436
I!;
'
I
'
:
i|
i
'
k
/^aUPTMANM
^9]
Keesmann.
I..
1989,
Chemischc
und
m
•
-
a ion
eisen eiche
Schiacken.
In
R
p.
nciailun c sucluiniien
zu
1987.
Symposium
Lihlice
Í9H7.
P aguc
o
i O'^'
Í20]
C addock,PT.,
1995.£ í / /V/í «/A/,»,,,„
,
1211
^i
i
n
I
-
*
"
l* n(im
i(>n.
uJinhu uh
'■''i
Gale,
N.H.,
Papas ama aki.
A..
S os-Gale
y
.
"
ce-
and
Coppe
Me allu gy
in
he
Acgean
B o—
^
CoppC
w
An iqui y,
ed.
PT.
C addock
and
""<1
Snwl in i
Technology
81-101.
^22]
Le y,
T.,
Adams,
R.A.
and
Na|j
„
Hughcs).
B i .
.Musi:um
C)cc.
'
Jo dán:
The
Jaba!
Ham a
Fidan
(^k dí!Tu
Homepage.
A duu-nlo^y
P ojcc.
1999.
In e ne -
Kólschbach,S.,
1999.
Expc imcnic
zu
.Simni.
.
.
.
.
■y.i.-
Ve ah ens echnik
on
Windd cn.
P iili'sK. ische
Kup c gcwinnung.
Wissenscha en,
Rhcin.-Wes al.
T-cchn
M
""u
«-''"ghau.
Hii enwesen
und
[241
D
,
"•
^'<» hschulc
Aachcn.
'
oachmann,
H.G.
and
Ro hcnbc g.
B..
19x0
In
^ i/cesFup e /,n77nwa- a/.
(cds.H.G
Con
on
S- e
he
J,
Bochum,
215-236.
^
Rolhcnbc g).
Dc
Anschni .
Be»-
Haup mann,
A.,
Lu z,
J.,
Pe nicka.
£.
yp.i
.
1
•
,
,
-y
de
iihes en
Kup e e hü ung
im
Vo dc cn
O icn
'
í'"u
ii
Teclinolog»
Moun ains-A chaeologica
Ana olica
e
M
"
""iTn
e !
ciío
o
.
,
/
I
'-^''poia nica
Alba
Painiicn
Dedica a
Uni e
Si a
La
Sapienza,
Rom,
ícd.
M.
F angipane
H
w.
4
1
;,
' au
-
«
M.
Mellink^
541-572.
Haup mann,
M.
I.i^c an ,
P.
Mn lhiae
&
New
¡=™ '
A
.
B^'^h-nann
H.G,
nd
Maddin.
R,.
|yy„,
c
halcl. hic
Cppe
Sme ing;
AM
?T
h
.
A chnc.mci y
(ej
s.
Demi ci.
Oze
and
G.D.
Summc .s),Tubi ak.
Anka a
3
jo
Haup'^nn.A.andRoden.C..
'''««■
A cha«mciailu g¡sche
Un c suchungcn
zu
Kup c -
N.H.,
Bachmann,
HG..
Rchenbe g.
B.,
S ns-Cú lc.
Z.A.
and
Tylcc e
R
F..
1990,
ne
Ad en i iou.s
P oduclion
o
I on
in
ihc
.Smeliing
al
Coppc .
In
Resmn
hes
in
'hn
^abah
1959.1984.
V„l.
II.-The
Aneen,
Me,.,lu„.^,
„,
c-
In.,-,.
A,-cl,.,eo-McU,ll■
S'"'
(ed.
B.
Ro henbe g),
London,
182-191
.
Roilie ibe g,
B.
and
Shaw,
C.T.,
1990.
The
Disco e y
<,
a
Oippo
Mine
and
Sme"®''
m
Ihe
End
o
Ihe
Ea ly
B onze
Age
(EB
IV)
in
he
Timna
Vallcy.
In.s .
