applied
sciences
A icle
Gas ocnemius Ac i a ion h oughou he Compe i i e Season
in A hle es o Di e en Expe ience Le els
Ca a ina M. Ama o 1, Ma ia An ónio Cas o 2,3,* , Luis Rosei o 3,4 , Rui Mendes 5,6 and Ana M. Ama o 3


Ci a ion: Ama o, C.M.; Cas o, M.A.;
Rosei o, L.; Mendes, R.; Ama o, A.M.
Gas ocnemius Ac i a ion h oughou
he Compe i i e Season in A hle es o
Di e en Expe ience Le els. Appl. Sci.
2021,11, 984. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/app11030984
Academic Edi o : Shane Malone
Recei ed: 23 Decembe 2020
Accep ed: 18 Janua y 2021
Published: 22 Janua y 2021
Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al
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ia ions.
Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
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A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
1Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3004-531 Coimb a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
2Poly echnic o Coimb a, ESTeSC, 3046-854 Coimb a, Po ugal
3Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Coimb a, CEMMPRE, 3030-788 Coimb a, Po ugal;
l osei [email p o ec ed] (L.R.); [email p o ec ed] (A.M.A.)
4Poly echnic o Coimb a, ISEC, 3030-199 Coimb a, Po ugal
5Poly echnic o Coimb a, ESEC, 3030-329 Coimb a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
6Uni e si y o Coimb a, CIDAF, 3040-248 Coimb a, Po ugal
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +351-239802430
Abs ac :
Baske ball is a eam spo in which he playe s unde go apid eac ions, and unning e o s
a e usually ca ied ou in all di ec ions. The main goal o he p esen s udy was o e alua e he muscle
ac i i y esponse in di e en baske ball mo emen s, conside ing wo ypes o a hle es wi h di e en
le els o expe ience. Using a g oup o nine olun ee s, emale a hle es om a senio baske ball eam,
a da a acquisi ion p o ocol was de ined o iden i y he changes ha occu ed h oughou he spo s
season. In his s udy, o assess he gas ocnemius muscle ac i i y, in ensi y peak (%MC) and ime o
peak (TP) we e e alua ed o i e ypical baske ball skills and mo emen s in ol ing unning and
jumping wi h and wi hou he ball. Se en epe i ions we e execu ed o each mo emen , pe o med
a wo di e en ime-poin s o he spo s season: a he beginning o he eams’ compe i ion, in
No embe (T1), and a he season peak, in Ma ch (T2). TP p esen s g ea e alues o T2 o he season
when compa ed wi h T1. The esul s show ha he le el o expe ience o he a hle es has a signi ican
e ec on he esul s o TP and %MC, pa icula ly when compa ing he wo seasons.
Keywo ds: baske ball; elec omyog aphy; s age o aining; spo s biomechanics; baske ball mo es
1. In oduc ion
Regula spo s ac i i y imp o es skele al muscle unc ion and ca dio ascula heal h,
as well as p e en s and e e ses obesi y, educes anxie y and dep ession, and imp o es sel -
con idence and cogni i e unc ion [
1
,
2
]. Baske ball in ol es equen jumping, accele a ing,
decele a ing, u ning, and pi o ing [
3
]. I is a eam game du ing which playe s expe ience
up o 105 high-in ensi y ac i i ies o sho du a ion (2–6 s), occu ing on a e age e e y 21 s.
This sugges s ha , o baske ball playe s, he abili y o epea high-in ensi y e o s such
as sp in s wi h and wi hou a ball is e y impo an [
4
]. Running e o s in baske ball a e
usually ca ied ou in all di ec ions, wi h sho and in ense ac ions, wi h long and mode a e
ac i i y and eco e y, which can induce inju ies [
5
–
7
]. Running while d ibbling a ball is a
undamen al baske ball skill, and be e playe s can dis inguish hemsel es by expe iencing
less loss o con ac wi h he ball while unning [
8
]. A highe numbe o people pa icipa ing
in such a physically demanding spo can esul in an inc eased isk o inju y [
9
]. In ecen
yea s, he numbe o baske ball playe s has inc eased, as well as he likelihood o inju ies.
To a oid he incidence o inju ies, he use o s a egies ha include p e-season condi ioning,
unc ional aining, and s eng h and balance p og ams should be conside ed, which mus
be con inued and adjus ed h oughou he game season [
10
,
11
]. Se e al au ho s ha e
e alua ed he p obabili y o inju ies du ing baske ball games [
5
,
12
–
14
]. The mos common
inju ies ha occu in baske ball playe s a e in lowe ex emi ies [
5
,
15
], posing a majo isk
o he ankle and knee [
16
]. Acco ding o Klyne e al. [
17
], gas ocnemius is one o h ee
Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/app11030984 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/applsci
Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 2 o 10
p ima y muscles spanning he ankle and he knee join , which is why i becomes impo an
o know how hese muscles espond du ing a spo s ac i i y. G ea e gas ocnemius
o ces du ing landing a e associa ed wi h an inc ease in join s i ness, p o ec ing he join
om ex e nal loading and inju y isk [
18
]. Va ious au ho s [
19
–
21
] ha e highligh ed ha
ankle inju ies a e he mos common inju ies in baske ball playe s because i is a spo ha
combines unning and jumping. Longo e al. [
22
] p oposed a p og am o p e en inju ies
in eli e male playe s’ baske ball. The e a e a lo o mo emen s du ing a baske ball game,
like sho s, ee- h ows, passes, d ibbling, and ebounding. Reco e ing he ball a e a sho ,
usually called ebound, is o pa icula in e es since almos hal o all baske ball- ela ed
oo and ankle inju ies occu du ing his mo emen [
19
]. As well as his, he e ec o
cu ing p omo es ankle in e sion sp ains, which ep esen he mos common ype o ankle
inju y in baske ball [
12
,
23
]. Viei a e al. [
24
] pe o med a s udy in which hey showed ha a
subs an ial medial gas ocnemius o que con ibu ion ended o o a e up he medial aspec
o he oo (ankle in e sion). Al hough he e a e di e en me hods o measu ing muscle
ac i a ion, such as isible ligh and in a ed, he golden s anda d is elec omyog aphy [
25
].
