o iew, bu mo e gene al, ou is seasonali y
can be de ined as he empo al imbalance p omo ed, p incipally, by a high
concen a ion o he ou is lows in ce ain pe iods o he yea , in which he e can be
in ol ed ac o s o demand and supply.
A e wa ds, we a e going o de ail he aims and he me hodology used o de e mine
he seasonal pa e ns in he di e en Au onomous Communi ies o Spain. The e o e,
he in o ma ion ha we handle e e s o he pe iod 2001 o 2004, using di e en
ep esen a i e ou is a iables o he supply and o he demand. Likewise, we
desc ibe he cu en si ua ion o he Spanish ou ism basing on hese a iables.
Finally, we y o iden i y he possible di e ences among he Spanish egions.
2. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY
Uysal, Fesenmaie and O'Lea y (1994) ealize an analysis o he seasonal a ia ions
ha p omo e he ou is ips in The Uni ed S a es, and conclude ha i is necessa y
o pay mo e a en ion o he s udy o he na u e o he ips in he di e en seasons,
being possible ha he di e en S a es could p esen a seasonal di e en pa e n
among hem. In he p esen pape , as al eady men ioned, we y o e i y he
seasonal ypology ha akes place in he ou is Spanish sec o , compa ing he
possible exis ing di e ences among he Au onomous Communi ies.
The me hodology is based on he calcula ion o he Speci ic Index o Seasonal
Va ia ion (IEVE) depending on he ou is mon hly mo emen . As Sancho (2001)
indica es, he simples me hod o isola e he seasonal componen is ha o he a io
o he mo ing a e age and, i he mul iplica i e hypo hesis is adop ed, he coe icien
se ies Y di ided by se ies o mo ing a e ages MM o equal pe iod o he numbe o
obse a ions in one yea , includes only he seasonal and i egula componen s. The
a i hme ical exp ession is es ablished as ollows:
Y T x C x E x I
 =  = E x I = IEVE
MM T x C
In his exp ession he ac o s ha o m he empo a y se ies a e collec ed: he end
(T ), he cycle (C ), he seasonali y (E ), and he i egula a ia ions (I ). Sancho
(2001) assu es ha in case he seasonali y should be s able and he e should no
exis s i egula luc ua ions o signi ican magni ude, he speci ic indexes o seasonal
a ia ion can be di ided equally o ob ain he Gene al Indexes o Seasonal Va ia ion
(IGVEs), which e lec only he seasonal componen . This index calcula es by means
o he a i hme ical a e age o he IEVEs om all he obse a ions co esponding o
he same pe iod o ime, ha in ou wo k i is he mon hly pe iod, and can be
exp essed in absolu e numbe s o in pe cen age. He eby, he alue o he uni
supposes he non-exis ence o seasonali y wi h ega d o he end o he se ies,
whe eas he highes o lowes alues mean seasonal a ia ions o excess o o
aul , espec i ely, wi h ela ion o he obse ed end.
On he o he hand, he in o ma ion and he a iables used in ou analysis a e
ex ac ed om he pe iodic epo s o he Spanish S a is ical Ins i u e. We no i y ha
he s a is ical in o ma ion o 2004 is s ill p o isional. The ou is a iables o he
demand and he supply ha we u ilize a e: (1) he numbe o ou is s, who a e o med
by all he a elle s who ul il, a leas , one s ay in any ou is housing; (2) he a e age
s ay o he ou is s, ha i is he a e age numbe o days ha he a elle s emain in
he ou is accommoda ions; (3) he a ailable ooms, ha a e he numbe o ixed
a ailable beds o he ou is es ablishmen du ing he mon h o e e ence, wi hou
including he supplemen a y ones and coun ing he double beds as wo places; and
(4) he pe sonnel employed in he ou is housings, which co esponds wi h he se o
pe sons, emune a ed and no emune a ed, ha con ibu e wi h hei wo k, o he
p oduc ion o goods and se ices du ing he mon h o e e ence, hough hey wo k
ou side. We make no ice ha he numbe s ha we handle wi h ela ion o he
a iables o supply a e exp essed in a e age mon hly alues, whe eas he a e age
s ay has been calcula ed om he weigh ed a e age wi h ega d o he s ays ealized
by he ou is s in he se o he ou is accommoda ions. Following, we desc ibe each
o hese ou a iables wi h ega d o he Spanish egions du ing he analyzed pe iod
o ime.