A chaeo-Me-
•
S udies,
Newsle e
15/16,
1-8.
^^"P mann.
A.,
1989,
The
Ea lie.s
Pe iod.s
o
Coppe
Me.allu gy
in
Feinan/Jo dan.
I"
«
^o ld
A chaeome allu gy,
íed:
A.
Haup mann.
E
Pe nicka
and
G.A.
Waene ).
C>e
^nschn¡ ,Beihe 7
.Bochum,
119-135.
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[3l]
p.
VCU.y,
I7/0,
-y
[32j
Is ael
Explo .
Soc.,
Je u.salem.
®=''-A ieh,
I.,
1983,
Cenl al-Sou hem Sinai
in
he
Ea ly
B onze
Age
II
and
,,,
Reía
^"■ an,
R.
(ed,),
1978,
Ea y
A ad:
The
Chalc„u,hu
Seniemen,
and
Ea ly
B onze
Age
^"y-
Is ael
Explo .
Soc.,
Je usalem.
^'•-A ieh,
I.,
1983,
Cenl al-Sou hem
Sin
'dnship
wi h
Pales ino.
Le an!
XV,
.39-48.
THE
NEW
EXTERNAL
MICROBEAM
FACILITY
OF
THE
OXFORD
NUCLEAR
MICROPROBE
AND
ITS
APPLICATION
TO
PROBLEMS
IN
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SCIENCE
G.W.
G ime*'^
Abs ac
Recen
de elopmen s
o
he
ex emal
beam
acili y
o
he
Ox o d
Nuclea
Mi-
c op obe
ha e
led
o
an
enhancemen
o
he
capabili ies
o
he
ins umen
o
analysing
la ge
o
sensi i e
objec s
in
ai
wi h
a
spa ial
esolu ion
o
50
o
100
(xm.
Used
in
conjunc ion
wi h
he
1
pm
esolu ion
in- acuo
acili y
his
p o ides
a
unique
elemen al
analysis
acili y
which
is
being
applied
o
a
numbe
o
a -
chaeological
p oblems.
This
pape
desc ibes
b ie ly
he
capabili ies
o
he
aci
li y
and
ou lines
he
ange
o
applica ions.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Ion
Beam
Analysis
(IBA)
has
a
well-es ablished
ole
in
he
cha ac e isa ion
o
a -
chaeological
and
his o ical
objec s.
The
combina ion
o
ace
elemen
sensi i i y
and
quan i a i e
accu acy
o e ed
by
he
echniques
o
P o on
Induced
X- ay
Emission
(PIXE)
o
Ru he o d
Backsca e ing
(RBS)
p esen s
a
solu ion
o
many
p oblems
in-
ol ing
he
s udy
o
a e ac s
and
aw
ma e ials.
Using
a
sui able
mic o- ocusing
sys-
em,
IBA
can
be
ca ied
ou
wi h
a
spa ial
esolu ion
o
he
o de
o
1
pm
[1],
bu
his
is
o en
inapp op ia e
o
a chaeological
objec s.
This
is
due
o
he
na u e
o
he
ma
e ials,
which
a e
o en
he e ogeneous,
con aining
pa icula e
inclusions
wi h
diame e s
o
less
han
100
mic ome es.
The
long
pene a ion
dep h
o
MeV
ligh
ions
a e ages
he
signal
o e
he
ange
o
he
ions
( ens
o
mic ome es)
and
so
unless
hin
samples
a e
used,
i
is
no
possible
o
analyse
small
inclusions
sepa a ely
om
he
ma ix
and
he
ad an age
o
using
mic on
o
sub-mic on
beams
is
los .
Ano he
p ac ical
disad-
an age
o
high
esolu ion
mic obeam
acili ies
o
a chaeological
applica ions
is
he
equi emen
o
place
he
sample
in
an
e acua ed
chambe ,
which
o
mos
a chaeo-
Uni e si y
o
Ox o d.
Depa lmen
o
Ma e ials.
