Barcelona Airport infrastructure impact analysis of switching fuel to hydrogen

BARCELONA AIRPORT IN-
FRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING
FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Documen :
Repo
Au ho :
Edua do Sim´on Gil de Mu o
Di ec o - Codi ec o :
Sil ia Rod ´ıguez Donai e - San iago L´opez Ba ena
Ti le:
M`as e Uni e si a i en Enginye ia Ae on`au ica
Call:
Fall, 2024-2025.
This page is le in blank on pu pose.
Acknowledgemen s
Thanks,
To Sil ia Rod iguez Donai e and San iago Lopezba ena A enas, di ec o and co-di ec o
o his hesis, o hei suppo du ing he de elopmen o i .
To my amily, my mo he , my a he and my b o he whose uncondi ional lo e and sup-
po has gi e me he s eng h needed o o e come any obs acle du ing my jou ney h ough
uni e si y and he de elopmen o his hesis. To my cousin o helping me choose he name
BRISA o he p ojec .
To my iends, hose who ha e been he e all his ime, specially his las yea .
To e e yone I ha e me du ing hese pas yea s ha ha e help me when I needed i .
Thank you
Abs ac
This hesis explo es he en i onmen al and in as uc u al impac o Josep Ta adellas Ba cel-
ona-El P a Ai po ’s ansi ion o hyd ogen as a sus ainable a ia ion uel. A ia ion is one
o he mos ossil uel-dependen sec o s, con ibu ing be ween 2%and 3%o global ca bon
dioxide emissions, which a e u he ampli ied due o high-al i ude pollu an elease. In o de
o align wi h he goals o Ne Ze o Emissions by 2050, hyd ogen eme ges as a sus ainable and
p omising al e na i e in a ia ion, among o he sec o s, o eplace con en ional ossil uels
and Sus ainable A ia ion Fuel (SAF). I s high g a ime ic ene gy densi y and po en ial o
ze o emissions make i a co ne s one o deca bonizing a ia ion.
The s udy examines he echnological, logis ical, and egula o y challenges in ol ed in
implemen ing hyd ogen as a p ima y uel sou ce a an ai po . Key aspec s analyzed include
hyd ogen p oduc ion me hods, inno a i e solu ions o i s s o age in liquid and gaseous o ms,
and he in as uc u e equi ed o i s dis ibu ion. Special ocus is placed on eme ging
hyd ogen-based echnologies, such as new ai c a designs adap ed o hyd ogen p opulsion
and he ad ancemen s in Spain’s hyd ogen s a egy, posi ioning he coun y as a leade in
enewable hyd ogen p oduc ion and dis ibu ion.
A phased implemen a ion s a egy is p oposed, spanning om 2035 o 2050. Each phase
is de ined by miles ones in ne wo k de elopmen , ai po in as uc u e, uel in as uc u e
and ai c a adap a ion. The esea ch e alua es he ca bon and en i onmen al impac o each
phase, p ojec ing subs an ial educ ions in CO2and NOx emissions while ensu ing ope a ional
easibili y. The i s phase (2035-2040) ocuses on sho -haul hyd ogen-powe ed ligh s, while
he second (2041-2045) expands o medium-haul ou es. The inal phase (2046-2050) aims o
in eg a e long-haul ligh s and achie e widesp ead adop ion.
In his s udy, he numbe o ligh s pe o med by each ype o ai c a , he amoun o
hyd ogen equi ed and he amoun o con en ional uel educed a e analyzed o each o he
de ined phases, leading o he calcula ion o he educed emissions and he ene gy consump-
ion equi ed.
This esea ch concludes ha hyd ogen o e s ans o ma i e po en ial o a ia ion, en-
abling signi ican en i onmen al bene i s while posi ioning ai po s as key playe s in achie ing
a sus ainable u u e. Al hough he ansi ion equi es subs an ial in es men and inno a ion,
he long- e m bene i s in educing a ia ion’s en i onmen al oo p in jus i y he e o , pa ing
he way o a cleane and mo e sus ainable indus y.
Key wo ds
Hyd ogen, Sus ainable, A ia ion, Ai po , Ca bon, Emissions.
Resumen
Es a esis explo a el impac o medioambien al e in aes uc u al de la ansición del Ae op-
ue o Josep Ta adellas Ba celona-El P a al hid ógeno como combus ible sos enible pa a la
a iación. La a iación es uno de los sec o es más dependien es de los combus ibles ósiles,
con ibuyendo en e el 2%y el 3%de las emisiones globales de dióxido de ca bono, que se
ampli ican aún más debido a la libe ación de con aminan es a g an al i ud. Con el in de
alinea se con los obje i os de Emisiones Ne as Ce o pa a 2050, el hid ógeno eme ge como
una al e na i a sos enible y p ome edo a en la a iación, en e o os sec o es, pa a sus i ui
a los combus ibles ósiles con encionales y al Combus ible de A iación Sos enible (SAF). Su
al a densidad ene gé ica g a imé ica y su po encial de emisiones ce o lo con ie en en una
pied a angula pa a desca boniza la a iación.
El es udio examina los e os ecnológicos, logís icos y no ma i os que plan ea la im-
plan ación del hid ógeno como p incipal uen e de combus ible en un ae opue o. En e los
aspec os cla e analizados igu an los mé odos de p oducción de hid ógeno, las soluciones in-
no ado as pa a su almacenamien o en o ma líquida y gaseosa, y la in aes uc u a necesa ia
pa a su dis ibución. Se p es a especial a ención a las ecnologías eme gen es basadas en el
hid ógeno, como los nue os diseños de ae ona es adap ados a la p opulsión po hid ógeno y
los a ances en la es a egia del hid ógeno en España, que posicionan al país como líde en la
p oducción y dis ibución de hid ógeno eno able.
Se p opone una es a egia de implan ación po ases, que aba ca de 2035 a 2050. Cada
ase se de ine po hi os en el desa ollo de la ed, la mejo a de las in aes uc u as, la can-
idad de uel necesa io y la adap ación de las ae ona es. La in es igación e alúa el impac o
medioambien al y de ca bono de cada ase, p oyec ando educciones sus anciales de las emi-
siones de CO2y NOx al iempo que se ga an iza la iabilidad ope a i a. La p ime a ase
(2035-2040) se cen a en uelos de co a dis ancia p opulsados po hid ógeno, mien as que la
segunda (2041-2045) se amplía a u as de media dis ancia. La ase inal (2046-2050) p e ende
in eg a los uelos de la ga dis ancia y log a una adopción gene alizada.
En es e es udio, se analiza pa a cada una de las ases de inidas el núme o de uelos
ealizados po cada ipo de ae ona e, la can idad de hid ógeno necesa io y la can idad de
combus ible con encional educido, dando así paso al cálculo de las emisiones educidas y el
consumo ene gé ico eque ido.
Es a in es igación concluye que el hid ógeno o ece un po encial ans o mado pa a la
a iación, pe mi iendo impo an es bene icios medioambien ales y si uando a los ae opue os
como ac o es cla e pa a log a un u u o sos enible. Aunque la ansición equie e impo -
an es in e siones e inno aciones, los bene icios a la go plazo en la educción de la huella
ambien al de la a iación jus i ican el es ue zo, allanando el camino pa a una indus ia más
limpia y sos enible.

Con en s
Lis o Figu es III
Lis o Tables V
1 In oduc ion 1
1.1 P ojec Objec i e .................................. 1
1.2 P ojec Scope .................................... 1
1.3 P ojec Requi emen s ............................... 2
1.4 P ojec Jus i ica ion ................................ 2
2 S a e o he A 4
2.1 Cu en Si ua ion .................................. 4
2.1.1 Ai T anspo E olu ion and Challenges ................. 4
2.1.2 Fossil Fuels Used in A ia ion ....................... 5
2.1.3 Sus ainable Sou ces o Powe ....................... 6
2.1.4 Hyd ogen Fuel ............................... 7
2.1.5 Compa ison o Je A-1, SAF and Hyd ogen ............... 8
2.2 Cu en Case S udy o Adap ing an Ai po o Hyd ogen Use ........ 12
2.2.1 Toulouse-Blagnac Ai po in F ance ................... 12
2.2.2 London Hea h ow Ai po in Uni ed Kingdom ............. 14
2.2.3 Cu en S a e o Hyd ogen in Spain ................... 16
2.3 Regula ions and Sa e y P o ocols ......................... 17
3 Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a Ai po : O e iew 20
3.1 Gene al Desc ip ion o he Ai po ........................ 20
3.2 Cu en T a ic and P ojec ions .......................... 25
3.2.1 E olu ion o Passenge s T a ic ...................... 25
3.2.2 T a ic Segmen a ion by Rou e Type ................... 25
3.2.3 Mos Used Ai c a s in Ba celona Ai po ................ 26
3.3 Fuel T ea men in he Ai po ........................... 29
3.3.1 Fuel S o age, T anspo and Re ueling Sys ems ............. 29
3.3.2 Fuel Capaci y o he Ai po ....................... 29
3.4 Sus ainabili y and Quali y Awa ds ........................ 31
4 Hyd ogen Technologies in A ia ion 32
4.1 Classi ica ion o Hyd ogen Solu ions in A ia ion ................. 32
4.1.1 Type o P opulsion Sys em ........................ 32
4.1.2 Type o Hyd ogen S a e in Use ...................... 34
4.1.3 Type o S uc u e o he Ai c a ..................... 35
4.2 Hyd ogen Powe ed Ai c a s ............................ 36
4.3 Hyd ogen Manu ac u e ............................... 41
4.4 Hyd ogen S o age .................................. 42
I
4.5 Hyd ogen T anspo ................................ 44
5 S a egy o he Implemen a ion o Hyd ogen in Josep Ta adellas Ba celona
- El P a Ai po 45
5.1 Selec ed Ai c a Flee ............................... 45
5.2 BRISA Phase 1: 2035 - 2040 ........................... 47
5.2.1 Ne wo k ................................... 47
5.2.2 Fuel In as uc u e ............................. 48
5.2.3 Ai po In as uc u e ........................... 50
5.2.4 Ca bon Impac ............................... 51
5.3 BRISA Phase 2: 2041 - 2045 ........................... 53
5.3.1 Ne wo k ................................... 53
5.3.2 Fuel In as uc u e ............................. 54
5.3.3 Ai po In as uc u e ........................... 55
5.3.4 Ca bon Impac ............................... 57
5.4 BRISA Phase 3: 2046 - 2050 ........................... 58
5.4.1 Ne wo k ................................... 58
5.4.2 Fuel In as uc u e ............................. 59
5.4.3 Ai po In as uc u e ........................... 61
5.4.4 Ca bon Impac ............................... 62
6 En i onmen al Impac 63
6.1 Emission Reduc ion Analysis ........................... 63
6.2 Ene gy Consump ion Analysis ........................... 64
6.3 Gene al En i onmen al Impac .......................... 65
7 In es men o he p ojec de elopmen 66
7.1 BRISA S a egy Budge .............................. 66
7.2 In es o s and G an s ................................ 69
7.3 Thesis P epa a ion Budge ............................ 70
8 Final Conclusions 71
II
Lis o Figu es
2.1 Challenges o sus ainable de elopmen o ai anspo . Sou ce: [7]. ..... 5
2.2 Compa ison o sa e y pa ame e s be ween ossil uels and hyd ogen. Sou ce:
[55]. ......................................... 10
2.3 Ai po Hyd ogen Hub ne wo k s a egy by Ai bus. Sou ce: [23]. ....... 12
2.4 HYPORT s a ion in TLS. Sou ce: [48]. ...................... 13
2.5 Liquid Hyd ogen Re uelling Facili y in TLS. Sou ce: [26]. ........... 14
2.6 Fi s and Second phases o he NAPKIN p ojec o he in as uc u e o he
ai po adap ed o he use o hyd ogen. Sou ce: [52].............. 15
2.7 Thi d phase o he NAPKIN p ojec o he in as uc u e o he ai po
adap ed o he use o hyd ogen. Sou ce: [52]. .................. 15
3.1 Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a ai po . Ae ial View. Sou ce: [37]. . . . 20
3.2 Te minal 1 and 2 o Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a Ai po . . . . . . . 22
3.3 Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a ai po unways. Ae ial View. Sou ce:
[11]. ......................................... 23
3.4 Impo an in as uc u e o Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a ai po un-
ways: Towe o con ol and Hanga s. ....................... 23
3.5 Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a ai po passenge s e olu ion om 2019
o 2023. Sou ce: [14]. ................................ 25
3.6 Re ueling sys em "in o-plane se ice" o he ai po . Sou ce: [82]. ....... 29
3.7 Awa ds and ce i ica ions o Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a . Sou ce: [13]. 31
4.1 S eps o Hyd ogen Combus ion using Pis ons. Sou ce: [22]. .......... 33
4.2 Pe o mance concep o a hyd ogen uel cell. Sou ce: [89]. ........... 34
4.3 Sec ion o he expe imen al Tupole Tu-155, showing he c yogenic ank ca-
pable o holding 20 cubic me e s o liquid hyd ogen. Sou ce: [17]. ....... 36
4.4 DLR’S HY4 ai c a , a hyd ogen hyb id powe sys em. Sou ce: [83]. ..... 36
4.5 Ai bus design o he Tu bop op in he ZEROe p og am. Sou ce: [23]. . . . . 37
4.6 Ai bus design o he Tu bo an in he ZEROe p og am. Sou ce: [23]. ..... 38
4.7 Ai bus design o he Blended-Wing Body (BWB) in he ZEROe p og am.
Sou ce: [23]. ..................................... 38
4.8 Regional ai c a concep o FlyZe o p og am. Sou ce: [62]. .......... 39
4.9 Na owbody ai c a concep o FlyZe o p og am. Sou ce: [62]. ........ 39
4.10 Midsize ai c a concep o FlyZe o p og am. Sou ce: [62]. ........... 40
4.11 Rou es o Hyd ogen manu ac u e. Sou ce: [55]. ................. 41
4.12 A iama anks o gaseous hyd ogen s o age. Sou ce: [27]. ........... 42
4.13 Ne wo k o hyd an pipelines expec ed in Spain by 2040. Sou ce: [35]. . . . . 44
5.1 Range o ligh s in use o hyd ogen e olu ion om 2035 o 2040. ........ 47
5.2 Liquid Hyd ogen Tanks dis ibu ion in he ai po o 2035-2040. ....... 50
5.3 Liquid Hyd ogen Tanks loca ion in he ai po o 2035-2040. ......... 51
5.4 Range o ligh s in use o hyd ogen by 2045. ................... 53
III
5.5 Liquid Hyd ogen Tanks loca ion in he ai po o 2041-2045. ......... 56
5.6 Bajo Eb o egion in Ta agona whe e he lique ac ion plan will be ins alled. 57
5.7 Range o ligh s in use o hyd ogen by 2050. ................... 58
5.8 Liquid Hyd ogen Tanks loca ion in he ai po o 2046-2050. ......... 61
5.9 Regions whe e he lique ac ion plan s will be ins alled. ............. 62
IV
BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
changes , and passenge beha io (Figu e 2.1). These challenges do no only a ec he
en i onmen al issue, which is he main ocus o his s a egy, bu also impac he wo ld
socially and economically because hese signi ican changes equi e much mo e wo k and
in es men and mus also be well ecei ed by he people who will expe ience he e ec s o
he p oposed changes.
