An application of TRIZ inventive approach in development strategy into fourth-party logistics

QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 47 An Applica ion o TRIZ In en i e App oach in De elopmen S a egy in o Fou h-pa y Logis ics DOI: 10.12776/qip. 28i1.1968 T ang T uong Diem Le, Felici a Ch omjako á, Vang Dang Quang Recei ed: 2023-12-26 Accep ed: 2024-02-14 Published: 2024-03-31 ABSTRACT Pu pose: The s udy aims o a i m he applica ion o TRIZ in logis ics se ice and hen de elop inno a i e s a egies o Vie namese local logis ics se ice p o ide s (LSPs) o ans o m in o ou h-pa y logis ics (4PL) h ough TRIZ in en i e me hodology. Me hodology/App oach: The in eg a ion o Sa ansky’s me hodology in o TRIZ p oposals enables o iden i y he co e co ela ed dependencies o selec ed pa ame e s. The analyses o he heo e ical backg ound and he applica ion o he TRIZ ma ix a e comp ehensi ely conduc ed o c ea e inno a ion o h ee impo an a ibu es o 4PL. Findings: The esea ch esul s p opose se en s a egies h ough Sa ansky’s sugges ed s eps om he analy ical applica ion o TRIZ. The es ablished ecommenda ions a e ca ego ised in o sho - e m and long- e m s a egies and can be lexibly applied depending on he co po a e g ow h p ocess. Resea ch Limi a ion/implica ion: TRIZ app oach was ini ially cons uc ed o sol ing enginee ing p oblems. As a esul , se e al in en i e p inciples in he con adic ion ma ix we e no en i ely app op ia e o he se ice a ea. In such cases, he au ho s can’ apply all sugges ed solu ions om he con adic ion ma ix. O iginali y/Value o pape : The s udy p o ides local LSPs in Vie nam wi h comp ehensi e s a egies o imp o ing hei capabili ies o mee he equi emen s o 4PLs’ powe . Ca ego y: Resea ch pape Keywo ds: logis ics; ou h-pa y logis ics; ans o ma ion; logis ics se ice p o ide s; TRIZ QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 48 1 INTRODUCTION The de elopmen end o LSPs de i es om he inc easing demand o ad anced logis ics se ices. Globalisa ion, ou sou cing ends, and he de elopmen o in o ma ion and communica ion echnology (ICT) ha e c ea ed ema kable changes in in e na ional business models and global supply chains. The ma ke ends a e o b ing mo e chances o logis ics en e p ises o execu e la ge p ojec s wi h he in eg a ion o ac i i ies as o 4PL’s ope a ions (Lieb, 2005). LSPs ha e o pay mo e a en ion o in en i e app oaches, which play a key ole in he success o LSPs in adap ing o he companies’ demands in in eg a ed logis ics se ices wi h high alue and cos -e ec i eness (Flin e al., 2005; Flowe s e al., 2008; Langley e al., 2009; Lin, 2007). Bandyopadhyay and Pa hak (2007), Pa lina and Ce ne (2010) belie e ha he company’s compe i i e capabili y is c ea ed and main ained by he iewpoin o inno a ion conside ed as he e ec i e key. In Vie nam, igu es om he Gene al S a is ics O ice in 2022 show ha mo e han h ee housand LSPs a e ope a ing in he Vie namese ma ke , o which 89% a e domes ic i ms, 10% a e join en u es, and he emainde a e o eign-in es ed companies. In e ms o ma ke sha e, local LSPs accoun o 25% only. The emaining is o o eign logis ics co po a ions which ake 5% o he o al amoun . Fo eign logis ics companies can p o ide 3PL and 4PL se ices, while he a e o local 3PLs accoun s o a ound 15% ou o hese logis ics i ms, and mos local LSPs ope a e as 2PL se ice p o ide s. Mos o hem a e small en e p ises wi h li le capi al and a sho age o p emises such as wa ehouses, po s, in o ma ion echnology, anspo a ion means, e c. As a esul , hey can only ope a e in small segmen s o he logis ics indus y, i.e. anspo a ion se ices, o wa ding, lease o he wa ehouse, cus oms o mali ies, e c. Acco ding o he Wo ld Logis ics Pe o mance Index (LPI) anking published in 2023 by Wo ld Bank, Vie nam’s logis ics indus y has achie ed 43 h posi ion ou o 160 coun ies. In he ASEAN egion, Vie nam is in he op i e a e Singapo e, Malaysia, and Thailand, and a he same anking as he Philippines. Al hough Vie nam has c ea ed an imp essi e de