Pa ks
Road.
Ox o d.
OXl
3PH.
UK
438
íi
i
ilü
11
!
'<.
1^1
N
G.W.
logical
o
his o ical
objec s
equi es
sampling,
which
may
be
highiy
undesi able
o
p ecious,
delica e
objec s.
2.
THE
OXFORD
EXTERNAD
MICROBEAM
FACILITY
The
long
ange
o
MeV
ions
in
ai
p esen s
he
possibili y
o
analysing
la ge
o
agüe
objec s
in
ai
wi h
no
sampling
equi ed.
The
beam
diame e
is
deg aded
by
collisions
wi h
ai
molecule
(by
app oxima ely
10
pm
pe
mm
o
ai
pa h),
bu
as
dis-
cussed
abo e,
his
is
no
a
majo
p oblem
o
a chaeological
samples
and
by
ca e ul
design,
a
spa iai
esolu ion
o
less
han
50
pm
can
be
achie ed.
Fo
he
majo i y
o
sample
ion
beam
analysis
in
ai
is
non-des uc i e;
he
p esence
o
ai
o
helium
a ound
he
sample
dispe ses
any
localised
hea ing
cause
by
he
beam,
and
so
p e en s
any
he mal
damage.
In
o ganic
ma e ials,
decomposi ion
o
la ge
o ganic
molecules
can
III
Cong eso
Nacional
de
A queome ía
439
x- ay
de ec o
(ligh
elemen s)
Beamiine
(High
acuum)
Pa ióle
de ec o
(below)
Magne ic
de lec o
;^^Sample
Exi
nozzle
Gamma
ay
de ec o
abso be
x- a/de ec o
( ace
eie/wdd sj
j
.
ihe
V
^^hema ic
plan
iew
o
he
ex e nal
beam
analysis
acüi y
al
Ox o d.
The
beam
eme ges
o n
Q
"^o
he
beamiine
h ough
a
300
pm
diame e
hale
in
a
2mm
diame e
coppe
nozzle
sealed
Q ^
.
^
hm)
plás ic
oil.
X- ays
emi ed
om
he
sample
a e
de ec ed
by
wo
de ec o s
moun ed
aí
ay
/•
^he
beam.
One
de ec o
is i ed
wi h
an
x- ay
ab.so be
o
kiü
he
in ense
low
ene gy
has
ensu e
good
de ec ion
limi s
o
he
ace
elemen s
while
he
o he
de ec o
he
°^^ ) be
and
is
i ed
wi h
a
magne ic
de lec o
o
ensu e
ha
high
ene gy
p o ons
do
no
each
o
de ec o
o
gamma
ays
is
moun ed
a
90"
o
he
beam.
Below
he
beamiine.
a
de ec o
ple'^^^^'^' S
p o ons
eco ds
he
RBS
spec um
and
allows
he
o al
amoun
o
cha ge
alling
on
he
sa n-
^^m o ed.
No
shown
in
his
diag am
a e
a
ideo
mic oscope
which
uses
a
mi a
o
iew
he
samni"'!'"^^
o/ e
sample
du ing
analysis
and
a
low
powe
alignmen
láse
o
a.ssis
in
po.si ioning
he
^
o
analysis.
Figu e
2.
A
gene al
iew
o
he
new
ex e nal
beam
acili y
being
used
o
he
cha ac e isa ion
o
su ace
laye s
on
an
IB""
cen u y
b ome
s a ue
o
Bud-
dha.
cause
discolo a ion,
bu
in
many
cases
(e.g.
pape s)
his
ades
o e
a
pe iod
o
days
and
in
any
case
is
con íned
o
he
small
a ea
o
he
beam.
An
ex e nal
beam
sys em
has
been
de eloped
o
he
Ox o d
Scanning
P o on
Mic o-
p obe
acili y
using
design
concep s
desc ibed
i s
by
he
AGLAE
g oup
in
Pa ís
[2]
(see
i
gu es
1
and
2).
