Assessment of energy efficiency increment of a country house in Mediterranean climate by PV system installing

1
FIELD OF STUDY: ENGINEERING
P og amme: Ene gy Enginee ing
Anna Domínguez Cos a
Album’s No: 287919
Assessmen o ene gy e iciency inc emen o a coun y house in
Medi e anean clima e by PV sys em ins alling
Ocena wz os u e ek ywności ene ge ycznej wiejskiego domu w
klimacie ś ódziemnomo skim pop zez ins alację sys emu
o owol aicznego
ENGINEERING DIPLOMA PROJECT
Fo m o s udies: ull
Diploma disse a ion supe iso : p o . d hab. inż. Radomí Goňo
Depa men : K38W05D02
W oclaw, 2025
................
..........................
ma k
da e, diploma
disse a ion Supe iso ’s
signa u e
2
Appendix o ZD 3/2020/ Załącznik do ZD 3/2020
Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing (Wydział Elek yczny) W oclaw, 23.10.2024
Depa men (Ka ed a): K38W05D02
Resea ch Team (Zespół): ZET
Supe iso (P omo o ): p o . d hab. inż. Radomi Gono
Re iewe (Recenzen ): d hab inż. Michał Jasiński p o . uczelni
Consul an (Konsul an )*: ---
Topic App o al Fo m o
Enginee diploma hesis / Mas e 's hesis / Enginee diploma p ojec **
Zgłoszenie ema u
inżynie skiej / magis e skiej p acy dyplomowej/inżynie skiego p ojek u dyplomowego**
1. Topic (Tema ): Assessmen o ene gy e iciency inc emen o a coun y house in Medi e anean clima e by PV
sys em ins alling
Topic No. app o ed by he Council o he Facul y (Nume ema u za wie dzonego p zez Radę Wydziału):-
Speci ic opic ( equi es Dean's app o al): YES / NO ** (Tema za wie dzony indywidualnie: TAK/ NIE **)
Con inua ion wi h he opic: YES / NO ** (Kon ynuacja ealizacji ema u: TAK/ NIE **)
2. The opic chosen by (Tema podany w pk . l zos ał p zyję y do ealizacji p zez):
S uden 's gi en and amily name (Imiona i nazwisko s uden a): Anna Domínguez Cos a
S uden ID (Nume albumu): 287919
Fo m o s udies: ull- ime / pa - ime ** (Fo ma s udiów: s acjona ne / nies acjona ne **)
Majo , Specializa ion (Kie unek s udiów, specjalność): Elec ical Enginee ing, i s -le el s udies, sho - e m
Diploma semes e *** (Semes akademicki ealizacji p acy/p ojek u***): win e 2024/2025
S uden ’s con ac de ails (Kon ak ): anna.dominguez.[email p o ec ed]
….…………Anna Domínguez Cos a…………………… ……Radomi Gono
(S uden 's signa u e/ podpis S uden a) (Supe iso 's signa u e/ podpis P omo o a)
Rema ks/ Uwagi:
1. The Fo m ( o be illed in iplica e) mus be submi ed o he supe iso , lea ing wi h wo copies. (Fo mula z wypełnia s uden w zech egzempla zach,
po wie dza u p omo o a, pozos awiając p owadzącemu dwa egzempla ze)
2. In case o esigna ion, he s uden is obliged o submi a w i en esigna ion o he Dean's o ice and o he Supe iso . (W p zypadku ezygnacji, s uden
zobowiązany jes do pisemnego powiadomienia Dziekana i p omo o a)
......…………………………..………….…………………………………
(Depu y Head o Teaching Signa u e- podpis specjalis y ds. obsługi dydak yki)
* - e e s o he subjec s o hesis/ p ojec s ca ied ou in coope a ion wi h he indus y (do yczy ema ów p ac ealizowanych we współp acy z p zemysłem);
** - dele e as app op ia e niepo zebne sk eślić;
*** - e.g. summe 2014/2015/ np. le ni 2014/2015;
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION 6
1. INTRODUCTION 7
1.1. Objec i es o he p ojec 7
1.2. Me hodology 8
2. ANALYSIS OF THE COUNTRY HOUSE: CURRENT SITUATION 10
2.1. Desc ip ion o he building 10
2.2. Cu en ene gy consump ion and usage pa e ns 11
2.3. Po en ial o ene gy consump ion educ ion 12
3. PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY 13
3.1. Basic concep s o pho o ol aic ene gy 13
3.2. P inciples o ene gy e iciency in u al buildings 14
3.3. Renewable ene gy s anda ds and egula ions 15
3.3.1. PV ene gy s anda ds and egula ions in Spain 16
3.4. Ad an ages and disad an ages o pho o ol aic sys ems 19
3.5. Li e a u e Re iew o Recen Resea ch in PV Sizing 20
3.6. So wa e o PV Sizing 21
4. DESIGN OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 23
4.1. Sola esou ce assessmen in he egion 23
4.2. Sizing o he pho o ol aic ield 24
4.2.1. Calcula ion o ene gy demand 24
4.2.3. De e mina ion o he numbe o panels and con igu a ion o he pho o ol aic sys em 28
4.3. Design o he s o age sys em 31
4.4. Elemen s and equipmen o he ins alla ion 34
4.4.1. In e e 34
4.4.2. S uc u e 35
4.4.3. Moni o ing 36
4.4.4. P o ec ion swi chboa ds 38
4
4.4.5. DC, AC and g ound wi ing 39
4.5. G id in eg a ion s. s and-alone sys ems 42
5. ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS AND SIZING 45
5.1. Losses in he Ins alla ion and Sys em E iciency De e mina ion 45
5.1.1. Losses in conduc o s (DC and AC) 45
5.1.2. Shades losses 46
5.1.3. Tempe a u e losses 46
5.1.4. O he losses 47
5.1.5. To al losses 47
5.2. Ene gy P oduc ion Calcula ions 48
5.3. Ins alled Powe s. Ene gy Demand 51
5.4. Was e Managemen Plan 52
5.5. Heal h and Sa e y Plan 54
6. ECONOMIC STUDY 56
6.1. Budge summa y 56
6.2. Economic easibili y s udy 56
7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND SUSTAINABILITY 59
7.1. Reduc ion o CO2 Emissions 59
7.1.1. Ene gy Gene a ion and Emission Reduc ion 59
7.1.2. A oided Emissions pe kWh 59
7.1.3. The Abso p ion Equi alen 60
7.1.4. Compa a i e Impac 60
7.1.5. Cumula i e Impac o e 25 Yea s 60
7.1.6. Emission O se Du ing Manu ac u ing (Ene gy Payback Time) 61
7.2. Con ibu ion o Local Sus ainabili y 61
7.3. Reuse o Ma e ials and Recyclable Componen s 63
7.4. Conside a ions on he Ecological Foo p in o he Sys em 65
8. CONCLUSIONS 68
BIBLIOGRAPHY 70
APPENDICES 78
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This p ojec ep esen s much mo e han he academic e o o he pas ew mon hs; i e lec s
he suppo and us o many people who ha e been by my side h oughou his jou ney.
Fi s , I would like o exp ess my g a i ude o my academic supe iso o his guidance and us .
His expe ience and ad ice we e essen ial in he de elopmen and s uc u e o his p ojec .
I also wan o hank my amily and my boy iend, who ha e been my e uge in di icul imes
and my g ea es mo i a ion o keep mo ing o wa d. Thank you o suppo ing me, o
unde s anding my absences, and o celeb a ing e e y small achie emen wi h me. You wo ds
o encou agemen and uncondi ional lo e ha e made his jou ney easie and mo e ewa ding.
To my iends, who ha e always been he e, eminding me ha I am no alone in his ad en u e.
Thank you o he con e sa ions, he laugh e , and o being a cons an eminde ha e e y
e o has i s ewa d.
I would also like o hank bo h he Uni e si a Poli ècnica de Ca alunya, my local uni e si y,
and he W ocław Uni e si y o Science and Technology, whe e I was able o comple e his
p ojec as pa o he E asmus p og am. Bo h ins i u ions ha e been key in my academic and
p o essional de elopmen . I am especially g a e ul o UPC o p o iding he ounda ion
necessa y o ca y ou his p ojec , and o WUST o o e ing me he oppo uni y o g ow and
lea n in an in e na ional en i onmen , allowing me o comple e his wo k in such a ich and
s imula ing con ex .