elopmen in he logis ics indus y o e he yea s, logis ics cos s in Vie nam a e s ill much highe han hose in o he coun ies in he wo ld. Acco ding o Wo ld Bank 2022 da a, Vie nam’s logis ics cos s we e a ound 20.9 o 25% o he G oss Domes ic P oduc (GDP). This a io is qui e high compa ed o he a e age le el o he whole wo ld, which is a ound 10.8%. The ie ce compe i ion o in e na ional ade has o ced domes ic LSPs o c ea e compe i i e ad an age, ime sa ing, cos -e ec i eness, isk educ ion, and lexibili y. Meanwhile, Vie namese logis ics en e p ises ha e o ace he p essu e o i als which a e o eign logis ics co po a ions. TRIZ is known as he Russian ac onym o he “Theo y o In en i e P oblem Sol ing” which is applied o gene a e new concep s. In TRIZ implemen a ion, an analysis o he p oblem is conduc ed, and hen a se o al e na i es o solu ions is poin ed ou (Al shulle , 1994; Subzwa i, 2006). TRIZ can be conside ed as a sys ema ic p oblem-sol ing p ocess ha consis s o he iden i ied p oblem and QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 49 esolu ion ools. Acco ding o TRIZ me hodology, p oblems a e o mula ed in he o m o con adic ions, which a e syn hesised in he TRIZ con adic ion ma ix (Al shulle , 2002). Thanks o TRIZ’s abili y o elimina e con adic ions, b eak h ough solu ions a e gene a ed unde he applica ion o 40 in en i e p inciples. This pape p oposes o de elop s a egies o LSPs o ans o m in o 4PL h ough TRIZ in en i e me hodology. The au ho s apply TRIZ’s in en i e p oblem- sol ing p ocess wi h ou analysed s eps sugges ed by Sa ansky (2000) o gene a e se en s a egies o enhancing he e ec i eness o he de ined capabili ies o 4PL. 2 METHODOLOGY As men ioned abo e, he TRIZ me hodology can be adap ed o sol e di e en kinds o p oblems wi h he co e ole o con adic ions. F om he analyses in he heo e ical backg ound, he e a e a ious me hods o sol ing con adic ions by applying he TRIZ ma ix. In his pape , we adop Wa ansky’s algo i hm o 4 s ages in he p ocess as ollows: Figu e 1 – P ocess o TRIZ implemen a ion The co e goals o ou s udy a e o a i m he e ec i e applica ion o TRIZ in se ice ield and o de elop s a egies o local LSPs in Vie nam o ans o m in o 4PL h ough he implemen a ion o TRIZ in en i e me hodology on he iden i ied capabili ies o 4PL unde he esea ch o Po e (1996), Wal e s and Rainbi d (2007), F os and Sulli an (2014), Fulconis e al. (2006), Rajagu u and Ma anda (2013), and Diem e al. (2023). Th ee main capabili ies o 4PL, including alue chain c ea ion, in eg a ion o mul iple 3PL p o ide s’ ac i i ies, and managemen o global supply chain a e conside ed as p oblems in which local LSPs mus iden i y con adic ions and de e mine ele an inno a i e solu ions. In o de o assess he a ainmen o he men ioned esea ch goals, he esul s o he s udy will show he answe s o he ollowing ques ions: • How is TRIZ in en i e me hodology applied in logis ics se ice p o ision? • How a e s a egic solu ions o he ans o ma ion in o 4PL o local LSPs in Vie nam de eloped by applying TRIZ in en i e me hodology? S age 1: Iden i ying he p oblem S age 2: De e mining he imp o ing and wo sening pa ame e s S age 3: S udying in en i e p inciples om he con adic ion ma ix S age 4: Fo mula ing s a egies based on iden i ied in en i e p inciples QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 50 3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 3.1 Fou h-pa y logis ics (4PL) Logis ics and LSPs a e conside ed as co e ac o s in he de elopmen o supply chains (Ra ele, 2004). Acco ding o Hosie e al. (2012) and Fulconis e al. (2016), logis ics se ices a e classi ied in o i e ypes based on he di e ences in se ice ange and applied in o ma ion echnology le els, including Fi s -Pa y Logis ics (1PL), Second-Pa y Logis ics (2PL), Thi d-Pa y Logis ics (3PL), Fou h-Pa y Logis ics (4PL), and Fi h-Pa y Logis ics (5PL). LSPs o en ha e he in en ion o e ain se ice p o ision and ope a e in he ole o logis ics solu ion p o ide s. Howe e , he complexi y o he clien ’s