Gastrocnemius Activation throughout the Competitive Season in Athletes of Different Experience Levels

applied sciences A icle Gas ocnemius Ac i a ion h oughou he Compe i i e Season in A hle es o Di e en Expe ience Le els Ca a ina M. Ama o 1, Ma ia An ónio Cas o 2,3,* , Luis Rosei o 3,4 , Rui Mendes 5,6 and Ana M. Ama o 3   Ci a ion: Ama o, C.M.; Cas o, M.A.; Rosei o, L.; Mendes, R.; Ama o, A.M. Gas ocnemius Ac i a ion h oughou he Compe i i e Season in A hle es o Di e en Expe ience Le els. Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984. h ps://doi.o g/ 10.3390/app11030984 Academic Edi o : Shane Malone Recei ed: 23 Decembe 2020 Accep ed: 18 Janua y 2021 Published: 22 Janua y 2021 Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a il- ia ions. Copy igh : © 2021 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps:// c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/ 4.0/). 1Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3004-531 Coimb a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] 2Poly echnic o Coimb a, ESTeSC, 3046-854 Coimb a, Po ugal 3Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Coimb a, CEMMPRE, 3030-788 Coimb a, Po ugal; l osei [email p o ec ed] (L.R.); [email p o ec ed] (A.M.A.) 4Poly echnic o Coimb a, ISEC, 3030-199 Coimb a, Po ugal 5Poly echnic o Coimb a, ESEC, 3030-329 Coimb a, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] 6Uni e si y o Coimb a, CIDAF, 3040-248 Coimb a, Po ugal *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +351-239802430 Abs ac : Baske ball is a eam spo in which he playe s unde go apid eac ions, and unning e o s a e usually ca ied ou in all di ec ions. The main goal o he p esen s udy was o e alua e he muscle ac i i y esponse in di e en baske ball mo emen s, conside ing wo ypes o a hle es wi h di e en le els o expe ience. Using a g oup o nine olun ee s, emale a hle es om a senio baske ball eam, a da a acquisi ion p o ocol was de ined o iden i y he changes ha occu ed h oughou he spo s season. In his s udy, o assess he gas ocnemius muscle ac i i y, in ensi y peak (%MC) and ime o peak (TP) we e e alua ed o i e ypical baske ball skills and mo emen s in ol ing unning and jumping wi h and wi hou he ball. Se en epe i ions we e execu ed o each mo emen , pe o med a wo di e en ime-poin s o he spo s season: a he beginning o he eams’ compe i ion, in No embe (T1), and a he season peak, in Ma ch (T2). TP p esen s g ea e alues o T2 o he season when compa ed wi h T1. The esul s show ha he le el o expe ience o he a hle es has a signi ican e ec on he esul s o TP and %MC, pa icula ly when compa ing he wo seasons. Keywo ds: baske ball; elec omyog aphy; s age o aining; spo s biomechanics; baske ball mo es 1. In oduc ion Regula spo s ac i i y imp o es skele al muscle unc ion and ca dio ascula heal h, as well as p e en s and e e ses obesi y, educes anxie y and dep ession, and imp o es sel - con idence and cogni i e unc ion [ 1 , 2 ]. Baske ball in ol es equen jumping, accele a ing, decele a ing, u ning, and pi o ing [ 3 ]. I is a eam game du ing which playe s expe ience up o 105 high-in ensi y ac i i ies o sho du a ion (2–6 s), occu ing on a e age e e y 21 s. This sugges s ha , o baske ball playe s, he abili y o epea high-in ensi y e o s such as sp in s wi h and wi hou a ball is e y impo an [ 4 ]. Running e o s in baske ball a e usually ca ied ou in all di ec ions, wi h sho and in ense ac ions, wi h long and mode a e ac i i y and eco e y, which can induce inju ies [ 5 – 7 ]. Running while d ibbling a ball is a undamen al baske ball skill, and be e playe s can dis inguish hemsel es by expe iencing less loss o con ac wi h he ball while unning [ 8 ]. A highe numbe o people pa icipa ing in such a physically demanding spo can esul in an inc eased isk o inju y [ 9 ]. In ecen yea s, he numbe o baske ball playe s has inc eased, as well as he likelihood o inju ies. To a oid he incidence o inju ies, he use o s a egies ha include p e-season condi ioning, unc ional aining, and s eng h and balance p og ams should be conside ed, which mus be con inued and adjus ed h oughou he