QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
47
An Applica ion o TRIZ In en i e App oach in
De elopmen S a egy in o Fou h-pa y
Logis ics
DOI: 10.12776/qip. 28i1.1968
T ang T uong Diem Le, Felici a Ch omjako á, Vang Dang Quang
Recei ed: 2023-12-26 Accep ed: 2024-02-14 Published: 2024-03-31
ABSTRACT
Pu pose: The s udy aims o a i m he applica ion o TRIZ in logis ics se ice and
hen de elop inno a i e s a egies o Vie namese local logis ics se ice p o ide s
(LSPs) o ans o m in o ou h-pa y logis ics (4PL) h ough TRIZ in en i e
me hodology.
Me hodology/App oach: The in eg a ion o Sa ansky’s me hodology in o TRIZ
p oposals enables o iden i y he co e co ela ed dependencies o selec ed
pa ame e s. The analyses o he heo e ical backg ound and he applica ion o he
TRIZ ma ix a e comp ehensi ely conduc ed o c ea e inno a ion o h ee
impo an a ibu es o 4PL.
Findings: The esea ch esul s p opose se en s a egies h ough Sa ansky’s
sugges ed s eps om he analy ical applica ion o TRIZ. The es ablished
ecommenda ions a e ca ego ised in o sho - e m and long- e m s a egies and can
be lexibly applied depending on he co po a e g ow h p ocess.
Resea ch Limi a ion/implica ion: TRIZ app oach was ini ially cons uc ed o
sol ing enginee ing p oblems. As a esul , se e al in en i e p inciples in he
con adic ion ma ix we e no en i ely app op ia e o he se ice a ea. In such
cases, he au ho s can’ apply all sugges ed solu ions om he con adic ion ma ix.
O iginali y/Value o pape : The s udy p o ides local LSPs in Vie nam wi h
comp ehensi e s a egies o imp o ing hei capabili ies o mee he equi emen s
o 4PLs’ powe .
Ca ego y: Resea ch pape
Keywo ds: logis ics; ou h-pa y logis ics; ans o ma ion; logis ics se ice
p o ide s; TRIZ
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
48
1 INTRODUCTION
The de elopmen end o LSPs de i es om he inc easing demand o ad anced
logis ics se ices. Globalisa ion, ou sou cing ends, and he de elopmen o
in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (ICT) ha e c ea ed ema kable
changes in in e na ional business models and global supply chains. The ma ke
ends a e o b ing mo e chances o logis ics en e p ises o execu e la ge p ojec s
wi h he in eg a ion o ac i i ies as o 4PL’s ope a ions (Lieb, 2005). LSPs ha e o
pay mo e a en ion o in en i e app oaches, which play a key ole in he success
o LSPs in adap ing o he companies’ demands in in eg a ed logis ics se ices
wi h high alue and cos -e ec i eness (Flin e al., 2005; Flowe s e al., 2008;
Langley e al., 2009; Lin, 2007). Bandyopadhyay and Pa hak (2007), Pa lina and
Ce ne (2010) belie e ha he company’s compe i i e capabili y is c ea ed and
main ained by he iewpoin o inno a ion conside ed as he e ec i e key.
In Vie nam, igu es om he Gene al S a is ics O ice in 2022 show ha mo e han
h ee housand LSPs a e ope a ing in he Vie namese ma ke , o which 89% a e
domes ic i ms, 10% a e join en u es, and he emainde a e o eign-in es ed
companies. In e ms o ma ke sha e, local LSPs accoun o 25% only. The
emaining is o o eign logis ics co po a ions which ake 5% o he o al amoun .
Fo eign logis ics companies can p o ide 3PL and 4PL se ices, while he a e o
local 3PLs accoun s o a ound 15% ou o hese logis ics i ms, and mos local
LSPs ope a e as 2PL se ice p o ide s. Mos o hem a e small en e p ises wi h
li le capi al and a sho age o p emises such as wa ehouses, po s, in o ma ion
echnology, anspo a ion means, e c. As a esul , hey can only ope a e in small
segmen s o he logis ics indus y, i.e. anspo a ion se ices, o wa ding, lease o
he wa ehouse, cus oms o mali ies, e c.
Acco ding o he Wo ld Logis ics Pe o mance Index (LPI) anking published in
2023 by Wo ld Bank, Vie nam’s logis ics indus y has achie ed 43 h posi ion ou
o 160 coun ies. In he ASEAN egion, Vie nam is in he op i e a e Singapo e,
Malaysia, and Thailand, and a he same anking as he Philippines. Al hough
Vie nam has c ea ed an imp essi e de elopmen in he logis ics indus y o e he
yea s, logis ics cos s in Vie nam a e s ill much highe han hose in o he coun ies
in he wo ld. Acco ding o Wo ld Bank 2022 da a, Vie nam’s logis ics cos s we e
a ound 20.9 o 25% o he G oss Domes ic P oduc (GDP). This a io is qui e high
compa ed o he a e age le el o he whole wo ld, which is a ound 10.8%. The
ie ce compe i ion o in e na ional ade has o ced domes ic LSPs o c ea e
compe i i e ad an age, ime sa ing, cos -e ec i eness, isk educ ion, and
lexibili y. Meanwhile, Vie namese logis ics en e p ises ha e o ace he p essu e
o i als which a e o eign logis ics co po a ions.