Figu e 2.1 Challenges o sus ainable de elopmen o ai anspo . Sou ce: [7].
The magni ude o he s a egy o educe emissions and ca bon oo p in in a ia ion is
so huge ha equi es he collabo a ion o no only ai po s and ai lines bu also echno-
logical indus ies ad anced enough o de elop g oundb eaking sus ainable solu ions, global
o ganiza ions o ensu e he collabo a ion o all coun ies, ading companies, dis ibu o s,
wa ehousing and anspo a ion companies among o he s.
2.1.2 Fossil Fuels Used in A ia ion
In his sec ion, some o he mos commonly used ossil uels in a ia ion will be explained.
2.1.2.1 Je A-1 Ke osene
Je A-1 uel is a ype o ke osene uel de i ed om pe oleum. This uel is p oduced by
e ining hyd oca bons h ough c ude oil dis illa ion p ocesses, which yields a high-ene gy uel
wi h good s abili y a a ious empe a u es and al i udes.
This kind o uel is he mos widely used in bo h comme cial and a ia ion due o i s
high ene gy densi y pe olume and low ola ili y, p o iding excellen pe o mance in long-
ange ligh s. Addi ionally, Je A-1 emains s able a low empe a u es, which is c ucial o
high-al i ude ligh s.
O he signi ican pe o mance p ope ies o Je A-1 include s abili y, lub ici y, luidi y,
ola ili y, non-co osi eness, and cleanliness. I is also used as a hyd aulic luid in engine
con ol sys ems, in addi ion o p o iding an e icien sou ce o ene gy [2].
Je A-1 has a olume ic ene gy con en o 33.17-35.95 MJ/L and a g a ime ic ene gy
con en o 42.80 MJ/kg, making i a well-balanced and e icien p opellan o a ia ion [50].
Despi e he sea ch o mo e sus ainable al e na i es, Je A-1 uel emains dominan in
global a ia ion.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Also, Je A-1 uel is pe ec o u bine engines, which a e needed in la ge ai c a along
wi h dense , less ola ile uel, such as ke osene (Je A-1), which has a highe ene gy densi y
and s abili y a mo e ex eme empe a u es.
Rela ed o his uel is Je P opellan 8 (JP-8), which has addi ional addi i es ha make
i mo e esis an o eezing and co osion. I is widely used in mili a y a ia ion bu no in
comme cial due o i s p epa a ion o ex eme scena ios ha a e no p esen in comme cial
ligh s, inc easing i s cos . This p opellan is no included in he scope o his p ojec , as i
is no ocused on mili a y a ia ion.
2.1.2.2 A ia ion Gasoline (A Gas)
A Gas is a highly e ined gasoline wi h addi i es ha imp o e i s pe o mance in ai c a
in e nal combus ion engines.
Nowadays, A Gas is mainly used in small and ec ea ional ai c a wi h pis on engines.
This is due o A Gas being a ola ile liquid uel. Howe e , la ge ai c a use u bine engines,
which canno ope a e on A Gas as hey equi e a p opellan wi h highe densi y and lowe
ola ili y.
A Gas has a olume ic ene gy con en o 31.00 MJ/L and a g a ime ic ene gy con en
o 43.71 MJ/kg, simila o he alues o Je A-1, bu sligh ly less e icien in i s anspo a ion
[2].
Howe e , A Gas use in a ia ion is dec easing o e he yea s due o conce ns abou he
lead con en in many o i s o mula ions, as a mo e sus ainable and sui able al e na i e has
no ye been ound [79]. Addi ionally, i s lowe olume ic ene gy con en compa ed o Je
A-1 makes i less e icien since ai c a equi e ull anks o uel o hei ligh s. A Gas will
no be included in he scope o his p ojec as i is no used in comme cial ligh s.
2.1.3 Sus ainable Sou ces o Powe
Wi h he p ima y goal o educing CO2and o he pollu an gas emissions in he a ia ion
sec o , mos companies a e s i ing o de elop and implemen cleane and mo e e icien
p opulsion me hods ha can eplace ossil uels and achie e ne - ze o CO2emissions by
2050. The key echniques o his s a egy a e Sus ainable A ia ion Fuel (SAF), elec ic
p opulsion , and hyd ogen p opulsion [54].
2.1.3.1 SAF
SAF is a liquid uel cu en ly employed in a ia ion ha was de eloped as a cleane and mo e
sus ainable al e na i e o ossil uels such as Je A-1 and aims o educe CO2emissions om
comme cial ligh s by up o 80%.
SAF can be p oduced om biological sou ces such as was e ege able oil, was e animal
a , municipal was e, o non- ood c ops.
This uel can also be p oduced syn he ically using a p ocess ha ex ac s ca bon om
CO2emissions in he a mosphe e o by using g een hyd ogen. The sus ainabili y o his
ype o p opellan is clea ly demons a ed, as i is mainly ob ained om was e and does no
in e e e wi h ood c ops, wa e supplies, o o es deg ada ion.
The e a e cu en ly bio uel p oduc ion pa hways ha ensu e he p oduc ion o SAF
wi h ope a ional pe o mances equi alen o hose o Je A-1 uel. These SAFs se e as
di ec al e na i es o ossil uels, can be implemen ed in exis ing ai po in as uc u e, and
a e ully compa ible wi h mode n ai c a [54].
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Addi ionally, SAF has a olume ic ene gy con en o 33.17-35.95 MJ/L and a g a ime ic
ene gy con en o 42.80 MJ/kg [34]. As can be obse ed, hese alues a e compa able o hose
o Je A-1 uel, which p o es he e iciency and success o his sus ainable al e na i e.
Despi e all he ad an ages ha hese bio uels p esen , hey a e no ully implemen ed in
he indus y due o hei ele a ed cos s and limi ed p oduc ion. Cu en ly, he use o SAF
accoun s o less han 1%o ope a ed ligh s [53]. Howe e , i is expec ed ha hese uels
will ep esen 2%o a ia ion uel by 2025, 6%by 2030, 34%by 2040, and inally 70%by 2050
[81].
2.1.3.2 Elec ical Powe
Ano he echnique o app oach he elimina ion o CO2is he use o elec ical p opulsion in
a ia ion. Elec ic a ia ion is design o educe emissions o ze o and also educe acous ic
pollu ion by minimizing he noise o he ligh s by using ba e ies o o he elec ic powe
sou ces as p opulsion o ai c a s.
One o he mos ad anced echnologies o ba e ies o a ia ion a e li hium cells LiFePo4
ha a e being employed in some g oundb eaking p ojec s in bo h ai and g ound ehicles [4].
Howe e , LiFePo4 has a olume ic ene gy con en o 0.79 MJ/L and an g a ime ic
ene gy con en o 0.58 MJ/kg, which is ex emely smalle han o he uels o a ia ion [38].
I s low speci ic ene gy make his solu ion no ye sui able o big ai c a s, as i canno
p o ide he ene gy equi ed o long comme cial ligh s. Howe e , elec ic p opulsion is
being implemen ed in many p ojec s such as u ban ai axis o hyb id solu ions using uel o
hyd ogen [30] [21].
Due o i s low applica ion o comme cial ligh s, elec ic p opulsion will no be conside ed
in he compa ison o di e en uels o he p ojec as is no in he scope.
2.1.4 Hyd ogen Fuel
In he u ge o ob aining a mo e sus ainable solu ion o ene gy sou ce in a ia ion and all he
gene al indus y, hyd ogen ises as a pe ec solu ion as i p o ides a g ea amoun o ene gy
while educing g ea ly CO2emissions.
Hyd ogen can be ob ained om ossil uels and biomass, wa e o a mix o bo h. As o
oday, na u al gas is he main sou ce o hyd ogen p oduc ion.
Hyd ogen ep esen s he u u e o powe gene a ion by being he leading op ion o
s o ing enewable ene gy as i can be used in gas u bines o inc ease powe sys em lexibili y
[61].
In a ia ion, Ai bus is he main o ce p omo ing he use o hyd ogen o subs i u e ossil
uels in comme cial ligh s, ha ing he objec i e o ob aining he wo ld’s i s hyd ogen-
powe ed comme cial ai c a by 2035. As hyd ogen is s ill a echnique in de elopmen o
a ia ion, some di e en s a egies a e being p esen ed.
One possible solu ion consis s on using hyd ogen combus ion by modi ying uel injec o s
in gas u bines so he uel sys em can be powe ed wi h hyd ogen in a simila manne as how
is done wi h ossil uel o SAF.
Ano he possible solu ion is he use o hyd ogen uel cells ha c ea e elec ical ene gy
ha can be used o powe elec ic mo o s, ob aining a ully elec ic p opulsion sys em wi hou
he incon enience o low speci ic ene gy o ba e ies [23].
Hyd ogen has a g a ime ic ene gy con en o 142 MJ/kg, which is mo e han h ee imes
bigge han he one o Je A-1 o SAF, p o iding a bigge amoun o ene gy o p opulsion.
Howe e , i s olume ic ene gy con en a ies depending on he empe a u e and s a e in
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
which he hyd ogen is ound [36]:
•Hyd ogen gas a a mosphe ic p essu e (0.1 Mpa, 15ºC)
–Densi y: 0.083 kg/m3
–Volume ic ene gy con en : 0.010-0.011 MJ/L
•Comp essed hyd ogen (70 MPa)
–Densi y: 39.75 kg/m3
–Volume ic ene gy con en : 4.50-5.30 MJ/L
•Liquid hyd ogen (-252.9ºC, 1 a m)
–Densi y: 70.90 kg/m3
–Volume ic ene gy con en : 8.50 MJ/L
As can be obse ed, his p opellan , besides i s huge g a ime ic ene gy con en , has a
e y low olume ic ene gy con en compa ed o ossil uels and SAF, which p esen s a big
challenge o i s la ge-scale implemen a ion in a ia ion as i equi es la ge and bulkie anks
so he necessa y amoun o hyd ogen o comme cial ligh s can be s o ed.
2.1.5 Compa ison o Je A-1, SAF and Hyd ogen
In o de o compa e Je A-1, SAF and hyd ogen as uels o a ia ion, di e en pa ame e s
will be conside ed and hei impac will be s udied.
2.1.5.1 G a ime ic Ene gy Densi y
The g a ime ic ene gy densi y pe kilog am is i al o iden i y how much weigh is needed
o a ligh acco ding o i s cha ac e is ics.
•Je A-1: 42.80 MJ/kg.
•SAF: 42.80 MJ/Kg.
•Hyd ogen: 142 MJ/kg.
Conside ing g a ime ic ene gy densi y, hyd ogen is he mos weigh -e icien op ion and
i could educe ai c a weigh conside ably.
2.1.5.2 Volume ic Ene gy Densi y
The olume ic ene gy densi y indica es he space needed o he s o age o he uel on boa d.
•Je A-1: 33.17-35.95 MJ/L.
•SAF: 33.17-35.95 MJ/L.
•Hyd ogen: 0.010-8.50 MJ/L.
In his case, hyd ogen has a lowe olume ic ene gy densi y alue compa ed o he o he
wo op ions, which makes ha he anks needed o i s s o age on boa d mus be la ge , which
can al e he design and e iciency o he ai c a .
2.1.5.3 CO2Emissions and Sus ainabili y
•Je A-1: being a ossil uel, i is conside ing one o he main con ibu o s o CO2and
o he g eenhouse gas emissions in he ai c a indus y. Je uel emi s app oxima ely
3.6 ons o CO2pe on o uel [56].
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
•SAF: SAFs a e designed o educe CO2emissions by up o 80%and also is ob ained
h ough sus ainable sou ces. Howe e , i s ill emi s CO2wi h i s use, hough less han
ossil uels.
•Hyd ogen: his kind o uel does no p oduce CO2nei he by i s use no by i s p oduc-
ion i i is g een hyd ogen. Howe e , he p oduc ion o g ay hyd ogen gene a es CO2
emissions.