game season [ 10 , 11 ]. Se e al au ho s ha e e alua ed he p obabili y o inju ies du ing baske ball games [ 5 , 12 – 14 ]. The mos common inju ies ha occu in baske ball playe s a e in lowe ex emi ies [ 5 , 15 ], posing a majo isk o he ankle and knee [ 16 ]. Acco ding o Klyne e al. [ 17 ], gas ocnemius is one o h ee Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/app11030984 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 2 o 10 p ima y muscles spanning he ankle and he knee join , which is why i becomes impo an o know how hese muscles espond du ing a spo s ac i i y. G ea e gas ocnemius o ces du ing landing a e associa ed wi h an inc ease in join s i ness, p o ec ing he join om ex e nal loading and inju y isk [ 18 ]. Va ious au ho s [ 19 – 21 ] ha e highligh ed ha ankle inju ies a e he mos common inju ies in baske ball playe s because i is a spo ha combines unning and jumping. Longo e al. [ 22 ] p oposed a p og am o p e en inju ies in eli e male playe s’ baske ball. The e a e a lo o mo emen s du ing a baske ball game, like sho s, ee- h ows, passes, d ibbling, and ebounding. Reco e ing he ball a e a sho , usually called ebound, is o pa icula in e es since almos hal o all baske ball- ela ed oo and ankle inju ies occu du ing his mo emen [ 19 ]. As well as his, he e ec o cu ing p omo es ankle in e sion sp ains, which ep esen he mos common ype o ankle inju y in baske ball [ 12 , 23 ]. Viei a e al. [ 24 ] pe o med a s udy in which hey showed ha a subs an ial medial gas ocnemius o que con ibu ion ended o o a e up he medial aspec o he oo (ankle in e sion). Al hough he e a e di e en me hods o measu ing muscle ac i a ion, such as isible ligh and in a ed, he golden s anda d is elec omyog aphy [ 25 ]. In baske ball playe s, su ace elec omyog aphy (sEMG) is commonly used o measu e he bioelec ical ac i i y o muscles, especially o he uppe limbs, du ing ee h ows. sEMG can con ibu e o he diagnosis o inju ies because i makes i possible o ob ain an elec ical signal om a muscle du ing a body mo emen , and he deg ee o muscula ac i i y shows he muscula le el e o [ 26 ]. Hen y e al. [ 27 ] used sEMG o assess gas ocnemius ac i i y and e i ied a consis en medial gas ocnemius esponse o su ace dis u bances, which induces ankle lexion-in e sion mo emen s. Sande son e al. [ 28 ] conduc ed a s udy using sEMG o assess he gas ocnemius esponse du ing a pedaling cadence and obse ed ha he g ea es changes in gas ocnemius leng h occu ed du ing he eco e y phase, when he muscles showed li le exci emen . The ee h ow is he p incipal ac i i y e alua ed by sEMG in baske ball playe s o e i y he ela ionship be ween he accu acy and he muscle ac i i y [ 29 – 31 ]. SEMG is also used o e alua e he lexo ca pi adialis ( o ea m) and he iceps b achii (uppe a m) in he case o d ibbling du ing baske ball [ 32 ]. sEMG is also used in wheelchai baske ball playe s o es ima e he muscle ac i i y in uppe limbs, in he elbow lexo muscles, namely, biceps b achii longus, biceps b achii b e is, and b achio adialis [33,34]. Du ing sEMG, he maximum muscle ac i a ion is used o iden i y he muscle con ac ion, which allows o he no maliza ion o he signal [ 35 ]. sEMG is equen ly used o e alua e he le el o ac i a ion o co e muscles du ing suspension exe cises [ 36 ]. The knowledge o muscle ac i i y du ing spo s p ac ice can help coaches o de ine app op ia e exe cises in di e en s ages o he season. Some s udies ha e epo ed common inju ies in baske ball playe s. Howe e , he li e a u e does no p esen any wo k abou he use o sEMG in e alua ing he gas ocnemius ac i i y du ing di e en baske ball mo emen s, conside ing di e en spo s season imes and a hle es wi h wo di e en expe ience le els. The e o e, his wo k in ends o s udy he in luence o di e en mo emen s, season pe iods, and a hle es’ le els on he gas ocnemius ac i i y and con ibu e o de eloping knowledge ha helps coaches and spo p o essional s a de elop a aining plan o a oid he occu ence o inju ies. 2. Ma e ials and Me hods This s udy conside ed a g oup o olun ee s, none o whom we e p o essional emale baske ball a hle es, di ided in o le el 