Finally, I would like o exp ess my hanks o he owne s o he u al house whe e his p ojec
ook place. They a e close amily iends, and hei gene osi y in allowing me o ca y ou his
s udy on hei p ope y, as well as he help hey p o ided me h oughou he p ocess, ha e been
c ucial o he success o his p ojec .

6
BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION
The inc easing need o ansi ion o mo e sus ainable ene gy sys ems has become one o he
mos p essing challenges o ou ime. As a s uden o Ene gy Enginee ing, I ha e had he
oppo uni y o del e deeply in o he echnical, en i onmen al, and economic aspec s o
enewable ene gy solu ions, pa icula ly pho o ol aic sys ems. My academic backg ound,
combined wi h hands-on expe ience gained du ing my in e nship a a pho o ol aic ins alla ion
company, has signi ican ly shaped my unde s anding o he po en ial and he challenges o sola
ene gy sys ems.
Du ing my in e nship, I was di ec ly in ol ed in a ious s ages o PV sys em implemen a ion,
om si e assessmen s o sys em design and ins alla ion. This expe ience no only allowed me
o apply heo e ical concep s o eal-wo ld scena ios bu also highligh ed he p ac ical
challenges in ol ed in making enewable ene gy solu ions accessible and e icien . Obse ing
he g owing adop ion o sola ene gy echnologies ein o ced my belie in hei ans o ma i e
po en ial, pa icula ly in esiden ial and u al se ings.
The speci ic ocus o his p ojec —a u al house loca ed in a Medi e anean clima e—aligns
pe ec ly wi h my academic in e es s and p o essional aspi a ions. Medi e anean egions o e
excellen sola esou ces, making hem ideal o pho o ol aic sys ems. Howe e , u al homes
o en ace unique challenges, such as in e mi en ene gy demand, limi ed access o eliable
elec ici y g ids, and he need o sel -su iciency. These challenges inspi ed me o explo e how
mode n PV sys ems, combined wi h s o age solu ions, can p o ide no only ene gy
independence bu also economic and en i onmen al bene i s.
This p ojec also esona es on a pe sonal le el, as i encapsula es he b oade socie al goal o
in eg a ing sus ainable p ac ices in o e e yday li e. Th ough his s udy, I aim o demons a e
how enewable ene gy echnologies can be applied e ec i ely in u al se ings, educing
dependency on non- enewable ene gy sou ces and con ibu ing o global clima e change
mi iga ion e o s.
By in eg a ing he knowledge and skills gained du ing my deg ee and in e nship, I ha e
app oached his p ojec wi h a comp ehensi e pe spec i e ha balances echnical easibili y,
en i onmen al impac , and economic iabili y. My mo i a ion is d i en by he belie ha
enewable ene gy sys ems, when designed hough ully, can play a c ucial ole in shaping a
cleane , mo e sus ainable u u e.
This p ojec no only ma ks he conclusion o my academic and p o essional pa h so a , bu
also pa es he way o my u u e con ibu ions o he expanding ield o sus ainable ene gy
solu ions. I e lec s my dedica ion o u ilizing enginee ing as a means o ackling u gen global
issues and p omo ing he in eg a ion o enewable ene gy sys ems in o daily li e.
7
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Objec i es o he p ojec
In his p ojec , he aim is o e alua e he cu en ene gy consump ion o he main coun y house
o Co als de Ta és [11], si ua ed in a Medi e anean clima e, analyzing he pa e ns o use
and iden i ying he a eas wi h po en ial o ene gy educ ion. Th ough his analysis, ene gy-
sa ing oppo uni ies will be iden i ied by e alua ing e iciency measu es ha can be
implemen ed in he home and p oposing speci ic s a egies o minimize ene gy use.
Fig. 1.1. Loca ion o he coun y house Co als de Ta és. Sou ce: Apple Maps
In addi ion, an op imal pho o ol aic sys em will be designed, e alua ing he sola esou ce
a ailable on si e and selec ing he mos sui able componen s o maximize sola ene gy cap u e.
Fu he mo e, he economic iabili y o he ins alla ion o he pho o ol aic sys em will be
e alua ed, conside ing ins alla ion cos s, ene gy sa ings and e u n on in es men o e ime.