demands and expec a ions in p o essional skills, comple ed in o ma ion low sys ems, and ela ionship imp o emen s in logis ics se ices c ea e challenges o LSPs. The endency o he ma ke equi es logis ics en e p ises o p o ide wide p ojec s wi h in eg a ed ac i i ies, which a e usually execu ed by 4PLs (Lieb, 2005). Due o he equi emen s o e ec i e logis ics solu ions, LSPs ha e o be eady o he ans o ma ion in o a mo e inno a i e model o logis ics p o ision o keep up wi h he imes and gain a compe i i e ad an age. The e is a a ie y o de ini ions o 4PL depending on di e en s udies o esea che s. Subs an ially, he e m 4PL is owned by Accen u e Consul ing Company and is de ined as “A 4PL is an in eg a o ha assembles he esou ces, capabili ies, and echnology o i s own o ganisa ion and o he o ganisa ions o design, build, and un comp ehensi e supply chain solu ions” (Dolle and Diaz, 2011). Acco ding o Van Hoek and Chong (2001), he 4PL de ini ion is s a ed as “A 4PL is a supply chain se ice p o ide ha pa icipa es a he in supply chain co-o dina ion han ope a ional se ices”. Concen a ing on a comp ehensi e supply chain pe spec i e, 4PL is an in eg a ion o a ious kinds o managemen capabili ies, expe ise, and 3PL combina ion (Skjoe -La sen, 2006). Coyle e al. (2003) men ioned 4PL as an ac o ha ope a es in shaping and cons uc ing e ec i e ela ionships in supply chains be ween o he ac o s by p o iding specialised skills and compe encies in in o ma ion echnology. Mo eo e , 4PL can manage cos -e ec i eness and handle un-expec a ions o ma ke luc ua ions lexibly (F os and Sulli an, 2014). Mukhopadhyay and De apu a (2006) a i med ha “4PL is ea ed as a s a egic pa ne , a he han a ac ical one, and is a supply chain in eg a o ha syn hesises and manages he esou ces, capabili ies, and echnology o i s o ganisa ion and hose o complemen a y se ice p o ide s o deli e a comp ehensi e supply chain solu ion”. 4PL ac s as an independen in eg a o wi h he ole o execu ing and con olling logis ics solu ions o high alue and ime e ec i eness, while Win (2008) a i med ha 4PL’s unc ion o alue c ea ion in i s cus ome en e p ise e lec s he le el o i s pe o mance and success. In addi ion, he e a e many o he s udies on 4PL and i s cha ac e is ics, including Fos e and Wild (1999), Magill (2000), Copacino and By nes (2001), Ma ino (2002), C aig (2003), Visse e al. (2004), Supply Chain Execu i e Boa d (2005), Hoek (2006), Alan Win (2008), Hingley e al (2011). QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 51 3.2 TRIZ – Theo y o In en i e P oblem Sol ing Gen ich Al shulle de eloped TRIZ in 1946 based on he in es iga ion o 200,000 pa en s om enginee ing ields a ound he wo ld. Then, 1,500 echnical con adic ions we e in oduced h ough he ex ac ion o use ul solu ions om sampled pa en s. In TRIZ app oach, p oblems can be de e mined by ea u es and classi ied on enginee ing pa ame e s. Technology-based imp o emen s o p oduc s a e made by applying in en i e p inciples in he con adic ion ma ix (Boga y e a e al., 2004). F om such cha ac e is ics and unc ions, TRIZ is acknowledged as he unique sys ema ic echnology o gene a ing in en i e solu ions in sol ing p oblems h ough he analyses and applica ion o a se ies o sugges ions. Al shulle ini ially cons uc ed a se o ools and me hods o iden i y and esol e p oblems o enginee s. Then, hese app oaches we e imp o ed wi h a heo e ical co pus. Technological inno a ion in TRIZ is conside ed as a e olu ion o bo h p oduc de elopmen and s a egic managemen (Sa ansky, 2000). Un il now, TRIZ has p o ided ounda ions and assump ions wi h a amewo k o build p oblem-sol ing me hods in many ields wi h b eak h ough solu ions o enhance he e ec i eness o he esul s. TRIZ was de eloped and ope a ed based on h ee axioms as ollows: • Con adic ions: con adic ions de i e om e olu iona y ends, expec a ions, o chances o he sys em de elopmen . I con adic ions a e no o e come, he sys em migh no exis . • The laws o e olu ion o echnical sys em: e olu