A ican Jou nal o Bio echnology Vol. 9(8), pp. 1205-1210, 22 Feb ua y, 2010
A ailable online a h p://www.academicjou nals.o g/AJB
ISSN 1684–5315 © 2010 Academic Jou nals
Full Leng h Resea ch Pape
Selec ed cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.)
as a new ood sou ce o human nu i ion
O aka Rop1*, Ji i Mlcek1, Daniela K ama o a2 and Tunde Ju iko a3
1Depa men o Food Technology and Mic obiology, Facul y o Technology, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Names i T. G.
Masa yka 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic.
2Depa men o Food Biochemis y and Analysis, Facul y o Technology, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Names i T. G.
Masa yka 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic.
3Depa men o Na u al and In o ma ics Sciences, Facul y o Cen al Eu opean S udies, Cons an ine he Philosophe
Uni e si y in Ni a, D azo ska 4, 949 74 Ni a, Slo ak Republic.
Accep ed 29 Janua y, 2010
The aim o his wo k was o de e mine an ioxidan ac i i y in 12 cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus
mas L.). Two assays based on ion educ ion o ABTS (2,2´-azinobis(3-e hylbenzo hiazoline-6-
sulphona e) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pic ylhyd azyl) adicals we e used o an ioxidan ac i i y. To al
phenolic con en o he ui was analysed by Folin-Ciocel eau colo ime ic me hod and asco bic acid
con en was analysed using column ch oma og aphy - elec ochemical de ec o (Coulochem III). The
highes amoun s o o al phenolic con en we e ound in cul i a s ´Vydubeckij´ and ´Ti us´ as 7.96 and
8.11 g gallic acid kg-1 o esh mass (FM). High co ela ion be ween polyphenols and an ioxidan ac i i y
in ui s o he cul i a s was obse ed ( 2 = 0.970 o DPPH es and 2 = 0.978 o ABTS es ). The
highes o al con en o asco bic acid was de e mined in cul i a ´Olomoucky´, wi h he alue o 3.11 g
kg-1 FM. This s udy a emp s o con ibu e o he knowledge o human nu i ional p ope ies o hese
co nelian che y cul i a s and may be use ul o he e alua ion o die a y in o ma ion and u he
p opaga ion o cul i a ion and u iliza ion o his ui in he wo ld.
Key wo ds: Co nelian che y, phenolics, an ioxidan ac i i y, asco bic acid.
INTRODUCTION
Co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.) belongs o he amily
Co naceae. I is a all deciduous sh ub o small ee om
5 o 8 m high. This plan is popula in sou he n Eu ope
wi h he no he n limi being sou he n Belgium and cen al
Ge many (Mamedo and C ake , 2004). In he Czech
and Slo ak Republic, i is sp ead in he a ea o he Whi e
Ca pa hian Moun ains (Te e a, 2006).
Co nelian che y is a widely dis ibu ed species in
Eu ope and i g ows up o 1400 m. The species is highly
*Co esponding au ho . E-mail: [email p o ec ed]. Tel:
+420 576 031 129. Fax: +420 577 210 172.
Abb e ia ions: ABTS, 2,2´-Azinobis(3-e hylbenzo hiazoline-6-
sulphona e); DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-pic ylhyd azyl; FM, esh
mass.
ole an o di e se abio ic and bio ic condi ions. The
bloom ime in Cen al Eu opean condi ions begins ea ly
in he sp ing. The ui s a e e y aluable o esh con-
sump ion and o p ocessing o p oduce sy ups, juices,
jams (B indza e al., 2007), spi i s and o he adi ional
p oduc s (Tese ic e al., 2009). The s one ui s a e in ull
ma u i y con inuously du ing ea ly au umn (Ku ina, 1991).