In baske ball playe s, su ace elec omyog aphy (sEMG) is commonly used o measu e he
bioelec ical ac i i y o muscles, especially o he uppe limbs, du ing ee h ows. sEMG
can con ibu e o he diagnosis o inju ies because i makes i possible o ob ain an elec ical
signal om a muscle du ing a body mo emen , and he deg ee o muscula ac i i y shows
he muscula le el e o [
26
]. Hen y e al. [
27
] used sEMG o assess gas ocnemius ac i i y
and e i ied a consis en medial gas ocnemius esponse o su ace dis u bances, which
induces ankle lexion-in e sion mo emen s. Sande son e al. [
28
] conduc ed a s udy using
sEMG o assess he gas ocnemius esponse du ing a pedaling cadence and obse ed ha
he g ea es changes in gas ocnemius leng h occu ed du ing he eco e y phase, when
he muscles showed li le exci emen . The ee h ow is he p incipal ac i i y e alua ed
by sEMG in baske ball playe s o e i y he ela ionship be ween he accu acy and he
muscle ac i i y [
29
–
31
]. SEMG is also used o e alua e he lexo ca pi adialis ( o ea m)
and he iceps b achii (uppe a m) in he case o d ibbling du ing baske ball [
32
]. sEMG is
also used in wheelchai baske ball playe s o es ima e he muscle ac i i y in uppe limbs,
in he elbow lexo muscles, namely, biceps b achii longus, biceps b achii b e is, and
b achio adialis [33,34]. Du ing sEMG, he maximum muscle ac i a ion is used o iden i y
he muscle con ac ion, which allows o he no maliza ion o he signal [
35
]. sEMG is
equen ly used o e alua e he le el o ac i a ion o co e muscles du ing suspension
exe cises [
36
]. The knowledge o muscle ac i i y du ing spo s p ac ice can help coaches o
de ine app op ia e exe cises in di e en s ages o he season.
Some s udies ha e epo ed common inju ies in baske ball playe s. Howe e , he
li e a u e does no p esen any wo k abou he use o sEMG in e alua ing he gas ocnemius
ac i i y du ing di e en baske ball mo emen s, conside ing di e en spo s season imes
and a hle es wi h wo di e en expe ience le els. The e o e, his wo k in ends o s udy he
in luence o di e en mo emen s, season pe iods, and a hle es’ le els on he gas ocnemius
ac i i y and con ibu e o de eloping knowledge ha helps coaches and spo p o essional
s a de elop a aining plan o a oid he occu ence o inju ies.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
This s udy conside ed a g oup o olun ee s, none o whom we e p o essional emale
baske ball a hle es, di ided in o le el 1 and le el 2 acco ding o hei expe ience, which
was de ined based on he numbe o games played and whe he he a hle e belonged
o a egional baske ball eli e eam o no . Ini ially, he g oup was o med by 11 a hle es;
howe e , du ing he season, he g oup was educed o 9 due o inju y and schola ly easons.
This s udy was app o ed by he local e hics commi ee and was pe o med acco d-
ing o he Decla a ion o Helsinki, wi h all he pa icipan s’ da a conside ed and s o ed
anonymously and con iden ially. All subjec s we e ully in o med o he na u e o he s udy
and ga e w i en in o med consen . Table 1shows he sample cha ac e is ics and hei
expe ience le el.
Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 3 o 10
Table 1. Volun ee cha ac e is ics.