Ano he impo an objec i e is o examina e he en i onmen al impac and sus ainabili y
bene i s o he acili y, including he educ ion o CO2 emissions and con ibu ions o local
sus ainabili y, highligh ing how hese ac ions can imp o e he quali y o li e in he u al
communi y. Finally, a se o ecommenda ions based on he indings o he s udy will be
de eloped o guide he e ec i e implemen a ion o he PV sys em and imp o e he ene gy
e iciency o he home.
8
1.2. Me hodology
The p esen s udy on he ene gy e iciency o he main coun y house o Co als de Ta és will
be ca ied ou h ough a me hodological app oach s uc u ed in se e al phases ha combine he
collec ion o empi ical da a, echnical analysis and economic and en i onmen al e alua ion.
Ini ially, an assessmen o cu en ene gy consump ion will be ca ied ou o unde s and he
s a e o ene gy demand in he home. This analysis will be based on he collec ion o his o ical
da a on elec ici y and he mal consump ion h ough bills, ene gy moni o ing senso s and on-
si e obse a ions. The in o ma ion will be complemen ed wi h in e iews and su eys wi h
esiden s o iden i y he usage habi s ha in luence ene gy demand. A de ailed mapping o he
a eas o g ea es consump ion will be ca ied ou , paying special a en ion o hea ing, cooling
and appliances sys ems o in ensi e use.
Subsequen ly, ene gy e iciency measu es will be iden i ied by e alua ing he main sou ces o
consump ion and poin ing ou a eas wi h po en ial sa ings. Imp o emen s such as ein o cing
he mal insula ion on walls, ceilings and loo s, eplacing ine icien equipmen and op imizing
he use o na u al esou ces, including c oss en ila ion and shading, will be conside ed.
A ailable echnologies in he egion will be e alua ed o selec hose ha o e he highes
ene gy e u n and a e iable in he u al con ex .
Once he ene gy needs and e iciency imp o emen s ha e been iden i ied, an op imised
pho o ol aic sys em will be designed. This will in ol e a de ailed s udy o he a ailable sola
esou ce, using modelling ools and local wea he da a o assess annual sola adia ion. Sys em
componen s, such as sola panels and in e e s, will be selec ed in a way ha maximizes ene gy
cap u e and adap s o he house and i s su oundings. In addi ion, he possible in eg a ion o
ene gy s o age sys ems o inc ease sel -su iciency will be s udied.
The economic iabili y o he ins alla ion will be analysed by conside ing he ins alla ion cos s
and compa ing hem wi h he long- e m bene i s. This analysis will include a calcula ion o he
e u n on in es men , conside ing annual sa ings on elec ici y bills and possible go e nmen
incen i es o subsidies. The amo iza ion ime o he sys em will be p ojec ed unde di e en
scena ios o ene gy p ices and in la ion a es.
An en i onmen al impac analysis will be ca ied ou o e alua e he educ ion o CO2 emissions
and o he pollu an s associa ed wi h he use o non- enewable ene gy sou ces. Li e cycle
assessmen me hodologies will be used o es ima e he bene i s o he sys em om
manu ac u ing o ope a ion. This analysis will be complemen ed by a e iew o he posi i e
impac s on local sus ainabili y, highligh ing how he use o enewable ene gy con ibu es o
communi y well-being and he conse a ion o he en i onmen .
Finally, he esul s o hese assessmen s will be in eg a ed o de elop a se o p ac ical
ecommenda ions. These will include s a egies o he implemen a ion o he pho o ol aic
sys em and o he e iciency measu es ha maximize he educ ion o consump ion. The indings
o he s udy a e in ended o guide homeowne s, echnicians and he communi y in ansi ion
9
owa ds mo e e icien and sus ainable housing. This me hodological app oach ensu es a
comp ehensi e analysis adap ed o he con ex o he coun y house, p omo ing signi ican
imp o emen s in ene gy e iciency and sus ainabili y in he egion.