The cul i a ion o co nelian che y in he Caucasus and
Cen al Asia has occu ed o cen u ies, mainly o ood
and medicine, bu also as an o namen al plan (Mamedo
and C ake , 2004). Nowadays, Tu key is an impo an
cen e o co nelian che ies (E cisli e al., 2008), espe-
cially in no he n Ana olia (E cisli, 2004). Gene ally, he
his o ical a eas o co nelian che y occu ence a e impo -
an o an adap a ion o some geno ypes o di e en local
condi ions in di e en egions o se e al coun ies
(Yilmaz e al., 2009a).
1206 A . J. Bio echnol.
The aim o ou wo k was o moni o an ioxidan ac i i y,
o al phenolic con en and he con en o asco bic acid in
cul i a s o co nelian che y. The consump ion o ood-
s u s wi h a high amoun o an ioxidan compounds has a
posi i e impac on human heal h, pa icula ly he p e en-
ion o cance and o he in lamma o y diseases. Only li le
in o ma ion abou an ioxidan ac i i y and main bioac i e
componen s in pa icula cul i a s o co nelian che ies is
a ailable in scien i ic wo ks. 12 cul i a s o co nelian
che ies we e in es iga ed. The cul i a s used we e
´Elegan nyj´, ´Jal ´, ´Kije skij´, ´Lukjano skij´,
´Vydubeckij´ which a e Russian in o igin, ´De in´,
´Olomoucky, ´Ruzynsky´, ´Sokolnicky´, ´Ti us´ which a e
Czech and Slo ak in o igin and ´Joliko´ and ´F uch al´
which a e Aus ian in o igin (Te e a, 2006). The main aim
o ou wo k was o popula ize his ui species o
p opaga ion in o he con inen s in he wo ld and d aw
a en ion o he po en ial o Eu opean cul i a s as a new
p omising ui species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Locali y desc ip ion and collec ion o samples
F ui s we e ha es ed in expe imen al o cha ds o Tomas Ba a
Uni e si y Zlin wi hin he pe iod o 2007 – 2009. These o cha ds a e
si ua ed in he sou h-wes e n pa o he Whi e Ca pa hians nea
Zlin, he Czech Republic. The a e age al i ude is 340 m abo e sea
le el, and he mean annual empe a u e and p ecipi a ion a e 7.9°C
and 760 mm, espec i ely. The soil ype was classi ied as he
Meso ophic Cambisol.
F ui we e ha es ed in consume ipeness om i e ees o each
cul i a unde s udy ( hus each yea in 5 eplica ions) in he cou se
o Sep embe . 20 andomly chosen ui s om each ee we e used
o analyses ( ha is, al oge he 100 pe each cul i a ).
Sample p ocessing
The ui o indi idual ees we e p ocessed immedia ely a e he
ha es (no la e han wi hin wo days). Ha es ed ui s we e
pou ed in a mixe and he a e age sample was ob ained by means
o quan i a ion. Each pa ame e was measu ed in i e eplica ions
om he ui aken om each ee o pa icula cul i a s (n = 25).
The esul s we e exp essed as a e age o a h ee-yea expe imen .
To al phenolic con en (TPC) and ee adical sca enging
assay
The ex ac ion was pe o med acco ding o he me hod desc ibed
by Kim e al. (2003a), using 10 g o esh sample which we e homo-
genized o 10 s in an ex ac ion mix u e o hyd ochlo ic acid :
me hanol : wa e in he a io 2:80:18. Fo measu emen o TPC,
Folin-Ciocal eau eagen was used. The esul ing abso bance was
measu ed in he spec opho ome e LIBRA S6 a he wa eleng h o
765 nm agains a blind sample, which was used as e e ence. The
esul s we e exp essed as g ams o gallic acid (GAE) kg-1 o esh
mass (FM).