The
key
o
high
pe o mance
o
his
ype
o
sys em
is
o
mini-
mise
he
dis ance
be ween
he
exi
o
he
beam
om
he
acuum
and
he
sample.
This
educes
beam
sca e ing
and
also
educes
he
abso p ion
o
he
emi ed
signáis,
bu
in
o de
o
allow
a
ee
pa h
om
he
sampling
poin
o
he
de ec o .
In
his
design
he
exi
nozzle
consis s
o
a
hollow
coppe
cylinde
wi h
he
diame e
educing
in
s eps
om
12
mm
o
app oxima ely
2
mm.
Coppe
was
chosen
o
he
nozzle
ma e ial
in
o de
o
educe
he
gamma
ay
backg ound
which
migh
esul
i
ligh
elemen s
such
as
Al
we e
used
and
he
beam
s ikes
he
inne
su ace.
The
only
signáis
induced
om
coppe
a e
he
Cu
x- ays,
which
do
no
escape
om
he
walls
o
he
nozzle.
The
beam
eme ges
in o
ai
h ough
a
300
(jim
diame e
ape u e
co e ed
wi h
an
8
(jim
Kap on
440
(y
y.
GRME
III
CoNGRi-so
Nacional
db
A queomb ía
441
$
,.
|
lli
i
■
'i
:
í'
i
I
:
1
,
Figu e
3.
View
h ough
he
ideo
" ic oscope
o
he
ex e na!
beam
ocili y,
This
shows
he
coppe
exi
ozzle
p ojec ing
om
he
bo om
he
image
and
he
^ i ace
o
a
sampie
o
J
8""
cen u y
islamic
lus ewa e.
Fhe
ou line
o
he
lus e
giazed
deco a ion
can
be
seen
as
he
da k
egions
o
he
sampie.
^indow.
Two
quad upole
lenses
ocus
he
beam
h ough
he
no/.zlc,
so
ha
he
amoun
beam
s iking
he
ape u e
is
minimised.
No e
ha
his
aiso
means
ha
he
spa ial
'"esolu ion
is
no
de e mined
by
he
size
o
he
ape u e
holc.
The
sampie
is
moun ed
3pp oxima ely
4
mm
om
he
window,
allowing
a
csolu ion
o
40-50
pm
o
be
^chie ed
on
he
sampie.
De ec o s
o
x- ays,
ecoiling
p o ons
and
gamma
ays
allow
®"3lysis
using
PIXE,
RBS
and
also
P o on
índuced
Gamma- ay
Emission
(PIGE)
analy-
o
he
de ec ion
o
ligh
elemen s
such
as
Li
and
F.
This
allows
i ually
he
en-
Pe iodic
abie
o
be
co e ed
in
a
single
measu emen .
A
ideo
mic oscope
and
a
Powe
láse
a e
used
o
align
he
desi ed
egión
o
he
sampie
in
he
beam
(sea
gu e
3).
pyjj
echnical
de ails
o
he
new
ex emal
beamiinc
will
be
p esen ad
alsa-
whe e
[3].
^
sepa a a
de elopmen ,
he ex e nal
beam
acili y
has
been
i ed
wi h
a
high
^®^^sed
pulsad
láse
o
enable
he
su ace
o
he
sampie
o
be
abla ad
a
axac ly
spe
^Po
as
he
analysis
is
aking
place
(4).
This
exci ing
de elopmen
is
aimed
em^'
co osión
laye s
on
ancien
me áis,
bu
he
abili y
o
dia
^"^3ce
ilms
in
a
well
con olled
manne
o e
an
a ea
o
less
han
100
pm
ha e
implica ions
o
many
aspec
o
he
analysis
o
ancien
ma e ials,
^
desi able
o
cha ac e ise
sepa a ely
bo h
he
co osión
ilm
o
pa ina
and
•^nde lying
bulk
ma e ial.
3.