A hle es Age (Yea s) Heigh (m) Mass (kg) BMI (kg/m2)Dominan
Hand
Yea s o
P ac ice
Le el o
Expe ience
1 19 1.79 73.05 22.8 Righ 7 2
2 19 1.66 66.96 24.3 Righ 12 1
3 19 1.71 54.97 18.8 Righ 11 1
4 22 1.64 70.47 26.2 Le 17 1
5 23 1.69 72.26 25.3 Righ 17 1
6 21 1.58 69.90 28 Righ 7 2
7 18 1.62 51.96 19.8 Righ 11 2
8 19 1.60 61.44 24 Righ 6 2
9 19 1.66 52.91 19.2 Le 11 1
Mean ±SD 19.9 ±1.7 1.66 ±0.06 66.96 ±8.60 23.2 ±3.3 - 11.0 ±4-
The da a acquisi ions we e pe o med a wo ime-poin s o he spo s season, he i s
one in No embe (T1), co esponding o he beginning o he season, and he second one
in Ma ch (T2), co esponding o he peak o he season. Fi e di e en mo emen s we e
conside ed, namely, unning wi h he ball (RB), unning wi hou he ball (RNB), lay-up
on he igh side (LR), lay-up on he le side (LL), and ebound (R). The ebound was
he only mo emen in hese i e wi hou ha ing an associa ion wi h unning; howe e ,
all hese mo emen s ec ui he lowe limb in di e en ways. Each a hle e pe o med
7 epe i ions o each mo emen o each es condi ion, which esul ed in a o al o 630
alid ial da a. To a oid p edisposi ion in he assessmen , he es o de was andomized.
Be ween mo emen s, he a hle es had 1 min o es , and be ween epe i ions in he same
mo emen , hey had 30 s.
Su ace elec omyog aphy da a we e collec ed ia he BioSignalPlux sys em a e
skin p epa a ion o dec ease he impedance be ween he skin and he elec ode. This
eleme ic sys em con ains a da a acquisi ion box and Blue oo h communica ion wi h
he compu e . The senso s used o eco d sEMG ampli ied signals wi h a bandwid h o
25-500 Hz, a common-mode ejec ion a io o 100 dB, and an inpu impedance g ea e
han 100 GOhm. The su ace elec odes (Al/AgCl, AMBU BlueSenso N) we e placed
aligned wi h he muscle ibe o ien a ion (cen e - o-cen e dis ance o 22 mm) a he mos
p ominen pa o he muscle bellies ollowing SENIAM ecommenda ions [
37
]. The same
esea che pe o med elec ode placemen . The medial (MG) and la e al gas ocnemius
(LG) muscles in bo h legs we e iden i ied h ough palpa ion o he muscle belly, wi h
skin sha ed, ab aded, and cleaned using s anda d medical alcohol swabs o elec ode
placemen . The e e ence elec ode was placed in he ibial ube osi y (Figu e 1). The sEMG
da a we e sampled a 1000 Hz.
To analyze and obse e he signal in he OpenSignals so wa e, a equency am-
pli ude o he signal be ween 20 and 400 Hz was used. Du ing he es s, a hle es we e
equipped wi h sEMG appa a us, suppo ed by a bel , which egis e ed muscle ac i i y.
All acquisi ions we e achie ed in he same gym, wi h he same ball (0.62 ba ), and using
he same baske able. All playe s used hei no mal baske ball shoes, which we e no
changed be ween he wo e alua ion ime-poin s o he season. In he p esen s udy, da a
no maliza ion was pe o med in e e ence o he maximal con ac ion (%MC) du ing he
ac i i y [38,39].
Da a we e analyzed using IBM SPSS so wa e ( e sion 25.0) [
40
]. Desc ip i e s a is ics
a e p esen ed using mean
±
s anda d de ia ion. The no mali y es o he da a was
pe o med wi h he Shapi o–Wilk es . As he da a lacked no mali y, he Wilcoxon es
was used o compa e he wo assessmen ime-poin s (T1 and T2). The F iedman es was
conside ed o mul iple non-pa ame ic compa isons be ween he di e en le els o a hle e
expe ience, muscles, and ypes o spo s mo emen s [
41
]. The signi icance le el was se
a 5%.
Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 4 o 10
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 11
Figu e 1. Su ace elec omyog aphy (sEMG) equipmen placed on one o he a hle es.
To analyze and obse e he signal in he OpenSignals so wa e, a equency ampli-
ude o he signal be ween 20 and 400 Hz was used. Du ing he es s, a hle es we e
equipped wi h sEMG appa a us, suppo ed by a bel , which egis e ed muscle ac i i y.
All acquisi ions we e achie ed in he same gym, wi h he same ball (0.62 ba ), and using
he same baske able. All playe s used hei no mal baske ball shoes, which we e no
changed be ween he wo e alua ion ime-poin s o he season. In he p esen s udy, da a
no maliza ion was pe o med in e e ence o he maximal con ac ion (%MC) du ing he
ac i i y [38,39].
Da a we e analyzed using IBM SPSS so wa e ( e sion 25.0) [40]. Desc ip i e s a is-
ics a e p esen ed using mean ± s anda d de ia ion. The no mali y es o he da a was
pe o med wi h he Shapi o–Wilk es . As he da a lacked no mali y, he Wilcoxon es
was used o compa e he wo assessmen ime-poin s (T1 and T2). The F iedman es was
conside ed o mul iple non-pa ame ic compa isons be ween he di e en le els o a h-
le e expe ience, muscles, and ypes o spo s mo emen s [41]. The signi icance le el was
se a 5%.
3. Resul s
Table 2 shows he a e age alues (
) and he s anda d de ia ion (SD) o he ime o
peak o muscle ac i i y (TP) and %MC a he wo ime-poin s o he season, conside ing
each o he i e di e en mo emen s. The esul s o he s a is ical analysis (p) o he wo
season ime-poin s o each muscle and spo mo emen a e also p esen in Table 2, as
well as he compa ison be ween muscles a each season ime-poin .