1 and le el 2 acco ding o hei expe ience, which was de ined based on he numbe o games played and whe he he a hle e belonged o a egional baske ball eli e eam o no . Ini ially, he g oup was o med by 11 a hle es; howe e , du ing he season, he g oup was educed o 9 due o inju y and schola ly easons. This s udy was app o ed by he local e hics commi ee and was pe o med acco d- ing o he Decla a ion o Helsinki, wi h all he pa icipan s’ da a conside ed and s o ed anonymously and con iden ially. All subjec s we e ully in o med o he na u e o he s udy and ga e w i en in o med consen . Table 1shows he sample cha ac e is ics and hei expe ience le el. Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 3 o 10 Table 1. Volun ee cha ac e is ics. A hle es Age (Yea s) Heigh (m) Mass (kg) BMI (kg/m2)Dominan Hand Yea s o P ac ice Le el o Expe ience 1 19 1.79 73.05 22.8 Righ 7 2 2 19 1.66 66.96 24.3 Righ 12 1 3 19 1.71 54.97 18.8 Righ 11 1 4 22 1.64 70.47 26.2 Le 17 1 5 23 1.69 72.26 25.3 Righ 17 1 6 21 1.58 69.90 28 Righ 7 2 7 18 1.62 51.96 19.8 Righ 11 2 8 19 1.60 61.44 24 Righ 6 2 9 19 1.66 52.91 19.2 Le 11 1 Mean ±SD 19.9 ±1.7 1.66 ±0.06 66.96 ±8.60 23.2 ±3.3 - 11.0 ±4- The da a acquisi ions we e pe o med a wo ime-poin s o he spo s season, he i s one in No embe (T1), co esponding o he beginning o he season, and he second one in Ma ch (T2), co esponding o he peak o he season. Fi e di e en mo emen s we e conside ed, namely, unning wi h he ball (RB), unning wi hou he ball (RNB), lay-up on he igh side (LR), lay-up on he le side (LL), and ebound (R). The ebound was he only mo emen in hese i e wi hou ha ing an associa ion wi h unning; howe e , all hese mo emen s ec ui he lowe limb in di e en ways. Each a hle e pe o med 7 epe i ions o each mo emen o each es condi ion, which esul ed in a o al o 630 alid ial da a. To a oid p edisposi ion in he assessmen , he es o de was andomized. Be ween mo emen s, he a hle es had 1 min o es , and be ween epe i ions in he same mo emen , hey had 30 s. Su ace elec omyog aphy da a we e collec ed ia he BioSignalPlux sys em a e skin p epa a ion o dec ease he impedance be ween he skin and he elec ode. This eleme ic sys em con ains a da a acquisi ion box and Blue oo h communica ion wi h he compu e . The senso s used o eco d sEMG ampli ied signals wi h a bandwid h o 25-500 Hz, a common-mode ejec ion a io o 100 dB, and an inpu impedance g ea e han 100 GOhm. The su ace elec odes (Al/AgCl, AMBU BlueSenso N) we e placed aligned wi h he muscle ibe o ien a ion (cen e - o-cen e dis ance o 22 mm) a he mos p ominen pa o he muscle bellies ollowing SENIAM ecommenda ions [ 37 ]. The same esea che pe o med elec ode placemen . The medial (MG) and la e al gas ocnemius (LG) muscles in bo h legs we e iden i ied h ough palpa ion o he muscle belly, wi h skin sha ed, ab aded, and cleaned using s anda d medical alcohol swabs o elec ode placemen . The e e ence elec ode was placed in he ibial ube osi y (Figu e 1). The sEMG da a we e sampled a 1000 Hz. To analyze and obse e he signal in he OpenSignals so wa e, a equency am- pli ude o he signal be ween 20 and 400 Hz was used. Du ing he es s, a hle es we e equipped wi h sEMG appa a us, suppo ed by a bel , which egis e ed muscle ac i i y. All acquisi ions we e achie ed in he same gym, wi h he same ball (0.62 ba ), and using he same baske able. All playe s used hei no mal baske ball shoes, which we e no changed be ween he wo e alua ion ime-poin s o he season. In he p esen s udy, da a no maliza ion was pe o med in e e ence o he maximal con ac ion (%MC) du ing he ac i i y [38,39]. Da a we e analyzed using IBM SPSS so wa e ( e sion 25.0) [ 40 ]. Desc ip i e s a is ics a e p esen ed using mean ± s anda d de ia ion. The no mali y es o he da a was pe o med wi h he Shapi o–Wilk es . As he da a lacked no mali y, he Wilcoxon es was used o compa e he wo assessmen ime-poin s (T1 and T2). The F iedman es was conside ed o mul iple non-pa ame ic compa isons be ween he di e en le els o a hle e expe ience, muscles, and ypes o spo s mo emen s [ 41 ]. The signi icance le el was se a 5%. Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 4 o 10 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 11 Figu e 1. Su ace elec omyog aphy (sEMG) equipmen placed on one o he a hle es. To analyze and obse e he signal in he OpenSignals so wa e, a equency ampli- ude o he signal be ween 20 and 400 Hz was used. Du ing he es s, a hle es we e equipped wi h sEMG appa a us, suppo ed by a bel , which egis e ed muscle ac i i y. All acquisi ions we e achie ed in he same gym, wi h he same ball (0.62 ba ), and using he same baske able. All playe s used hei no mal baske ball shoes, which we e no changed be ween he wo e alua ion ime-poin s o he season. In he p esen s udy, da a no maliza ion was pe o med in e e ence o he maximal con ac ion (%MC) du ing he ac i i y [38,39]. Da a we e analyzed using IBM SPSS so wa e ( e sion 25.0) [40]. Desc ip i e s a is- ics a e p esen ed using mean ± s anda d de ia ion. The no mali y es o he da a was pe o med wi h he Shapi o–Wilk es . As he da a lacked no mali y, he Wilcoxon es was used o compa e he wo assessmen ime-poin s (T1 and T2). The F iedman es was conside ed o mul iple non-pa ame ic compa isons be ween he di e en le els o a h- le e expe ience, muscles, and ypes o spo s mo emen s [41]. The signi icance le el was se a 5%. 3. Resul s Table 2 shows he a e age alues ( ) and he s anda d de ia ion (SD) o he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y (TP) and %MC a he wo ime-poin s o he season, conside ing each o he i e di e en mo emen s. The esul s o he s a is ical analysis (p) o he wo season ime-poin s o each muscle and spo mo emen a e also p esen in Table 2, as well as he compa ison be ween muscles a each season ime-poin . Table 2.   ( he a e age alues) and SD ( he s anda d de ia ion) o TP ( he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y) and %MC (in ensi y peak) o i e mo emen s a wo season ime-poin s (T1 and T2). Mo . Musc. TP (s) % MC T1   ± SD T2   ± SD p T1   ± SD T2   ± SD p RB LGL 0.84 ± 0.42 0.92 ± 0.72 0.953 83 ± 15 87 ± 7 0.441 MGL 0.71 ± 0.40 0.91 ± 0.71 0.374 85 ± 12 80 ± 22 0.401 LGR 0.67 ± 0.30 0.88 ± 0.56 0.173 103 ± 56 87 ± 11 0.051 MGR 0.89 ± 0.65 1.00 ± 0.63 0.594 78 ± 18 88 ± 10 0.214 P 0.269 0.586 0.615 0.512 RNB LGL 0.81 ± 0.28 0.96 ± 0.60 0.594 80 ± 18 86 ± 9 0.374 MGL 0.77 ± 0.23 0.88 ± 0.55 0.767 82 ± 11 88 ± 11 0.025 LGR 0.67 ± 0.20 0.95 ± 0.50 0.110 77 ± 18 86 ± 10 0.025 MGR 0.79 ± 0.29 0.88 ± 0.55 0.859 78 ± 14 88 ± 9 0.173 p 0.506 0.145 0.865 0.698 Figu e 1. Su ace elec omyog aphy (sEMG) equipmen placed on one o he a hle es. 3. Resul s Table 2shows he a e age alues ( X ) and he s anda d de ia ion (SD) o he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y (TP) and %MC a he wo ime-poin s o he season, conside ing each o he i e di e en mo emen s. The esul s o he s a is ical analysis (p) o he wo season ime-poin s o each muscle and spo mo emen a e also p esen in Table 2, as well as he compa ison be ween muscles a each season ime-poin . Table 2. X ( he a e age alues) and SD ( he s anda d de ia ion) o TP ( he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y) and %MC (in ensi y peak) o i e mo emen s a wo season ime-poin s (T1 and T2). Mo . Musc. TP (s) % MC T1 X±SD T2 X±SD pT1 X±SD T2 X±SD p RB LGL 0.84 ±0.42 0.92 ±0.72 0.953 83 ±15 87 ±7 0.441 MGL 0.71 ±0.40 0.91 ±0.71 0.374 85 ±12 80 ±22 0.401 LGR 0.67 ±0.30 0.88 ±0.56 0.173 103 ±56 87 ±11 0.051 MGR 0.89 ±0.65 1.00 ±0.63 0.594 78 ±18 88 ±10 0.214 P0.269 0.586 0.615 0.512 RNB LGL 0.81 ±0.28 0.96 ±0.60 0.594 80 ±18 86 ±9 0.374 MGL 0.77 ±0.23 0.88 ±0.55 0.767 82 ±11 88 ±11 0.025 LGR 0.67 ±0.20 0.95 ±0.50 0.110 77 ±18 86 ±10 0.025 MGR 0.79 ±0.29 0.88 ±0.55 0.859 78 ±14 88 ±9 0.173 p0.506 0.145 0.865 0.698 LR LGL 0.66 ±0.17 0.73 ±0.37 0.678 73 ±22 84 ±7 0.441 MGL 0.64 ±0.17 0.70 ±0.36 0.515 82 ±9 88 ±9 0.123 LGR 0.62 ±0.08 0.69 ±0.18 0.407 77 ±13 84 ±5 0.038 MGR 0.76 ±0.25 0.80 ±0.19 0.515 71 ±16 80 ±19 0.173 p0.053 0.129 0.137 0.887 LL LGL 0.78 ±0.29 0.75 ±0.30 0.678 80 ±11 84 ±8 0.678 MGL 0.76 ±0.24 0.83 ±0.21 0.767 84 ±9 85 ±10 0.953 LGR 0.66 ±0.23 0.74 ±0.22 0.260 84 ±8 87 ±5 0.214 MGR 0.67 ±0.17 0.81 ±0.35 0.441 85 ±8 88 ±10 0.767 p0.068 0.706 0.959 0.823 R LGL 0.80 ±0.95 0.71 ±0.17 0.314 81 ±11 73 ±11 0.26 MGL 0.91 ±0.45 0.91 ±0.36 0.953 86 ±7 86 ±08 0.06 LGR 0.86 ±0.35 0.84 ±0.25 0.594 80 ±15 82 ±10 0.594 MGR 0.94 ±0.32 0.84 ±0.17 0.953 81 ±17 78 ±27 0.594 p0.269 0.392 0.644 0.512 Mo —mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side; R— ebound; Mus—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—le leg. Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 5 o 10 An example o he sEMG aw signal o bo h legs’ la e al and medial gas ocnemius ob ained a he wo season ime-poin s o one o he mo emen s is illus a ed in Figu e 2. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 11 LR LGL 0.66 ± 0.17 0.73 ± 0.37 0.678 73 ± 22 84 ± 7 0.441 MGL 0.64 ± 0.17 0.70 ± 0.36 0.515 82 ± 9 88 ± 9 0.123 LGR 0.62 ± 0.08 0.69 ± 0.18 0.407 77 ± 13 84 ± 5 0.038 MGR 0.76 ± 0.25 0.80 ± 0.19 0.515 71 ± 16 80 ± 19 0.173 p 0.053 0.129 0.137 0.887 LL LGL 0.78 ± 0.29 0.75 ± 0.30 0.678 80 ± 11 84 ± 8 0.678 MGL 0.76 ± 0.24 0.83 ± 0.21 0.767 84 ± 9 85 ± 10 0.953 LGR 0.66 ± 0.23 0.74 ± 0.22 0.260 84 ± 8 87 ± 5 0.214 MGR 0.67 ± 0.17 0.81 ± 0.35 0.441 85 ± 8 88 ± 10 0.767 p 0.068 0.706 0.959 0.823 R LGL 0.80 ± 0.95 0.71 ± 0.17 0.314 81 ± 11 73 ± 11 0.26 MGL 0.91 ± 0.45 0.91 ± 0.36 0.953 86 ± 7 86 ± 08 0.06 LGR 0.86 ± 0.35 0.84 ± 0.25 0.594 80 ± 15 82 ± 10 0.594 MGR 0.94 ± 0.32 0.84 ± 0.17 0.953 81 ± 17 78 ± 27 0.594 p 0.269 0.392 0.644 0.512 Mo —mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side; R— ebound; Mus—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—le leg. An example o he sEMG aw signal o bo h legs’ la e al and medial gas ocnemius ob ained a he wo season ime-poin s o one o he mo emen s is illus a ed in Figu e 2. (a) (b) Figu e 2. sEMG aw signal o one o he a hle es in he baske ball mo emen unning wi h he ball a he wo season ime-poin s: (a) T1, (b) T2. Fo he compa isons pe o med, no s a is ical di e ences we e ound be ween he wo season ime-poin s no be ween muscles. To e i y i he a hle es’ le el o expe ience in luences he ime o peak muscle ac i i y, he playe s we e di ided in o wo g oups ac- co ding o he numbe o games played and whe he hey belonged, o no , o he eli e egional baske ball eam. The compa ison be ween he g oup o mo e expe ienced a hle es (le el 1; n = 5) wi h he less expe ienced ones (le el 2; n = 4) was pe o med o he i e mo emen s and he wo season ime-poin s (Table 3). Table 3.  and SD o ime o peak o muscle ac i i y o he wo a hle e le els conside ing he i e mo emen s. Mo . Musc. T1 T2 Le el 1   ± SD (s) Le el 2   ± SD (s) P Le el 1   ± SD (s) Le el2   ± SD (s) p RB LGL 0.997 ± 0.54 0.657 ± 0.07 0.465 0.683 ± 0.2 1.218 ± 1.06 0.465 MGL 0.855 ± 0.50 0.519 ± 0.06 0.273 0.737 ± 0.25 1.131 ± 1.06 0.715 LGR 0.685 ± 0.31 0.645 ± 0.34 0.715 0.669 ± 0.21 1.134 ± 0.79 0.068 MGR 1.096 ± 0.82 0.627 ± 0.22 0.068 0.861 ± 0.29 1.183 ± 0.93 0.715 RNB LGL 0.851 ± 0.36 0.75 ± 0.18 0.273 0.848 ± 0.33 1.099 ± 0.87 0.715 Figu e 2. sEMG aw signal o one o he a hle es in he baske ball mo emen unning wi h he ball a he wo season ime-poin s: (a) T1, (b) T2. Fo he compa isons pe o med, no s a is ical di e ences we e ound be ween he wo season ime-poin s no be ween muscles. To e i y i he a hle es’ le el o expe ience in luences he ime o peak muscle ac i i y, he playe s we e di ided in o wo g oups acco ding o he numbe o games played and whe he hey belonged, o no , o he eli e egional baske ball eam. The compa ison be ween he g oup o mo e expe ienced a hle es (le el 1; n = 5) wi h he less expe ienced ones (le el 2; n = 4) was pe o med o he i e mo emen s and he wo season ime-poin s (Table 3). Table 3. Xand SD o ime o peak o muscle ac i i y o he wo a hle e le els conside ing he i e mo emen s. Mo . Musc. T1 T2 Le el 1 X±SD Le el 2 X±SD PLe el 1 X±SD Le el2 X±SD p RB LGL 0.997 ±0.54 0.657 ±0.07 0.465 0.683 ±0.2 1.218 ±1.06 0.465 MGL 0.855 ±0.50 0.519 ±0.06 0.273 0.737 ±0.25 1.131 ±1.06 0.715 LGR 0.685 ±0.31 0.645 ±0.34 0.715 0.669 ±0.21 1.134 ±0.79 0.068 MGR 1.096 ±0.82 0.627 ±0.22 0.068 0.861 ±0.29 1.183 ±0.93 0.715 RNB LGL 0.851 ±0.36 0.75 ±0.18 0.273 0.848 ±0.33 