^PPLICATIONS
OF
THE
OXFORD
EXTERNAL
BEAM
FACILITY
The
e iai/-
applica ions
o
he
Ox o d
ex e nal
beam
o
a chaeological
ma-
summa ised
below:
Panel
( un)
Hg%
Top
5,08
11,30
Top
5,08
11,60
Cen e
5,06
15,00
Bo om
6,16
14,50
Mean
5,35
13,10
s.d.
0,54
1,92
3.1.
CORROSION
FILMS,
SURFACE
LAYERS
AND
BULK
COMPOSITION
OF
METALS
In
addi ion
o
using
PIXE
o
cha ac
e ise
he
composi ion
o
bulk
me áis,
hin
(<
10
pm)
su ace
laye s
can
be
cha ac e-
i
sed
accu a ely
and
non-des uc i ely
using
RBS.
This
p o ides
in o ma ion
comple-
men a y
o
ha
which
can
be
ob ained
o
hick
laye s
using
he
láse
abla ion
acil
i y.
The
Ox o d
ex emal
beam
has
been
used
o
in es íga e
a
wide
ange
o
me al
ypes,
and
alloys
based
on
coppe ,
sil e ,
gold
and
i on
ha e
been
in es iga ed.
In
a
s udy
o
a
medie al
al a
c oss
[3],
he
hickness
and
composi ion
o
he
gilding
laye s
was
de
e mined
om
he
ela i e
in ensi ies
o
he
gold,
me cu y
and
coppe
x- ays
induced
by
he
beam.
The
a io
o
he
gold
and
me cu y
L-lines
p o ided
he
Au:Hg
a io
in
he
amalgam
gilded
i
lm,
and
since
he
coppe
x- ays
om
he
subs a e
a e
abso bed
by
he
o e lying
gilding
laye ,
he
a io
o
he
coppe
K-line
o
he
gold
L-line
p o
ides
a
e y
accu a e
measu emen
o
he
hickness
o
he
i
lm,
as
shown
in
able
1,
in
which
p esen s
he
hickness
and
pe cen age
o
me cu y
eco ded
on
he
h ee
back
panels.
Ano he
example,
shown
in
i
gu e
2,
in ol ed
he
in es iga ion
o
a
I?"*
cen u y
Buddha
om
Thailand.
Al hough
his
objec
was
b onze,
he
black
su ace
had
an
un-
usual
appea ance.
Using
RBS,
i
was
possible
o
de e mine
ha
he
su ace
was
coa ed
wi h
a
hin
laye
o
o ganic
ma e ial
ich
in
ca bón
and
oxygen
which
was
di using
in o
he
coppe .
One
explana ion
o
his
could
be
he
in e ac ion
o
he
me al
wi h
he
smoke
o
de o ional
lamps
and
candles
o e
a
long
pe iod.
3.2.
POTTERV
AND
GLAZES
A
majo
ad an age
o
he
ex emal
beam
acili y
in
he
s udy
o
po e y
is
he
abili
y
o
analyse
he
whole
objec
wi hou
sampling,
which
can
be
di icul
and
undesi ed
on
a e
agile
objec s.
A
ange
o
analyses
ha e
been
ca ied
ou
bo h
on
whole
ob-
jec s
(e.g.
he
cha ac e isa ion
o
blue
and
whi e
glazes
on
Chínese
po celain)
and
on
agmen s
(e.g.
he
analysis
o
IS"*
cen u y
Islamic
lus e
glazes).
In
he
case
o
he
lus e
glazes,
he
composi ion
o
he
me al
su ace
laye
can
be
de e mined
using
PIXE
and
he
hickness
o
he
me al
laye
can
also
be
de e mined
using
RBS.
Figu e
3
shows
he
su ace
o
a
lus e
giazed
she d
iewed
h ough
he
ideo
mic oscope
o
he
ex
emal
beam
acili y.
The
coppe
beam
exi
nozzle
can
be
seen
a
he
bo om
o
he
pic u e
and
he
deco a ion
o
he
sampie
can
be
seen.