TRIZ is known as he Russian ac onym o he “Theo y o In en i e P oblem
Sol ing” which is applied o gene a e new concep s. In TRIZ implemen a ion, an
analysis o he p oblem is conduc ed, and hen a se o al e na i es o solu ions is
poin ed ou (Al shulle , 1994; Subzwa i, 2006). TRIZ can be conside ed as a
sys ema ic p oblem-sol ing p ocess ha consis s o he iden i ied p oblem and
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
49
esolu ion ools. Acco ding o TRIZ me hodology, p oblems a e o mula ed in he
o m o con adic ions, which a e syn hesised in he TRIZ con adic ion ma ix
(Al shulle , 2002). Thanks o TRIZ’s abili y o elimina e con adic ions,
b eak h ough solu ions a e gene a ed unde he applica ion o 40 in en i e
p inciples.
This pape p oposes o de elop s a egies o LSPs o ans o m in o 4PL h ough
TRIZ in en i e me hodology. The au ho s apply TRIZ’s in en i e p oblem-
sol ing p ocess wi h ou analysed s eps sugges ed by Sa ansky (2000) o
gene a e se en s a egies o enhancing he e ec i eness o he de ined capabili ies
o 4PL.
2 METHODOLOGY
As men ioned abo e, he TRIZ me hodology can be adap ed o sol e di e en
kinds o p oblems wi h he co e ole o con adic ions. F om he analyses in he
heo e ical backg ound, he e a e a ious me hods o sol ing con adic ions by
applying he TRIZ ma ix. In his pape , we adop Wa ansky’s algo i hm o 4
s ages in he p ocess as ollows:
Figu e 1 – P ocess o TRIZ implemen a ion
The co e goals o ou s udy a e o a i m he e ec i e applica ion o TRIZ in
se ice ield and o de elop s a egies o local LSPs in Vie nam o ans o m in o
4PL h ough he implemen a ion o TRIZ in en i e me hodology on he iden i ied
capabili ies o 4PL unde he esea ch o Po e (1996), Wal e s and Rainbi d
(2007), F os and Sulli an (2014), Fulconis e al. (2006), Rajagu u and Ma anda
(2013), and Diem e al. (2023). Th ee main capabili ies o 4PL, including alue
chain c ea ion, in eg a ion o mul iple 3PL p o ide s’ ac i i ies, and managemen
o global supply chain a e conside ed as p oblems in which local LSPs mus
iden i y con adic ions and de e mine ele an inno a i e solu ions. In o de o
assess he a ainmen o he men ioned esea ch goals, he esul s o he s udy will
show he answe s o he ollowing ques ions:
• How is TRIZ in en i e me hodology applied in logis ics se ice p o ision?
• How a e s a egic solu ions o he ans o ma ion in o 4PL o local LSPs
in Vie nam de eloped by applying TRIZ in en i e me hodology?
S age 1:
Iden i ying he
p oblem
S age 2:
De e mining he
imp o ing and
wo sening
pa ame e s
S age 3:
S udying in en i e
p inciples om he
con adic ion ma ix
S age 4:
Fo mula ing
s a egies based on
iden i ied in en i e
p inciples
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
50
3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Fou h-pa y logis ics (4PL)
Logis ics and LSPs a e conside ed as co e ac o s in he de elopmen o supply
chains (Ra ele, 2004). Acco ding o Hosie e al. (2012) and Fulconis e al. (2016),
logis ics se ices a e classi ied in o i e ypes based on he di e ences in se ice
ange and applied in o ma ion echnology le els, including Fi s -Pa y Logis ics
(1PL), Second-Pa y Logis ics (2PL), Thi d-Pa y Logis ics (3PL), Fou h-Pa y
Logis ics (4PL), and Fi h-Pa y Logis ics (5PL). LSPs o en ha e he in en ion o
e ain se ice p o ision and ope a e in he ole o logis ics solu ion p o ide s.
Howe e , he complexi y o he clien ’s demands and expec a ions in p o essional
skills, comple ed in o ma ion low sys ems, and ela ionship imp o emen s in
logis ics se ices c ea e challenges o LSPs. The endency o he ma ke equi es
logis ics en e p ises o p o ide wide p ojec s wi h in eg a ed ac i i ies, which a e
usually execu ed by 4PLs (Lieb, 2005). Due o he equi emen s o e ec i e
logis ics solu ions, LSPs ha e o be eady o he ans o ma ion in o a mo e
inno a i e model o logis ics p o ision o keep up wi h he imes and gain a
compe i i e ad an age.