1.099 ±0.87 0.715 MGL 0.894 ±0.15 0.621 ±0.24 0.068 0.797 ±0.3 0.975 ±0.81 0.715 LGR 0.78 ±0.2 0.55 ±0.13 0.144 0.881 ±0.18 1.039 ±0.78 0.06 MGR 0.985 ±0.24 0.547 ±0.09 0.068 0.693 ±0.15 1.114 ±0.8 0.715 LR LGL 0.746 ±0.18 0.55 ±0.08 0.068 0.636 ±0.04 0.837 ±0.58 0.715 MGL 0.745 ±0.16 0.501 ±0.05 0.068 0.634 ±0.09 0.781 ±0.57 0.715 LGR 0.671 ±0.06 0.547 ±0.05 0.068 0.652 ±0.13 0.727 ±0.24 0.715 MGR 0.89 ±0.26 0.587 ±0.05 0.068 0.721 ±0.12 0.713 ±0.25 0.715 LL LGL 0.897 ±0.36 0.643 ±0.05 0.465 0.673 ±0.06 0.838 ±0.47 0.715 MGL 0.864 ±0.28 0.634 ±0.11 0.273 0.795 ±0.13 0.863 ±0.31 0.715 LGR 0.773 ±0.27 0.521 ±0.05 0.273 0.766 ±0.27 0.713 ±0.19 0.273 MGR 0.724 ±0.18 0.598 ±0.16 0.465 0.743 ±0.31 0.885 ±0.42 0.715 R LGL 0.922 ±0.4 0.652 ±0.22 0.715 0.793 ±0.17 0.61 ±0.14 0.068 MGL 1.093 ±0.55 0.69 ±0.1 0.465 1.025 ±0.46 0.761 ±0.11 0.715 LGR 0.989 ±0.43 0.706 ±0.14 0.465 0.876 ±0.34 0.796 ±0.09 0.465 MGR 1.021 ±0.42 0.846 ±0.105 0.715 0.795 ±0.22 0.902 ±0.07 0.465 Mo .—mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side; R— ebound; Musc.—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—le leg. The le el o expe ience o he a hle es s udied did no in luence he ime o peak muscle ac i i y be ween he wo season ime-poin s o each spo s mo emen and muscle. A simila i y was ound in bo h le els o a hle es s udied a each o he season ime-poin s, which is g aphically summa ized in Figu e 3, which shows he ime o peak o all muscles’ ac i i y o he wo a hle e le els conside ing he i e baske ball mo emen s. Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 6 o 10 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 11 MGL 0.894 ± 0.15 0.621 ± 0.24 0.068 0.797 ± 0.3 0.975 ± 0.81 0.715 LGR 0.78 ± 0.2 0.55 ± 0.13 0.144 0.881 ± 0.18 1.039 ± 0.78 0.06 MGR 0.985 ± 0.24 0.547 ± 0.09 0.068 0.693 ± 0.15 1.114 ± 0.8 0.715 LR LGL 0.746 ± 0.18 0.55 ± 0.08 0.068 0.636 ± 0.04 0.837 ± 0.58 0.715 MGL 0.745 ± 0.16 0.501 ± 0.05 0.068 0.634 ± 0.09 0.781 ± 0.57 0.715 LGR 0.671 ± 0.06 0.547 ± 0.05 0.068 0.652 ± 0.13 0.727 ± 0.24 0.715 MGR 0.89 ± 0.26 0.587 ± 0.05 0.068 0.721 ± 0.12 0.713 ± 0.25 0.715 LL LGL 0.897 ± 0.36 0.643 ± 0.05 0.465 0.673 ± 0.06 0.838 ± 0.47 0.715 MGL 0.864 ± 0.28 0.634 ± 0.11 0.273 0.795 ± 0.13 0.863 ± 0.31 0.715 LGR 0.773 ± 0.27 0.521 ± 0.05 0.273 0.766 ± 0.27 0.713 ± 0.19 0.273 MGR 0.724 ± 0.18 0.598 ± 0.16 0.465 0.743 ± 0.31 0.885 ± 0.42 0.715 R LGL 0.922 ± 0.4 0.652 ± 0.22 0.715 0.793 ± 0.17 0.61 ± 0.14 0.068 MGL 1.093 ± 0.55 0.69 ± 0.1 0.465 1.025 ± 0.46 0.761 ± 0.11 0.715 LGR 0.989 ± 0.43 0.706 ± 0.14 0.465 0.876 ± 0.34 0.796 ± 0.09 0.465 MGR 1.021 ± 0.42 0.846 ± 0.105 0.715 0.795 ± 0.22 0.902 ± 0.07 0.465 Mo .—mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side; R— ebound; Musc.—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L— le leg. The le el o expe ience o he a hle es s udied did no in luence he ime o peak mus- cle ac i i y be ween he wo season ime-poin s o each spo s mo emen and muscle. A simila i y was ound in bo h le els o a hle es s udied a each o he season ime-poin s, which is g aphically summa ized in Figu e 3, which shows he ime o peak o all muscles’ ac i i y o he wo a hle e le els conside ing he i e baske ball mo emen s. Figu e 3. Compa ison be ween wo expe ienced le els in bo h T1 and T2 o TP. TP1-T1—TP o he le el 1 a hle e in he season T1; TP1-T2—TP o he le el 1 in he season T2; TP2-T1—TP o he le el 2 in he season T1; TP2-T2—TP o he le el 2 in he season T2; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side; R— ebound. To e i y any di e ences in he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y and he muscle in en- si y peak o all he muscles independen ly o he spo mo emen in each season momen (T1 and T2), he F iedman es was applied (Table 4). Figu e 3. Compa ison be ween wo expe ienced le els in bo h T1 and T2 o TP. TP1-T1—TP o he le el 1 a hle e in he season T1; TP1-T2—TP o he le el 1 in he season T2; TP2-T1—TP o he le el 2 in he season T1; TP2-T2—TP o he le el 2 in he season T2; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side; R— ebound. To e i y any di e ences in he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y and he muscle in ensi y peak o all he muscles independen ly o he spo mo emen in each season momen (T1 and T2), he F iedman es was applied (Table 4). Table 4. F iedman es esul s o all mo emen s o iden i y s a is ically signi ican di e ences o MA and %MC a he wo season ime-poin s. Musc T1 T2 TP % MC TP % MC P p p P LGL 0.795 0.554 0.165 0.132 MGL 0.029 * 0.575 0.004 * 0.541 LGR 0.071 0.029 * 0.281 0.664 MGR 0.247 0.144 0.394 0.897 Musc.