3. VARIATIONS IN THE NUMBER OF TOURISTS
The Spanish egions which ecei ed mo e ou is s in 2004 a e: Ca alonia, wi h 18,1
%, and Andalusia, wi h 17,2 %. A e hese egions s and ou : Cana ies (11,5 %),
Balea ics (9,6 %), he Valencian Communi y (8,8 %), and Mad id (8,3 %). In he hi d
le el we ind: Cas ile and Lion (5,6 %), and Galicia (4,9 %). The es o communi ies
a ain a small ep esen a ion ( able 1).
In ou analysis i is necessa y o highligh he con inued g ow h o he numbe o
ou is s in Spain, which a e is 10 % du ing he pe iod o ou s udied yea s. The
majo i y o he Au onomous Communi ies inc eases he numbe o ou is s o e he
a e age g ow h o Spain du ing his pe iod o ime, emphasizing Galicia, wi h a a e
o inc ease o 44,4 %, he Basque Coun y, wi h 25,5 %, Na a e, wi h 19,6 %, he
Valencian Communi y, wi h 18,2 %, As u ias, wi h 18,1 %, and Mad id, wi h 15 %.
The e is ano he g oup o Au onomous Communi ies ha suppo a g ow h simila o

ha o Spain: La Rioja, Cas ile and Lion, Andalusia, and Mu cia. On he con a y,
he e a e h ee communi ies wi h a g ow h lowe han ha o Spain. They a e:
Can ab ia, wi h 8,3 %, A agon, wi h 6,3 %, and Cas ile-La Mancha, wi h 2,8 %. And,
inally, he e a e only h ee egions wi h a es o dec ease in his pe iod:
Es emadu a, wi h 0,6 %, Balea ics, wi h a 1,4 %, and Cana ies, wi h 5 %. We ha e
o emphasize he case o Cana ies, ha is su e ing a con inuous dec ease in ou
analyzed yea s.
Table 1.
Numbe o ou is s in a yea in he Au onomous Communi ies.
Au onomous
Communi ies
2001
%
2002
%
2003
%
2004
%
Andalusia
13.062.705
17,18
13.128.503
17,27
13.791.757
17,29
14.466.794
17,29
A agon
2.181.570
2,87
2.196.513
2,89
2.294.954
2,88
2.318.287
2,77
As u ias
1.319.459
1,74
1.341.518
1,76
1.477.205
1,85
1.558.824
1,86
Balea ics
8.145.809
10,71
7.359.469
9,68
7.812.211
9,79
8.027.976
9,60
Cana ies
10.199.530
13,41
10.000.919
13,15
9.988.888
12,52
9.685.956
11,58
Can ab ia
1.296.236
1,70
1.365.183
1,80
1.383.113
1,73
1.404.170
1,68
Cas ile and
Lion
4.208.933
5,53
4.285.829
5,64
4.255.824
5,33
4.682.237
5,60
C.-La Mancha
2.033.324
2,67
1.992.844
2,62
1.987.530
2,49
2.090.171
2,50
Ca alonia
13.374.570
17,59
13.749.192
18,08
14.621.984
18,33
15.182.579
18,15
Valencian C.