The e is a a ie y o de ini ions o 4PL depending on di e en s udies o
esea che s. Subs an ially, he e m 4PL is owned by Accen u e Consul ing
Company and is de ined as “A 4PL is an in eg a o ha assembles he esou ces,
capabili ies, and echnology o i s own o ganisa ion and o he o ganisa ions o
design, build, and un comp ehensi e supply chain solu ions” (Dolle and Diaz,
2011). Acco ding o Van Hoek and Chong (2001), he 4PL de ini ion is s a ed as
“A 4PL is a supply chain se ice p o ide ha pa icipa es a he in supply chain
co-o dina ion han ope a ional se ices”. Concen a ing on a comp ehensi e
supply chain pe spec i e, 4PL is an in eg a ion o a ious kinds o managemen
capabili ies, expe ise, and 3PL combina ion (Skjoe -La sen, 2006). Coyle e al.
(2003) men ioned 4PL as an ac o ha ope a es in shaping and cons uc ing
e ec i e ela ionships in supply chains be ween o he ac o s by p o iding
specialised skills and compe encies in in o ma ion echnology. Mo eo e , 4PL can
manage cos -e ec i eness and handle un-expec a ions o ma ke luc ua ions
lexibly (F os and Sulli an, 2014). Mukhopadhyay and De apu a (2006) a i med
ha “4PL is ea ed as a s a egic pa ne , a he han a ac ical one, and is a supply
chain in eg a o ha syn hesises and manages he esou ces, capabili ies, and
echnology o i s o ganisa ion and hose o complemen a y se ice p o ide s o
deli e a comp ehensi e supply chain solu ion”. 4PL ac s as an independen
in eg a o wi h he ole o execu ing and con olling logis ics solu ions o high
alue and ime e ec i eness, while Win (2008) a i med ha 4PL’s unc ion o
alue c ea ion in i s cus ome en e p ise e lec s he le el o i s pe o mance and
success. In addi ion, he e a e many o he s udies on 4PL and i s cha ac e is ics,
including Fos e and Wild (1999), Magill (2000), Copacino and By nes (2001),
Ma ino (2002), C aig (2003), Visse e al. (2004), Supply Chain Execu i e Boa d
(2005), Hoek (2006), Alan Win (2008), Hingley e al (2011).
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
51
3.2 TRIZ – Theo y o In en i e P oblem Sol ing
Gen ich Al shulle de eloped TRIZ in 1946 based on he in es iga ion o 200,000
pa en s om enginee ing ields a ound he wo ld. Then, 1,500 echnical
con adic ions we e in oduced h ough he ex ac ion o use ul solu ions om
sampled pa en s. In TRIZ app oach, p oblems can be de e mined by ea u es and
classi ied on enginee ing pa ame e s. Technology-based imp o emen s o
p oduc s a e made by applying in en i e p inciples in he con adic ion ma ix
(Boga y e a e al., 2004). F om such cha ac e is ics and unc ions, TRIZ is
acknowledged as he unique sys ema ic echnology o gene a ing in en i e
solu ions in sol ing p oblems h ough he analyses and applica ion o a se ies o
sugges ions. Al shulle ini ially cons uc ed a se o ools and me hods o iden i y
and esol e p oblems o enginee s. Then, hese app oaches we e imp o ed wi h a
heo e ical co pus. Technological inno a ion in TRIZ is conside ed as a e olu ion
o bo h p oduc de elopmen and s a egic managemen (Sa ansky, 2000). Un il
now, TRIZ has p o ided ounda ions and assump ions wi h a amewo k o build
p oblem-sol ing me hods in many ields wi h b eak h ough solu ions o enhance
he e ec i eness o he esul s.
TRIZ was de eloped and ope a ed based on h ee axioms as ollows:
• Con adic ions: con adic ions de i e om e olu iona y ends,
expec a ions, o chances o he sys em de elopmen . I con adic ions
a e no o e come, he sys em migh no exis .
• The laws o e olu ion o echnical sys em: e olu ion o echnical sys em
and ends a e s udied o e alua e and o ien he p oblem-sol ing p ocess.
• The speci ic equi emen s: con ex ualisa ion o e olu ion and he
iden i ied p oblem is c ea ing.
In he applica ion o TRIZ, con adic ion ep esen s he co e o he p oblem.
The e o e, he con adic ion ool will be used i s o analyse he p oblem. In he
con adic ion ma ix, 40 in en i e p inciples a e p esen ed o he di ec ion o
p oblem-sol ing depending on speci ied cha ac e is ics. The ma ix is cons uc ed
wi h 39 enginee ing a iables a anged in e ical and ho izon al di ec ions,
o ming a 39 x 39 ma ix. F om he analysis o he p oblem, imp o ing pa ame e s
a e iden i ied, and hen wo sening ones will also be simul aneously de e mined. In
he in e ace o he ma ix, he in e sec ion o column and ow o enginee ing
a iables indica es he con lic be ween hese pa ame e s. Sugges ions o
in en i e p inciples o be applied a e in oduced in he ma ix o elimina e he
con adic ion. Such ecommenda ions could be implemen ed lexibly and
app op ia ely in di e en cases by clien companies.