An ioxidan ac i i y was measu ed using he ABTS adical
sca enging me hod desc ibed by Sulc e al. (2007). This es is
based on moni o ing o he cou se o inac i a ion o he ca ion
ABTS+, which is p oduced du ing he oxida ion o 2,2´-azinobis(3-
e hylbenzo hiazoline-6-sulphona e). ABTS+ shows a s ong abso bance
in he isible egion o he elec omagne ic spec um (600-750 nm);
his solu ion is g een and i s an ioxidan ac i i y can be easily
measu ed by means o spec opho ome y. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-
pic ylhyd azyl) adical sca enging assay was ca ied ou acco ding
o he me hod o B and-Williams e al. (1995). This es is based on
educ ion o DPPH+ adical. In i s adical o m, DPPH+ abso bs ligh
a 515 nm, bu upon educ ion by an an ioxidan o a adical
species, he abso p ion disappea s (Thaipong e al., 2006). In bo h
me hods he calcula ed ac i i y was con e ed using a calib a ion
cu e o he s anda d and exp essed in asco bic acid equi alen s
(AAE) (Rupasinghe e al., 2006).
Asco bic acid con en assay
The de e mina ion o asco bic acid con en was ca ied ou by a
modi ied me hod o Miki (1981). 5 g o he sample we e ex ac ed in
an ex ac ion mix u e (me hanol:H2O:H3PO4 in he a io 99:0.5:0.5).
The ins umen used o asco bic acid analysis consis ed o
a sol en deli e y pump (ESA Inc., Model 582), gua d cell (ESA
Inc., Model 5010A, wo king elec ode po en ial K1 = 600 mV, K2 =
650 mV), ch oma og aphic column - Model Supelcosil LC8 (150.0 x
4.6 mm), 5 µm pa icle size and an elec ochemical de ec o
(Coulochem III). Ch oma og aphic condi ions we e cons an : 30°C,
as a mobile phase me hanol was used: H2O:H3PO4 = 99:0.5:0.5,
( il a ed h ough a il e Nylon, 0.2 µm), ype o elu ion was
isoc a ic, he low a e o he mobile phase was 1.1 ml min-1, and
e en ion ime 1.9 - 2.0 min. The con en o asco bic acid was
calcula ed as g kg-1 o FM.
S a is ical analysis
The da a ob ained we e analysed s a is ically by an analysis o
a iance (ANOVA) and Tukey´s mul iple ange es o compa ison
o means (Snedeco and Coch an, 1968) using he s a is ical
package Unis a , . 5.1.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The esul s o chemical analyses o samples o co nelian
che y cul i a s a e shown in Tables 1 and 2.
The o al phenolic con en anged om 2.61 o 8.11 g o
gallic acid kg-1 o esh mass. In connec ion wi h he
dec ease o o al phenolic con en , he ee adical
sca enging ac i i y o he ui s ex ac s (a measu e o he
an ioxidan ac i i y) also educed (see Table 1). The
co ela ion coe icien be ween he o al phenolic con en
and ee adical sca enging ac i i y o DPPH and ABTS
we e 2 = 0.970 and 0.978, espec i ely (see Figu es 1
and 2). Qui e a numbe o au ho s (Rupasinghe e al.,
2006; Moye e al., 2002; Ju iko a and Ma usko ic, 2007)
e e s o high co ela ion dependence o polyphenols and
an ioxidan ac i i y in di e en ui species. Wha is mo e
in e es ing, he highes con en o phenolic subs ances
and an ioxidan ac i i y was measu ed in he cul i a s
´Ti us´ and ´Vydubeckij´, which a e Russian in o igin.
Mino di e ences in he asco bic acid con en s be ween
Rop e al. 1207
Table 1. F ee adical sca enging ac i i y (g ams o asco bic acid equi alen kg-1 FM) o ex ac s o
ui s o di e en cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.), n = 25.