Compa ing he CO2o he di e en al e na i es, hyd ogen is he mos sus ainable one,
ollowed by SAF. Je A-1 would be he one pe o ming he wo s in his aspec .
2.1.5.4 NOx Emissions and O he Pollu an s
•Je A-1: as one o he bigge con aminan s, Je uels emi s NOx and o he pollu an
gases and pa icles ha con ibu e o ai pollu ion and clima e change. 1 kg o uel
bu n p oduces 0.0148 kg o NOx [49].
•SAF: gene a e some pollu ing emissions bu less han he ossil uels.
•Hyd ogen: while in uel cells i p oduces nei he NOx no pollu ing pa icles, i may gen-
e a e hem in combus ion engine bu a lowe amoun han he ossil uels. None heless,
hyd ogen combus ion p oduces up o 90%less NOx emissions han ke osene combus ion
[55].
In his case, hyd ogen used in uel cells is he mos clea and sus ainable solu ion o
NOx and pollu ing pa icles emissions.
2.1.5.5 In as uc u e
•Je A-1: cu en ly ai c a in as uc u e is ully designed and op imized o i s use,
including s o age, supply and dis ibu ion.
•SAF: i s adap a ion o he cu en in as uc u e equi es minimum changes as i can
be blended easily wi h ossil uels due o i s design.
•Hyd ogen: in o de o be used in a ia ion, i equi es new in as uc u es such as
c yogenic s o age acili ies and hyd ogen e ueling s a ions.
Je A-1 and SAF a e be e han hyd ogen in e ms o in as uc u es as hey equi e
none o minimal changes. The changes equi ed by hyd ogen p esen s a big challenge o he
indus y in logis ics, echnical de elopmen s and cos s.
2.1.5.6 Cos s
•Je A-1: i does no ha e a ixed p oduc ion cos bu is subjec o oil p ice ola ili y,
which means ha could inc ease signi ican ly h ough he yea s.
•SAF: i has a highe p oduc ion cos due o being a ela i ely eme ging solu ion, how-
e e , i is expec ed o educe i cos wi h go e nmen help in he u u e.
•Hyd ogen: g een hyd ogen is conside ably expensi e o p oduce due o he cos s o
elec olysis and he need o new in as uc u es. Being a new echnology, cos s could
d op in he u u e by i s e olu ion.
Conside ing cos s, Je A-1 emains he mos economical op ion, ollowed by SAF and
las ly by hyd ogen.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
2.1.5.7 Engine Technology
•Je A-1: as s a ed abo e, u bine engines, which a e he ype o engines used in comme -
cial ligh s and mos ligh s, a e ully designed o bu n Je A-1 wi hou complica ions.
•SAF: is compa ible wi h mos cu en engines wi hou need o modi ica ion, making i
a pe ec al e na i e easy o apply.
•Hyd ogen: needs new engine echnology by modi ying u bine engines o bu n hyd ogen
o using uel cells ha can powe elec ic mo o s.
Once again, Je A-1 and SAF a e he mos sui able op ions in his case as hey do no
need adap a ions o he engines o hei use.
2.1.5.8 Sa e y
•Je A-1: is well es ablished wi h sa e y p o ocols as has been used o many yea s.
Howe e , i is lammable and p esen s isks in case o acciden s o leaks.
•SAF: as i has been designed o be a sus ainable al e na i e o ossil uel, i adap s
pe ec ly o exis ing sa e y p o ocols and does no in oduce new pe ils.
•Hyd ogen: his new solu ion p esen s new isks in i s liquid s a e due o i s low empe -
a u e and high lammabili y, including c yogenic isks. Also, in gaseous s a e, hyd ogen
leaks can be di icul o de ec and p esen a pe il due o i s lammabili y. New p o ocols
and sa e y s anda ds need o be in oduced, es ed and applied.
Hyd ogen p esen s bigge challenges ega ding sa e y han he o he wo op ions, needing
new sa e y measu es and p o ocols o i s use. Figu e 2.2 shows he compa ison be ween
ke osene and hyd ogen in e ms o sa e y pa ame e s.
Figu e 2.2 Compa ison o sa e y pa ame e s be ween ossil uels and hyd ogen. Sou ce: [55].
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
2.1.5.9 Compa ison Conclusions
As can be obse ed, e e y op ion has i s p os and cons and p esen s di e en challenges,
ad an ages and isks.
Je A-1 is he mos p ac ical and economical op ion as i does no need any adap a ion
o modi ica ion in in as uc u e, echnology o sa e y. Howe e , i p esen s a bigge p oblem
in pollu ion and CO2emissions ha need o be sol ed in o de o s op clima e change.
SAF is a sa e choice as i does no need any adap a ions as he ossil uels and i e-
duces conside ably he pollu ion and emissions o p opelle s. Howe e , i s cos and limi ed
a ailabili y a e a huge p oblem o o e come.
Finally, while hyd ogen p esen s many challenges ega ding modi ica ion and adap a ion
in in as uc u e, engine echnology and sa e y p o ocols, i has he po en ial o deca bonize
he indus y and each long- e m bene i s, making i he bes op ion o a g een and sus ain-
able u u e.
To sum up he compa ison be ween he h ee di e en uel op ions, he ollowing able
2.1 is p esen ed:
Table 2.1 Compa ison o Je A-1, SAF and Hyd ogen uels.
Je A-1 SAF Hyd ogen
Min Max Min Max Min Max
Densi y [kg/m3] 775.00 840.00 775.00 840.00 0.083 70.90
G a ime ic Ene gy Densi y [MJ/kg] 42.80 42.80 142.00
Volume ic Ene gy Densi y [MJ/L] 33.17 35.95 33.17 35.95 0.010 8.50
CO2 Emissions and Sus ainabili y +++ +
NOx Emissions and O he Pollu an s +++ ++ +
In as uc u e + +++
Cos s + ++ +++
Engine Technology + +++
Sa e y + + ++
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
2.2 Cu en Case S udy o Adap ing an Ai po o Hyd ogen
Use
As s a ed in he p e ious chap e 2.1, hyd ogen is se o be he u u e o a ia ion in e ms
o educing CO2and o he pollu an s emissions in o de o ge on ack wi h he Ne Ze o
Emissions by 2050.
Howe e , despi e all he en i onmen al ad an ages p esen ed by hyd ogen, he e a e
some se backs ha make i s implan a ion in a ia ion a eally big challenge o enginee ing
and logis ics. Some o he bigges challenges in oduced by he use o hyd ogen a e:
•Adap a ion and c ea ion o new engine sys ems so ai c a can ope a e wi h hyd ogen.
•S o age o hyd ogen in ai c a s so he needed amoun o uel can be anspo ed du ing
he ligh wi hou a ec ing he in as uc u e o causing isks.
•P oduc ion o g een hyd ogen in a way ha i s cos is educed and easy o supply.
•S o age and echa ging o hyd ogen in he Ai po .
As his hesis is ocused on he impac o adap ing Ba celona’s ai po o he use o
hyd ogen as uel, only he wo las challenges will be add essed.
As he p oduc ion, s o age and supply o hyd ogen is a big challenge as i s use in ai c a s,
Ai bus, he main p omo e o he use o hyd ogen in a ia ion wi h i s ZEROe p og am, i s
also wo king on an Ai po Hyd ogen Hub (Figu e 2.3) ne wo k by pa ne ing wi h hyd ogen
p oduce s and dis ibu o s wo ldwide, ai po s and ai lines o build he igh ecosys em o
ope a e a hyd ogen-powe ed ai c a by 2035 [23].
Figu e 2.3 Ai po Hyd ogen Hub ne wo k s a egy by Ai bus. Sou ce: [23].
To ha e a be e app oach on how o implemen he use o his g een uel in he ai po ,
some examples o ai po s ha a e al eady planning and es ing o his s ep in o he u u e
will be s udied.
2.2.1 Toulouse-Blagnac Ai po in F ance
Toulouse-Blagnac Ai po (TLS) loca ed in Blagnac, F ance, is one o he mos ad anced
ai po s in he ace owa ds a g een u u e and he Ai po Hyd ogen Hub s a egy by Ai bus.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
The i s g oundb eaking p ojec de eloped in he TLS ai po is HYPORT (Figu e 2.4),
he i s g een hyd ogen p oduc ion and dis ibu ion s a ion in Eu ope which is loca ed in
he ai po and i s ocused o powe ing GSE (G ound Suppo Equipmen ) wi h wo di e en
hyd ogen cha ging s a ions. The i s s a ion is on he a mac and i s used o ai po shu les,
ai c a ac o s and GPUs (G ound Powe Uni s) supplying elec ici y o ai c a s when hey
a e on he g ound wi h he engines o . The o he one is loca ed on he ci y side o he ai po
and can echa ge up o 20 buses o 200 ligh ehicles such as axis pe day.
The elec olyse o HYPORT is powe ed by local enewable elec ici y and can gene a e
o e 400 kg o g een hyd ogen a day, which is he equi alen o 1 MW o high-powe elec olysis
pe day and 146,000 kg o hyd ogen pe yea . The in es men o his p ojec sums up o 7.2
M€[47].
Figu e 2.4 HYPORT s a ion in TLS. Sou ce: [48].
Ano he impo an s ep o TLS ai po is he design and p oposal o a new liquid
hyd ogen e uelling acili y (Figu e 2.5) o be buil in he a ea o he ai po so u u e hyd ogen
powe ed ai c a s can be p ope ly and sa ely e uelled in he ai po g ounds. The s a ion is
expec ed o be ope a ional o g ound handling s a by 2025.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Figu e 2.5 Liquid Hyd ogen Re uelling Facili y in TLS. Sou ce: [26].
2.2.2 London Hea h ow Ai po in Uni ed Kingdom
Due o Hea h ow Ai po (LHR) being one o he busies ai po s in Eu ope, i s s a egy o
app oaching a g een u u e di e s much om he ench ai po ’s one as, ins ead on ocusing
on p oduc ion and e uelling o hyd ogen, i ocus on anspo a ion and s o age o his g een
uel.
The main s a egy o he ai po loca ed in Hillingdon, Uni ed Kingdom is he well
known p ojec NAPKIN (New A ia ion, P opulsion, Knowledge and Inno a ion Ne wo k)
which b ings oge he 3 ai c a s, 3 uni e si ies and 3 ai po s o de elop he pe ec s a egy
o adap a ion o hyd ogen.
P ojec NAPKIN is di ided in h ee ch onological phases. Fo phases 1 (Figu e 2.6a)
(2025-2030) and 2 (Figu e 2.6b) (2035) small hyd ogen ai c a s o local and na ional ligh s
a e expec ed o be used, he e o e he amoun o hyd ogen needed would be a ound 550 ons
by 2025, 1,600 ons by 2030 and 22,000 ons by 2035. Fo phase 1, he s a egy is se o b ing
hyd ogen by oad and, o phase 2, s o age acili ies will be de eloped so liquid hyd ogen will
be s o age in he ai po , bu he anspo a ion will emain by oad o i e .
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
showing how Ba celona ai po is cu en ly he second mos impo an one in each ca ego y,
su passed only by Mad id ai po .
Table 3.1 E olu ion o numbe o passenge s om 2019 o 2023 in he op 5 ai po s in
e ms o passenge s. Da a ex ac ed om AENA [15].
Passenge s
Ai po 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 % Inc 2023 /s 2019
ADOLFO SUÁREZ MADRID-BARAJAS 61,734,944 17,112,246 24,135,039 50,633,759 60,221,163 -2.5 %
BARCELONA-EL PRAT J.T. 52,688,455 12,738,769 18,875,461 41,641,444 49,910,900 -5.3 %
PALMA DE MALLORCA 29,721,142 6,108,514 14,497,159 28,573,350 31,106,165 4.7 %
MÁLAGA-COSTA DEL SOL 19,858,656 5,161,243 8,874,635 18,458,006 22,344,261 12.5 %
ALICANTE-ELCHE MIGUEL HDEZ. 15,048,240 3,739,567 5,841,144 13,206,430 15,747,699 4.6 %
Table 3.2 E olu ion o numbe o ope a ions om 2019 o 2023 in he op 5 ai po s in
e ms o ope a ions. Da a ex ac ed om AENA [15].
Ope a ions
Ai po 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 % Inc 2023 /s 2019
ADOLFO SUÁREZ MADRID-BARAJAS 426,375 165,743 217,539 351,906 389,180 -8.7 %
BARCELONA-EL PRAT J.T. 344,563 122,638 163,682 283,393 318,959 -7.4 %
PALMA DE MALLORCA 217,222 76,852 141,197 220,696 228,918 5.4 %
MÁLAGA-COSTA DEL SOL 144,939 59,670 92,248 144,123 161,716 11.6 %
GRAN CANARIA 126,451 67,280 83,983 119,531 129,553 2.5 %
Table 3.3 E olu ion o numbe o ca go om 2019 o 2023 in he op 5 ai po s in e ms o
ca go. Da a ex ac ed om AENA [15].
Ca go
Ai po 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 % Inc 2023 /s 2019
ADOLFO SUÁREZ MADRID-BARAJAS 560,039,136 402,575,121 523,480,305 566,395,050 643,543,216 14.9 %
BARCELONA-EL PRAT J.T. 176,797,909 114,449,796 136,131,797 155,599,900 156,503,311 -11.5 %
ZARAGOZA 182,619,068 143,377,681 194,493,121 126,967,965 129,856,499 -28.9 %
VITORIA 64,470,673 64,334,516 72,529,181 73,632,775 71,694,884 11.2 %
GRAN CANARIA 19,727,786 13,926,469 15,840,392 15,869,057 17,117,380 -13.2 %
Also, conside ing ha he da a o numbe o passenge s will be he mos impo an one
o his p ojec , i can be obse ed how Ba celona’s ai po has almos eco e he amoun
o comme cial ligh s since be o e COVID-19.