The
da k
egions
a e
lus e
giazed.
Figu e
4(a)
shows
he
RBS
spec mm
acqui ed
om
he
lus e
giazed
egión
using
a
p ima y
beam
ene gy
o
3
MeV.
The
small
high
ene gy
peak
in
he
spec mm
indica es
he
me al
lie
coppe
laye
esul ing
om
he
lus e
glaze.
The
o al
a ea
o
his
peak
is
a
measu e
o
he
amoun
o
coppe
p esen
in
he
ilm,
while
he
shape
gi es
an
in-
dica ion
o
he
dep h
dis ibu ion.
In
his
case,
al hough
he
s a is ics
we e
no
con-
442
Q.W.
G iue
III
Cong eso
Nacional
de
A queome ía
443
ÍH5
195
205 2i5
225
2^^
2-3**
2^^
275
Kca.ojÍ
^MeV
"
ins ewa e
^lazc
e n dcd
in
ai
nm/ií;
p o on.s
i /¡
an
iniíUil
en^^'Sy
iiXC l
TÍ/ Z*^/
I
í*
(*/
y
I
li
u
y/
í*
y/y
1
yi»9y/
(/«•■•
/■'>•..
«7...
*í/
/
S'/
////
i
Iíi
¡
í///
//V
/
//
?
^
^
'neasu ed
da a
is
shown
as
do s
and
hc
hin
¡hu-
is
a
hc( e ín
p o iig
,
"'"•^" ea
aai
^nd he
appeu s
as
he
snudl
peak
in
hc
hii h
ene s^'
e
pión
o
he
un¡
ig
J
O om
he
glaze
appea
as
s eps
a
lowe
ene py.
The
¡a pe
peak
in
he
cen e
o
a
bg
ecoils
om
ni open
and
nxypen
nuelei
in
he
ai .
The
dala
n /.
eeo ded
in
90
^Pec ^
o
JOOpA.
(h):
The
iheo e iea!
sample
dep h
dis ihu ion
used
o
ealeida e
he
"^ igu e
4
(a).
^lus
easibili y
s udy,
he e
is
a
s ong
indica ion
o
a
di usion
p o ile
in
he
glaze,
as
shown
by
he
simuia ed
cu es,
esul ing
in
he
p o ile
shown
"gu e
4(b).
he
3.3.
*3lass
and
enamel
beajp
^
conside a ions
o
sampling
aiso
appiy
o
glass
objec s
and
he
ex e nal
h3s
also
been
applied
o
he
cha ac e isa ion
no
only
o
ancien
jec jy
í^ ge
agmen s
bu
also
minia u e
mediae al
enamelled
panels.
Thc
ob-
such
analyses
has
la gely
been
o
de e mine
he
na u e
o
added
cons i uen s
^olo an s.
Jewp,.
■^LLERY
and
gems ones
Th
P o epa^
inc easing
in e es
in
he
analysis
o
ancien
gems ones
as
an
aid
s udies
[5
and
6].
Many
gems one
mine als
do
no
ha e
a
ixed
comp^si-
ion,
and
may
comp ise
a
mix u e
o
end-membe s
in
a ying
concen a ions.
Exam-
ples
o
hese
include
game s
which
ha e
h ee
end
membe s
and
ou malines
wi h
as
many
as
wel e.
De e mining
he
end-membe
ac ion
allows
he
compa ison
o
s ones
(e.g.
o
de e mine
whe he
all
s ones
in
an
objec
we e
om
he
same
sou ce),
while
he
ace
elemen
con en
may
be
cha ac e is ic
o
he
mine al
deposi ,
al hough
he e
is
s ill
a
only
a
limi ed
amoun
o
compa ison
da a
a ailable
o
his
ype
o
applica-
ion.