ion o echnical sys em and ends a e s udied o e alua e and o ien he p oblem-sol ing p ocess. • The speci ic equi emen s: con ex ualisa ion o e olu ion and he iden i ied p oblem is c ea ing. In he applica ion o TRIZ, con adic ion ep esen s he co e o he p oblem. The e o e, he con adic ion ool will be used i s o analyse he p oblem. In he con adic ion ma ix, 40 in en i e p inciples a e p esen ed o he di ec ion o p oblem-sol ing depending on speci ied cha ac e is ics. The ma ix is cons uc ed wi h 39 enginee ing a iables a anged in e ical and ho izon al di ec ions, o ming a 39 x 39 ma ix. F om he analysis o he p oblem, imp o ing pa ame e s a e iden i ied, and hen wo sening ones will also be simul aneously de e mined. In he in e ace o he ma ix, he in e sec ion o column and ow o enginee ing a iables indica es he con lic be ween hese pa ame e s. Sugges ions o in en i e p inciples o be applied a e in oduced in he ma ix o elimina e he con adic ion. Such ecommenda ions could be implemen ed lexibly and app op ia ely in di e en cases by clien companies. Al shulle classi ied s anda d solu ions in o i e la ge g oups, including imp o ing he sys em wi h no o li le change, imp o ing he sys em by changing he sys em, sys em ansi ions, de ec ion and measu emen , and s a egies o simpli ica ion and imp o emen (Te ninko e al., 2000). Based on such s anda d solu ions, e ec i e s a egies can be es ablished quickly o se le complex p oblems. A QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 52 ypical model o TRIZ con adic ion ma ix o se e al speci ic enginee ing a iables is illus a ed in he ollowing Figu e 2. Figu e 2 – Model o TRIZ con adic ion ma ix Based on he p inciples o TRIZ, Simon (1977) poin ed ou ha he e a e ou s eps in p oblem-sol ing consis ing o de ining he p oblem, cons uc ing solu ions, selec ing solu ions, and implemen ing solu ions. Howe e , Mann (2009) made some changes in his p oblem-sol ing p ocess, which included ou s eps: p oblem iden i ica ion, ool selec ion, solu ion gene a ion, and solu ion e alua ion. Meanwhile, ou s eps in he analy ical applica ion o TRIZ we e sugges ed by Wa ansky (2000), including iden i ying he p oblem, de e mining he pa ame e s o imp o ing and wo sening, s udying in en i e p inciples, and o mula ing QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 53 s a egies. Acco ding o Mann (2007), TRIZ’s sys ema ic inno a i e p ocess leads a speci ic p oblem o a speci ic solu ion h ough wo gene ic s eps o p oblem and solu ion in he p ocess de i ed om 39 enginee ing a iables, 40 in en i e p inciples, TRIZ con adic ion ma ix, and 76 s anda d solu ions. 3.3 Rele ance o TRIZ o se ices Recen ly, he TRIZ app oach has no only been applied o echnical p oblems bu also ex ended o any ype o p oblem (Ile ba e e al., 2013). The ex ension o TRIZ o non- echnical p oblems is also based on h ee basic axioms o TRIZ. O he esea che s conduc ed s udies conce ning he u he de elopmen in ol ing he applica ion o TRIZ me hods in non- echnical a eas (Zlo in e al., 2001), echnology and inno a ion managemen (Sheu and Lee, 2011), supply chain (S a on and Wa bu on, 2003; 2006), knowledge managemen (Vezze i e al., 2011), and in open inno a ion (Bianchi e al., 2010). Moussa e al. (2017) poin ed ou wen y-one s udies applying TRIZ in he supply chain. These au ho s p oposed a speci ic ma ix o associa e con adic ions wi h TRIZ in en i e p inciples. In TRIZ me hodology, knowledge-based ools a e u ilised o elimina e con adic ions and c ea e in en i e esolu ions a e iden i ying con adic ions. In he a ea o echnology, con adic ions a e easie o de ine due o hei angible appea ance. Howe e , in en i e p inciples could be applied o iden i y and elimina e con adic ions o gene a e inno a i e solu ions in he se ice a ea. F om he s udy o he simila i ies be ween se ices and TRIZ h ough inno a ed pa e ns, c i ical me hods o se ice emodelling could be classi ied in o p ese ice, sel - se ice, di ec se ice, physical se ice, and bundled se ice (Be