Ba celona ai po is aked 6 h ai po in EU+UK acco ding o ACI Eu ope S a is ics in
2023 wi h an a e age o 959,000 pax/week and 6,134 ope a ions/week. Mo eo e , i coun s
wi h 83 ai lines ope a ing in he ai po , being Vueling he mos impo an one [16].
A e he ex ensions de eloped in 2009, Ba celona ai po is one o he bigges ones in
he coun y wi h 1,533 ha o ae ial su ace and 647,066 m2o e minal su ace. Table 3.4
shows he mos impo an s a is ics o he ai po ega ding i s dimensions and capaci y.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Table 3.4 S a is ics in e ms o capaci y and dimensions o Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El
P a Ai po . Sou ce: [29].
Ai po a ea 1.533 ha
Te minal a ea 647.066 m2
Max ope a ions pe hou 90
Ai po capaci y 55 M/pax.
Ai ield
2 pa allel unways
1 c oss unway
Ca ego y II/III 4 headways
Ai c a ap on 168 posi ions
Coun e s 280
Baggage bel s 29
Ca go e minals 160.000 m2
Con ac posi ions 67
Ae onau ical pa k 50 ha
Ai po Ci y 150 ha
In o de o be able o handle he a ic o he ai po , i coun s wi h 2 e minals sepa a ed
by 4 km o each o he . Te minal 1 (Figu e 3.2a), he "new one" was de eloped in 2009 and
mainly has in e na ional and Schengen a ic, while e minal 2 (Figu e 3.2b), he eno a ed
"old one" is sa ed p ima ily o egional/na ional and no Schengen ligh s [25].
(a) Ba celona ai po T1. Sou ce: [87]. (b) Ba celona ai po T2. Sou ce: [33].
Figu e 3.2 Te minal 1 and 2 o Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a Ai po .
As s a ed in Table 3.4, Ba celona ai po coun s wi h h ee unways (Figu e 3.3, wo o
hem pa allel unways and one c oss unways, wi h planned p ojec s o building a unway
abo e he wa e in he u u e o inc emen he ope a ional capaci y o he aipo . Pa allel
unways 06L-24R and 06R-24L a e bo h asphal pa ed su ace, wi h dimensions o 3,352 x
60 m and 2,660 x 60 m espec i ely, also ha ing he i s one a displaced h eshold o unway
06L by 90 m. The c oss unway 02-20 is also asphal pa ed su ace, wi h dimensions 2,528 x
45 m and a displaced h eshold o unway 02 by 40 m [80].
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Figu e 3.3 Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a ai po unways. Ae ial View. Sou ce:
[11].
Las ly, Ba celona ai po ea u es mo e impo an in as uc u e as he owe o con ol
(Figu e 3.4a) and a ious hanga s (Figu e 3.4b). The owe o con ol o mo e han 50 m o
high allow o manage he a ic in he ai po while he se e al hanga s loca ed mos ly in
he sou he n side o he ai po pe mi asks o main enance, epai and o e haul (MRO) o
ai c a s.
(a) Towe o con ol o Ba celona ai po . Sou ce:
[93]. (b) Hanga o Ba celona Ai po . Sou ce: [32].
Figu e 3.4 Impo an in as uc u e o Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a ai po un-
ways: Towe o con ol and Hanga s.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
O he impo an in as uc u e as uel deposi , echa ge s a ions and anspo a ion o
Ba celona ai po will be explained in la e sec ions.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
3.2 Cu en T a ic and P ojec ions
In o de o s udy he impac o adap ing Ba celona Ai po o he use o hyd ogen, an analysis
o he cu en a ic o he ai po and i s p ojec ion in he u u e is needed. Conside ing
ha his p ojec will be mainly ocused on comme cial ligh s, only passenge s a ic will be
s udied.
3.2.1 E olu ion o Passenge s T a ic
As can be obse ed in Figu e 3.5, in 2023, Ba celona ai po eached 49.9 M Pax, being only
a 5.3%less han 2019, be o e he COVID-19 global c isis as can be obse ed in Table 3.5.
Figu e 3.5 Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a ai po passenge s e olu ion om 2019 o
2023. Sou ce: [14].
As s a ed in a s udy de eloped by Cáma a de Come cio de Ba celona, conside ing a
con inuous scena io, a 4.9%inc ease in passenge s pe yea is expec ed a he Ba celona
Ai po , eaching a alue o 69.86 M Pax in 2030, 88.72 M Pax in 2035, 112.68 M Pax in
2040, 143.1 M Pax in 2045 and 181.74 M Pax in 2050 [91]. Also, conside ing an amoun o
959,800 a e age Pax pe week, 6,134 a e age ope a ions pe week [14] and a maximum o 90
ope a ions pe hou [28], he ollowing o ecas able 3.5 is ob ained.
Table 3.5 Fo ecas o he e olu ion o a ic in Ba celona ai po up o 2050. Da a ex ac ed
om [91] [14] [28].
Yea Pax/yea [M] A . Pax/week A . Ops/week Max Ops/hou
2023 49.90 959,800 6,134 90
2030 69.86 1,343,720 8,588 120
2035 88.72 1,708,444 10,919 140
2040 112.68 2,159,550 13,802 170
2045 143.10 2,754,626 17,605 180
2050 181.74 3,493,672 22,328 250
3.2.2 T a ic Segmen a ion by Rou e Type
Gi en ha he implemen a ion o hyd ogen will be done g adually depending on he ype
o ou e, s a ing wi h hose o sho ange (less han 1,500 Km o dis ance), ollowing wi h
medium ange (be ween 1,500 Km and 4,500 Km o dis ance) and concluding wi h la ge
ange (mo e han 4,500 Km o dis ance), i is impo an o iden i y he pe cen age o ligh s
included in each ype.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Domes ic ligh s om Ba celona ai po ep esen 27.3%o he a ic as in 2023. While
hese ligh s can be conside ed sho - ange, hose o Cana y Island a e conside ed medium-
ange. In his case, he passenge s who a eled o he Cana y Islands in 2023 a e 1.6 M Pax,
ep esen ing 3.2%o he ligh s. The e o e, in e ms o domes ic ligh s, a 24.1%o Ba celona
ai po a ic is conside ed sho - ange and a 3.2%is conside ed medium- ange.
Ou o he 60.8%o ligh s o Eu ope, mo e han a 57.6%a e o I aly, Uni ed Kingdom,
Ge many, F ance, Po ugal, Ne he lands and Swi ze land. As an es ima ion o he ligh s
and des ina ion, his 57.6%will be conside ed sho ange and he emaining 3.2%will be
conside ed medium ange.
Ano he 2.7%o he ligh s a e o he No h o A ica. Wi hin hese 17 des ina ions,
14 a e in a sho ange while he o he 3 a e a a medium age. The e o e, a 2.2%will be
conside ed sho ange and he o he 0.5%will be conside ed medium ange.
In Middle-Eas and Asia, Ba celona ai po ligh s ep esen he 3.7%. Wi hin he 13
ou es included in his pe cen age o ligh s, 9 a e in a medium ange dis ance while he o he
4 a e la ge ange. In his case, a 2.6%is conside ed medium- ange while he o he 1.1%is
la ge ange.
Las ly, he emaining 5.5%o he ligh s a e o No h and Sou h Ame ica, which a e
conside ed comple ely la ge ange ligh s.
The e o e, Table 3.6 shows a summa y o he pe cen age o Pax o each ype o ou e.
This will be impo an la e , as each ype o ou e will use di e en planes and consume a
di e en amoun o uel.
Table 3.6 Segmen a ion o passenge a ic in ype o ou e. Da a ex ac ed om [14] [15].
Range % o Pax
Sho Range 83.9
Medium Range 9.5
La ge Range 6.6
3.2.3 Mos Used Ai c a s in Ba celona Ai po
In o de o do a p ope es ima ion o he uel used and s o ed in he ai po , i is impo an
o know he mos employed ai c a s o he di e en ypes o ou es.
In sho - ange ligh s, Vueling’s p esence in he ai po ep esen s a 67.64%, while Ryanai ’s
p esence eaches he 15.44%[14]. Wi h a o al o 83.08% hese wo ai lines a e conside ed
he mos impo an ones in e ms o domes ic ligh s and will be used o he es ima ion o
ai c a s. Fo sho - ange ligh s, he mos used ai c a s a e Ai bus A320 and Boeing 737-
800 o Vueling and Ryanai espec i ely. Table 3.7 shows he cha ac e is ics o hese wo
ai c a s in e ms o PAX, ange and uel capaci y.
Table 3.7 Cha ac e is ics o Ai bus A320 and Boeing 737-800. Da a ex ac ed om [18]
[24].
Ai bus A320 Boeing 737-800
Max PAX 180 180
Range [km] 5,500 4,900
Max Fuel Capaci y [L] 27,600 26,020
Conside ing ha bo h ai c a s ha e a capaci y o 180 sea s, sho - ange ligh s ep esen
83.9%o he amoun o PAX and he a e age a io o occupa ion o a plane in 2024 is 82.5%
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
[57], he p esence o Vueling e sus Ryanai in he ai po and he es ima ed amoun o
passenge s up o 2050 shown in Table 3.5, he ollowing amoun o ligh s o each ai c a
a e es ima ed and shown in Table 3.8.
Table 3.8 Es ima ion o sho - ange ligh s using Ai bus A320 and Boeing 737-800 up o
2050.
Ai bus A320 Boeing 737-800
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2023 229,532 4,402 52,395 1,005
2030 321,345 6,163 73,352 1,407
2035 408,098 7,827 93,155 1,787
2040 518,310 9,940 118,313 2,269
2045 658,237 12,624 150,254 2,882
2050 835,975 16,032 190,826 3,660
Fo in e na ional medium- ange ligh s, he mos p esen ai lines in Ba celona ai po
a e Vueling, Ryanai , Easy-Je and Wizz Ai wi h 11.3, 6.5, 2.3 and 2.0 million passenge s
in 2023, which can be con e ed o a 51.13%, 29.41%, 10.41%and 9.05%, espec i ely.
In his case, he mos used ai c a o medium- ange ligh s o Vueling and Ryanai
emain he A320 and Boeing 737-800 as be o e. Fo Easy-Je , he mos used ai plane o
hese ype o ligh is he A320, while Wizz Ai uses he A321neo, whose cha ac e is ics a e
shown in Table 3.9.
Table 3.9 Cha ac e is ics o Ai bus A321neo. Da a ex ac ed om [19].
Ai bus A321neo
Max PAX 244
Range [km] 7,400
Max Fuel Capaci y [L] 32,940
Following he same p ocedu e as be o e, he ollowing es ima ion o medium- ange ligh s
can be obse ed in Table 3.10.
Table 3.10 Es ima ion o medium- ange ligh s using Ai bus A320, Boeing 737-800 and
A320neo up o 2050.
Ai bus A320 Boeing 737-800 Ai bus A321neo
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2023 19,645 377 9,388 180 2,131 41
2030 27,503 527 13,144 252 2,984 57
2035 34,928 670 16,692 320 3,789 73
2040 44,361 851 21,200 407 4,813 92
2045 56,337 1080 26,924 516 6,112 117
2050 71,549 1372 34,193 656 7,762 149
Fo la ge- ange ligh s, he mos ep esen a i e ai lines a e Ame ican Ai lines, Ibe ia and
Ai China, wi h app oxima ely he same p esence in he ai po . In his case, he mos used
ai c a o each company a e Ai bus A350-900 o Ibe ia and Boeing 777-300ER o bo h
Ame ican Ai lines and Ai China. The speci ica ions o hese wo ai c a s can be obse ed
in Table 3.11.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Table 3.11 Cha ac e is ics o Ai bus A350-900 and Boeing 777-300ER. Da a ex ac ed om
[20] [31].
Ai bus A350-900 Boeing 777-300ER
Max PAX 440 365
Range [km] 15,372 11,880
Max Fuel Capaci y [L] 166,488 181,280
Finally, epea ing he same calcula ions as be o e o la ge- ange ligh s, he ollowing
es ima ion shown in Table 3.12 is ob ained.
Table 3.12 Es ima ion o la ge- ange ligh s using Ai bus A350-900 and Boeing 777-300ER.
Ai bus A350-900 Boeing 777-300ER
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2023 6,079 117 3,609 69
2030 8,510 163 5,053 97
2035 10,808 207 6,417 123
2040 13,726 263 8,150 156
2045 17,432 334 10,350 198
2050 22,139 425 13,145 252
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
3.3 Fuel T ea men in he Ai po
3.3.1 Fuel S o age, T anspo and Re ueling Sys ems
The da a ega ding he s o age, anspo and e ueling o uel, bo h SAF and Je A-1, in
Ba celona ai po is e y limi ed. Howe e , i can be conside ed ha he uel is anspo ed
by using anke ucks om he e ine y whe e uel is ob ained o by using oil pipelines.
Rega ding s o age, he ai po coun s wi h many deposi s on which he uel can be s o ed
o i s use when necessa y. In hese anks, SAF, once mixed wi h Je A-1, does no need o
be s o ed apa as i s p ope ies a e e y simila .
In e ms o e ueling , he e a e di e en echniques as he use o ank ucks connec
o he sub e anean o he ai po o he in o-plane se ice o some companies as Repsol, in
which a e ueling uni (Figu e 3.6) wi h a ac o uni , supply equipmen and uel s o age
ank allows o supply uel di ec ly o he plane [82].