16
• IEC 61724 - Pho o ol aic Sys em Pe o mance Moni o ing: P o ides
s anda ds o he moni o ing, da a analysis, and pe o mance e alua ion
o PV sys ems. [38]
• IEC 61683 - Pho o ol aic Sys ems – Powe Condi ione s – E iciency
Tes ing: De ails he p ocedu es o es ing he e iciency o in e e s and
o he powe con e sion equipmen in PV sys ems. [37]
• IEC 62109 - Sa e y o Powe Con e e s o Use in Pho o ol aic
Powe Sys ems Es ablishes sa e y equi emen s o in e e s and ela ed
powe con e sion equipmen used in PV sys ems. [42]
• IEC 61727 - Pho o ol aic (PV) Sys ems – Cha ac e is ics o he
U ili y In e ace: De ines equi emen s o PV sys ems o connec
sa ely and e ec i ely o u ili y g ids. [39]
4. En i onmen al Regula ions: The implemen a ion o enewable ene gy p ojec s o en
equi es compliance wi h en i onmen al egula ions. This includes en i onmen al
impac assessmen s o de e mine how a p ojec will a ec he na u al en i onmen and
comply wi h egula ions ha p o ec biodi e si y and wa e esou ces.
5. P oduc and Sys em Ce i ica ion: Ce i ica ion o enewable echnologies is a
p ocess ha alida es ha p oduc s mee es ablished s anda ds. Fo example,
ce i ica ions o sola panels ensu e ha p oduc s a e e icien and sa e, which in u n
helps consume s make in o med decisions.
6. Incen i es and Subsidies: Many go e nmen s o e inancial incen i es o encou age
he adop ion o enewable ene gy echnologies. This may include ax c edi s, di ec
g an s, o p e e en ial inancing o enewable p ojec s. These policies a e designed o
educe economic ba ie s and acili a e he ansi ion o cleane ene gy sou ces.
7. G id In eg a ion: The egula ions also add ess how enewable ene gy sys ems
in eg a e in o he exis ing elec ici y g id. This includes ules on he in e connec ion o
enewable sys ems, ensu ing ha he ene gy gene a ed can be sa ely and e icien ly
injec ed in o he g id.
8. Fos e ing Inno a ion: S anda ds and egula ions no only seek o p o ec and egula e,
bu also o encou age inno a ion. Many egula ions include esea ch and de elopmen
p og ams ha d i e new echnologies and me hods o enewable ene gy p oduc ion.
Renewable ene gy s anda ds and egula ions a e essen ial o ensu e an o de ly, sa e and
sus ainable de elopmen o clean echnologies. These amewo ks help a ac in es men ,
ensu e he quali y o p ojec s and p omo e he widesp ead adop ion o enewable ene gy, hus
con ibu ing o he ansi ion o a mo e sus ainable ene gy sys em.
3.3.1. PV ene gy s anda ds and egula ions in Spain
In Spain, pho o ol aic ene gy egula ions and s anda ds [67] a e essen ial o p omo e i s
de elopmen and gua an ee he sa e y and e iciency o he ins alled sys ems. He e a e some o
he mos ele an aspec s:

17
Legisla ion and Regula ions
1. Elec ici y Sec o Law: This law es ablishes he egula o y amewo k o he
elec ici y sec o in Spain, including he p oduc ion o ene gy om enewable sou ces
such as pho o ol aic ene gy. I de ines he igh s and obliga ions o p oduce s and
p omo es he in eg a ion o enewable ene gies in o he elec ici y sys em.
• In eg a ion o Renewable Ene gies: P omo es he inco po a ion o
enewable echnologies in o he elec ici y sys em h ough incen i es and
mechanisms o p io i y access o he g id o enewable p oduce s.
• Righ s and Obliga ions o P oduce s: Es ablishes ha elec ici y
gene a o s ha e he igh o sell hei ene gy in he elec ici y ma ke and
mus comply wi h sus ainabili y s anda ds.
o P ac ical example: The implemen a ion o speci ic enewable
ene gy auc ions since 2017 o encou age in es men s in enewable
gene a ion, such as he auc ion o 3 GW o capaci y held in May
2017. [10] [57]
2. Royal Dec ee 244/2019 [1]: This dec ee egula es he egime o sel -consump ion o
elec ici y, allowing consume s o gene a e hei own elec ici y h ough pho o ol aic
ins alla ions. I es ablishes di e en modes o sel -consump ion, such as sel -
consump ion wi h and wi hou su pluses, and egula es he ne balance, acili a ing he
injec ion o su plus ene gy in o he g id.