—muscle; LG—la e al gas ocnemius; MG—medial gas ocnemius; R— igh leg; L—le leg; * p≤0.05. Due o he obse ed di e ences in wo muscles (MGL and LGR), a new compa ison conside ing he i e mo emen s o he wo men ioned muscles (Table 5) was pe o med. Table 5. F iedman es esul s o iden i y s a is ically signi ican di e ences o TP and %MC, o he wo season ime-poin s, and o he i e mo emen s o wo muscles. Mo . RNB LR LL R PMA % MC MA % MC MA % MC MA % MC T1 RB MGL >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 0.073 LGR >0.05 0.046 * >0.05 0.171 RNB MGL >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 LGR >0.05 >0.05 >0.05 LR MGL >0.05 0.046 * LGR 0.369 >0.05 LL MGL >0.05 LGR >0.05 T2 RB MGL >0.05 0.526 >0.05 0.736 RNB MGL 0.526 >0.05 0.736 LR MGL 0.046 * 0.002 * LL MGL >0.05 Mo —mo emen ; RB— unning wi h he ball; RNB— unning wi hou he ball; LR—lay-up on he igh side; LL—lay-up on he le side; R— ebound; * p≤0.05. Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 7 o 10 Di e ences we e ound o LGR be ween RB and LR and o MGL be ween LR and R, LR and LL, and LR and R. 4. Discussion The main objec i e o his s udy was o in es iga e he gas ocnemius ac i a ion du ing he compe i i e season in i e di e en mo emen s o he baske ball game in women a hle es wi h di e en le els o expe ience. Fo ha pu pose, su ace elec omyog aphy was used o e alua e he ime o peak o muscle ac i i y (TP) and he muscle in ensi y peak (%MC). The ob ained esul s (Table 2) show ha ebound (R) is he mo emen o which he sEMG signal eaches he highes alue o TP in T1 o he season, co esponding o he only mo emen ha has no associa ed unning in he i e mo emen s s udied. The TP alues ob ained in he case o le el 1 a hle es when compa ing T2 wi h T1 a e highe o RB and RNB and lowe o R, while he o he wo mo emen s emain almos cons an . Fo %MC, he T1 alues a e g ea e han he T2 ones, excep in he case o R, o which hey a e lowe . S a is ical di e ences we e obse ed o he medial gas ocnemius in he case o RNB, which ag ees wi h Cibulka e al. [ 42 ], who obse ed ha he sEMG ac i a ion was g ea e o he MG han he LG when s anding and pe o ming a heel aise. In T2, he RB and RNB show highe alues o TP, since bo h a e unning mo emen s o e a long dis ance and equi e an e o o concen a ion and supe io ocus, which can lead o a pe o mance ha is close o wha happens in he eal game and is he e o e mo e na u al, hus leading o highe TP alues. As well as his, he mo emen s associa ed wi h accele a ions and decele a ions equi e high muscle ec ui men , which is in acco dance wi h Hewi e al. [ 43 ], who s a ed ha he p ima y muscles used o decele a ion a e he quad iceps and gas ocnemius. Rega ding he expe ience le el o he a hle es (Table 3) in ela ion o only he TP alue, conce ning he wo season ime-poin s, i can be obse ed ha he le el 1 a hle es show highe alues o T1 han he le el 2 a hle es o he i e mo emen s, and o bo h le els, R is he mo emen ha p esen s a la ge alue. Ne e heless, while in he case o he le el 1 a hle es, a dec ease in he TP alue is p esen o T2 ela i e o T1, he opposi e is obse ed o he le el 2 a hle es. Pakosz e al. [ 29 ] e alua ed he a m du ing ee h ows and concluded ha playe s o highe aining expe ience ha e a lowe ime o muscle ac i a ion because he ime necessa y o p omo e he mo emen is sho e o ad anced playe s [ 31 ]. In addi ion, Abe e al. [ 32 ] e i ied o baske ball d ibbling ha expe s showed lowe sEMG a m signals han he beginne s. In he p esen s udy, his is obse ed only a T2 o he season, which can be explained by he ac ha , as he season p og esses, mo e expe ienced a hle es (1) imp o e hei echnique mo e