Al shulle classi ied s anda d solu ions in o i e la ge g oups, including imp o ing
he sys em wi h no o li le change, imp o ing he sys em by changing he sys em,
sys em ansi ions, de ec ion and measu emen , and s a egies o simpli ica ion
and imp o emen (Te ninko e al., 2000). Based on such s anda d solu ions,
e ec i e s a egies can be es ablished quickly o se le complex p oblems. A

QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
52
ypical model o TRIZ con adic ion ma ix o se e al speci ic enginee ing
a iables is illus a ed in he ollowing Figu e 2.
Figu e 2 – Model o TRIZ con adic ion ma ix
Based on he p inciples o TRIZ, Simon (1977) poin ed ou ha he e a e ou s eps
in p oblem-sol ing consis ing o de ining he p oblem, cons uc ing solu ions,
selec ing solu ions, and implemen ing solu ions. Howe e , Mann (2009) made
some changes in his p oblem-sol ing p ocess, which included ou s eps: p oblem
iden i ica ion, ool selec ion, solu ion gene a ion, and solu ion e alua ion.
Meanwhile, ou s eps in he analy ical applica ion o TRIZ we e sugges ed by
Wa ansky (2000), including iden i ying he p oblem, de e mining he pa ame e s
o imp o ing and wo sening, s udying in en i e p inciples, and o mula ing
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
53
s a egies. Acco ding o Mann (2007), TRIZ’s sys ema ic inno a i e p ocess leads
a speci ic p oblem o a speci ic solu ion h ough wo gene ic s eps o p oblem and
solu ion in he p ocess de i ed om 39 enginee ing a iables, 40 in en i e
p inciples, TRIZ con adic ion ma ix, and 76 s anda d solu ions.
3.3 Rele ance o TRIZ o se ices
Recen ly, he TRIZ app oach has no only been applied o echnical p oblems bu
also ex ended o any ype o p oblem (Ile ba e e al., 2013). The ex ension o TRIZ
o non- echnical p oblems is also based on h ee basic axioms o TRIZ. O he
esea che s conduc ed s udies conce ning he u he de elopmen in ol ing he
applica ion o TRIZ me hods in non- echnical a eas (Zlo in e al., 2001),
echnology and inno a ion managemen (Sheu and Lee, 2011), supply chain
(S a on and Wa bu on, 2003; 2006), knowledge managemen (Vezze i e al.,
2011), and in open inno a ion (Bianchi e al., 2010). Moussa e al. (2017) poin ed
ou wen y-one s udies applying TRIZ in he supply chain. These au ho s p oposed
a speci ic ma ix o associa e con adic ions wi h TRIZ in en i e p inciples.
In TRIZ me hodology, knowledge-based ools a e u ilised o elimina e
con adic ions and c ea e in en i e esolu ions a e iden i ying con adic ions. In
he a ea o echnology, con adic ions a e easie o de ine due o hei angible
appea ance. Howe e , in en i e p inciples could be applied o iden i y and
elimina e con adic ions o gene a e inno a i e solu ions in he se ice a ea. F om
he s udy o he simila i ies be ween se ices and TRIZ h ough inno a ed pa e ns,
c i ical me hods o se ice emodelling could be classi ied in o p ese ice, sel -
se ice, di ec se ice, physical se ice, and bundled se ice (Be y and Lampo,
2000). The esea ch poin ed ou ha i is possible o o ecas inno a ions in
se ices.
3.4 De elopmen in o 4PL
In ecen yea s, he inc easing compe i ion be ween logis ics en e p ises and he
expec a ions o clien s o se ice de elopmen , ela ionship imp o emen s,
seamless in o ma ion lows, and in eg a ed ope a ions ha e led LSPs o hink
s a egically abou he e en ion o hei posi ions and ela ionships wi h clien s.
The imp o emen o compe i i eness equi es LSPs o concen a e on he
p o ision o high- alue-added se ice solu ions such as hose o 4PL. Al hough
3PL can p o ide a a ie y o se ices, including wa ehouse, inspec ion, packaging,
dis ibu ion, and cus oms o mali ies, 4PL commi s o c ea ing comp ehensi e and
in eg a ed logis ics solu ions o mee he clien ’s g owing demands (Li and Lin,
2006; Wang e al., 2011). The limi a ions o LSPs’ se ice p o ision ha e s ongly
p omo ed he ine i able ans o ma ion in o 4PL. When conside ing he
e ol emen o LSPs’ se ices in o 4PL, Visse e al. (2004) and Hoek (2006) a gue
ha LSPs mus ha e well-de ined s a egies o begin he ansi ion p ocess in o
4PL.
Table 1 shows ha , in compa ison o LSP, 4PL is supe io due o i s ou s anding
a ibu es, such as in eg a ed logis ics solu ions wi h added alue, e ec i e IT
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
54
u ili y, and a wide ne wo k o 3PLs. The end o logis ics ou sou cing has
p omo ed he demand o high-le el se ice p o ision. The e o e, LSPs ha e
g adually ealised ha ans o ma ion in o 4PL becomes essen ial o hei g ow h.
Table 1 – Compa ison be ween LSP and 4PL
LSP
4PL
Mainly p o iding sepa a e anspo a ion and
wa ehousing se ices.