6.278.593
8,26
6.314.335
8,30
7.094.011
8,89
7.421.696
8,87
Es emadu a
1.197.565
1,57
1.121.470
1,47
1.152.595
1,44
1.190.329
1,42
Galicia
2.844.868
3,74
2.968.331
3,90
3.394.271
4,25
4.107.469
4,91
Mad id
6.060.331
7,97
6.198.886
8,15
6.237.918
7,82
6.967.516
8,33
Mu cia
1.065.676
1,40
1.069.359
1,41
1.145.281
1,44
1.176.766
1,41
Na a e
724.873
0,95
747.749
0,98
804.508
1,01
866.945
1,04
Basque
Coun y
1.567.799
2,06
1.680.216
2,21
1.811.625
2,27
1.967.563
2,35
La Rioja
483.885
0,64
515.350
0,68
536.137
0,67
539.690
0,65
Spain
76.045.726
100
76.035.666
100
79.789.812
100
83.654.968
100
Sou ce: own elabo a ion based on he Spanish S a is ical Ins i u e
The gene al indexes o seasonal a ia ion wi h ega d o he numbe o ou is s a e
ga he ed in he able 2. The da a in o m us abou he seasonal concen a ion du ing
he mon hs o he yea . In o de o imp o e i s desc ip ion, we s and ou in g ey hose
cells which indexes o e come he uni . The summe pe iod in he Spanish e i o y is
he mos impo an acco ding o he numbe o ou is s, beginning, app oxima ely, in
sp ing middle and ending in Sep embe . This a e age pe iod coincides only wi h
Ca alonia. A i s , we may hink ha a majo ex ension o his pe iod o concen a ion
o he ou is s is going o educe he seasonali y. He eby, he e a e egions ha
o e come he na ional a e age o i e men ioned mon hs: Andalusia, Cas ile-La
Mancha, La Rioja, Es emadu a, and Mad id, which expand hei pe iods o se en
mon hs, om Ap il o Oc obe o he i s h ee communi ies men ioned, and om
Ma ch o Oc obe , wi h a mon h o lack, o he o he wo egions. Likewise, he e a e
o he communi ies ha ha e a pe iod o seasonali y o six mon hs: (1) he Valencian
Communi y and Mu cia, om Ap il o Sep embe ; and (2) Balea ics, Cas ile and Lion,
Na a e, and he Basque Coun y, om May o Oc obe . Besides, he e a e o he
communi ies ha concen a e he ou is s who isi hem exclusi ely du ing he
summe . Those a e: A agon, As u ias, Can ab ia, and Galicia. On he o he hand,
Cana ies has e y unlike mon hs ha o e come ligh ly he uni , due o i s scan y
deg ee o seasonali y.
Table 2.
Gene al index o seasonal a ia ion in he Au onomous Communi ies acco ding o
he numbe o ou is s
Au onomous
Communi ies
Jan
Feb
Ma
Ap
May
Jun
Jul
Ago
Sep
Oc
No
Dic
Andalusia
0,537
0,726
0,956
1,148
1,153
1,127
1,265
1,499
1,221
1,026
0,698
0,645
A agon
0,665
0,799
0,965
0,946
0,905
1,003
1,439
1,804
1,118
0,938
0,638
0,780
As u ias
0,387
0,456
0,685
0,845
0,874
1,046
1,856
2,632
1,280
0,833
0,575
0,531
Balea ics
0,151
0,292
0,454
0,705
1,524
1,759
1,935
2,086
1,693
1,073
0,191
0,138
Cana ies
0,966
0,944
1,110
1,000
0,845
0,845
1,037
1,186
0,983
1,056
1,004
0,974
Can ab ia
0,291
0,383
0,681
0,821
0,933
1,229
2,012
2,560
1,334
0,807
0,522
0,427
Cas ile and L.
0,517
0,618
0,842
0,988
1,048
1,066
1,388
1,817
1,201
1,055
0,782
0,679
C.-La Mancha
0,626
0,729
0,905
1,040
1,033
1,037
1,254
1,452
1,165
1,100
0,884
0,776
Ca alonia
0,436
0,522
0,699
0,966
1,150
1,355
1,751
1,939
1,238
0,884
0,542
0,517
Valencian C.
0,567
0,687
0,920
1,061
1,022
1,153
1,436
1,644
1,186
0,925
0,732
0,669
Es emadu a
0,564
0,710
1,020
1,213
1,091
0,967
1,174
1,484
1,114
1,070
0,845
0,748
Galicia
0,501
0,563
0,733
0,851
0,929
1,083
1,598
2,307
1,237
0,929
0,663
0,604
Mad id
0,842
0,916
1,015
1,019
1,074
1,071
1,033
0,983
1,090
1,106
0,975
0,876
Mu cia
0,635
0,761
0,974
1,092
1,030
1,113
1,312
1,434
1,193
0,982
0,801
0,673
Na a e
0,542
0,629
0,848
0,984
1,046
1,061
1,503
1,763
1,180
1,091
0,780
0,573
Basque
Coun y
0,611
0,674
0,849
0,909
1,002
1,120
1,413
1,716
1,126
1,024
0,840
0,715
La Rioja
0,593
0,678
0,943
1,028
1,122
1,047
1,260
1,526
1,184
1,130
0,869
0,619
Spain
0,565
0,670
0,852
0,986
1,089
1,177
1,438
1,669
1,220
0,998
0,695
0,640
Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
4. VARIATIONS IN THE AVERAGE STAY
Depending on he a e age days o s ay o he ou is s we can dis inguish some
egions ha a ac undoub edly ou ism o aca ion na u e ( able 3). This is he case
o Cana ies and Balea ics, wi h an a e age s ay ligh ly supe io o one week. On he
o he hand, he Valencian Communi y, Mu cia, Ca alonia, and Andalusia achie e an
a e age s ay o app oxima ely he hal o he week. And all he o he egions a ain
a e age s ays lowe han h ee days.