Cul i a name DPPH adical sca enging ac i i y ABTS adical sca enging ac i i y
De in 3.30 ± 0.20a 3.65 ± 0.28a
Elegan nyj 4.11 ± 0.28b 4.62 ± 0.32b
F uch al 5.02 ± 0.25c 5.75 ± 0.24c
Jal 4.61 ± 0.31bc 5.02 ± 0.27b
Joliko 5.27 ± 0.24c 5.95 ± 0.25c
Kije skij 6.83 ± 0.29d 7.16 ± 0.32d
Lukjano skij 4.58 ± 0.24b 5.04 ± 0.30b
Olomoucky 6.94 ± 0.28d 7.51 ± 0.25d
Ruzynsky 6.85 ± 0.27d 7.41 ± 0.38d
Sokolnicky 4.61 ± 0.30bc 4.94 ± 0.26b
Ti us 8.90 ± 0.25e 9.64 ± 0.31e
Vydubeckij 9.54 ± 0.32e 10.28 ± 0.34e
Di e en supe sc ip s in each column indica e he signi ican di e ences in he mean a P < 0.05.
Table 2. To al phenolic con en (g ams o gallic acid.kg-1 FM) and asco bic acid
con en (g ams o asco bic acid.kg-1 FM) o ex ac s o ui s o di e en cul i a s o
co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.), n = 25.
Cul i a name To al phenolic con en Asco bic acid
De in 2.61 ± 0.21a 1.75 ± 0.22a
Elegan nyj 3.41 ± 0.34b 2.13 ± 0.31a
F uch al 4.45 ± 0.32c 1.48 ± 0.29a
Jal 4.00 ± 0.41bc 2.52 ± 0.36ab
Joliko 4.80 ± 0.30d 3.01 ± 0.40b
Kije skij 5.37 ± 0.21d 2.15 ± 0.28a
Lukjano skij 3.95 ± 0.30bc 1.75 ± 0.27a
Olomoucky 5.55 ± 0.32d 3.11 ± 0.31b
Ruzynsky 5.34 ± 0.34d 3.05 ± 0.25b
Sokolnicky 4.08 ± 0.42bc 2.70 ± 0.38ab
Ti us 7.96 ± 0.42e 2.91 ± 0.37ab
Vydubeckij 8.11 ± 0.40e 2.77 ± 0.33ab
Di e en supe sc ip s in each column indica e he signi ican di e ences in he mean a P
< 0.05.
cul i a s we e obse ed (see Table 2).
The esul s o measu emen s pe o med in 12 cul i a s
showed a a iabili y o he o al phenolic con en which
anged om 2.61 o 8.11 g GAE kg-1 FM. I is also o
in e es ha he a iabili y o o al an ioxidan ac i i y was
likewise high (3.30 o 9.54 g AAE kg-1 FM). Rega ding he
ac ha all cul i a s we e g own unde iden ical condi-
ions and in he same locali y, i is possible o conclude
ha one can clea ly see he a ie al a iabili y, which is
qui e ypical o ui s (Kim e al., 2003b). High an ioxidan
ac i i y o ui species is in luenced by a numbe o
chemical compounds. Amongs all o such ac i e
compounds, la onols is one o he mos impo an (Chun
e al., 2003). Ou esul s showed high alues o o al phe-
nolic con en and an ioxidan ac i i y in compa ison wi h
o he esul s conduc ed on co nelian che ies (Yilmaz e
al., 2009b; Gulcin e al., 2005). A high con en o asco bic
acid and an ioxidan ac i i y (e.g. in compa ison wi h
s awbe ies, o ange ui s, kiwi ui s, e c) was
demons a ed in o he wo k, oo (Tu al and Koca, 2008).
In ou wo k on co nelian che ies high con en s o asco -
bic acid we e obse ed wi h he alues anging om 1.48
( he cul i a ´F uch al´) o 3.11 g kg-1 ( he cul i a
´Olomoucky´).