3. Na ional In eg a ed Ene gy and Clima e Plan (PNIEC) [19]: This plan se s clea
a ge s o enewable ene gy de elopmen in Spain, including an ambi ious a ge o
ins alled PV capaci y. The aim is o inc ease he sha e o enewables in he na ional
ene gy mix and educe g eenhouse gas emissions.
Technical S anda ds
1. UNE Regula ions: The Spanish Associa ion o S anda disa ion and Ce i ica ion
(AENOR) [7] es ablishes echnical s anda ds (UNE) ha egula e he manu ac u e,
ins alla ion and main enance o pho o ol aic sys ems. These s anda ds ensu e ha he
componen s used mee quali y and sa e y equi emen s. Some key egula ions:
• UNE-EN IEC 62108 - Concen a o pho o ol aic (CPV) modules and
assemblies - Design quali ica ion and ype app o al: Deals wi h design
quali ica ion and ype app o al o concen a ing PV modules and
assemblies. [41]
• UNE-EN IEC 62446 - Requi emen s o he documen a ion,
commissioning es s, and inspec ion o PV sys ems connec ed o he g id:
Speci ies documen a ion, es ing, and main enance equi emen s o g id-
connec ed PV sys ems. [43]
• UNE-EN IEC 62759 - T anspo es ing o pho o ol aic (PV) modules:
P o ides guidelines o anspo es s o ensu e PV module du abili y du ing
shipping. [44]
18
• UNE-EN IEC 60891 - P ocedu es o co ec ing I-V cha ac e is ics o
pho o ol aic de ices o i adiance and empe a u e: Co e s p ocedu es
o co ec ing I-V cha ac e is ics o PV de ices based on i adiance and
empe a u e. [35]
• UNE-EN IEC 63112 - Faul p o ec ion equipmen o pho o ol aic
a ays: Discusses sa e y and unc ionali y equi emen s o PV a ay aul
p o ec ion equipmen . [45]
2. Regula ions on Low Vol age Elec ical Ins alla ions (REBT): This egula ion
egula es elec ical ins alla ions in Spain and es ablishes he echnical and sa e y
condi ions ha mus be me by pho o ol aic ins alla ions connec ed o he g id.
• UNE 20460-5-523 - Low Vol age Elec ical Ins alla ions - Pa 5-523:
Pho o ol aic Sys ems: This s anda d add esses he speci ic equi emen s
o he ins alla ion o pho o ol aic sys ems wi hin buildings, ensu ing sa e y
and p ope in eg a ion in o he low ol age ne wo k. [56]
• UNE 20460-7 - Low Vol age Elec ical Ins alla ions - Pa 7: Special
Ins alla ions o Loca ions: This includes equi emen s o ins alla ions in
special en i onmen s, including hose o sola sys ems, ensu ing p ope
p o ec ion and sa e y. [56]
• UNE 20460-4-41 - P o ec ion agains Elec ic Shock: I de ines sa e y
p o ocols o p e en elec ical haza ds in pho o ol aic ins alla ions. [56]
3. Technical Building Code (CTE): This code es ablishes basic quali y and sa e y
equi emen s in buildings, including aspec s ela ed o he in eg a ion o enewable
ene gy sys ems, such as pho o ol aic ins alla ions.
• DB-HE (Ene gy Sa ing Documen ) - Ene gy E iciency in Buildings:
This documen es ablishes equi emen s o he ene gy pe o mance o
buildings, including egula ions on he ins alla ion o enewable ene gy
sys ems like pho o ol aic panels. [13]
• DB-SI (Sa e y in Case o Fi e Documen ) - Fi e Sa e y in Buildings:
This pa o he code speci ies i e sa e y equi emen s ela ed o he
ins alla ion o pho o ol aic sys ems, ensu ing sa e ope a ion and p o ec ion
om i e haza ds. [15]
• DB-HS (Heal h and Sa e y Documen ) - Heal h and Sa e y in Buildings:
I ensu es ha any pho o ol aic ins alla ions a e made in a way ha p omo es
o e all heal h and sa e y o he building's occupan s. [14]
Ce i ica ion and Con ol
1. P oduc Ce i ica ion: Pho o ol aic modules and o he componen s mus mee quali y
and e iciency s anda ds. Ce i ica ions, such as hose om [16] (In e na ional
Elec o echnical Commi ee), ensu e ha p oduc s a e sa e and e icien .