The
ex emal
beam
acili y
is
ideal
o
he
cha ac e isa ion
o
moun ed
gems ones,
since
hey
do
no
ha e
o
be
emo ed
om
he
objec
in
which
hey
a e
moun ed
and
he
echnique
is
non-des uc i e.
The
Ox o d
acili y
has
been
used
in
a
numbe
o
easibili y
s udies,
including
he
cha ac e isa ion
o
he
í
s
ime
o
he
ou maline
in-
aglio
o
Alexande
he
G ea
om
he
Ashmolean
Museum
[7].
4.
CONCLUSION
AND
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This
b ie
desc ip ion
o
he
Ox o d
ex emal
beam
acili y
has
demons a ed
he
ca-
pabili ies
o
in-ai
mic o-analysis
using
ocused
beams
o
MeV
ions.
This
echnique
o -
e s
unique
ad an ages
o
he
a chaeological
scien is
o
he
cha ac e isa ion
o
ancien
ma e ials
and
a e ac s,
and
a
b ie
summa y
o
applica ions
has
been
p esen ed.
This
wo k
has
na u ally
in ol ed
he
collabo a ion
o
co-wo ke s
om
many
di e en
ins i u-
ions,
and
he
au ho
especially
wishes
o
acknowledge
he
con ibu ions
o
he
ollow-
ing
people:
Ms
M.H.
Ab aham
and
D
J.P
No ho e
o
he
Uni e si y
o
Ox o d
Depa -
men
o
Ma e ials,
D
R.
Cambe
o
So heby's,
London,
D
M.
Vicke s
o
he
Ashmolean
Museum,
Ox o d,
P o .
M.
Ti e
o
he
Resea ch
Labo a o y
o
A chaeology
and
he
His o y
o
A ,
Ox o d
and
D
L.
Tho eson
o
he
Ge y
Museum,
Los
Angeles.
5.
REFERENCES
[11
G ime,
G.W.,
Dawson,
M.,
Ma sh,
M.,
McA hu ,
I.C.
and
Wa ,
F.,
1991,
The
Ox o d
sub-mic on
nuclea
mic oscopy
acili y.
Nucí.
Ins .
and
Me hs.
B54,
52-63.
[2]
Calliga o,
T,
Maca hu ,
J.D.,
and
Salomen,
J.,
1996,
An
imp o ed
expe imen al
se up
o
he
simul aneous
PIXE
analysis
o
hea y-elemen s
and
ligh -elemen s
wi h
a 3
MeV
p o on
ex emal-beam.
Nucí.
Ins .
and
Me hs.
B109,
125-128.
[3]
G ime,
G.W.,
Ab aham,
M.H.,
and
No ho e ,
J.P.,
The
new
ex emal
mic obeam
o
he
Ox o d
Nuclea
Mic oscopy
acili y,
o
be
p esen ed
a
he
7"'
In ema ional
Con e ence
on
Nuclea
Mic obeam
Technology
and
Applica ions,
Bo deaux,
Sep embe
2000,
and
published
in
Nucí.
Ins .
and
Me hs
B,
2001.
[41
Ab aham,
M.H.,
G ime,
G.W.,
and
No ho e ,
J.P.,
The
combina ion
o
ex emal
ion
beam
analysis
wi h
con olled
láse
abla ion
o
he
s udy
o
hick
co osión
i
lms
on
ancien
me áis,
o
be
p esen ed
a
he
7"'
In ema ional
Con e ence
on
Nuclea
Mic obeam
Tech
nology
and
Applica ions,
Bo deaux,
Sep embe
2000,
and
published
in
Nucí.
Ins .
and
Me hs
B,
2001.
[51
Que e,
G.,
Bouquillon,
A.,
Calliga o,
T.,
Dubus,
M.,
and
Salomón,
J.,
1996,
PIXE
analy
sis
o
jewels
om
an
Achaemenid
omb
(4"'-cen u y-BC),
Nucí.
Ins .
and
Me hs.
B109,
686-689.
444
G.W.