In con as o he inc ease o he numbe o ou is s who a el o Spain, he mos
signi ican o he e olu ion o hei a e age s ays is he dec ease in he las yea s.
He eby, he a e age s ay o he ou is s has passed om 4,59 days in 2001 o 4,12
days in 2004, diminishing in 10,2 %. This pe cen age is o e come by only wo
Au onomous Communi ies: Balea ics (11,8 %) and Ca alonia (10,4 %). The majo i y
o he egions educes i s le els o s ay a e age, excep Cas ile-La Mancha, which
inc eases in 5,9 %, hough i is s ill he communi y wi h he mino a e age numbe o
days o s ay, oge he wi h Cas ile and Lion, wi h 1,78 days; and Es emadu a, wi ch
inc eases in 5,1 %, being he ollowing communi y wi h a lowe a e age s ay, wi h
1,85 days. Finally, A agon, Cas ile and Lion, and La Rioja. suppo a simila le el.
Table 3
A e age s ay o he ou is s in a yea in he Au onomous Communi ies.
Au onomou
s
Communi i
es
2001
2002
2003
2004
Ra e o a ia ion
2001-04 (en %)
Andalusia
3,43
3,40
3,39
3,37
-1,75
A agon
2,31
2,38
2,34
2,32
0,43
As u ias
2,71
2,68
2,57
2,59
-4,43
Balea ics
8,29
8,08
7,71
7,31
-11,82
Cana ies
8,67
8,41
8,38
8,19
-5,54
Can ab ia
2,86
2,90
2,83
2,83
-1,05
Cas ile and
Lion
1,78
1,83
1,82
1,78
0,00
C.-La
Mancha
1,68
1,73
1,78
1,78
5,95
Ca alonia
4,30
4,24
3,94
3,85
-10,47
Valencian C.
5,64
5,56
5,11
5,08
-9,93
Es emadu
a
1,76
1,79
1,84
1,85
5,11
Galicia
2,47
2,54
2,25
2,23
-9,72
Mad id
2,28
2,25
2,22
2,14
-6,14
Mu cia
4,33
4,49
4,39
4,22
-2,54
Na a e
2,41
2,34
2,25
2,21
-8,30
Basque
Coun y
2,10
2,10
2,03
2,02
-3,81
La Rioja
2,05
2,06
2,04
2,08
1,46
Spain
4,59
4,46
4,29
4,12
-10,24
Sou ce: own elabo a ion based on he Spanish S a is ical Ins i u e
The gene al index o seasonal a ia ion acco ding o he a e age s ays ( able 4)
shows a highes concen a ion o he mon hs o he yea han in he p e ious index
( able 2), ha was measu ed wi h ega d o he numbe o ou is s. This ac
highligh s he ou is mo emen o me ely aca ion na u e, some hing ha we can
app ecia e in mino measu emen wi h ela ion o he numbe o ou is s, because in
his case wha we compu e a e he ips and no he du a ion o he ip. The e o e,
he summe pe iod s ands ou in he na ional a e age and July and Augus in all he
egions, hough a majo he e ogenei y di e s among hem wi h ega d o he pe iods
ha concen a e he s ays o longes du a ion. Thus, we obse e ha he mon hs o
No embe , Decembe , and Janua y accumula e nume ous s ays, as we can see in
he case o Cas ile-La Mancha, Cas ile and Lion, and he Basque Coun y in
No embe ; Andalusia and Mu cia in Decembe ; and A agon, Cana ies, he Valencian
Communi y, and Mu cia in Janua y. Somewha , his is jus i ied by he Ch is mas
aca ions. Ob iously, he dispe sion o he s ays in mo e he e ogeneous pe iods
con ibu es o imp o e he indexes o seasonali y. Mu cia ep esen s a special case,
a aining high le els o s ay du ing he whole win e . On he o he hand, Es emadu a
and Mad id also ex end up hei pe iod o concen a ion o he sp ing.