2. Inspec ion and Con ol: Pho o ol aic ins alla ions mus be inspec ed and comply wi h
cu en egula ions. This includes checks on he ne wo k connec ion and compliance
wi h echnical and secu i y equi emen s.
19
Incen i es and G an s
1. Economic Incen i es: The e a e a ious g an s and subsidies a na ional and egional
le el o p omo e he ins alla ion o pho o ol aic sys ems, bo h o sel -consump ion and
o la ge-scale p ojec s. These incen i es may include ax deduc ions, di ec g an s, and
p e e en ial lines o c edi . Unde he Reco e y, T ans o ma ion, and Resilience
Plan, indi iduals ins alling pho o ol aic sys ems can bene i om ax deduc ions on he
income ax e u n o 2024. These include [82]:
• 20% deduc ion o p ope ies ha educe hea ing and cooling ene gy
demands by 7% o mo e.
• 40% deduc ion o p ope ies ha educe non- enewable ene gy
consump ion by 30% o mo e o achie e an ene gy a ing o "A" o "B".
• 60% deduc ion o communi ies o p ope y owne s ha mee hese ene gy
e iciency c i e ia.
2. Renewables Auc ions: The Spanish go e nmen o ganizes auc ions o awa d enewable
ene gy gene a ion capaci y. These auc ions make i possible o se compe i i e p ices
and encou age in es men in pho o ol aic p ojec s: The Spanish go e nmen holds
auc ions o alloca e enewable ene gy capaci y, including o pho o ol aic p ojec s.
These auc ions a e designed o p o ide compe i i e p ices and encou age in es men in
la ge-scale pho o ol aic ins alla ions. These auc ions se he p ice o he ene gy
p oduced, ensu ing ha de elope s a e incen i ized o in es in sola p ojec s while
main aining cos -e ec i eness. [27]
The egula ions and s anda ds o pho o ol aic ene gy in Spain a e designed o p omo e i s
sus ainable de elopmen , gua an ee he sa e y o he ins alla ions and acili a e he in eg a ion
o enewable ene gies in o he elec ici y sys em. Th ough a clea egula o y amewo k and
he implemen a ion o incen i es, Spain seeks o inc ease i s pho o ol aic powe gene a ion
capaci y and mo e owa ds a mo e sus ainable ene gy u u e.
3.4. Ad an ages and disad an ages o pho o ol aic sys ems
Renewable ene gy o e s se e al ad an ages and disad an ages ha a e impo an o conside
in he con ex o i s implemen a ion and de elopmen . Renewable ene gy sou ces, such as he
sun, wind and wa e , a e inexhaus ible on a human scale, meaning hey can be used wi hou he
isk o unning ou . By gene a ing elec ici y om hese clean sou ces, enewable ene gy helps
educe emissions o g eenhouse gases and o he pollu an s, e ec i ely con ibu ing o he igh
agains clima e change. In addi ion, i p omo es ene gy independence by educing dependence
on non- enewable esou ces, which a e limi ed and subjec o p ice luc ua ions, which
s eng hens he ene gy secu i y o egions and coun ies. Ano he signi ican ad an age is job
c ea ion; The enewable ene gy indus y is cons an ly g owing and gene a es job oppo uni ies
in he manu ac u e, ins alla ion and main enance o echnologies. Likewise, he ins alla ion o
enewable ene gy p ojec s, such as wind and sola a ms, in u al a eas can os e economic
de elopmen and imp o e in as uc u e in hese egions, con ibu ing o communi y well-being
and economic decen aliza ion. [71] [81]
20
Using enewables can also esul in signi ican sa ings in long- e m ene gy and ope a ing cos s,
especially as echnologies become mo e e icien and accessible. In addi ion, he in eg a ion o
enewable sou ces di e si ies a coun y's Ene gy Mix, imp o ing he esilience o he ene gy
sys em and p o ec ing i agains possible in e up ions in he supply o ossil uels.