y and Lampo, 2000). The esea ch poin ed ou ha i is possible o o ecas inno a ions in se ices. 3.4 De elopmen in o 4PL In ecen yea s, he inc easing compe i ion be ween logis ics en e p ises and he expec a ions o clien s o se ice de elopmen , ela ionship imp o emen s, seamless in o ma ion lows, and in eg a ed ope a ions ha e led LSPs o hink s a egically abou he e en ion o hei posi ions and ela ionships wi h clien s. The imp o emen o compe i i eness equi es LSPs o concen a e on he p o ision o high- alue-added se ice solu ions such as hose o 4PL. Al hough 3PL can p o ide a a ie y o se ices, including wa ehouse, inspec ion, packaging, dis ibu ion, and cus oms o mali ies, 4PL commi s o c ea ing comp ehensi e and in eg a ed logis ics solu ions o mee he clien ’s g owing demands (Li and Lin, 2006; Wang e al., 2011). The limi a ions o LSPs’ se ice p o ision ha e s ongly p omo ed he ine i able ans o ma ion in o 4PL. When conside ing he e ol emen o LSPs’ se ices in o 4PL, Visse e al. (2004) and Hoek (2006) a gue ha LSPs mus ha e well-de ined s a egies o begin he ansi ion p ocess in o 4PL. Table 1 shows ha , in compa ison o LSP, 4PL is supe io due o i s ou s anding a ibu es, such as in eg a ed logis ics solu ions wi h added alue, e ec i e IT QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 54 u ili y, and a wide ne wo k o 3PLs. The end o logis ics ou sou cing has p omo ed he demand o high-le el se ice p o ision. The e o e, LSPs ha e g adually ealised ha ans o ma ion in o 4PL becomes essen ial o hei g ow h. Table 1 – Compa ison be ween LSP and 4PL LSP 4PL Mainly p o iding sepa a e anspo a ion and wa ehousing se ices. Se ling he whole supply chain ope a ions and solu ions. Implemen ing di e en unc ional ope a ions based on i s own capabili ies. C ea ing he in eg a ed p o ision o mul iple logis ics se ices in he supply chain. P o iding p o essional logis ics se ices. Ope a ing wi h a pa ne o gene a ing solu ions based on a long- e m con ac . U ilising IT in p o iding logis ics ope a ions and con olling cos educ ion. Combining IT and 3PL’s esou ces o enhance e iciency and added alue o logis ics ope a ions. Sou ce: Saglie o (2013) 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Diem e al. (2023) a i med six ac o s a ec ing he ans o ma ion in o 4PL o local LSPs in Vie nam. In he model, h ee indica o s, which a e also co e capabili ies o 4PL we e used o measu e he dependen cons uc . The esea ch esul s poin ed ou ha local LSPs in Vie nam could g adually become 4PLs a e imp o ing hei own capabili ies o mee he equi emen s o 4PLs’ powe . In he global logis ics ma ke , whe e ie ce compe i ion is d ama ically inc easing, inno a ion is i al o local LSPs o be supe io o hei i als. Based on his ounda ion, we adop he TRIZ ma ix o iden i y inno a i e ecommenda ions o h ee impo an a ibu es o 4PL, including alue chain c ea ion, in eg a ion o mul iple 3PL p o ide s’ ac i i ies, and managemen o he global supply chain. 4.1 TRIZ implemen a ion o alue chain c ea ion S age 1: Iden i ying he capabili y Wal e s and Rainbi d (2007) illus a ed he p ocess o c ea ing a alue chain o companies o be supe io o hei compe i o s, including iden i ying alue expec a ions, c ea ing he alue, p oducing he alue, communica ing he alue, deli e ing he alue, and se icing he alue. Unde inc easing expec a ions o he alue chain, Bowe sox (2013) a i med ha in eg a ed se ice p o ide s began o ma ke a ange o logis ics se ices. Ko pela e al. (1996) poin ed ou ha he p o ision o alue-added se ices o clien s is ecognised as a co e success ul elemen in alue c ea ion. As a esul , he wide ange and added alue o logis ics se ices become key elemen s in c ea ing alue o cus ome s. QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 55 S age 2: De e mining he imp o ing and wo sening pa ame e s F om he clien ’s pe spec i e, hey wan o make g ea choices o p o ided se ices and equi e high- quali y se ices. Howe e , 4PL mus pay a en ion o he ade- o be ween se ice quali y and bene