Table 2. 
 ( he a e age alues) and SD ( he s anda d de ia ion) o TP ( he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y) and %MC
(in ensi y peak) o i e mo emen s a wo season ime-poin s (T1 and T2).
Mo . Musc.
TP (s) % MC
T1

 ± SD
T2

 ± SD p T1

 ± SD
T2

 ± SD p
RB
LGL 0.84 ± 0.42 0.92 ± 0.72 0.953 83 ± 15 87 ± 7 0.441
MGL 0.71 ± 0.40 0.91 ± 0.71 0.374 85 ± 12 80 ± 22 0.401
LGR 0.67 ± 0.30 0.88 ± 0.56 0.173 103 ± 56 87 ± 11 0.051
MGR 0.89 ± 0.65 1.00 ± 0.63 0.594 78 ± 18 88 ± 10 0.214
P 0.269 0.586 0.615 0.512
RNB
LGL 0.81 ± 0.28 0.96 ± 0.60 0.594 80 ± 18 86 ± 9 0.374
MGL 0.77 ± 0.23 0.88 ± 0.55 0.767 82 ± 11 88 ± 11 0.025
LGR 0.67 ± 0.20 0.95 ± 0.50 0.110 77 ± 18 86 ± 10 0.025
MGR 0.79 ± 0.29 0.88 ± 0.55 0.859 78 ± 14 88 ± 9 0.173
p 0.506 0.145 0.865 0.698
Figu e 1. Su ace elec omyog aphy (sEMG) equipmen placed on one o he a hle es.
3. Resul s
Table 2shows he a e age alues (
X
) and he s anda d de ia ion (SD) o he ime o
peak o muscle ac i i y (TP) and %MC a he wo ime-poin s o he season, conside ing
each o he i e di e en mo emen s. The esul s o he s a is ical analysis (p) o he wo
season ime-poin s o each muscle and spo mo emen a e also p esen in Table 2, as well
as he compa ison be ween muscles a each season ime-poin .
Table 2. X
( he a e age alues) and SD ( he s anda d de ia ion) o TP ( he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y) and %MC
(in ensi y peak) o i e mo emen s a wo season ime-poin s (T1 and T2).
Mo . Musc.
TP (s) % MC
T1
X±SD
T2
X±SD pT1
X±SD
T2
X±SD p
RB
LGL 0.84 ±0.42 0.92 ±0.72 0.953 83 ±15 87 ±7 0.441
MGL 0.71 ±0.40 0.91 ±0.71 0.374 85 ±12 80 ±22 0.401
LGR 0.67 ±0.30 0.88 ±0.56 0.173 103 ±56 87 ±11 0.051
MGR 0.89 ±0.65 1.00 ±0.63 0.594 78 ±18 88 ±10 0.214
P0.269 0.586 0.615 0.512
RNB
LGL 0.81 ±0.28 0.96 ±0.60 0.594 80 ±18 86 ±9 0.374
MGL 0.77 ±0.23 0.88 ±0.55 0.767 82 ±11 88 ±11 0.025
LGR 0.67 ±0.20 0.95 ±0.50 0.110 77 ±18 86 ±10 0.025
MGR 0.79 ±0.29 0.88 ±0.55 0.859 78 ±14 88 ±9 0.173
p0.506 0.145 0.865 0.698
LR
LGL 0.66 ±0.17 0.73 ±0.37 0.678 73 ±22 84 ±7 0.441
MGL 0.64 ±0.17 0.70 ±0.36 0.515 82 ±9 88 ±9 0.123
LGR 0.62 ±0.08 0.69 ±0.18 0.407 77 ±13 84 ±5 0.038
MGR 0.76 ±0.25 0.80 ±0.19 0.515 71 ±16 80 ±19 0.173
p0.053 0.129 0.137 0.887
LL
LGL 0.78 ±0.29 0.75 ±0.30 0.678 80 ±11 84 ±8 0.678
MGL 0.76 ±0.24 0.83 ±0.21 0.767 84 ±9 85 ±10 0.953
LGR 0.66 ±0.23 0.74 ±0.22 0.260 84 ±8 87 ±5 0.214
MGR 0.67 ±0.17 0.81 ±0.35 0.441 85 ±8 88 ±10 0.767
p0.068 0.706 0.959 0.823
R
LGL 0.80 ±0.95 0.71 ±0.17 0.314 81 ±11 73 ±11 0.26
MGL 0.91 ±0.45 0.91 ±0.36 0.953 86 ±7 86 ±08 0.06
LGR 0.86 ±0.35 0.84 ±0.25 0.594 80 ±15 82 ±10 0.594
MGR 0.94 ±0.32 0.84 ±0.17 0.953 81 ±17 78 ±27 0.594
p0.269 0.392 0.644 0.512
Mo —mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side;
R— ebound; Mus—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—le leg.
Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 5 o 10
An example o he sEMG aw signal o bo h legs’ la e al and medial gas ocnemius
ob ained a he wo season ime-poin s o one o he mo emen s is illus a ed in Figu e 2.
