Selected cultivars of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) as a new food source for human nutrition

A ican Jou nal o Bio echnology Vol. 9(8), pp. 1205-1210, 22 Feb ua y, 2010 A ailable online a h p://www.academicjou nals.o g/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2010 Academic Jou nals Full Leng h Resea ch Pape Selec ed cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.) as a new ood sou ce o human nu i ion O aka Rop1*, Ji i Mlcek1, Daniela K ama o a2 and Tunde Ju iko a3 1Depa men o Food Technology and Mic obiology, Facul y o Technology, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Names i T. G. Masa yka 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic. 2Depa men o Food Biochemis y and Analysis, Facul y o Technology, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Names i T. G. Masa yka 275, 762 72 Zlin, Czech Republic. 3Depa men o Na u al and In o ma ics Sciences, Facul y o Cen al Eu opean S udies, Cons an ine he Philosophe Uni e si y in Ni a, D azo ska 4, 949 74 Ni a, Slo ak Republic. Accep ed 29 Janua y, 2010 The aim o his wo k was o de e mine an ioxidan ac i i y in 12 cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.). Two assays based on ion educ ion o ABTS (2,2´-azinobis(3-e hylbenzo hiazoline-6- sulphona e) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-pic ylhyd azyl) adicals we e used o an ioxidan ac i i y. To al phenolic con en o he ui was analysed by Folin-Ciocel eau colo ime ic me hod and asco bic acid con en was analysed using column ch oma og aphy - elec ochemical de ec o (Coulochem III). The highes amoun s o o al phenolic con en we e ound in cul i a s ´Vydubeckij´ and ´Ti us´ as 7.96 and 8.11 g gallic acid kg-1 o esh mass (FM). High co ela ion be ween polyphenols and an ioxidan ac i i y in ui s o he cul i a s was obse ed ( 2 = 0.970 o DPPH es and 2 = 0.978 o ABTS es ). The highes o al con en o asco bic acid was de e mined in cul i a ´Olomoucky´, wi h he alue o 3.11 g kg-1 FM. This s udy a emp s o con ibu e o he knowledge o human nu i ional p ope ies o hese co nelian che y cul i a s and may be use ul o he e alua ion o die a y in o ma ion and u he p opaga ion o cul i a ion and u iliza ion o his ui in he wo ld. Key wo ds: Co nelian che y, phenolics, an ioxidan ac i i y, asco bic acid. INTRODUCTION Co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.) belongs o he amily Co naceae. I is a all deciduous sh ub o small ee om 5 o 8 m high. This plan is popula in sou he n Eu ope wi h he no he n limi being sou he n Belgium and cen al Ge many (Mamedo and C ake , 2004). In he Czech and Slo ak Republic, i is sp ead in he a ea o he Whi e Ca pa hian Moun ains (Te e a, 2006). Co nelian che y is a widely dis ibu ed species in Eu ope and i g ows up o 1400 m. The species is highly *Co esponding au ho . E-mail: [email p o ec ed]. Tel: +420 576 031 129. Fax: +420 577 210 172. Abb e ia ions: ABTS, 2,2´-Azinobis(3-e hylbenzo hiazoline-6- sulphona e); DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-pic ylhyd azyl; FM, esh mass. ole an o di e se abio ic and bio ic condi ions. The bloom ime in Cen al Eu opean condi ions begins ea ly in he sp ing. The ui s a e e y aluable o esh con- sump ion and o p ocessing o p oduce sy ups, juices, jams (B indza e al., 2007), spi i s and o he adi ional p oduc s (Tese ic e al., 2009). The s one ui s a e in ull ma u i y con inuously du ing ea ly au umn (Ku ina, 1991). The cul i a ion o co nelian che y in he Caucasus and Cen al Asia has occu ed o cen u ies, mainly o ood and medicine, bu also as an o namen al plan (Mamedo and C ake , 2004). Nowadays, Tu key is an impo an cen e o co nelian che ies (E cisli e al., 2008), espe- cially in no he n Ana olia (E cisli, 2004). Gene ally, he his o ical a eas o co nelian che y occu ence a e impo - an o an adap a ion o some geno ypes o di e en local condi ions in di e en egions o se e al coun ies (Yilmaz e al., 2009a). 