Se ling he whole supply chain ope a ions and
solu ions.
Implemen ing di e en unc ional ope a ions
based on i s own capabili ies.
C ea ing he in eg a ed p o ision o mul iple
logis ics se ices in he supply chain.
P o iding p o essional logis ics se ices.
Ope a ing wi h a pa ne o gene a ing solu ions
based on a long- e m con ac .
U ilising IT in p o iding logis ics ope a ions and
con olling cos educ ion.
Combining IT and 3PL’s esou ces o enhance
e iciency and added alue o logis ics ope a ions.
Sou ce: Saglie o (2013)
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Diem e al. (2023) a i med six ac o s a ec ing he ans o ma ion in o 4PL o
local LSPs in Vie nam. In he model, h ee indica o s, which a e also co e
capabili ies o 4PL we e used o measu e he dependen cons uc . The esea ch
esul s poin ed ou ha local LSPs in Vie nam could g adually become 4PLs a e
imp o ing hei own capabili ies o mee he equi emen s o 4PLs’ powe . In he
global logis ics ma ke , whe e ie ce compe i ion is d ama ically inc easing,
inno a ion is i al o local LSPs o be supe io o hei i als. Based on his
ounda ion, we adop he TRIZ ma ix o iden i y inno a i e ecommenda ions o
h ee impo an a ibu es o 4PL, including alue chain c ea ion, in eg a ion o
mul iple 3PL p o ide s’ ac i i ies, and managemen o he global supply chain.
4.1 TRIZ implemen a ion o alue chain c ea ion
S age 1: Iden i ying he capabili y
Wal e s and Rainbi d (2007) illus a ed he p ocess o c ea ing a alue chain o
companies o be supe io o hei compe i o s, including iden i ying alue
expec a ions, c ea ing he alue, p oducing he alue, communica ing he alue,
deli e ing he alue, and se icing he alue. Unde inc easing expec a ions o he
alue chain, Bowe sox (2013) a i med ha in eg a ed se ice p o ide s began o
ma ke a ange o logis ics se ices. Ko pela e al. (1996) poin ed ou ha he
p o ision o alue-added se ices o clien s is ecognised as a co e success ul
elemen in alue c ea ion. As a esul , he wide ange and added alue o logis ics
se ices become key elemen s in c ea ing alue o cus ome s.
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
55
S age 2: De e mining he imp o ing and wo sening pa ame e s
F om he clien ’s pe spec i e, hey wan o make g ea choices o p o ided se ices
and equi e high- quali y se ices. Howe e , 4PL mus pay a en ion o he ade-
o be ween se ice quali y and bene i s o o e ed se ices o cos s ha clien s
ha e o su e . In o de o ul ill he p ime ole o g an ing alue o cus ome s, 4PL
u ilises esou ces om i s own and bes added alue p o ide s simul aneously. In
TRIZ 39 enginee ing a iables, “Reliabili y” which is explained as “A sys em’s
abili y o pe o m i s in ended unc ion in p edic able ways and condi ions”
signi ican ly in luences he e ec i eness o alue chain c ea ion. As a esul , he
imp o ing pa ame e o alue chain c ea ion is “27- Reliabili y”. In line wi h
sa is ying he eliabili y equi emen , 4PL mus make pa ial o o al changes o
he sys em o a sho o long ime. The e o e, he wo sening pa ame e can be
ega ded as “26- Quan i y o subs ance/ he ma e ”, which is desc ibed as “The
numbe o amoun o a sys em’s ma e ials, subs ances, pa s o subsys ems which
migh be changed ully o pa ially, pe manen ly o empo a ily”.
S age 3: S udying inno a i e p inciples
Acco ding o he imp o ing pa ame e “27- Reliabili y” and he wo sening
pa ame e “26- Quan i y o subs ance/ he ma e ”, inno a i e p inciples o his
logis ics capabili y co esponding o he con adic o y ma ix a e P inciple 21-
Skipping, P inciple 28- Mechanics subs i u ion, P inciple 40- Composi e
ma e ials, and P inciple 3- Local quali y. F om ca e ul conside a ion o a ious
aspec s, P inciples 21, 28, 40, and 3 may con ibu e o LSPs in alue chain c ea ion
in he de elopmen in o 4PLs. The e o e, all o hem a e chosen o de eloping
s a egies.
S age 4: Fo mula ing s a egies based on de ined inno a i e p inciples
P inciple 21 - Skipping e e s o he conduc o he p ocess a high speed. One o
he impo an cha ac e is ics o 4PL is ha i supplies logis ics se ices e ec i ely
and in a imely manne . 4PL mainly ocuses on he ole o o e ing alue o he
clien o ganisa ion h ough coo dina ed esou ces implemen ed by he selec ed
supe io p o ide s wi h cos educ ion. As a esul , he imp o emen o p ocess
speed wi hin he logis ics ope a ions can be conside ed a key indica o o LSPs in
he ans o ma ion in o 4PL.