Vi amin C can also be held o a subs ance which
shows an ioxidan ac i i y. Ne e heless, in his case he
1208 A . J. Bio echnol.
y = 0.8466x - 0.0089
2
= 0.9703
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TAA (g AAE.kg
-1
FM)
TPC (g GAE.kg
-1
FM)
Figu e 1. Rela ionship be ween o al phenolic con en (g GAE.kg-1 FM) and DPPH adical
sca enging ac i i y (g AAE kg-1 FM) in 12 cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.).
y = 0.8088x - 0.2187
2
= 0.9782
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
TAA (g AAE.kg
-1
FM)
TPC (g GAE.kg
-1
FM)
Figu e 2. Rela ionship be ween o al phenolic con en (g GAE.kg-1 FM) and ABTS adical
sca enging ac i i y (g AAE kg-1 FM) in 12 cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.).
e ec on o al alues o an ioxidan ac i i y is p oblema ic
(Gil e al., 2002). This can also be associa ed wi h a
conside ably a iable con en o i amin C due o he
e ec o he yea , he deg ee o ipeness, manipula ion,
p ocessing, e c (Piga e al., 2003). In addi ion, i is
possible ha he le els o o he componen s pa icipa ing
in he o ma ion o an ioxidan ac i i y may be a he
a iable and o ha eason he momen a y con en o
Rop e al. 1209
y = 0.1677x + 1.4581
2
= 0.3223
1
2
3
4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TAA (g AAE.kg
-1
FM)
Asco bic acid (g.kg
-1
FM)
Figu e 3. Rela ionship be ween o al asco bic acid con en (g.kg-1 FM) and DPPH adical
sca enging ac i i y (g AAE kg-1 FM) in 12 cul i a s o Co nelian Che y (Co nus mas L.).
y = 0.158x + 1.4309
2
= 0.316
1
2
3
4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
TAA (g AAE.kg
-1
FM)
Asco bic acid (g.kg
-1
FM)
Figu e 4. Rela ionship be ween o al asco bic acid con en (g.kg-1 FM) and ABTS adical
sca enging ac i i y (g AAE kg-1 FM) in 12 cul i a s o Co nelian Che y (Co nus mas L.).
phenolic subs ances is conside ed o be he mos impo -
an coe icien o co ela ion wi h an ioxidan ac i i y in
ui s (Gil e al., 2002; Chun and Kim, 2004; Vizzo o e
al., 2006) and ege ables (Valsiko a and Belko, 2004).
Rega ding ou wo k, he same is shown in Figu es 3 and
4 whe e we de e mined he co ela ion coe icien be ween
he o al asco bic acid con en and ee adical sca en-
ging ac i i y o DPPH and ABTS o be 2 = 0.322 and

1210 A . J. Bio echnol.
0.316, espec i ely.
Ne e heless, as i ollows om ou measu emen ,
wi hin he scope o one ui species he e exis big di e-
ences in he con en o chemical compounds in he ui
o pa icula cul i a s, which is qui e ypical o ui a e all
(Rop e al., 2009). Cen al Eu opean cul i a s o co nelian
che y a e gene ally conside ed o be a aluable sou ce
o subs ances wi h high an ioxidan ac i i y (Pan elidis e
al., 2007). In compa ison wi h o he cul i a s g own, e.g.
in Tu key (Tu al and Koca, 2008), hey can be a sui able
ood supplemen in ela ion o a posi i e impac on
human heal h.
Conclusion
The main con ibu ion o ou wo k was o popula ize and
d aw a en ion o Cen al Eu opean cul i a s o co nelian
che ies so ha hey could become a pa o wo ldwide
p oduc ion and en ich he ange o ui commodi ies on a
global scale. Co nelian che y cul i a s ha e high bio-
logical e iciency-an ioxidan ac i i y, o al phenolic con-
en and he con en o asco bic acid, which was
con i med in ou measu emen . This means ha in u u e
some co nelian che y cul i a s could be used as a
sou ce o new heal h sou ces when imp o ing nu i ional
p ope ies o he wo ld’s less adi ional ui species.
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