1206 A . J. Bio echnol. The aim o ou wo k was o moni o an ioxidan ac i i y, o al phenolic con en and he con en o asco bic acid in cul i a s o co nelian che y. The consump ion o ood- s u s wi h a high amoun o an ioxidan compounds has a posi i e impac on human heal h, pa icula ly he p e en- ion o cance and o he in lamma o y diseases. Only li le in o ma ion abou an ioxidan ac i i y and main bioac i e componen s in pa icula cul i a s o co nelian che ies is a ailable in scien i ic wo ks. 12 cul i a s o co nelian che ies we e in es iga ed. The cul i a s used we e ´Elegan nyj´, ´Jal ´, ´Kije skij´, ´Lukjano skij´, ´Vydubeckij´ which a e Russian in o igin, ´De in´, ´Olomoucky, ´Ruzynsky´, ´Sokolnicky´, ´Ti us´ which a e Czech and Slo ak in o igin and ´Joliko´ and ´F uch al´ which a e Aus ian in o igin (Te e a, 2006). The main aim o ou wo k was o popula ize his ui species o p opaga ion in o he con inen s in he wo ld and d aw a en ion o he po en ial o Eu opean cul i a s as a new p omising ui species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Locali y desc ip ion and collec ion o samples F ui s we e ha es ed in expe imen al o cha ds o Tomas Ba a Uni e si y Zlin wi hin he pe iod o 2007 – 2009. These o cha ds a e si ua ed in he sou h-wes e n pa o he Whi e Ca pa hians nea Zlin, he Czech Republic. The a e age al i ude is 340 m abo e sea le el, and he mean annual empe a u e and p ecipi a ion a e 7.9°C and 760 mm, espec i ely. The soil ype was classi ied as he Meso ophic Cambisol. F ui we e ha es ed in consume ipeness om i e ees o each cul i a unde s udy ( hus each yea in 5 eplica ions) in he cou se o Sep embe . 20 andomly chosen ui s om each ee we e used o analyses ( ha is, al oge he 100 pe each cul i a ). Sample p ocessing The ui o indi idual ees we e p ocessed immedia ely a e he ha es (no la e han wi hin wo days). Ha es ed ui s we e pou ed in a mixe and he a e age sample was ob ained by means o quan i a ion. Each pa ame e was measu ed in i e eplica ions om he ui aken om each ee o pa icula cul i a s (n = 25). The esul s we e exp essed as a e age o a h ee-yea expe imen . To al phenolic con en (TPC) and ee adical sca enging assay The ex ac ion was pe o med acco ding o he me hod desc ibed by Kim e al. (2003a), using 10 g o esh sample which we e homo- genized o 10 s in an ex ac ion mix u e o hyd ochlo ic acid : me hanol : wa e in he a io 2:80:18. Fo measu emen o TPC, Folin-Ciocal eau eagen was used. The esul ing abso bance was measu ed in he spec opho ome e LIBRA S6 a he wa eleng h o 765 nm agains a blind sample, which was used as e e ence. The esul s we e exp essed as g ams o gallic acid (GAE) kg-1 o esh mass (FM). An ioxidan ac i i y was measu ed using he ABTS adical sca enging me hod desc ibed by Sulc e al. (2007). This es is based on moni o ing o he cou se o inac i a ion o he ca ion ABTS+, which is p oduced du ing he oxida ion o 2,2´-azinobis(3- e hylbenzo hiazoline-6-sulphona e). ABTS+ shows a s ong abso bance in he isible egion o he elec omagne ic spec um (600-750 nm); his solu ion is g een and i s an ioxidan ac i i y can be easily measu ed by means o spec opho ome y. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- pic ylhyd azyl) adical sca enging assay was ca ied ou acco ding o he me hod o B and-Williams e al. (1995). This es is based on educ ion o DPPH+ adical. In i s adical o m, DPPH+ abso bs ligh a 515 nm, bu upon educ ion by an an ioxidan o a adical species, he abso p ion disappea s (Thaipong e al., 2006). In bo h me hods he calcula ed ac i i y was con e ed using a calib a ion cu e o he s anda d and exp essed in asco bic acid equi alen s (AAE) (Rupasinghe e al., 2006). Asco bic acid con en assay The de e mina ion o asco bic acid con en was ca ied ou by a modi ied me hod o Miki (1981). 