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 11
LR
LGL 0.66 ± 0.17 0.73 ± 0.37 0.678 73 ± 22 84 ± 7 0.441
MGL 0.64 ± 0.17 0.70 ± 0.36 0.515 82 ± 9 88 ± 9 0.123
LGR 0.62 ± 0.08 0.69 ± 0.18 0.407 77 ± 13 84 ± 5 0.038
MGR 0.76 ± 0.25 0.80 ± 0.19 0.515 71 ± 16 80 ± 19 0.173
p 0.053 0.129 0.137 0.887
LL
LGL 0.78 ± 0.29 0.75 ± 0.30 0.678 80 ± 11 84 ± 8 0.678
MGL 0.76 ± 0.24 0.83 ± 0.21 0.767 84 ± 9 85 ± 10 0.953
LGR 0.66 ± 0.23 0.74 ± 0.22 0.260 84 ± 8 87 ± 5 0.214
MGR 0.67 ± 0.17 0.81 ± 0.35 0.441 85 ± 8 88 ± 10 0.767
p 0.068 0.706 0.959 0.823
R
LGL 0.80 ± 0.95 0.71 ± 0.17 0.314 81 ± 11 73 ± 11 0.26
MGL 0.91 ± 0.45 0.91 ± 0.36 0.953 86 ± 7 86 ± 08 0.06
LGR 0.86 ± 0.35 0.84 ± 0.25 0.594 80 ± 15 82 ± 10 0.594
MGR 0.94 ± 0.32 0.84 ± 0.17 0.953 81 ± 17 78 ± 27 0.594
p 0.269 0.392 0.644 0.512
Mo —mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up
on he le side; R— ebound; Mus—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—le
leg.
An example o he sEMG aw signal o bo h legs’ la e al and medial gas ocnemius
ob ained a he wo season ime-poin s o one o he mo emen s is illus a ed in Figu e
2.
(a) (b)
Figu e 2. sEMG aw signal o one o he a hle es in he baske ball mo emen unning wi h he
ball a he wo season ime-poin s: (a) T1, (b) T2.
Fo he compa isons pe o med, no s a is ical di e ences we e ound be ween he
wo season ime-poin s no be ween muscles. To e i y i he a hle es’ le el o expe ience
in luences he ime o peak muscle ac i i y, he playe s we e di ided in o wo g oups ac-
co ding o he numbe o games played and whe he hey belonged, o no , o he eli e
egional baske ball eam. The compa ison be ween he g oup o mo e expe ienced a hle es
(le el 1; n = 5) wi h he less expe ienced ones (le el 2; n = 4) was pe o med o he i e
mo emen s and he wo season ime-poin s (Table 3).
Table 3. 
and SD o ime o peak o muscle ac i i y o he wo a hle e le els conside ing he i e mo emen s.
Mo . Musc.
T1 T2
Le el 1

 ± SD (s)
Le el 2

 ± SD (s) P Le el 1

 ± SD (s)
Le el2

 ± SD (s) p
RB
LGL 0.997 ± 0.54 0.657 ± 0.07 0.465 0.683 ± 0.2 1.218 ± 1.06 0.465
MGL 0.855 ± 0.50 0.519 ± 0.06 0.273 0.737 ± 0.25 1.131 ± 1.06 0.715
LGR 0.685 ± 0.31 0.645 ± 0.34 0.715 0.669 ± 0.21 1.134 ± 0.79 0.068
MGR 1.096 ± 0.82 0.627 ± 0.22 0.068 0.861 ± 0.29 1.183 ± 0.93 0.715
RNB LGL 0.851 ± 0.36 0.75 ± 0.18 0.273 0.848 ± 0.33 1.099 ± 0.87 0.715
Figu e 2.
sEMG aw signal o one o he a hle es in he baske ball mo emen unning wi h he ball a he wo season
ime-poin s: (a) T1, (b) T2.
Fo he compa isons pe o med, no s a is ical di e ences we e ound be ween he
wo season ime-poin s no be ween muscles. To e i y i he a hle es’ le el o expe ience
in luences he ime o peak muscle ac i i y, he playe s we e di ided in o wo g oups
acco ding o he numbe o games played and whe he hey belonged, o no , o he eli e
egional baske ball eam. The compa ison be ween he g oup o mo e expe ienced a hle es
(le el 1; n = 5) wi h he less expe ienced ones (le el 2; n = 4) was pe o med o he i e
mo emen s and he wo season ime-poin s (Table 3).
Table 3. Xand SD o ime o peak o muscle ac i i y o he wo a hle e le els conside ing he i e mo emen s.
Mo . Musc.