Figu e 3.6 Re ueling sys em "in o-plane se ice" o he ai po . Sou ce: [82].
3.3.2 Fuel Capaci y o he Ai po
A e y impo an pa ame e needed o his p ojec is he amoun o hyd ogen ha will be
needed in he u u e so i s s o age and anspo a ion can be sized and he impac on he
ai po can be s udied. Conside ing ha hyd ogen will eplace pa o he uel cu en ly used
in he ai po , he uel capaci y, bo h uel and SAF, needs o be calcula ed.
As ha e been done be o e, only comme cial igh s will be conside ed, which will allow o
use he es ima ed da a compu ed be o e. Also, conside ing ha a ound- ip ligh coun s o
2 ope a ions, and many o hese ligh s will be e ueled in o he ai po s, i will be conside ed
ha only hal o he medium and la ge ange ope a ions and 55%o he sho - ange ones will
be e ueled in Ba celona ai po , conside ing ha some small ai po s in Spain will depend
on Ba celona uel s o age.
Ano he conside a ion will be ha he amoun o uel s o ed in he ai po should be
enough o a whole week, also conside ing an ex a amoun o imes when he amoun o
ope a ions is highe han usual. This way, he compu ed amoun o uel in he ai po will
be 140% he uel needed o a week o ligh s.
In Tables 3.8,3.10 and 3.12, he a e age amoun o ope a ions pe week is shown o
sho , medium and la ge ange ligh s espec i ely and o each ype o ai c a used in hese
ypes o ligh s. Mo eo e , Tables 3.7,3.9 and 3.11 show he maximum uel capaci y o each
ai c a .
Howe e , i is also impo an o unde s and ha a ull uel ank o he plane allows i o
do mul iple ligh s wi hou he need o e ueling. The numbe o ligh s pe ull ank selec ed
o he es ima ion will be one less han he o al numbe ligh s so he e is an ex a ligh
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
a ailable in case is needed. In o de o es ima e he amoun o uel consumed by each ai c a
and ob ain he amoun o ligh s ha i can ca y on, i will be es ima ed ha he a e age
dis ance o a sho - ange ligh will be 1,000 km, he a e age dis ance o a medium- ange
ligh will be o 3,000 km and he a e age dis ance o a la ge- ange ligh will be o 7,000 km.
Also, i will be conside ed ha an ai c a consumes 3 li e s o uel pe passenge each 100km
[12]. A inal conside a ion will be a a io o occupa ion o 100% o ha e an ex a amoun o
uel in case o a busy week o he yea like holidays whe e he plane can be ully occupied.
Wi h all hese conside a ions, he amoun o ligh s ha an ai c a can ully pe o m wi h
i s ull ank is ob ained and shown in Table 3.13.
Table 3.13 Amoun o ligh s pe o med wi h a ull ank by A320, Boeing 737-800, A321neo,
A350-900 and Boeing 777-300ER o sho , medium and la ge- ange ligh s.
Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range
Ai bus A320 Boeing 737-800 Ai bus A320 Boeing 737-800 Ai bus A321neo Ai bus A350-900 Boeing 777-300ER
Max Fuel Capaci y [L] 27,600 26,020 27,600 26,020 32,940 166,488 181,280
Max PAX 180 180 180 180 244 440 365
Ra io o occupa ion 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
A . Range Fligh [km] 1,000 1,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 7,000 7,000
Fuel Consump ion pe Fligh [L] 5,400 5,400 16,200 16,200 21,960 92,400 76,650
Amoun o Fligh s wi h a Full Tank 5 4 1 1 1 1 2
Now, conside ing all he es ima ed ope a ions up o 2050 by he di e en ypes o ligh s,
and he ones assumed in e ms o e ueling by Ba celona ai po acco ding o wha ha e been
s a ed be o e, he ollowing amoun o needed uel, shown in Table 3.14, is ob ained.
Table 3.14 Es ima ed amoun o uel needed in he ai po om 2023 o 2050.
Yea Sho -Range [L] Medium-Range [L] La ge-Range [L] TOTAL [L]
2023 23,744,155 11,507,538 18,013,279 53,264,972
2030 33,242,667 16,085,874 25,150,737 74,479,278
2035 42,218,696 20,456,114 31,928,215 94,603,025
2040 53,614,057 25,975,754 40,548,329 120,138,140
2045 68,092,555 32,961,810 51,487,598 152,541,963
2050 86,474,804 41,891,066 65,519,076 193,884,946
Also, an es ima ion o he uel consumed pe yea , conside ing he es ima ed amoun o
ligh s pe yea ob ained be o e, and he p e ious pa ame e , is shown in Table 3.15.
Table 3.15 Es ima ed amoun o uel consumed in he ai po om 2023 o 2050.
Yea Sho -Range [L] Medium-Range [L] La ge-Range [L] TOTAL [L]
2023 884,315,363 428,336,450 669,600,156 1,982,251,969
2030 1,238,038,538 599,691,320 937,408,400 2,775,138,258
2035 1,572,270,829 761,574,150 1,190,519,592 3,524,364,571
2040 1,996,883,496 967,263,910 1,511,965,144 4,476,112,550
2045 2,535,978,781 1,228,396,480 1,920,171,408 5,684,546,669
2050 3,220,747,822 1,560,067,270 2,438,670,316 7,219,485,408
The amoun o uel consumed pe yea shown in Table 3.15 coun s o bo h Je A-1 and
SAF, as bo h uels p oduce CO2emissions, he i s mo e han he second, and he idea o
his p ojec is o eplace bo h wi h hyd ogen.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
As a as comme cial and la ge ai c a a e conce ned, Ai bus is one o he main p o-
mo e s wi h i s ZEROe p ojec , which p omises o be he i s comme cial ai c a powe ed
en i ely by hyd ogen. Speci ically, hese i s ai c a a e expec ed o make hei appea ance
on he ma ke in 2035. This p ojec has he ollowing h ee p o o ypes cu en ly in he
esea ch and de elopmen phase:
•Tu bop op: (Figu e 4.5)
–Range: mo e han 1,850 km.
–Type o ligh : Sho - ange.
–Passenge s: mo e han 100 PAX
–P opulsion Sys em: Hyd ogen Fuel Cells.
–Hyd ogen s a e: Liquid.
Figu e 4.5 Ai bus design o he Tu bop op in he ZEROe p og am. Sou ce: [23].
•Tu bo an: (Figu e 4.6)
–Range: mo e han 3,704 km.
–Type o ligh : Medium- ange.
–Passenge s: mo e han 200 PAX
–P opulsion Sys em: Hyd ogen Combus ion.
–Hyd ogen s a e: Liquid.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Figu e 4.6 Ai bus design o he Tu bo an in he ZEROe p og am. Sou ce: [23].
•Blended-Wing Body (BWB): (Figu e 4.7)
–Range: mo e han 3,704 km.
–Type o ligh : La ge- ange.
–Passenge s: mo e han 200 PAX
–P opulsion Sys em: Hyd ogen Combus ion and Hyd ogen Fuel Cells.
–Hyd ogen s a e: Liquid.
Figu e 4.7 Ai bus design o he Blended-Wing Body (BWB) in he ZEROe p og am.
Sou ce: [23].
E en hough he Blended-Wing Body ai c a is cu en ly de ined o su pass he 3,704
km, conside ing ha i s designed o la ge- ange and in e con inen al ligh s, i is expec ed
ha i s ange will su pass 7,000 km.
O he possible solu ions o a sus ainable a ia ion a e he FlyZe o ai c a s, de eloped
by he Ae ospace Technology Ins i u e and based on exis ing ai c a s as a basis. These h ee
concep ai c a s a e se o appea in he ma ke be ween 2035 and 2050:
•Regional (FZR-1E): (Figu e 4.8)
–Range: 1,480 km.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
–Type o ligh : Sho - ange.
–Passenge s: 75 PAX
–P opulsion Sys em: Hyd ogen Fuel Cells.
–Re e ence: ATR72-600.
–Hyd ogen s a e: Liquid.
Figu e 4.8 Regional ai c a concep o FlyZe o p og am. Sou ce: [62].
•Na owbody (FZN-1E): (Figu e 4.9)
–Range: 4,444 km.
–Type o ligh : Medium- ange.
–Passenge s: 180 PAX
–P opulsion Sys em: Hyd ogen Combus ion.
–Re e ence: A320neo.
–Hyd ogen s a e: Liquid.
Figu e 4.9 Na owbody ai c a concep o FlyZe o p og am. Sou ce: [62].
•Midsize (FZM-1G): (Figu e 4.10)
–Range: 10,649 km.
–Type o ligh : La ge- ange.
–Passenge s: 279 PAX
–P opulsion Sys em: Hyd ogen Combus ion.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
–Re e ence: B767-200ER.
–Hyd ogen s a e: Liquid.
Figu e 4.10 Midsize ai c a concep o FlyZe o p og am. Sou ce: [62].
As i can be obse ed, all he ai c a s in he ZEROe and FlyZe o p og ams use liquid
hyd ogen due o i s highe ene gy densi y, which is needed in comme cial ligh s.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
4.3 Hyd ogen Manu ac u e
Hyd ogen is a e y common elemen as i can be ound connec ed o o he a oms like oxygen
(in wa e ) o ca bon (mos ly in na u al gas o me hane). Howe e , he p ocess o isola e H2
and use i as a uel is e y complex, as hese a oms need o be sepa a ed h ough di e en
me hods (Figu e 4.11).
The leas expensi e me hod is h ough gas sepa a ion by using hyd oca bon gases as
basis, howe e , he ob ained p oduc is called g ay hyd ogen and gene a es a huge amoun
o CO2emissions in he p ocess, which does no complain wi h he ze o emissions p og am
in which hyd ogen is key.
Ano he me hod o ob aining hyd ogen is h ough elec olysis wi h wa e , which is a
much mo e complex and expensi e me hod bu p oduces ze o emissions [55]. This hyd ogen
is called g een hyd ogen and i s p oduc ion is inc easing h ough he yea s as a pa o he
Ne Ze o Emissions by 2050 s a egy.
Figu e 4.11 Rou es o Hyd ogen manu ac u e. Sou ce: [55].
Globally, g ay hyd ogen p oduc ion accoun s o 95%o hyd ogen p oduc ion. Howe e ,
Spain has a e y clea plan o p omo e he p oduc ion o g een hyd ogen h ough elec olysis
and become he main Hyd ogen Hub in sou he n Eu ope.
Acco ding o he Na ional In eg a ed Ene gy and Clima e Plan dic a ed by he Spanish
go e nmen , i o esees he use o 12 GW pe yea by 2030 o he p oduc ion o g een
hyd ogen by elec olysis [88]. Conside ing ha he cu en la ges hyd ogen p oduc ion plan
in Spain, loca ed in Pue ollano and de eloped by Ibe d ola, p oduces 3,000 Tn o hyd ogen
pe yea using 20 MW elec olysis, 600 imes less han he amoun es ablished o 2030, i is
expec ed ha he p oduc ion o g een hyd ogen in Spain eaches 1,800,000 Tn
o g een hyd ogen pe yea .
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
4.4 Hyd ogen S o age
Fo he s o age o hyd ogen in liquid s a e, which will be he main hyd ogen used in his
adap a ion p ojec o he Josep Ta adellas Ba celona - El P a ai po , i mus unde go a
lique ac ion p ocess in which i will be a empe a u es below -252.9ºC. In his way, his
liquid hyd ogen can be s o ed in smalle anks han hose equi ed o gaseous hyd ogen,
while educing he isk o leaks and explosions, since liquid hyd ogen is less p one o leakage
han gaseous hyd ogen. Howe e , his liquid s o age also in ol es di e en isks ha will
ha e o be assessed in he hyd ogen implemen a ion s a egy a he ai po .
Liquid hyd ogen has a densi y o 14.1 L/kg, which means ha o s o e one on o
liquid hyd ogen, a ank o 14,104.37 L o 14.1 cubic me e s will be needed and
mus be main ained a c yogenic empe a u es. In compa ison, one on o Je A-1 o
SAF would equi e a 1.19 cubic me e ank o s o age, a size 14 imes less han ha equi ed
o liquid hyd ogen.
In con as , gaseous hyd ogen has a densi y o 12,048.19 L/kg a ambien condi ions and
25.15 L/kg comp essed a 70 MPa, which, o he s o age o one on o hyd ogen, equi es
anks o 12,948.19 m3and 25.15 m3 espec i ely, which shows how he s o age o gaseous
hyd ogen poses a much g ea e p oblem han s o age in liquid s a e.
Cu en ly in Spain, he echnologies and de elopmen s o hyd ogen s o age a e inc eas-
ingly ad anced, especially in he case o gaseous hyd ogen because, while liquid hyd ogen
is mo e e icien in a ia ion, he use o gaseous hyd ogen is mo e con enien in o he en i-
onmen s due o i s lowe s o age and anspo a ion cos . As o he s o age o gaseous
hyd ogen, he e a e di e en ypes o anks (Figu e 4.12) made o ma e ials such as s eel,
ca bon ibe o glass ibe s, bu he mos sui able o holding comp essed gas a 700 ba usu-
ally ha e a high-densi y polye hylene plas ic o he lining and a ca bon ibe /ca bon glass
ma e ial o he s uc u e, which makes hem much s onge and ligh e han o he anks.
In addi ion, hyd ogen anks ha e o be especially p epa ed o wi hs and high p essu es and
a igue due o con inuous loading and unloading cycles, which can lead o ank up u es and
e y dange ous leaks. [27].