P inciple 28 - Mechanics subs i u ion consis s o sub-p inciples as ollows:
• Replace a mechanical means wi h a senso y means: LSPs, ins ead o simply
supplying logis ics se ices, should p oduce and communica e alues o
hei clien s o change he deg ee o lexibili y o enhance he le el o
cus omisa ion on logis ics se ices.
• Use elec ic, magne ic, and elec omagne ic ields o in e ac wi h he
objec : echnology nowadays has become a i al ool ha LSPs mus u ilise
o enhance he quali y o logis ics se ices. In o ma ion and communica ion
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
62
Bandyopadhyay, S., & Pa hak, P., 2007. Knowledge sha ing and coope a ion in
ou sou cing p ojec s — A game heo e ic analysis, Decision suppo
sys ems, 43(2), pp. 349-358. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.dss.2006.10.006
Be y, L. L., & Lampo, S. K., 2000. Teaching an old se ice new icks: The
p omise o se ice edesign, Jou nal o Se ice Resea ch, 2(3), pp. 265-275.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/109467050023004
Bianchi, M., Campodall'O o, S., F a ini, F., & Ve cesi, P., 2010. Enabling open
inno a ion in small‐and medium‐sized en e p ises: how o ind al e na i e
applica ions o you echnologies, R&D Managemen , 40(4), pp. 414-431.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2010.00613.x
Boga y e a, O., Shille o , A., & Boga y e , N., 2004. Pa e ns in TRIZ
con adic ion ma ix: in eg a ed and dis ibu ed sys ems, In 4 h ETRIA Symposium.
Bowe sox, D. J., 2013. Logis ical excellence: i 's no business as usual. Else ie .
Copacino, W. C., & By nes, J. L., 2001. How o become a supply chain mas e ,
Suppy Chain Managemen Re iew, 5(5), pp. 24-33: ill.
Coyle, J. J., Ba di, E. J., & Langley, C. J., 2003. The managemen o business
logis ics: A supply chain pe spec i e, Sou h-Wes e n/Thomson Lea ning.
C aig, T., 2003. Ou sou cing–3PL e sus 4PL, Eye o anspo , june.
Diem, T. L. T., Ch omjako á, F., & Quang, V. D., 2023. T ans o ma ion in o 4PL:
The case o local logis ics se ice p o ide s in Vie nam. Jou nal o Eas e n
Eu opean and Cen al Asian Resea ch (JEECAR), 10(2), pp. 311-325.
h ps://doi.o g/10.15549/jeeca . 10i2.1018
Dolle , J. N., & Díaz, A., 2011. Supply Chain O ches a ion o he Luxu y
Alcoholic Be e age Sec o , IUP Jou nal o Supply Chain Managemen , 8(3).
Flin , D. J., La sson, E., Gammelgaa d, B., & Men ze , J. T., 2005. Logis ics
inno a ion: a cus ome alue‐o ien ed social p ocess, Jou nal o business
logis ics, 26(1), pp. 113-147. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/j.2158-1592.2005. b00196.x
Flowe s, A. D., Co , S. G., A man, L. B., & Ballou, R. H., 2008. A ocused
inno a ion model o logis ics se ice p o ide s, Managing inno a ion-The new
compe i i e edge o logis ics se ice p o ide s, Be ne, S u ga , Vienna, Haup ,
pp. 79-106.
Fos e , J., & Wild, P., 1999. De ec ing sel -o ganisa ional change in economic
p ocesses exhibi ing logis ic g ow h, Jou nal o E olu iona y Economics, 9, pp.
109-133.
F os , J., & Sulli an, M., 2014. Fou h-Pa y Logis ics: Tu ning a Cos in o a Value
P oposi ion, Supply Chain Managemen , 5(10), pp. 1-2.
Fulconis, F., Saglie o, L., & Paché, G., 2006, Janua y. Explo ing new
compe ences in he logis ics indus y: he in e media ion ole o 4PL, In Supply

QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
63
Chain Fo um: An In e na ional Jou nal (Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 68-77). Taylo &
F ancis. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/16258312.2006.11517170
Fulconis, F., Nolle , J., & Paché, G., 2016. Pu chasing o logis ical se ices: a new
iew o LSPs’ p oac i e s a egies, Eu opean Business Re iew.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/EBR-06-2015-0054
Ga o na, J. (Ed.)., 2017, S a egic supply chain alignmen : bes p ac ice in supply
chain managemen . Rou ledge.
Hingley, M., Lindg een, A., G an , D. B., & Kane, C., 2011. Using ou h‐pa y
logis ics managemen o imp o e ho izon al collabo a ion among g oce y
e aile s. Supply Chain Managemen : An In e na ional Jou nal, 16(5), pp. 316-
327.