T1 T2
Le el 1
X±SD
Le el 2
X±SD PLe el 1
X±SD
Le el2
X±SD p
RB
LGL 0.997 ±0.54 0.657 ±0.07 0.465 0.683 ±0.2 1.218 ±1.06 0.465
MGL 0.855 ±0.50 0.519 ±0.06 0.273 0.737 ±0.25 1.131 ±1.06 0.715
LGR 0.685 ±0.31 0.645 ±0.34 0.715 0.669 ±0.21 1.134 ±0.79 0.068
MGR 1.096 ±0.82 0.627 ±0.22 0.068 0.861 ±0.29 1.183 ±0.93 0.715
RNB
LGL 0.851 ±0.36 0.75 ±0.18 0.273 0.848 ±0.33 1.099 ±0.87 0.715
MGL 0.894 ±0.15 0.621 ±0.24 0.068 0.797 ±0.3 0.975 ±0.81 0.715
LGR 0.78 ±0.2 0.55 ±0.13 0.144 0.881 ±0.18 1.039 ±0.78 0.06
MGR 0.985 ±0.24 0.547 ±0.09 0.068 0.693 ±0.15 1.114 ±0.8 0.715
LR
LGL 0.746 ±0.18 0.55 ±0.08 0.068 0.636 ±0.04 0.837 ±0.58 0.715
MGL 0.745 ±0.16 0.501 ±0.05 0.068 0.634 ±0.09 0.781 ±0.57 0.715
LGR 0.671 ±0.06 0.547 ±0.05 0.068 0.652 ±0.13 0.727 ±0.24 0.715
MGR 0.89 ±0.26 0.587 ±0.05 0.068 0.721 ±0.12 0.713 ±0.25 0.715
LL
LGL 0.897 ±0.36 0.643 ±0.05 0.465 0.673 ±0.06 0.838 ±0.47 0.715
MGL 0.864 ±0.28 0.634 ±0.11 0.273 0.795 ±0.13 0.863 ±0.31 0.715
LGR 0.773 ±0.27 0.521 ±0.05 0.273 0.766 ±0.27 0.713 ±0.19 0.273
MGR 0.724 ±0.18 0.598 ±0.16 0.465 0.743 ±0.31 0.885 ±0.42 0.715
R
LGL 0.922 ±0.4 0.652 ±0.22 0.715 0.793 ±0.17 0.61 ±0.14 0.068
MGL 1.093 ±0.55 0.69 ±0.1 0.465 1.025 ±0.46 0.761 ±0.11 0.715
LGR 0.989 ±0.43 0.706 ±0.14 0.465 0.876 ±0.34 0.796 ±0.09 0.465
MGR 1.021 ±0.42 0.846 ±0.105 0.715 0.795 ±0.22 0.902 ±0.07 0.465
Mo .—mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side;
R— ebound; Musc.—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—le leg.
The le el o expe ience o he a hle es s udied did no in luence he ime o peak
muscle ac i i y be ween he wo season ime-poin s o each spo s mo emen and muscle.
A simila i y was ound in bo h le els o a hle es s udied a each o he season ime-poin s,
which is g aphically summa ized in Figu e 3, which shows he ime o peak o all muscles’
ac i i y o he wo a hle e le els conside ing he i e baske ball mo emen s.

Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 6 o 10
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 11
MGL 0.894 ± 0.15 0.621 ± 0.24 0.068 0.797 ± 0.3 0.975 ± 0.81 0.715
LGR 0.78 ± 0.2 0.55 ± 0.13 0.144 0.881 ± 0.18 1.039 ± 0.78 0.06
MGR 0.985 ± 0.24 0.547 ± 0.09 0.068 0.693 ± 0.15 1.114 ± 0.8 0.715
LR
LGL 0.746 ± 0.18 0.55 ± 0.08 0.068 0.636 ± 0.04 0.837 ± 0.58 0.715
MGL 0.745 ± 0.16 0.501 ± 0.05 0.068 0.634 ± 0.09 0.781 ± 0.57 0.715
LGR 0.671 ± 0.06 0.547 ± 0.05 0.068 0.652 ± 0.13 0.727 ± 0.24 0.715
MGR 0.89 ± 0.26 0.587 ± 0.05 0.068 0.721 ± 0.12 0.713 ± 0.25 0.715
LL
LGL 0.897 ± 0.36 0.643 ± 0.05 0.465 0.673 ± 0.06 0.838 ± 0.47 0.715
MGL 0.864 ± 0.28 0.634 ± 0.11 0.273 0.795 ± 0.13 0.863 ± 0.31 0.715
LGR 0.773 ± 0.27 0.521 ± 0.05 0.273 0.766 ± 0.27 0.713 ± 0.19 0.273
MGR 0.724 ± 0.18 0.598 ± 0.16 0.465 0.743 ± 0.31 0.885 ± 0.42 0.715
R
LGL 0.922 ± 0.4 0.652 ± 0.22 0.715 0.793 ± 0.17 0.61 ± 0.14 0.068
MGL 1.093 ± 0.55 0.69 ± 0.1 0.465 1.025 ± 0.46 0.761 ± 0.11 0.715
LGR 0.989 ± 0.43 0.706 ± 0.14 0.465 0.876 ± 0.34 0.796 ± 0.09 0.465
MGR 1.021 ± 0.42 0.846 ± 0.105 0.715 0.795 ± 0.22 0.902 ± 0.07 0.465
Mo .—mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up
on he le side; R— ebound; Musc.—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—
le leg.
The le el o expe ience o he a hle es s udied did no in luence he ime o peak mus-
cle ac i i y be ween he wo season ime-poin s o each spo s mo emen and muscle. A
simila i y was ound in bo h le els o a hle es s udied a each o he season ime-poin s,
which is g aphically summa ized in Figu e 3, which shows he ime o peak o all muscles’
ac i i y o he wo a hle e le els conside ing he i e baske ball mo emen s.