In addi ion, ano he s ill p ema u e way o s o ing gaseous hyd ogen is in sal ca es like
na u al gas, o which Enagas, hanks o IDAE unds, is de eloping a solu ion o pu i ica ion
o hyd ogen s o ed in sal ca i ies by using and compa ing di e en memb ane echnologies,
which will allow o na u al and much la ge s o age sys ems [44].
Figu e 4.12 A iama anks o gaseous hyd ogen s o age. Sou ce: [27].
Liquid hyd ogen is also s o ed in anks, bu he isks o up u e and leakage a e lowe han
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
in he case o gaseous hyd ogen. The challenge in his ype o s o age is o use me hods such
as he Linde-Hampson sys em o achie e he e y low empe a u es equi ed o lique ac ion
o he case, which has a high ene gy consump ion o 30-40%o he alue con ained in he
hyd ogen ank i sel [27]. The ixed c yogenic s o age has a olume o 10 m3 o 300 m3wi h
an in e nal p essu e close o 12 ba [5].
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
4.5 Hyd ogen T anspo
As o hyd ogen anspo , his di e s depending on whe he he hyd ogen is in liquid o
gaseous s a e. Fo bo h he e is he possibili y o oad anspo by oad anke , howe e , o
gaseous hyd ogen, his anspo is much mo e dange ous because o he possibili y o leaks,
in addi ion o equi ing a la ge olume due o i s low densi y. On he o he hand, o oad
anspo o liquid hyd ogen, he isk o leaks is lowe , bu he cos inc eases conside ably
since i mus be kep c yogenically s o ed o main ain he liquid s a e o a longe pe iod
o ime, in addi ion o he isk o boil-o , which can be sol ed by op imizing lique ac ion
echnologies.
Fo he anspo o hyd ogen in i s gaseous s a e, he e is a much mo e op imal op ion,
which consis s o anspo by hyd an pipelines. Cu en ly, i is expec ed ha by 2040,
75%o he exis ing na u al gas pipelines can be con e ed o use wi h hyd ogen, in addi ion
o c ea ing new hyd an pipelines (Figu e 4.13), so i will be possible o anspo gaseous
hyd ogen by pipeline o Ba celona ai po wi h an es ima ed cos o 0.1-0.17 €/kgH2/1000
km [86].
Figu e 4.13 Ne wo k o hyd an pipelines expec ed in Spain by 2040. Sou ce: [35].
Page 44
Chap e 5
S a egy o he Implemen a ion o
Hyd ogen in Josep Ta adellas
Ba celona - El P a Ai po
In his chap e , inally, he s a egy o he implemen a ion o hyd ogen a Ba celona ai po
will be de ined, which will be di ided in o 3 phases, he i s om 2035 o 2040, a second
om 2041 o 2045 and a hi d and inal om 2046 o 2050. Fo his, he lee o hyd ogen
ai c a o be used will be de ined and, o each phase, he ligh s ha will be con e ed
o hyd ogen, he new sus ainable uel ha will be needed, he necessa y modi ica ions o
he ai po in as uc u e and inally he impac on he educ ion o ca bon emissions o he
p ojec will be de ined.
5.1 Selec ed Ai c a Flee
Be o e s a ing o de ine he Ba celona Renewable Inno a ion o Sus ainable A ia ion (BRISA)
s a egy o educe ca bon dioxide emissions o ze o by 2050, i is impo an o de ine he lee
o ai c a ha will be used o e he yea s in o de o es ima e a any gi en ime how much
hyd ogen will be needed and, he e o e, how much he consump ion o con en ional uel will
be educed.
Thus, aking in o accoun he ai c a shown in sec ion 4.2, Table 5.1 below shows he
lee chosen o his easibili y s udy o he implemen a ion o hyd ogen a Josep Ta adellas
Ba celona-El P a ai po .
Table 5.1 Selec ed lee o he implemen a ion o hyd ogen in Ba celona ai po . Da a
ex ac ed om [23] [62].
Tu bop op Tu bo an FZN-1E FZM-1G
Sea s 100 200 180 279
Manu ac u e Ai bus Ai bus ATI ATI
Ai ame Type Clean Shee Ai c a Clean Shee Ai c a S udy Ai c a S udy Ai c a
Re e ence - - A320neo B767-200ER
P opulsion Sys em Hyd ogen Fuel Cells Hyd ogen Combus ion Hyd ogen Combus ion Hyd ogen Combus ion
Fuel Sys em Liquid H2 Liquid H2 Liquid H2 Liquid H2
Range [km] 1,850 3,704 4,444 10,649
Type o Fligh Sho -Range Medium-Range Medium-Range La ge-Range
Fo sho - ange ligh s, he ZEROe ai c a Tu bop op has been selec ed as i s maximum
numbe o PAX is highe han he FZR-1E.
Fo medium- ange ligh s, he main ai c a is he Tu bo an om Ai bus as i s numbe o
45
BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
PAX is highe han he FZN-1E, howe e , medium- ange ligh go om 1,500 km o 4,500 km
and, gi en ha he ange o he Tu bo an is 3,704 km, he FZN-1E will co e he emaining
ligh s.
Las ly, o in e con inen al and la ge- ange ligh s, he FZM-1G is chosen o e he BWB
as i s es ima ed ange is much highe and can co e longe ligh s.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
5.3 BRISA Phase 2: 2041 - 2045
5.3.1 Ne wo k
By he second phase o he BRISA p og am, om 2041 o 2045, hyd ogen-based echnologies
a e expec ed o ha e inc eased signi ican ly and, d i en by he awa eness o achie ing ze o
ca bon dioxide emissions by 2050, mo e ai c a will s a ope a ing on his sus ainable uel.
Thus, by 2045 (Figu e 5.4), he pe cen age o Eu opean hyd ogen ligh s will inc ease
om 20 o 70%, bo h sho - and medium- ange. In addi ion, 50%o medium- ange in e -
con inen al ligh s and 30%o long- ange in e con inen al ligh s in his g oup a e expec ed
o be con e ed o hyd ogen. In his way, 75.84%o he ligh s om Ba celona ai po a e
expec ed o be co e ed wi h hyd ogen as uel.
Figu e 5.4 Range o ligh s in use o hyd ogen by 2045.
Thus, as was done in sec ion 5.2.1, Tables 5.10 and 5.11 a e shown below, which ep esen
he es ima e in pe cen age o ligh s con e ed o hyd ogen be ween 2041 and 2046 and he
seg ega ion o passenge s by ype o ligh acco ding o uel.
Table 5.10 Es ima ed amoun o ligh s o Ba celona ai po con e ed o hyd ogen be ween
2041 and 2045.
Yea Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL
2041 43.58% 4.92% 0.40% 48.90%
2042 49.34% 5.50% 0.79% 55.63%
2043 55.10% 6.08% 1.19% 62.37%
2044 60.86% 6.66% 1.58% 69.10%
2045 66.62% 7.24% 1.98% 75.84%
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Table 5.11 Es ima ed amoun o passenge s om Ba celona ai po ha will ly in hyd ogen
s con en ional uel be ween 2041 and 2045.
Yea PAX/yea Hyd ogen PAX Con en ional Fuel PAX
2041 118,201,320 57,795,717 60,405,603
2042 123,993,185 68,979,889 55,013,296
2043 130,068,851 81,121,341 48,947,510
2044 136,442,225 94,287,035 42,155,190
2045 143,100,000 108,527,040 34,572,960
Following he end o phase 1 o he p og am, he ai c a o be eplaced mainly by he
use o hyd ogen will be hose belonging o he manu ac u e Ai bus. The ai c a used in his
phase will be he Tu bop op o sho - ange ligh s, he Tu bo an o medium- ange domes ic,
Eu opean and No h A ican ligh s, he FZN-1E o medium- ange in e con inen al ligh s
and he FZM-1G o long- ange in e con inen al ligh s.
Thus, ollowing he es ima es p e iously made in sec ion 5.2.1, Tables 5.12,5.13 and 5.14
a e ob ained.
Table 5.12 Es ima ion o sho - ange ligh s pe ai c a om 2041 o 2045.
Tu bop op Ai bus A320 Boeing 737-800
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2041 624,390 11,975 196,824 3,775 124,111 2,380
2042 741,554 14,222 158,374 3,037 130,192 2,497
2043 868,702 16,660 115,683 2,219 136,571 2,619
2044 1,006,530 19,303 68,429 1,312 143,263 2,748
2045 1,155,554 22,161 16,262 312 150,254 2,882
Table 5.13 Es ima ion o medium- ange ligh s pe ai c a om 2041 o 2045.
Tu bo an FZN-1E Ai bus A320 Boeing 737-800
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2041 29,959 575 5,874 113 14,216 273 22,239 427
2042 35,131 674 6,889 132 10,070 193 23,329 447
2043 40,739 781 7,988 153 5,483 105 24,472 469
2044 46,812 898 9,179 176 423 8 25,671 492
2045 53,372 1,024 10,465 201 0 0 21,778 418
Table 5.14 Es ima ion o la ge- ange ligh s pe ai c a om 2041 o 2045.
FZM-1G Ai bus A350-900 Boeing 777-300ER
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2041 2,034 39 13,110 251 8,549 164
2042 4,266 82 12,399 238 8,968 172
2043 6,713 129 11,588 222 9,408 180
2044 9,390 180 10,667 205 9,869 189
2045 12,310 236 9,627 185 10,350 198
I is in e es ing o no e ha in Table 5.13 i can be seen ha in 2045 he A320 ai c a
will no longe be used o medium- ange ligh s.
5.3.2 Fuel In as uc u e
Once he ligh s o be pe o med by each ype o ai c a a Ba celona ai po om 2041 o
2045 ha e been de ined, i is ime o calcula e he amoun o hyd ogen ha will be needed
a he ai po and he o al consumed on an annual basis.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
In his case, he es ima es ollow he same indica ions as in sec ion 5.2.2, wi h he
addi ion ha o long- ange ligh s an a e age dis ance o 7,000 km will be conside ed. On
he o he hand, he amoun o hyd ogen e ueling ha Ba celona ai po is in cha ge o is
a ied, being 75% o sho - ange ligh s, 60% o medium- ange ligh s, since Eu ope ollows
he same end as Spain o adap o hyd ogen, and 70% o long- ange ligh s.
Thus, Tables 5.15 and 5.16 show he amoun o uel ha will be necessa y o s o e a he
ai po o co e a week and possible mishaps, and he amoun o hyd ogen and con en ional
uel consumed annually.
Table 5.15 Es ima ed amoun o liquid hyd ogen and con en ional uel needed in he ai po
om 2041 o 2045.
Liquid H2 [Tn] Con en ional Fuel [L]
Yea Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL
2041 5,784 2,945 552 9,281 27,966,323 13,051,738 39,657,414 80,675,475
2042 6,869 2,957 1,161 10,987 25,415,563 11,870,418 38,649,957 75,935,938
2043 8,047 3,427 1,827 13,301 22,549,816 10,570,966 37,292,875 70,413,657
2044 9,323 3,940 2,549 15,812 19,340,845 9,115,848 35,882,700 64,339,393
2045 10,704 4,494 3,343 18,541 15,761,631 7,613,452 34,122,900 57,497,983
Table 5.16 Es ima ed amoun o liquid hyd ogen and con en ional uel consumed in he
ai po om 2041 o 2045.
Liquid H2 [Tn] Con en ional Fuel [L]
Yea Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL
2041 215,415 109,544 20,577 345,536 1,041,595,794 485,510,190 1,478,769,520 3,005,875,504
2042 255,836 110,106 43,157 409,099 946,617,892 460,906,200 1,438,572,116 2,846,096,208
2043 299,702 127,681 67,912 495,295 839,830,483 413,379,000 1,391,002,032 2,644,211,515
2044 347,253 146,715 94,994 588,962 720,309,642 360,097,200 1,335,226,828 2,415,633,670
2045 398,666 167,274 124,535 690,475 586,942,681 300,536,400 1,270,451,988 2,157,931,069
As can be seen, he maximum amoun o uel consumed eached in 2045 is 690,475 Tn,
which is equi alen o 38.36%o he o al expec ed annual p oduc ion o g een hyd ogen om
2030 onwa ds, so his igu e is s ill easible o ob ain. In addi ion, i can also be seen ha
he amoun o con en ional uel consumed in 2045 is less han ha ini ially planned o 2030
(Table 3.15) be o e implemen ing he BRISA p ojec .
Finally, i can be seen in he able 5.17 how he demand o con en ional uel oil eaches
a educ ion o 62.04%in 2045 compa ed o wha was es ima ed be o e he BRISA p ojec ,
being close and close o eaching ze o emissions.
Table 5.17 Es ima ed amoun o con en ional uel educed in he ai po om 2041 o 2045.
BRISA P og amm Fi s Es ima ion wi hou Hyd ogen Di e ence
Yea S o ed [L] Consumed [L] S o ed [L] Consumed [L] S o ed [L] Consumed [L] %
2041 80,675,475 3,005,875,504 126,024,909 4,695,442,065 -45,349,434 -1,689,566,561 -35.98%
2042 75,935,938 2,846,096,208 132,200,130 4,925,518,726 -56,264,192 -2,079,422,518 -42.22%
2043 70,413,657 2,644,211,515 138,677,936 5,166,869,144 -68,264,279 -2,522,657,629 -48.82%
2044 64,339,393 2,415,633,670 145,473,155 5,420,045,732 -81,133,762 -3,004,412,062 -55.43%
2045 57,497,983 2,157,931,069 152,541,963 5,684,546,669 -95,043,980 -3,526,615,600 -62.04%
5.3.3 Ai po In as uc u e
Fo his second phase o he BRISA p ojec , he Ba celona ai po hyd ogen s o age should
be inc eased su icien ly o accommoda e 18,541 ons o liquid hyd ogen. Taking in o accoun
he s o age s uc u e de ined in sec ion 5.2.3 and illus a ed in Figu e 5.2, Ba celona ai po
al eady has a s o age o 9,702.13 Tn om phase 1, he e o e, i is p oposed o epea his
s o age s uc u e in o de o double he liquid hyd ogen s o age capaci y a he ai po . Thus,
19,404.26 Tn o hyd ogen will be s o ed a he ai po by 2045.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Respec ing he necessa y sa e y measu es, his second block o liquid hyd ogen anks will
be loca ed o he eas o he p e ious one, as can be seen in Figu e 5.5 below.