5 g o he sample we e ex ac ed in an ex ac ion mix u e (me hanol:H2O:H3PO4 in he a io 99:0.5:0.5). The ins umen used o asco bic acid analysis consis ed o a sol en deli e y pump (ESA Inc., Model 582), gua d cell (ESA Inc., Model 5010A, wo king elec ode po en ial K1 = 600 mV, K2 = 650 mV), ch oma og aphic column - Model Supelcosil LC8 (150.0 x 4.6 mm), 5 µm pa icle size and an elec ochemical de ec o (Coulochem III). Ch oma og aphic condi ions we e cons an : 30°C, as a mobile phase me hanol was used: H2O:H3PO4 = 99:0.5:0.5, ( il a ed h ough a il e Nylon, 0.2 µm), ype o elu ion was isoc a ic, he low a e o he mobile phase was 1.1 ml min-1, and e en ion ime 1.9 - 2.0 min. The con en o asco bic acid was calcula ed as g kg-1 o FM. S a is ical analysis The da a ob ained we e analysed s a is ically by an analysis o a iance (ANOVA) and Tukey´s mul iple ange es o compa ison o means (Snedeco and Coch an, 1968) using he s a is ical package Unis a , . 5.1. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The esul s o chemical analyses o samples o co nelian che y cul i a s a e shown in Tables 1 and 2. The o al phenolic con en anged om 2.61 o 8.11 g o gallic acid kg-1 o esh mass. In connec ion wi h he dec ease o o al phenolic con en , he ee adical sca enging ac i i y o he ui s ex ac s (a measu e o he an ioxidan ac i i y) also educed (see Table 1). The co ela ion coe icien be ween he o al phenolic con en and ee adical sca enging ac i i y o DPPH and ABTS we e 2 = 0.970 and 0.978, espec i ely (see Figu es 1 and 2). Qui e a numbe o au ho s (Rupasinghe e al., 2006; Moye e al., 2002; Ju iko a and Ma usko ic, 2007) e e s o high co ela ion dependence o polyphenols and an ioxidan ac i i y in di e en ui species. Wha is mo e in e es ing, he highes con en o phenolic subs ances and an ioxidan ac i i y was measu ed in he cul i a s ´Ti us´ and ´Vydubeckij´, which a e Russian in o igin. Mino di e ences in he asco bic acid con en s be ween Rop e al. 1207 Table 1. F ee adical sca enging ac i i y (g ams o asco bic acid equi alen kg-1 FM) o ex ac s o ui s o di e en cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.), n = 25. Cul i a name DPPH adical sca enging ac i i y ABTS adical sca enging ac i i y De in 3.30 ± 0.20a 3.65 ± 0.28a Elegan nyj 4.11 ± 0.28b 4.62 ± 0.32b F uch al 5.02 ± 0.25c 5.75 ± 0.24c Jal 4.61 ± 0.31bc 5.02 ± 0.27b Joliko 5.27 ± 0.24c 5.95 ± 0.25c Kije skij 6.83 ± 0.29d 7.16 ± 0.32d Lukjano skij 4.58 ± 0.24b 5.04 ± 0.30b Olomoucky 6.94 ± 0.28d 7.51 ± 0.25d Ruzynsky 6.85 ± 0.27d 7.41 ± 0.38d Sokolnicky 4.61 ± 0.30bc 4.94 ± 0.26b Ti us 8.90 ± 0.25e 9.64 ± 0.31e Vydubeckij 9.54 ± 0.32e 10.28 ± 0.34e Di e en supe sc ip s in each column indica e he signi ican di e ences in he mean a P < 0.05. Table 2. To al phenolic con en (g ams o gallic acid.kg-1 FM) and asco bic acid con en (g ams o asco bic acid.kg-1 FM) o ex ac s o ui s o di e en cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.), n = 25. Cul i a name To al phenolic con en Asco bic acid De in 2.61 ± 0.21a 1.75 ± 0.22a Elegan nyj 3.41 ± 0.34b 2.13 ± 0.31a F uch al 4.45 ± 0.32c 1.48 ± 0.29a Jal 4.00 ± 0.41bc 2.52 ± 0.36ab Joliko 4.80 ± 0.30d 3.01 ± 0.40b Kije skij 5.37 ± 0.21d 2.15 ± 0.28a Lukjano skij 3.95 ± 0.30bc 1.75 ± 0.27a Olomoucky 5.55 ± 0.32d 3.11 ± 0.31b Ruzynsky 5.34 ± 0.34d 3.05 ± 0.25b Sokolnicky 4.08 ± 0.42bc 2.70 ± 0.38ab Ti us 7.96 ± 0.42e 2.91 ± 0.37ab Vydubeckij 8.11 ± 0.40e 2.77 ± 0.33ab Di e en supe sc ip s in each column indica e he signi ican di e ences in he mean a P < 0.05. cul i a s we e obse ed (see Table 2). The esul s o measu emen s pe o med in 12 cul i a s showed a a iabili y o he o al phenolic con en which anged om 2.61 o 8.11 g GAE kg-1 FM. I is also o in e es ha he a iabili y o o al an ioxidan