i s o o e ed se ices o cos s ha clien s ha e o su e . In o de o ul ill he p ime ole o g an ing alue o cus ome s, 4PL u ilises esou ces om i s own and bes added alue p o ide s simul aneously. In TRIZ 39 enginee ing a iables, “Reliabili y” which is explained as “A sys em’s abili y o pe o m i s in ended unc ion in p edic able ways and condi ions” signi ican ly in luences he e ec i eness o alue chain c ea ion. As a esul , he imp o ing pa ame e o alue chain c ea ion is “27- Reliabili y”. In line wi h sa is ying he eliabili y equi emen , 4PL mus make pa ial o o al changes o he sys em o a sho o long ime. The e o e, he wo sening pa ame e can be ega ded as “26- Quan i y o subs ance/ he ma e ”, which is desc ibed as “The numbe o amoun o a sys em’s ma e ials, subs ances, pa s o subsys ems which migh be changed ully o pa ially, pe manen ly o empo a ily”. S age 3: S udying inno a i e p inciples Acco ding o he imp o ing pa ame e “27- Reliabili y” and he wo sening pa ame e “26- Quan i y o subs ance/ he ma e ”, inno a i e p inciples o his logis ics capabili y co esponding o he con adic o y ma ix a e P inciple 21- Skipping, P inciple 28- Mechanics subs i u ion, P inciple 40- Composi e ma e ials, and P inciple 3- Local quali y. F om ca e ul conside a ion o a ious aspec s, P inciples 21, 28, 40, and 3 may con ibu e o LSPs in alue chain c ea ion in he de elopmen in o 4PLs. The e o e, all o hem a e chosen o de eloping s a egies. S age 4: Fo mula ing s a egies based on de ined inno a i e p inciples P inciple 21 - Skipping e e s o he conduc o he p ocess a high speed. One o he impo an cha ac e is ics o 4PL is ha i supplies logis ics se ices e ec i ely and in a imely manne . 4PL mainly ocuses on he ole o o e ing alue o he clien o ganisa ion h ough coo dina ed esou ces implemen ed by he selec ed supe io p o ide s wi h cos educ ion. As a esul , he imp o emen o p ocess speed wi hin he logis ics ope a ions can be conside ed a key indica o o LSPs in he ans o ma ion in o 4PL. P inciple 28 - Mechanics subs i u ion consis s o sub-p inciples as ollows: • Replace a mechanical means wi h a senso y means: LSPs, ins ead o simply supplying logis ics se ices, should p oduce and communica e alues o hei clien s o change he deg ee o lexibili y o enhance he le el o cus omisa ion on logis ics se ices. • Use elec ic, magne ic, and elec omagne ic ields o in e ac wi h he objec : echnology nowadays has become a i al ool ha LSPs mus u ilise o enhance he quali y o logis ics se ices. In o ma ion and communica ion QUALITY INNOVATION PROSPERITY 28/1 – 2024 ISSN 1338-984X (online) 62 Bandyopadhyay, S., & Pa hak, P., 2007. Knowledge sha ing and coope a ion in ou sou cing p ojec s — A game heo e ic analysis, Decision suppo sys ems, 43(2), pp. 349-358. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.dss.2006.10.006 Be y, L. L., & Lampo, S. K., 2000. 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TRIZ beyond echnology: The heo y and p ac ice o applying TRIZ o non echnical a eas, The TRIZ Jou nal, 6(1), pp. 25-89. ABOUT AUTHORS T ang T uong Diem Le0000-0001-9696-7838 (T.T.D.L.) – Facul y o Managemen and Economics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, Czech Republic, email: uong_die[email p o ec ed]. Felici a Ch omjako á0000-0002-5084-1153 (F.C.) – Facul y o Managemen and Economics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, Czech Republic, email: ch omjako a@u b.cz. Vang Dang Quang0000-0002-9468-2318 (V.D.Q.) – Facul y o Economics, Hochiminh Ci y Uni e si y o Technology and Educa ion, Vie nam, email: angdq@hcmu e.edu. n. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS Concep ualiza ion, T.T.D.L.; Me hodology, T.T.D.L. and F.C.; So wa e de elopmen , T.T.D.L. and V.D.Q; Valida ion, T.T.D.L., F.C., and V.D.Q; Fo mal analysis, T.T.D.L. and F.C.; In es iga ion, F.C.; O iginal d a p epa a ion, T.T.D.L., Da a cu a ion, T.T.D.L. and V.D.Q; Re iew and edi ing, T.T.D.L. and F.C. 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