Figu e 5.5 Liquid Hyd ogen Tanks loca ion in he ai po o 2041-2045.
In his second phase o he BRISA p ojec , he ea men o hyd ogen a he ai po
will change, since he hyd an pipelines will al eady be ully unc ional. Thus, i is expec ed
ha pa o he necessa y hyd ogen will be anspo ed in a gaseous s a e by means o hese
hyd an pipelines and, once a he ai po , i will be con e ed o liquid o use and s o age.
Thus, he ins alla ion o a lique ac ion plan is necessa y. Fo size and p oduc ion e -
e ences, he wo ld’s la ges hyd ogen lique ac ion plan has been de eloped in Sou h Ko ea,
occupying a space o 49,586.77 m2, p oducing an amoun o 30,000 Tn o liquid hyd ogen pe
yea and in ol ing an in es men o 513 million dolla s [42].
Fo he BRISA p ojec , a lique ac ion plan o mo e han 100,000 m2will be ins alled
o p oduce mo e han 70,000 Tn o liquid hyd ogen in he Bajo Eb o egion in Ta agona
(165 km om he ai po ) (Figu e 5.6), an a ea wi h low popula ion densi y, a ailable space
o house his amoun o hyd ogen, connec ions wi h he po o Ta agona o anspo he
hyd ogen by ship o Ba celona and an a id clima e ha a o s he ins alla ion o sola panels
o co e he ene gy needed o hyd ogen lique ac ion in a enewable way.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Figu e 5.6 Bajo Eb o egion in Ta agona whe e he lique ac ion plan will be ins alled.
In his way, 70,000 Tn o he liquid hyd ogen consumed annually, 10.14%o he o al in
2045, will be anspo ed in gaseous o m o he lique ac ion plan in he Lowe Eb o and om
he e i will be anspo ed o he ai po by ship and uck. The es will be anspo ed
om he manu ac u ing plan s as in phase 1.
Fo hyd ogen e ueling, he de ini ions o phase 1 o he p og am will be con inued.
Finally, o he s o age o con en ional uel oil, i s consump ion will be conside ably
educed in 2045, whe e i will only be necessa y o s o e 57.48 million li e s, almos he
amoun o uel oil s o ed in 2023 acco ding o he es ima ions made.
5.3.4 Ca bon Impac
Following he end o sec ion 5.2.4, and aking in o accoun ha he use o SAF will inc ease
o 70%by 2050, he educ ion o CO2emissions om Ba celona ai po be ween 2041 and
2045 can be calcula ed. Table 5.18 shows his annual educ ion, whe e 5,931,485 ons o CO2
will be a oided in 2045, 62.04%o he o al.
Table 5.18 Es ima ed CO2emissions a oided in he ai po om 2041 o 2045.
Je A-1 SAF TOTAL
Yea Reduced Fuel [L] % o SAF Reduced Fuel [L] Reduced CO2 emissions [ n] Reduced Fuel [L] Reduced CO2 emissions [ n] Reduced CO2 emissions [ n]
2041 1,689,566,561 37.60% 1,054,289,534 3,036,354 635,277,027 365,920 3,402,274
2042 2,079,422,518 41.20% 1,222,700,441 3,521,377 856,722,077 493,472 4,014,849
2043 2,522,657,629 44.80% 1,392,507,011 4,010,420 1,130,150,618 650,967 4,661,387
2044 3,004,412,062 48.40% 1,550,276,624 4,464,797 1,454,135,438 837,582 5,302,379
2045 3,526,615,600 52.00% 1,692,775,488 4,875,193 1,833,840,112 1,056,292 5,931,485
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
5.4 BRISA Phase 3: 2046 - 2050
5.4.1 Ne wo k
The las phase o he BRISA p og am is he mos ambi ious, since i p oposes o achie e he
comple e ans o ma ion o Ba celona ai po ligh s o hyd ogen, hus achie ing he goal o
ze o ca bon dioxide emissions by 2050 and being a e e ence no only a na ional bu also a
wo ld le el.
Thus, by 2050 (Figu e 5.7) he aim is o con e 100%o he ligh s co esponding o
Ba celona ai po o hyd ogen.
Figu e 5.7 Range o ligh s in use o hyd ogen by 2050.
Following he es ima es made in he p e ious phases o he BRISA p og am, Tables 5.19
and 5.20 a e ob ained, which show he pe cen age o ligh s con e ed o hyd ogen acco ding
o hei scope and he seg ega ion o passenge s acco ding o ligh s powe ed by hyd ogen
o con en ional uel. I can be seen in bo h ables ha by 2050, he o al is 100%o he
ai po ’s ligh s and passenge s.
Table 5.19 Es ima ed amoun o ligh s o Ba celona ai po con e ed o hyd ogen be ween
2046 and 2050.
Yea Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL
2046 70.08% 7.69% 2.90% 80.67%
2047 73.53% 8.14% 3.83% 85.50%
2048 76.99% 8.60% 4.75% 90.34%
2049 80.44% 9.05% 5.68% 95.17%
2050 83.90% 9.50% 6.60% 100.00%
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Table 5.20 Es ima ed amoun o passenge s om Ba celona ai po ha will ly in hyd ogen
s con en ional uel be ween 2046 and 2050.
Yea PAX/yea Hyd ogen PAX Con en ional Fuel PAX
2046 150,111,900 121,098,272 29,013,628
2047 157,467,383 134,640,911 22,826,472
2048 165,183,285 149,219,972 15,963,313
2049 173,277,266 164,904,509 8,372,757
2050 181,740,000 181,740,000 0
As o he selec ed ai c a , hese a e he same as hose de ined in sec ion 5.3.1, so Tables
5.21,5.22 and 5.23 can be es ima ed ollowing he indica ions o he p e ious phases.
Table 5.21 Es ima ion o sho - ange ligh s pe ai c a om 2046 o 2050.
Tu bop op Boeing 737-800
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2046 1,275,060 24,453 139,741 2,680
2047 1,403,502 26,916 109,941 2,108
2048 1,541,470 29,562 76,885 1,475
2049 1,689,590 32,403 40,326 773
2050 1,848,241 35,446 0 0
Table 5.22 Es ima ion o medium- ange ligh s pe ai c a om 2046 o 2050.
Tu bo an FZN-1E Boeing 737-800
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2046 59,483 1,141 11,663 224 18,276 350
2047 66,064 1,267 12,954 248 14,379 276
2048 73,147 1,403 14,343 275 10,056 193
2049 80,766 1,549 15,836 304 5,274 101
2050 88,942 1,706 17,440 334 0 0
Table 5.23 Es ima ion o la ge- ange ligh s pe ai c a om 2046 o 2050.
FZM-1G Ai bus A350-900 Boeing 777-300ER
Yea Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week Fligh s/Yea A . Figh s/Week
2046 18,939 363 6,277 120 10,857 208
2047 26,188 502 2,577 49 11,389 218
2048 34,102 654 0 0 10,137 194
2049 42,729 819 0 0 5,317 102
2050 52,112 999 0 0 0 0
I can be seen ha o sho - and medium- ange ligh s (Tables 5.21 and 5.22), con en ionally-
ueled ai c a disappea in 2050, bu o long- ange ligh s, i can be seen in Table 5.23 ha
he Boeing 777-300ER disappea s in 2050 bu he A350-900 disappea s yea s ea lie in 2048.
This di e ence is due o he ac ha low-cos ai lines a e expec ed o be he las o modi y
hei en i e lee o ai c a .
5.4.2 Fuel In as uc u e
Rega ding he calcula ion o uel, hyd ogen and con en ional, needed in s o age and con-
sumed annually by he ai po , he de ini ions o phases 1 and 2 a e main ained, wi h he
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
di e ence in his case ha , o hyd ogen e ueling, Ba celona ai po will assume 65% o
sho - ange ligh s, 55% o medium- ange ligh s and 60% o long- ange ligh s. The di e -
ence in pe cen ages is due o he ac ha :
•In Spain, Ba celona will con inue o be mo e impo an and a e e ence agains o he
ai po s ha may ha e less hyd ogen.
•In Eu ope, he end is o each ze o emissions in 2050 as in Spain, howe e , pa o
he hyd ogen ha o he Eu opean coun ies ha e will come om Spain, so i is likely
ha a g ea e pa o he e ueling will be in Spain.
•On an in e con inen al le el, in he Uni ed S a es, ca bon dioxide emission awa eness
measu es a e no he same as in Eu ope, while in Asia hey a e wo king mo e on he
implemen a ion o hyd ogen, so i is sa e o assume ha a g ea e pa o he e ueling
will all on Ba celona ai po .
Thus, wi h he me hodology al eady de ined, Tables 5.24 and 5.25 a e ob ained showing
he amoun o uel needed a he ai po o co e one week and he o al annual consump ion.
Table 5.24 Es ima ed amoun o liquid hyd ogen and con en ional uel needed in he ai po
om 2046 o 2050.
Liquid H2 [Tn] Con en ional Fuel [L]
Yea Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL
2046 10,236 4,590 4,407 19,233 13,423,718 6,374,900 27,182,176 46,980,794
2047 11,267 5,095 6,094 22,456 10,558,656 5,027,064 19,542,202 35,127,922
2048 12,375 5,643 7,939 25,957 73,88,054 3,515,302 12,308,912 23,212,268
2049 13,564 6,231 9,943 29,738 3,871,841 1,839,614 6,471,696 12,183,151
2050 14,838 6,860 12,128 33,826 0 0 0 0
Table 5.25 Es ima ed amoun o liquid hyd ogen and con en ional uel consumed in he
ai po om 2046 o 2050.
Liquid H2 [Tn] Con en ional Fuel [L]
Yea Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL Sho -Range Medium-Range La ge-Range TOTAL
2046 381,243 170,890 164,226 716,359 499,958,363 237,770,760 1,014,561,828 1,752,290,951
2047 419,647 189,798 227,085 836,530 393,341,413 198,430,200 730,669,268 1,322,440,881
2048 460,900 210,148 295,709 966,757 275,075,309 138,772,800 459,408,840 873,256,949
2049 505,187 232,035 370,517 1,107,739 144,276,347 72,781,200 240,966,440 458,023,987
2050 552,624 255,526 451,880 1,260,030 0 0 0 0
As expec ed, in 2050, all he uel oil s o ed and consumed a Ba celona ai po becomes
liquid hyd ogen. In addi ion, he maximum amoun o hyd ogen consump ion eached in
2050 is 1.2 MTn, s ill below he expec ed annual p oduc ion o 1.8 MTn, ep esen ing 70%
o his. Howe e , his annual g een hyd ogen p oduc ion o 1.8 MTn is expec ed om 2030
onwa ds, so i is mo e han likely ha his amoun will ha e inc eased and e en doubled by
2050.
Finally, he educ ion o con en ional uel consump ion ha he implemen a ion o he
BRISA p ojec a he Ba celona ai po can be obse ed in Table 5.26. No only is uel
consump ion educed o ze o, bu i can also be seen how his ans o ma ion o he ai po
has a oided he consump ion o mo e han 5,000,000,000 li e s o con en ional uel, ei he
Je A-1 o SAF.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Table 5.26 Es ima ed amoun o con en ional uel educed in he ai po om 2046 o 2050.
BRISA P og amm Fi s Es ima ion wi hou Hyd ogen Di e ence
Yea S o ed [L] Consumed [L] S o ed [L] Consumed [L] S o ed [L] Consumed [L] %
2041 46,980,794 1,752,290,951 126,024,909 4,695,442,065 -79,044,115 -2,943,151,114 -62.68%
2042 35,127,922 1,322,440,881 132,200,130 4,925,518,726 -97,072,208 -3,603,077,845 -73.15%
2043 23,212,268 873,256,949 138,677,936 5,166,869,144 -115,465,668 -4,293,612,195 -83.10%
2044 12,183,151 458,023,987 145,473,155 5,420,045,732 -133,290,004 -4,962,021,745 -91.55%
2045 0 0 152,541,963 5,684,546,669 -152,541,963 -5,684,546,669 -100.00%
5.4.3 Ai po In as uc u e
Fo he hi d and las phase o he BRISA p ojec , he s o age s uc u e will ollow he line
o phases 1 and 2, explained in sec ions 5.2.3 and 5.3.3 espec i ely. Thus, he wo se s o
anks p e iously de ined a e main ained and a new se o 26x27 anks is added, which will
ha e dimensions o 486.8x506.1 m2, a o al su ace o 246,369.48 m2. This new dis ibu ion
can be seen in Figu e 5.8. Thus, by 2050, Ba celona ai po will be able o s o e 34,340.43
Tn o liquid hyd ogen.
Figu e 5.8 Liquid Hyd ogen Tanks loca ion in he ai po o 2046-2050.