Table 4.
Gene al index o seasonal a ia ion in he Au onomous Communi ies acco ding o
he a e age s ay
Au onomous
Communi ies
Jan
Feb
Ma
Ap
May
Jun
Jul
Ago
Sep
Oc
No
Dic
Andalusia
0,956
0,951
0,918
0,938
1,013
1,176
1,219
1,063
0,956
0,894
0,890
1,025
A agon
1,051
0,980
0,995
0,957
0,897
0,909
1,156
1,363
0,916
0,877
0,910
0,989
As u ias
0,861
0,860
0,886
0,969
0,901
1,004
1,271
1,452
1,071
0,922
0,898
0,904
Balea ics
0,996
0,852
0,879
0,834
0,941
1,100
1,161
1,167
1,190
1,171
0,887
0,821
Cana ies
1,043
0,981
0,988
0,955
0,951
0,985
1,058
1,058
1,024
0,976
0,995
0,986
Can ab ia
0,851
0,788
0,910
0,964
0,884
0,972
1,329
1,589
1,142
0,890
0,833
0,849
Cas ile and L.
0,985
0,959
1,014
0,981
0,981
0,955
1,045
1,109
0,965
0,981
1,037
0,987
C.-La Mancha
0,955
0,936
0,965
0,979
0,973
1,017
1,029
1,176
0,966
0,981
1,016
0,977
Ca alonia
0,694
0,684
0,737
0,893
0,996
1,143
1,555
1,694
1,300
0,940
0,691
0,673
appea s. On he o he hand, and wi h ela ion o he a iables o demand, we obse e
ha in Es emadu a, Mu cia, and La Rioja he e appea ypes wi h wo peaks, being
he mon hs o Ap il, Janua y, and May, espec i ely, hose who p esen wha we can
name as a seconda y peak, besides he summe peak. In Es emadu a and La Rioja
his ypology appea s in he numbe o ou is s, and in he case o Mu cia i happens in
he numbe o days o s ay.
Likewise, we disco e wo egions wi h a ype ha we called ange o moun ains:
Balea ics and Ca alonia. This si ua ion is gi en also in he se o Spain, bu i s
seasonal a ia ions a e much mo e mode a ed by an a e age long season, ac ha in
bo h men ioned egions is no p oduced, which indica es ha hey a ain a high
seasonali y.
Finally, i is necessa y o emphasize he ype wi hou seasonal peak, which appea s
especially in Cana ies and he Communi y o Mad id. In hese wo egions he opposi e
happens ha in he p e ious case, since mos o he mon hs o he yea is o a e age
season.
8. CONCLUSIONS
In his pape we ha e analyzed he di e en seasonal ypes in he Spanish e i o y.
Wi h his aim, we ha e based on he Au onomous Communi ies and on he le els o
seasonali y p oduced in di e se a iables, bo h o he demand and o he supply
ou is , such as he numbe o ou is s, he a e age s ays o he ou is s, he numbe o
a ailable ooms, and he pe sonnel employed in he ou is housings. We calcula e he
seasonal a ia ions om he Speci ic and Gene al Indexes o Seasonal Va ia ion.
We ha e e i ied ha ex ensi e e i o ies ha he Au onomous Communi ies include,
show signi ican di e ences wi h ega d o he ypes ha he ou is seasonali y
p esen s. Bu le and Mao (1997) iden i y h ee seasonal ypes: (1) seasonali y wi h one
peak, (2) seasonali y wi h wo peaks, and (3) wi hou seasonal peak. Bu acco ding o
he handled in o ma ion in his s udy, we ha e conside ed sui ably o add a ou h ype
ha we name as seasonal ype wi h a ange o moun ains. P ecisely, he se o Spain
is cha ac e ized by he la e ype.
As hough , he majo i y o he egions possess a ype o one seasonal peak
co esponding wi h he summe pe iod. Bu we ha e ound some excep ions. On he
one hand, he e a e zones wi h a ype o wo peaks wi h ega d o he a iables o
demand, as Es emadu a, Mu cia, and La Rioja. Besides, Balea ics and Ca alonia

a ain a o m o ange o moun ains, wi h clea indica ions o a high seasonali y. On he
con a y, Cana ies and Mad id s and ou o hei scan y o p ac ically oid seasonali y,
ha ing a ype wi hou seasonal peak.