easily, and, consequen ly, hey need less ime o pe o m he mo emen . Table 3shows s a is ical di e ences be ween T1 and T2 when only RNB and LR we e assessed, and no signi ican di e ences we e e alua ed o he di e en muscles analyzed. The in luence o all mo emen s in TP and %MC o he ou muscles unde analysis (Table 4) p esen ed s a is ically signi ican di e ences in TP o MGL in T1 and T2 and in %MC o LGR in T1. I can be e i ied om Table 5 ha signi ican di e ences be ween mo emen s o he TP a iable occu only be ween LR and LL o T2 and be ween LR and R o bo h season ime-poin s. %MC a ies only be ween RB and LR o T1, while o T2, no s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween mo emen s a e iden i ied. Al hough he di e ence is almos non-exis en , a T1, p ac ically all p alues a e g ea e han 0.05, concluding ha o his pe iod o he season, in compa ison wi h T2, he sEMG alues a e mo e homogeneous be ween all mo emen s. A he beginning o he season, a hle es a e mo e conce ned wi h eco e ing hei physical o m han imp o ing hei echnique. As he season p og esses, mo e expe ienced a hle es mo e wi h g ea e p ecision, educing muscle ac i a ion ime, which is in ag eemen wi h Pakosz and Abe e al. [30,32]. Appl. Sci. 2021,11, 984 8 o 10 5. Conclusions Ou main in e es in his s udy was o examine possible di e ences in he muscula ac i i y wi hin gas ocnemius muscles be ween i e p incipal mo emen s in baske ball p ac ice, a wo season ime-poin s, pe o med by baske ball playe s wi h di e en le els o expe ience. The analysis o he esul s ob ained showed ha no s a is ically signi ican di e ences occu ed be ween he wo season ime-poin s. Howe e , o TP, T2 o he season p esen s g ea e alues when compa ed wi h T1, bu %MC has an in e se end, p esen ing highe alues o T1 compa ed wi h T2. In addi ion, no s a is ically signi ican di e ences a ose when compa ing he ou muscles (LGL, MGL, LGR, and MGR). Conside ing he i e di e en mo emen s, i is possible o conclude ha in he case o T2, he esul s a e mo e homogeneous han in he case o T1 o he mo e expe ienced a hle es. A T1 and T2 o he season, ebound (R) shows g ea e TP alues han he o he ou mo emen s o le el 1 a hle es, bu in he case o le el 2 a hle es, he g ea e alue is ob ained o R in T1 o he season, whe eas o T2 o he season, he highe alues a e obse ed o RB and RNB. The le el o expe ience o he a hle es has an impo an ole in TP, e i ying ha o T1, he a hle es wi h mo e expe ience (le el 1) p esen highe alues when compa ed wi h hose o le el 2, bu wi h he ad ance o he season (T2), his end is in e ed. The ob ained esul s can be used by coaches and a hle es o help hem o de ine d i e- speci ic aining p og ams adjus ed o he ime o he season and he pe o mance le el o a hle es. Acco ding o he a hle es’ cha ac e is ics, e e ing o he muscula ac i i y, coaches can p epa e speci ic exe cises o op imize he muscula pe o mance o each one. Fu u e wo k will s udy a la ge sample and p o essional a hle es o es ablish di e ences be ween p o essional and ama eu a hle es in hese and o he baske ball mo emen s. Au ho Con ibu ions: M.A.C., L.R. and A.M.A. concei ed and designed he s udy; C.M.A. pe - o med he es s, analyzed he esul s, and helped o w i e he manusc ip ; M.A.C., L.R. and A.M.A. pa icipa ed in he esea ch wo k and helped o w i e he manusc ip . C.M.A., M.A.C., L.R., R.M. and A.M.A. con ibu ed o he acquisi ion, analysis, and in e p e a ion o da a and helped o w i e he manusc ip . All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip . Funding: This esea ch was sponso ed by FEDER unds h ough he p og am COMPETE—P og ama Ope acional Fac o es de Compe i i idade, and by na ional unds h ough FCT—Fundação pa a a Ciência e a Tecnologia, unde P ojec UIDB/00285/2020 and Mais Cen o P og am, Cen e Region Coo dina ion Commi ee o EU h ough Eu opean Regional De elopmen Fund. Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : The s udy was conduc ed acco ding o he guidelines o he Decla a ion o Helsinki, and app o ed by he E hics Commi ee o he Poly echnic o Coimb a (CEPC 26/2018). 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