Gk/aíe
[6]
Calliga o,
T.,
Mossmann,
A.,
Poi o ,
J.P.,
and
Que é.
G.,
1998,
P o enance
s udy
o
u
bíes
om
a
Pa hian
s a ue e
by
PIXE
analysis.
Nucí.
Ins .
ami
Mah.s
.
B138,
846-850.
[6]
G ime,
G.W.,
and
Tho esen.
L..
Ion
Beam
Analysis
o
Gems ones
-
In es iga ion
o
a
Tou malíne
In aglio
o
Alexande
he
G ea
in
he
Ashmolcan
Museum.
in
A chaeogeni-
mology,
(ed.
L.
Tho esen),
Ge y
Museum
Publica ions.
Los
Angeles,
(in
p css).
THE
DEVELOPMENT
OF
SPANISH
METALLURGY
AND
COPPER
CIRCULATION
IN
PREHISTORIC
SOUTHERN
SPAIN
Sophie
S os-Gale'"
1.
INTRODUCTION
The e
is
no
doub
ha
in
he
Spanish
Coppe
Age
he
ea lies
echnological
de e-
lopmen s
o
coppe
smel ing,
and
he
ex ac ion
o
sil e
and
in,
we e
based
on
he
mine al
esou ces
o
he
Ibe ian
Península.
Much
wo k
has
been
conduc ed
ecen ly
in
Spain
by
scien is s
ying
o
link
he
ace
elemen al
composi ion
o
p ehis o ic
me al
a e ac s
wi h
he
known
o e
sou ces,
in
pa icula
a
la ge
amoun
o
da a
on
coppe
based
me áis
and
sil e
a e ac s
om
all
dis ic s
o
Spain
ha e
been
published
e
cen ly
by
Ro i a
Llo ens
[1].
Howe e ,
he
a chaeome allu gical
su ey
o
mine al
e
sou ces,
ha
needs
o
accompany
such
esea ch,
is
la gely
limi ed
o
sou hem
Spain,
in
pa icula
he
sou h
wes
[2].
In
he
eas em
Medi e anean
in
he
las
wen y
yea s
he e
we e
se e al
p ojec s
combining
a chaeome allu gical
su eys
and
chemical
and
lead
iso ope
analyses
o
o es
and
B onze
Age
a e ac s
[3
and
4].
The
lead
iso ope
composi ions
o
o es
and
a e
ac s
a e
used
as
hei
cha ac e is ic
' mge p in s'
[5],
The
analy ical
me hod
used
cu -
en ly
o
lead
iso ope
cha ac e isa ion
o
a chaeological
ma e ials
and
o e
mine als
is
The mal
lonisa ion
Mass
Spec ome y
(TIMS).
This
echnique
p o ides
highly
accu-
a e
da a
o
lead
iso ope
(LI)
composi ions
o
lead
p esen
in
ancien
me áis,
glasses,
glazes
and
pigmen s,
e en
i
lead
is
p esen
only
a
he
le el
o
a
ew
pa s
pe
mil-
lion
[6].
The
LI
p o enance
s udies
a e
based
on
he
di e si y
o
p opo ions
o
lead
iso ope
a oms
in
o e
mine als
ela ed
o
hei
geological
his o y.
This
ea u e
allows
o
cha ac e ise
geog aphical
sou ces
o
mine als
acco ding
o
he
pa em
o
he
lead
iso ope
a ios
measu ed
in
hem.
The
lead
iso ope
cha ac e is ics
o
o es
do
no
change
du ing
hei
smel ing,
ca ying
he
LI
inge p in
o
he
o e
in o
he
me al.
The
me hodology
o
lead
iso ope
p o enance
esea ch
is
based
on
accumula ing
iso opic,
geochemical
and
a chaeome allu gical
in o ma ion
abou
known
o e
deposi s
ox
Iso ace
Labo a o y
o
he
Resea ch
Labo a o y
o
A chaeology.
Uni e si y
o
Ox o d.
Keble
Rd.
.^RH.