Hoek, R. I., 2006. Fo wa d. In e na ional Jou nal o Physical Dis ibu ion and
Logis ics Managemen , 36(6). h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/ijpdlm.2006.00536 aa.001
Hosie, P., Sunda akani, B., Tan, A. W. K., & Koźlak, A., 2012. De e minan s o
i h pa y logis ics (5PL): Se ice p o ide s o supply chain
managemen , In e na ional Jou nal o Logis ics Sys ems and Managemen , 13(3),
pp. 287-316. h ps://doi.o g/10.1504/IJLSM.2012.049700
Ile ba e, I. M., P obe , D., & Phaal, R., 2013. A e iew o TRIZ, and i s bene i s
and challenges in p ac ice, Techno a ion, 33(2-3), pp. 30-37.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. echno a ion.2012.11.003
Ko pela, J., & Tuominen, M., 1996. A decision aid in wa ehouse si e
selec ion. In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics, 45(1-3), pp. 169-180.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/0925-5273(95)00135-2
Langley, G. J., Moen, R. D., Nolan, K. M., Nolan, T. W., No man, C. L., &
P o os , L. P., 2009, The imp o emen guide: a p ac ical app oach o enhancing
o ganisa ional pe o mance. John Wiley & Sons.
Li, P. C., & Lin, B. W., 2006. Building global logis ics compe ence wi h Chinese
OEM supplie s, Technology in Socie y, 28(3), pp. 333-348.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. echsoc.2006.06.003
Lieb, R. C., 2005. The 3 PL indus y: whe e i ’s been, whe e i ’s going, Supply
Chain Managemen Re iew, . 6, no. 6 (Sep . 2005), pp. 20-27: ill.
Lin, C. Y., 2007. Fac o s a ec ing inno a ion in logis ics echnologies o logis ics
se ice p o ide s in China, Jou nal o echnology managemen in china, 2(1), pp.
22-37. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/17468770710723604
Magill, P., 2000, Ou sou cing Logis ics: The T ansi ion o 4 h Pa y Pa ne ships
in Eu ope. Financial Times Re ail & Consume .
Mangan, J., Lalwani, C., & Fynes, B., 2008. Po ‐cen ic logis ics, The
In e na ional Jou nal o Logis ics Managemen , 19(1), pp. 29-41.
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
64
Mann, D., 2007. Eme gen con adic ions: A syn hesis o TRIZ and complex
sys ems heo y, In T ends in Compu e Aided Inno a ion: Second IFIP Wo king
Con e ence on Compu e Aided Inno a ion, Oc obe 8–9 2007, Michigan,
USA (pp. 23-32). Sp inge US.
Mann, D. L., 2009. Hands-on sys ema ic inno a ion: o business and
managemen . Cle edon.
Ma ino, G., 2002, Oc obe . The ABCs o 4PLs. (Logis ics). IIE Solu ions, 34 (10),
pp.23. h ps://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A93208213/AONE?u= acoma_comm&sid
=googleSchola &xid=6c523402
Moussa, F. Z. B., Raso ska, I., Dubois, S., De Guio, R., & Benmoussa, R., 2017.
Re iewing he use o he heo y o in en i e p oblem sol ing (TRIZ) in g een
supply chain p oblems, Jou nal o cleane p oduc ion, 142, pp. 2677-2692.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2016.11.008
Mukhopadhyay, S. K., & Se apu a, R., 2006. The ole o 4PL as he e e se
logis ics in eg a o : Op imal p icing and e u n policies, In e na ional Jou nal o
Physical Dis ibu ion & Logis ics Managemen .
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/09600030610710872
Pa lina, J., & Če ne, M., 2010. Achie ing compe i i e ad an age h ough
inno a i eness, Scien i ic pape s o he Uni e si y o Pa dubice. Se ies D, Facul y
o Economics and Adminis a ion. 16 (1/2010).
Po e , M. E., 1996. Compe i i e ad an age, agglome a ion economies, and
egional policy, In e na ional egional science e iew, 19(1-2), pp. 85-90.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/016001769601900208
Ra ele, C., 2004. Logis ic se ice measu emen : a e e ence amewo k, Jou nal
o manu ac u ing echnology managemen , 15(3), pp. 280-290.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/17410380410523506
Rajagu u, R., & Ma anda, M. J., 2013. E ec s o in e -o ganisa ional compa ibili y
on supply chain capabili ies: Explo ing he media ing ole o in e -o ganisa ional
in o ma ion sys ems (IOIS) in eg a ion. Indus ial ma ke ing managemen , 42(4),
pp. 620-632. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.indma man.2012.09.002
Saglie o, L., 2013. Towa ds a classi ica ion o ou h pa y logis ics
(4PL), Uni e sal Jou nal o Indus ial and Business Managemen , 1(3), pp. 104-
116. 10.13189/ujibm.2013.010305
Sa ansky, S. D., 2000. Enginee ing o c ea i i y: In oduc ion o TRIZ
me hodology o in en i e p oblem sol ing, CRC p ess.
Sheu, D. D., & Lee, H. K., 2011. A p oposed p ocess o sys ema ic
inno a ion, In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Resea ch, 49(3), pp. 847-868.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/00207540903280549
Simon, H. A., 1977. The new science o managemen decision. Englewood
Cli s, N. J.: P en ice Hall.
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
65
Skjoe -La sen, T., Halldo sson, A., Ande sson, D., D eye , H., Vi um, H., &
Ojala, L., 2006. Thi d pa y logis ics–a No dic app oach, In e na ional Jou nal o
Value Chain Managemen , 1(2), pp. 190-204.