A e he success ul ins alla ion o he hyd ogen lique ac ion plan in he Bajo Eb o, his
s a egy will be epea ed wi h wo new plan s in he a ea o Ho a de San Joan, Ta agona
(180 km om he ai po ) (Figu e 5.9a) and in he egion o La Nogue a, Lleida (144 km
om he ai po ) (Figu e 5.9b). In his way, he amoun o lique ied hyd ogen in Ca alonia
will each 210,000 Tn, 16.67%o he o al equi ed o 2050, which will be anspo ed o
Ba celona ai po . The emainde will be anspo ed om o he plan s as in phase 1 and 2
by oad.
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
(a) Ho a de San Joan egion in Ta agona. (b) La Nogue a egion in Lleida.
Figu e 5.9 Regions whe e he lique ac ion plan s will be ins alled.
Fo e ueling liquid hyd ogen, in addi ion o using con en ional echniques as a p esen ,
an in as uc u e such as he one de eloped by he Toulouse-Blagnac Ai po , which can be
seen in Figu e 2.5, will also be implemen ed, which will make his ea men much mo e
e icien .
Finally, by 2050, con en ional uel oil s o age will disappea almos en i ely om he
ai po , lea ing a small s o age in case i is needed o an eme gency.
5.4.4 Ca bon Impac
By epea ing he calcula ions made in sec ions 5.2.4 and 5.3.4, i is possible o ob ain he
es ima e o CO2emissions a oided in he hi d phase o he BRISA p og am, achie ing 100%
in 2050, a o al o 7,203,457 ons o CO2, hus eaching he objec i e o he Ne Ze o Emissions
by 2050 p og am. These alues a e shown in Table 5.27 below.
Table 5.27 Es ima ed CO2emissions a oided in he ai po om 2046 o 2050.
Je A-1 SAF TOTAL
Yea Reduced Fuel [L] % o SAF Reduced Fuel [L] Reduced CO2 emissions [ n] Reduced Fuel [L] Reduced CO2 emissions [ n] Reduced CO2 emissions [ n]
2046 2,943,151,114 55.60% 1,306,759,095 3,763,466 1,636,392,019 942,562 4,706,028
2047 3,603,077,845 59.20% 1,470,055,761 4,233,761 2,133,022,084 1,228,621 5,462,382
2048 4,293,612,195 62.80% 1,597,223,737 4,600,004 2,696,388,458 1,553,120 6,153,124
2049 4,962,021,745 66.40% 1,667,239,306 4,801,649 3,294,782,439 1,897,795 6,699,444
2050 5,684,546,669 70.00% 1,705,364,001 4,911,448 3,979,182,668 2,292,009 7,203,457
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Table 7.3 BRISA PHASE 3 Budge .
BRISA PHASE 1
Yea Ca ego y Sub-Ca ego y Uni s Type o uni Cos pe Uni [€/u] To al Cos [€]
Dis ibu ion (liquid H2) - 8,756,250.00
Dis ibu ion (gaseous H2) 210,000,000.00 kg 0.09 18,900,000.00
Ene gy 4,041,790.00 MWh 75.00 303,134,250.00
Hyd ogen Supply
Pu chase 506,359,000.00 kg 1.34 678,521,060.00
R&D wo ked hou s 32,000.00 h 76.94 2,462,080.00
2046
Human Resou ces Cons uc ion wo ked hou s 92,800.00 h 34.22 3,175,616.00
Ma e ials In as uc u e modi ica ions 148,601.68
TOTAL 1,015,097,857.68
Dis ibu ion (liquid H2) - 10,612,500.00
Dis ibu ion (gaseous H2) 210,000,000.00 kg 0.09 18,900,000.00
Ene gy 4,230,480.00 MWh 75.00 317,286,000.00
Hyd ogen Supply
Pu chase 626,530,000.00 kg 1.29 808,223,700.00
R&D wo ked hou s 32,000.00 h 80.79 2,585,280.00
Human Resou ces Cons uc ion wo ked hou s 94,400.00 h 35.93 3,391,792.00
2047
Ma e ials In as uc u e modi ica ions 178,322.02
TOTAL 1,161,177,594.02
Dis ibu ion (liquid H2) - 12,618,750.00
Dis ibu ion (gaseous H2) 210,000,000.00 kg 0.09 18,900,000.00
Ene gy 4,365,040.00 MWh 75.00 327,378,000.00
Hyd ogen Supply
Pu chase 756,757,000.00 kg 1.24 938,378,680.00
R&D wo ked hou s 33,600.00 h 84.83 2,850,288.00
Human Resou ces Cons uc ion wo ked hou s 97,600.00 h 37.73 3,682,448.00
2048
Ma e ials In as uc u e modi ica ions 213,986.42
TOTAL 1,304,022,152.42
Dis ibu ion (liquid H2) - 14,793,750.00
Dis ibu ion (gaseous H2) 210,000,000.00 kg 0.09 18,900,000.00
Ene gy 4,436,620.00 MWh 75.00 332,746,500.00
Hyd ogen Supply
Pu chase 897,739,000.00 kg 1.19 1,068,309,410.00
R&D wo ked hou s 33,600.00 h 89.07 2,992,752.00
Human Resou ces Cons uc ion wo ked hou s 97,600.00 h 39.62 3,866,912.00
2049
Ma e ials In as uc u e modi ica ions 256,783.70
TOTAL 1,441,866,107.70
Dis ibu ion (liquid H2) - 17,137,500.00
Dis ibu ion (gaseous H2) 210,000,000.00 kg 0.09 18,900,000.00
Ene gy 5,138,000.00 MWh 75.00 385,350,000.00
Hyd ogen Supply
Pu chase 1,050,030,000.00 kg 1.10 1,155,033,000.00
R&D wo ked hou s 33,600.00 h 93.52 3,142,272.00
Human Resou ces Cons uc ion wo ked hou s 97,600.00 h 41.60 4,060,160.00
2050
Ma e ials In as uc u e modi ica ions 308,140.44
TOTAL 1,583,931,072.44
La Nogue a lique ac ion indus y 480,000,000.00
Ho a de San Joan lique ac ion indus y 480,000,000.00
PHASE 1 TOTAL 7,466,094,784.26
Table 7.4 BRISA To al Budge .
Phase Cos [€]
BRISA phase 1 2,174,475,418.40
BRISA phase 2 5,043,585,879.98
BRISA phase 3 7,466,094,784.26
TOTAL 14,684,156,082.64
7.2 In es o s and G an s
Gi en he g ea impo ance o his p ojec , i is expec ed ha pa o he budge will be
subsidized by he s a e, in addi ion o he ac ha he cos o ene gy can be educed as i
is a highly impo an en i y such as an ai po .
In addi ion, s a e g an s could be applied o in o de o ecei e non- e undable money o
he de elopmen o he p ojec , such as PERTE de ene gías eno ables, hid ógeno eno able y
almacenamien o,H2 Pione os,H2 Cadena de Valo and o he kind o g an s, specially hose
o IDAE and CDTI.
On he o he hand, om he hou s dedica ed o R&D, 12%o he amoun could be
ob ained as a ax c edi .
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BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
Finally, hyd ogen lique ac ion plan s would be conside ed elec o-in ensi e in e ms o
hei ac i i y, so hey would be eligible o o he ax incen i es, in addi ion o adhe ing o
he IEE, hus educing he speci ic ax on elec ici y payable by 5.11%.
7.3 Thesis P epa a ion Budge
Fo he p epa a ion o his hesis, he hou s dedica ed om he s uden Edua do Simón Gil
de Mu o, he di ec o Sil ia Rod iguez Donai e and he co-di ec o San iago López Ba ena
a e conside ed. As can be obse ed in he documen "Edua do_Simon_Annex_Budge ", he
p epa a ion o he hesis has a cos o 13,800 €.
Page 70
Chap e 8
Final Conclusions
The ansi ion o he use o hyd ogen as a uel a Josep Ta adellas Ba celona-El P a Ai po
is an ambi ious bu necessa y ini ia i e in o de o mo e owa ds a sus ainable a ia ion
u u e. This hesis has demons a ed ha hyd ogen can be a iable subs i u e o ossil
uels, wi h supe io ene gy e iciency and signi ican ad an ages in e ms o sus ainabili y and
emissions educ ion. Th ough a de ailed analysis o he echnical, economic and egula o y
implica ions, i has been concluded ha , al hough hyd ogen aces conside able ba ie s, hese
can be o e come h ough a s a egic and collabo a i e app oach.
Cu en ly, he e a e many hyd ogen-powe ed ai c a p ojec s unde de elopmen , some
o he mos impo an o which, and hose selec ed o he BRISA p ojec , a e Ai bus’ Tu -
bop op and Tu bo an and FlyZe o’s FZN-1E and FZM-1G, whose ange, passenge and ligh
quali y pe o mance is in ended o ma ch ha o ai c a cu en ly using con en ional uel
oil.
One o he main ad an ages o using hyd ogen uel is he abili y o hyd ogen o d as ically
educe CO2and NOx emissions om he a ia ion sec o , con ibu ing signi ican ly o clima e
neu ali y a ge s o 2050. Acco ding o he p ojec ions made, he g adual implemen a ion
o hyd ogen a Ba celona Ai po will enable a sus ainable and a o dable ansi ion. These
phases include an ini ial de elopmen o hyd ogen s o age in as uc u e ha inc eases o e
he yea s, g adual de elopmen s on he in as uc u e o hyd ogen dis ibu ion, de ini ion
o ai c a adap ed o designed o hyd ogen use and, inally, he e olu ion o he adop ion
o hyd ogen-powe ed ligh s. Du ing his phased ansi ion, he amoun o con en ional uel
used a he ai po is obse ed o be less in 2046 han he amoun cu en ly consumed in
2023. Fu he mo e, in e ms o CO2emissions, hese a e educed by 8.68%in 2035, 29.62%
in 2040, 62.04%in 2045 and 100.00%in 2050. NOx emissions a e educed by 8.68%in 2035,
29.52%in 2040, 61.60%in 2045 and 98.22%in 2050.
Ac ually, he amoun o con en ional uel, Je A-1 o SAF, needed in s o age in he
ai po goes om 86,387,002 L in 2035, o 84,537,949 L in 2040, 57,497,983 L in 2045 and 0
L in 2050 wi h he BRISA p ojec . Conside ing han he es ima ed amoun o uel needed
in he ai po in 2023 a e 53,264,972 L, i can be obse ed how he amoun o uel needed
in 2045 wi h he BRISA p ojec is close o he amoun cu en ly needed in 2023, less han
100,000,000 L han was es ima ed o 2045 wi hou he implemen a ion o hyd ogen in he
ai po .
Howe e , his ansi ion is no wi hou i s challenges. The high cos o p oducing g een
hyd ogen, he need o modi y ai c a engines and he cons uc ion o speci ic acili ies o
i s ea men a e challenges ha equi e signi ican in es men s and long- e m planning. In
addi ion, i is essen ial o es ablish a clea and speci ic egula o y amewo k o ensu e he
sa e handling o his uel, conside ing bo h i s high lammabili y and he isks associa ed
wi h i s s o age in liquid o m a c yogenic empe a u es. Main aining hyd ogen a such low
71
BARCELONA AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE IMPACT
ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
empe a u es causes ene gy consump ion o be e y high, eaching 1,988 GWh in 2035, 8,444
GWh in 2040, 15,504 GWh in 2045 and 23,277 GWh in 2050.
Ano he concep o ake in o accoun is he cos associa ed wi h his implemen a ion,
which, due o he cos o ene gy, in as uc u e and hyd ogen, amoun s o high igu es o e
he yea s, being necessa y 2,174,475,418.40 € o he implemen a ion o he i s phase o he
BRISA p ojec , 5,043,585,879.98 € o he second phase and 7,466,094,784.26 € o he hi d
phase, gi ing a o al budge o 14,684,156,082.64 €, as can be seen in he “Budge ” annex.
As can be seen, his cos is e y high, which, al hough a ious necessa y es ima es ha e been
made, is o be expec ed conside ing he magni ude o his p ojec .
I is also e y impo an o ake in o accoun he egula o y and sa e y aspec s o hyd o-
gen use. Being such a new echnology in he sec o , many o hese p o ocols will ha e o be
de ined, so he e is s ill a lo o de elopmen o be done in his aspec . Howe e , i is impo an
o keep in mind ha , o he ea men o liquid hyd ogen a he ai po , sa e y measu es
such as he use o ma e ials esis an o co osion o hyd ogen emb i lemen , ea hquake
and des abiliza ion p oo sys ems, p essu e moni o ing sys ems in he anks, ins alla ion o
2 m high i ewalls, implemen a ion o sa e y al es, double-laye pipe echniques o minimize
leaks, o sa e y dis ances o mo e han 15 m be ween anks and 20 m be ween hyd ogen and
popula ion will be necessa y.
This s udy also highligh s he impo ance o collabo a ion be ween mul iple indus ies.
The ansi ion o hyd ogen in ol es no only ai po s and ai lines, bu also ai c a manu ac-
u e s, hyd ogen p oduce s, go e nmen s and egula o y au ho i ies. Ba celona ai po could
se e as a model o o he ai po s in Spain and Eu ope, posi ioning he coun y as a leade
in he adop ion o sus ainable echnologies in a ia ion.
In conclusion, al hough he implemen a ion o hyd ogen in a ia ion p esen s high chal-
lenges o be o e come and high cos s o be assumed, he long- e m bene i s, especially in
en i onmen al aspec s, ully jus i y he e o s equi ed. This p ojec will no only educe
he ca bon oo p in o he Josep Ta adellas Ba celona-El P a ai po , bu will also con-
ibu e o he de elopmen o a mo e esilien and sus ainable ai anspo sys em o u u e
gene a ions.
Page 72
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ANALYSIS OF SWITCHING FUEL TO HYDROGEN
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