Figu e 3. Compa ison be ween wo expe ienced le els in bo h T1 and T2 o TP. TP1-T1—TP o he
le el 1 a hle e in he season T1; TP1-T2—TP o he le el 1 in he season T2; TP2-T1—TP o he le el
2 in he season T1; TP2-T2—TP o he le el 2 in he season T2; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB—
unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side; R— ebound.
To e i y any di e ences in he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y and he muscle in en-
si y peak o all he muscles independen ly o he spo mo emen in each season momen
(T1 and T2), he F iedman es was applied (Table 4).
Figu e 3.
Compa ison be ween wo expe ienced le els in bo h T1 and T2 o TP. TP1-T1—TP o
he le el 1 a hle e in he season T1; TP1-T2—TP o he le el 1 in he season T2; TP2-T1—TP o
he le el 2 in he season T1; TP2-T2—TP o he le el 2 in he season T2; RB— unning wi h he
ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side;
R— ebound.
To e i y any di e ences in he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y and he muscle in ensi y
peak o all he muscles independen ly o he spo mo emen in each season momen (T1
and T2), he F iedman es was applied (Table 4).
Table 4.
F iedman es esul s o all mo emen s o iden i y s a is ically signi ican di e ences o
MA and %MC a he wo season ime-poin s.
Musc
T1 T2
TP % MC TP % MC
P p p P
LGL 0.795 0.554 0.165 0.132
MGL 0.029 * 0.575 0.004 * 0.541
LGR 0.071 0.029 * 0.281 0.664
MGR 0.247 0.144 0.394 0.897
Musc.—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—le leg; * p≤0.05.
Due o he obse ed di e ences in wo muscles (MGL and LGR), a new compa ison
conside ing he i e mo emen s o he wo men ioned muscles (Table 5) was pe o med.
Table 5.
F iedman es esul s o iden i y s a is ically signi ican di e ences o TP and %MC, o he wo season ime-poin s,
and o he i e mo emen s o wo muscles.
Mo . RNB LR LL R
PMA % MC MA % MC MA % MC MA % MC
T1
RB MGL >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 0.073
LGR >0.05 0.046 * >0.05 0.171
RNB MGL >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
LGR >0.05 >0.05 >0.05
LR MGL >0.05 0.046 *
LGR 0.369 >0.05
LL MGL >0.05
LGR >0.05
T2
RB MGL >0.05 0.526 >0.05 0.736
RNB MGL 0.526 >0.05 0.736
LR MGL 0.046 * 0.002 *
LL MGL >0.05
Mo —mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side;
R— ebound; * p≤0.05.
Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 7 o 10
Di e ences we e ound o LGR be ween RB and LR and o MGL be ween LR and R,
LR and LL, and LR and R.
4. Discussion
The main objec i e o his s udy was o in es iga e he gas ocnemius ac i a ion
du ing he compe i i e season in i e di e en mo emen s o he baske ball game in women
a hle es wi h di e en le els o expe ience. Fo ha pu pose, su ace elec omyog aphy
was used o e alua e he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y (TP) and he muscle in ensi y peak
(%MC). The ob ained esul s (Table 2) show ha ebound (R) is he mo emen o which
he sEMG signal eaches he highes alue o TP in T1 o he season, co esponding o
he only mo emen ha has no associa ed unning in he i e mo emen s s udied. The
TP alues ob ained in he case o le el 1 a hle es when compa ing T2 wi h T1 a e highe
o RB and RNB and lowe o R, while he o he wo mo emen s emain almos cons an .
Fo %MC, he T1 alues a e g ea e han he T2 ones, excep in he case o R, o which
hey a e lowe . S a is ical di e ences we e obse ed o he medial gas ocnemius in he
case o RNB, which ag ees wi h Cibulka e al. [
42
], who obse ed ha he sEMG ac i a ion
was g ea e o he MG han he LG when s anding and pe o ming a heel aise. In T2,
he RB and RNB show highe alues o TP, since bo h a e unning mo emen s o e a
long dis ance and equi e an e o o concen a ion and supe io ocus, which can lead
o a pe o mance ha is close o wha happens in he eal game and is he e o e mo e
na u al, hus leading o highe TP alues. As well as his, he mo emen s associa ed wi h
accele a ions and decele a ions equi e high muscle ec ui men , which is in acco dance
wi h Hewi e al. [
43
], who s a ed ha he p ima y muscles used o decele a ion a e he
quad iceps and gas ocnemius.
Rega ding he expe ience le el o he a hle es (Table 3) in ela ion o only he TP alue,
conce ning he wo season ime-poin s, i can be obse ed ha he le el 1 a hle es show
highe alues o T1 han he le el 2 a hle es o he i e mo emen s, and o bo h le els,
R is he mo emen ha p esen s a la ge alue. Ne e heless, while in he case o he
le el 1 a hle es, a dec ease in he TP alue is p esen o T2 ela i e o T1, he opposi e is
obse ed o he le el 2 a hle es. Pakosz e al. [
29
] e alua ed he a m du ing ee h ows and
concluded ha playe s o highe aining expe ience ha e a lowe ime o muscle ac i a ion
because he ime necessa y o p omo e he mo emen is sho e o ad anced playe s [
31
].