S a on, R., & Wa bu on, R. D., 2003. The s a egic in eg a ion o agile and lean
supply, In e na ional Jou nal o p oduc ion economics, 85(2), pp. 183-198.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/S0925-5273(03)00109-9
S a on, R., & Wa bu on, R. D., 2006. Managing he ade-o implica ions o
global supply, In e na ional Jou nal o P oduc ion Economics, 103(2), pp. 667-
679. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.01.001
Subzwa i, K., Mokho , S. A., Khalid, O., Gonzalez, A., & Kadi i, M. M., 2006.
TRIZ: A Theo y o In en i e P oblem Sol ing.
Supply Chain Execu i e Boa d. S uc u ing and Managing 4PL Rela ionships
[online]. ©2005 [ iewed 03 Augus 2020]. A ailable a
www.sceb.execu i eboa d.com.
Te ninko, J., Domb, E., & Mille , J., 2000. The se en y-six s anda d solu ions,
wi h examples sec ion one, T iz Jou nal, 2, pp. 7-8.
Van Hoek, R. I., & Chong, I., 2001. Epilogue: UPS logis ics–p ac ical app oaches
o he e‐supply chain, In e na ional Jou nal o Physical Dis ibu ion & Logis ics
Managemen , 31(6), pp. 463-468. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/EUM0000000005591
Vezze i, E., Moos, S., & K e li, S., 2011. A p oduc li ecycle managemen
me hodology o suppo ing knowledge euse in he consume packaged goods
domain, Compu e -Aided Design, 43(12), pp. 1902-1911.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.cad.2011.06.025
Vezze i, E., Moos, S., & K e li, S., 2020. A PLM s a egy o suppo ing
knowledge euse in he Consume Packaged Goods domain.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.cad.2011.06.025
Visse , E.; Kon ad, K.; Salden, R., 2004. De eloping Fou h-Pa y Se ices:
Empi ical E idence on he Rele ance o Dynamic T ansac ion-Cos Theo y o
Analysing a Logis ic Sys em Inno a ion, 44 h Eu opean Regional Science
Associa ion - ERSA 2004 Cong ess, Uni e si y o Po o, Po o, Po ugal,
Augus (pp. 25-28).
Vi aldini, M., Pi es, S., & de Souza, F. B., 2008. Collabo a ion and Compe i ion
be ween 4PL and 3PL: a s udy o a as - ood supply chain. Jou nal o Ope a ions
and Supply Chain Managemen , 1(2), pp. 17-29.
Wal e s, D., & Rainbi d, M., 2007. Coope a i e inno a ion: a alue chain
app oach, Jou nal o en e p ise in o ma ion managemen .
h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/17410390710823725
Wang, H., Li, J., Chen, Q. Y., & Ni, D., 2011. Logis ic modeling o he equilib ium
speed–densi y ela ionship, T anspo a ion esea ch pa A: policy and
p ac ice, 45(6), pp. 554-566. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. a.2011.03.010
QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024
ISSN 1338-984X (online)
66
Win, A., 2008. The alue a 4PL p o ide can con ibu e o an
o ganisa ion, In e na ional Jou nal o Physical Dis ibu ion & Logis ics
Managemen , 38(9), pp. 674-684. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/09600030810925962
Zlo in, B., Zusman, A., Kaplan, L., Visnepolschi, S., P oseanic, V., & Malkin, S.,
2001. TRIZ beyond echnology: The heo y and p ac ice o applying TRIZ o
non echnical a eas, The TRIZ Jou nal, 6(1), pp. 25-89.
ABOUT AUTHORS
T ang T uong Diem Le0000-0001-9696-7838 (T.T.D.L.) – Facul y o Managemen
and Economics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, Czech Republic, email:
uong_die[email p o ec ed].
Felici a Ch omjako á0000-0002-5084-1153 (F.C.) – Facul y o Managemen and
Economics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, Czech Republic, email:
ch omjako a@u b.cz.
Vang Dang Quang0000-0002-9468-2318 (V.D.Q.) – Facul y o Economics,
Hochiminh Ci y Uni e si y o Technology and Educa ion, Vie nam, email:
angdq@hcmu e.edu. n.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Concep ualiza ion, T.T.D.L.; Me hodology, T.T.D.L. and F.C.; So wa e
de elopmen , T.T.D.L. and V.D.Q; Valida ion, T.T.D.L., F.C., and V.D.Q; Fo mal
analysis, T.T.D.L. and F.C.; In es iga ion, F.C.; O iginal d a p epa a ion,
T.T.D.L., Da a cu a ion, T.T.D.L. and V.D.Q; Re iew and edi ing, T.T.D.L. and
F.C.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es . The unde s had no ole in he design
o he s udy; in he collec ion, analyses, o in e p e a ion o da a; in he w i ing o
he manusc ip , o in he decision o publish he esul s.
© 2024 by he au ho s. Submi ed o possible open access publica ion unde he
e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC-BY) license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).