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allcock, J. (1994): “Seasonali y”, en Tou ism Ma ke ing and Managemen Handbook,
S. Wi y L. Mou inho (eds.), P en ice Hall, New Yo k, pp. 191-208
Baum, T.; Hagen, L. (1999): “Responses o seasonali y: he expe iences o pe iphe al
des ina ions”, In e na ional Jou nal o Tou ism Resea ch, 1 (5), pp. 299-312
Bu le , R. (1994): “Seasonali y in Tou ism: issues and p oblems”, en Tou ism. The
S a e o he A , A. Sea on, Wiley, Chiches e , pp. 332-340
Bu le , R. ; Mao, B. (1997): Seasonali y in ou ism: issues and p oblems. En Tou ism.
The s a e o he a , A. Sea on (ed.), Wiley, Chiches e , pp. 332-340
C ouch, G. (1994): “The s udy o in e na ional ou ism demand: a e iew o indings”,
Jou nal o T a el Resea ch, 33 (1), 12-23
Du al, D.T. (2004): “When buying in o he business, we knew i was seasonal:
pe cep ions o seasonali y in Cen al O ago, New Zealand”, In e na ional Jou nal o
Tou ism Resea ch, 6, pp. 325-337
Fe nández Mo ales, A. (2003):”Decomposing seasonal concen a ion”, Annals o
Tou ism Resea ch, 30 (4), pp. 942-956
Ge z, D.; Nilsson, P.A. (2004): “Responses o amily businesses o ex eme
seasonali y in demand: case o Bo nholm, Denma k”, Tou ism Managemen , 25, pp.
17-30
Higham, J.; Hinch, T. (2002): “Tou ism, spo and seasons: he challenges and
po en ial o o e coming seasonali y in he spo and ou ism sec o s”, Tou ism
Managemen , 23, pp. 175-185
Hui, T-K.; Yuen, C.C. (2002): “A s udy in he seasonal a ia ion o Japanese ou is
a i als in Singapo e”, Tou ism Managemen , 23, pp. 127-131
Jolli e, L.; Fa nswo h, R. (2003): “Seasonali y in ou ism employmen : human
esou ce challenges”, In e na ional Jou nal o Con empo a y Hospi ali y Managemen ,
15 (6), pp. 312-316
Koenig, N.; Bischo , E.E. (2003): “Seasonali y o ou ism in Wales: a compa a i e
analysis”, Tou ism Economics, 9, pp. 229-254
Lim, C.; McAlee , M. (2000): “A seasonal analysis o Asian ou is a i als o Aus alia”,
Applied Economics, 32 (4), pp. 499-510
Lim, C.; McAlee , M. (2001): “Mon hly seasonal a ia ions. Asian ou ism o Aus alia”,
Annals o Tou ism Resea ch, 28, pp. 68-82
López Bonilla, J.M.; López Bonilla, L.M. (2005): “Incidencia de la es acionalidad de la
demanda u ís ica en las p o incias andaluzas”, en E. Ma ín y F. J. Cossío (Eds.),
Ci ies in Compe i ion, New T ends in Ma ke ing Managemen , pp. 597-511
Moo e, T.W. (1989): Handbook o Business Fo ecas ing, Gowe , London
Nie o González, J.L.; Ama e Fo es, I. (2000): “Análisis de la es acionalidad de la
demanda u ís ica en la Comunidad Andaluza”, Pape s de Tu isme, 28, pp. 42-64
Roselló, J.; Rie a, A.; Sausó, A. (2004): “The economic de e minan s o seasonal
pa e ns”, Annals o Tou ism Resea ch, 31 (3), pp. 697-711
Sancho Pé ez, A. (2001): Apun es de me odología de la in es igación en u ismo,
O ganización Mundial del Tu ismo, Mad id
Tsi ou as, A. (2004): “Adjus ed Gini coe icien and ‘mon hs equi alen ’ deg ee o
ou ism seasonali y: a esea ch no e”, Tou ism Economics, 10 (1), pp. 95-100
Uysal, M.; Fesenmaie , D.; O’Lea y, J. (1994): “Geog aphic and seasonal a ia ion in
he concen a ion o a el in he Uni ed S a es”, Jou nal o T a el Resea ch, 32 (3), pp.
61-64