ac i i y was likewise high (3.30 o 9.54 g AAE kg-1 FM). Rega ding he ac ha all cul i a s we e g own unde iden ical condi- ions and in he same locali y, i is possible o conclude ha one can clea ly see he a ie al a iabili y, which is qui e ypical o ui s (Kim e al., 2003b). High an ioxidan ac i i y o ui species is in luenced by a numbe o chemical compounds. Amongs all o such ac i e compounds, la onols is one o he mos impo an (Chun e al., 2003). Ou esul s showed high alues o o al phe- nolic con en and an ioxidan ac i i y in compa ison wi h o he esul s conduc ed on co nelian che ies (Yilmaz e al., 2009b; Gulcin e al., 2005). A high con en o asco bic acid and an ioxidan ac i i y (e.g. in compa ison wi h s awbe ies, o ange ui s, kiwi ui s, e c) was demons a ed in o he wo k, oo (Tu al and Koca, 2008). In ou wo k on co nelian che ies high con en s o asco - bic acid we e obse ed wi h he alues anging om 1.48 ( he cul i a ´F uch al´) o 3.11 g kg-1 ( he cul i a ´Olomoucky´). Vi amin C can also be held o a subs ance which shows an ioxidan ac i i y. Ne e heless, in his case he 1208 A . J. Bio echnol. y = 0.8466x - 0.0089 2 = 0.9703 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TAA (g AAE.kg -1 FM) TPC (g GAE.kg -1 FM) Figu e 1. Rela ionship be ween o al phenolic con en (g GAE.kg-1 FM) and DPPH adical sca enging ac i i y (g AAE kg-1 FM) in 12 cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.). y = 0.8088x - 0.2187 2 = 0.9782 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TAA (g AAE.kg -1 FM) TPC (g GAE.kg -1 FM) Figu e 2. Rela ionship be ween o al phenolic con en (g GAE.kg-1 FM) and ABTS adical sca enging ac i i y (g AAE kg-1 FM) in 12 cul i a s o co nelian che y (Co nus mas L.). e ec on o al alues o an ioxidan ac i i y is p oblema ic (Gil e al., 2002). This can also be associa ed wi h a conside ably a iable con en o i amin C due o he e ec o he yea , he deg ee o ipeness, manipula ion, p ocessing, e c (Piga e al., 2003). In addi ion, i is possible ha he le els o o he componen s pa icipa ing in he o ma ion o an ioxidan ac i i y may be a he a iable and o ha eason he momen a y con en o Rop e al. 1209 y = 0.1677x + 1.4581 2 = 0.3223 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TAA (g AAE.kg -1 FM) Asco bic acid (g.kg -1 FM) Figu e 3. Rela ionship be ween o al asco bic acid con en (g.kg-1 FM) and DPPH adical sca enging ac i i y (g AAE kg-1 FM) in 12 cul i a s o Co nelian Che y (Co nus mas L.). y = 0.158x + 1.4309 2 = 0.316 1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TAA (g AAE.kg -1 FM) Asco bic acid (g.kg -1 FM) Figu e 4. Rela ionship be ween o al asco bic acid con en (g.kg-1 FM) and ABTS adical sca enging ac i i y (g AAE kg-1 FM) in 12 cul i a s o Co nelian Che y (Co nus mas L.). phenolic subs ances is conside ed o be he mos impo - an coe icien o co ela ion wi h an ioxidan ac i i y in ui s (Gil e al., 2002; Chun and Kim, 2004; Vizzo o e al., 2006) and ege ables (Valsiko a and Belko, 2004). Rega ding ou wo k, he same is shown in Figu es 3 and 4 whe e we de e mined he co ela ion coe icien be ween he o al asco bic acid con en and ee adical sca en- ging ac i i y o DPPH and ABTS o be 2 = 0.322 and 1210 A . J. Bio echnol. 0.316, espec i ely. Ne e heless, as i ollows om ou measu emen , wi hin he scope o one ui species he e exis big di e- ences in he con en o chemical compounds in he ui o pa icula cul i a s, which is qui e ypical o ui a e all (Rop e al., 2009). Cen al Eu opean cul i a s o co nelian che y a e gene ally conside ed o be a aluable sou ce o subs ances wi h high an ioxidan ac i i y (Pan elidis e al., 2007). In compa ison wi h o he cul i a s g own, e.g. in Tu key (Tu al and Koca, 2008), hey can be a sui able ood supplemen in ela ion o a posi i e impac on human heal h. 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