In addi ion, Abe e al. [
32
] e i ied o baske ball d ibbling ha expe s showed lowe
sEMG a m signals han he beginne s. In he p esen s udy, his is obse ed only a T2
o he season, which can be explained by he ac ha , as he season p og esses, mo e
expe ienced a hle es (1) imp o e hei echnique mo e easily, and, consequen ly, hey need
less ime o pe o m he mo emen . Table 3shows s a is ical di e ences be ween T1 and
T2 when only RNB and LR we e assessed, and no signi ican di e ences we e e alua ed
o he di e en muscles analyzed.
The in luence o all mo emen s in TP and %MC o he ou muscles unde analysis
(Table 4) p esen ed s a is ically signi ican di e ences in TP o MGL in T1 and T2 and in
%MC o LGR in T1. I can be e i ied om Table 5 ha signi ican di e ences be ween
mo emen s o he TP a iable occu only be ween LR and LL o T2 and be ween LR
and R o bo h season ime-poin s. %MC a ies only be ween RB and LR o T1, while o
T2, no s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween mo emen s a e iden i ied. Al hough
he di e ence is almos non-exis en , a T1, p ac ically all p alues a e g ea e han 0.05,
concluding ha o his pe iod o he season, in compa ison wi h T2, he sEMG alues a e
mo e homogeneous be ween all mo emen s. A he beginning o he season, a hle es a e
mo e conce ned wi h eco e ing hei physical o m han imp o ing hei echnique. As
he season p og esses, mo e expe ienced a hle es mo e wi h g ea e p ecision, educing
muscle ac i a ion ime, which is in ag eemen wi h Pakosz and Abe e al. [30,32].
Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 8 o 10
5. Conclusions
Ou main in e es in his s udy was o examine possible di e ences in he muscula
ac i i y wi hin gas ocnemius muscles be ween i e p incipal mo emen s in baske ball
p ac ice, a wo season ime-poin s, pe o med by baske ball playe s wi h di e en le els
o expe ience. The analysis o he esul s ob ained showed ha no s a is ically signi ican
di e ences occu ed be ween he wo season ime-poin s. Howe e , o TP, T2 o he season
p esen s g ea e alues when compa ed wi h T1, bu %MC has an in e se end, p esen ing
highe alues o T1 compa ed wi h T2. In addi ion, no s a is ically signi ican di e ences
a ose when compa ing he ou muscles (LGL, MGL, LGR, and MGR). Conside ing he
i e di e en mo emen s, i is possible o conclude ha in he case o T2, he esul s a e
mo e homogeneous han in he case o T1 o he mo e expe ienced a hle es. A T1 and
T2 o he season, ebound (R) shows g ea e TP alues han he o he ou mo emen s o
le el 1 a hle es, bu in he case o le el 2 a hle es, he g ea e alue is ob ained o R in T1
o he season, whe eas o T2 o he season, he highe alues a e obse ed o RB and RNB.
The le el o expe ience o he a hle es has an impo an ole in TP, e i ying ha o T1, he
a hle es wi h mo e expe ience (le el 1) p esen highe alues when compa ed wi h hose o
le el 2, bu wi h he ad ance o he season (T2), his end is in e ed.
The ob ained esul s can be used by coaches and a hle es o help hem o de ine d i e-
speci ic aining p og ams adjus ed o he ime o he season and he pe o mance le el
o a hle es. Acco ding o he a hle es’ cha ac e is ics, e e ing o he muscula ac i i y,
coaches can p epa e speci ic exe cises o op imize he muscula pe o mance o each one.
Fu u e wo k will s udy a la ge sample and p o essional a hle es o es ablish di e ences
be ween p o essional and ama eu a hle es in hese and o he baske ball mo emen s.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
M.A.C., L.R. and A.M.A. concei ed and designed he s udy; C.M.A. pe -
o med he es s, analyzed he esul s, and helped o w i e he manusc ip ; M.A.C., L.R. and A.M.A.
pa icipa ed in he esea ch wo k and helped o w i e he manusc ip . C.M.A., M.A.C., L.R., R.M.
and A.M.A. con ibu ed o he acquisi ion, analysis, and in e p e a ion o da a and helped o w i e
he manusc ip . All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding:
This esea ch was sponso ed by FEDER unds h ough he p og am COMPETE—P og ama
Ope acional Fac o es de Compe i i idade, and by na ional unds h ough FCT—Fundação pa a a
Ciência e a Tecnologia, unde P ojec UIDB/00285/2020 and Mais Cen o P og am, Cen e Region
Coo dina ion Commi ee o EU h ough Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen :
The s udy was conduc ed acco ding o he guidelines o he
Decla a ion o Helsinki, and app o ed by he E hics Commi ee o he Poly echnic o Coimb a (CEPC
26/2018).
In o med Consen S a emen :
In o med consen was ob ained om all subjec s in ol ed in he
s udy.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen :
The da a p esen ed in his s udy a e a ailable on eques om he
co esponding au ho . The da a a e no publicly a ailable due o es ic ions eg p i acy o e hics.
Con lic s o In e es : Au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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