Howe e , enewable ene gy also aces ce ain disad an ages. In e mi ency is one o he main
ones, as many sou ces, such as sola and wind, depend on wea he condi ions and he ime o
day, which can make i di icul o manage he elec ici y g id s ably. Ano he challenge is he
space equi ed, as sola and wind a m ins alla ions o en equi e la ge ac s o land, which can
be a p oblem in densely popula ed a eas o wi h o he impo an uses, such as ag icul u e.
Despi e he p og essi e educ ion in ins alla ion cos s, he ini ial in es men o implemen hese
echnologies emains high, which can ac as a ba ie o wide adop ion. [71] [81]
In addi ion, some enewable ene gy ins alla ions can ha e nega i e impac s on he local
en i onmen , such as al e ing na u al habi a s o using wa e esou ces in ensi ely in he case
o hyd oelec ic plan s. The p oduc ion o enewable echnologies depends on speci ic
ma e ials, such as a e me als, he ex ac ion and p ocessing o which can ha e signi ican
en i onmen al impac s. Ano he majo challenge is ene gy s o age, which is necessa y o
compensa e o in e mi ency and ensu e a con inuous supply. S o age solu ions a e o en
expensi e and may ha e echnological limi a ions. Finally, he ansi ion o a enewable-based
ene gy sys em equi es subs an ial in es men s in in as uc u e, including sma g ids and
s o age sys ems, which in ol es conside able economic and echnical e o .
In summa y, al hough enewable ene gy has nume ous ad an ages in e ms o sus ainabili y
and emission educ ion, i also aces signi ican challenges ha mus be add essed o maximize
i s po en ial and minimize i s impac s. The key is o implemen comp ehensi e solu ions ha
combine di e en ene gy sou ces and inno a i e echnologies o c ea e an ene gy sys em ha
is bo h e icien and esilien .
3.5. Li e a u e Re iew o Recen Resea ch in PV Sizing
Righ -sizing PV sys ems is c ucial o op imizing he pe o mance, p o i abili y, and
sus ainabili y o sola ins alla ions. Below is a li e a u e e iew co e ing ecen esea ch ela ed
o PV sys em sizing me hods ha has helped comple e his p ojec :
1. "Op imal Sizing o Hyb id Ene gy Sou ces Using Gene ic Algo i hm and Pa icle
Swa m Op imiza ion" [385]: This a icle explo es how gene ic algo i hms combined
wi h pa icle swa m op imiza ion can size hyb id sys ems, including PV, o minimize
li ecycle cos . This app oach was success ully applied in sys ems including s o age and
hyb id ene gy
2. "A Gene ic Algo i hm App oach o Sizing In eg a ed PV-BESS Sys ems o
P osume s" [69]: This pape p oposes he use o gene ic algo i hms o size in eg a ed
PV and ba e y sys ems. The esul s showed signi ican imp o emen s in he
op imiza ion o ene gy sel -consump ion, especially o esiden ial en i onmen s.
21
3. "A Gene ic Algo i hm Based Op imal Sizing S a egy o PV/Ba e y Hyb id Sys ems"
[59]: This s udy uses gene ic algo i hms o op imize hyb id PV and ba e y sys ems,
highligh ing cos educ ion and imp o ed eliabili y o elec ici y supply
4. "A Comp ehensi e Re iew o Sizing and Ene gy Managemen S a egies o Op imal
Planning o Mic og ids wi h PV and O he Renewable In eg a ion" [21]: This s udy
highligh s heu is ic, ma hema ical, and hyb id me hods o sizing mic og ids wi h PV
and s o age in eg a ion. I unde sco es he impo ance o minimizing cos s and CO₂
emissions while main aining sys em eliabili y.
5. "Cu en S a us, Sizing Me hodologies, Op imiza ion Techniques, and Ene gy
Managemen o Co-Loca ed U ili y-Scale Wind–Sola -Based Hyb id Powe Plan s"
[61]: This a icle e iews he use o me aheu is ic algo i hms, such as gene ic algo i hms
and PSOs, o op imize hyb id sola and wind powe sys ems. I p o ides insigh s in o
i s applica ion in bo h g id- ied and isola ed sys ems.
6. "A i icial In elligence o Renewable Ene gy Sys ems" [23]: This pape discusses he
in eg a ion o a i icial in elligence in o enewable ene gy sys ems, including PV sizing.
I highligh s how hese echniques allow o mo e e icien and p ecise managemen o
ene gy esou ces.
7. "Sel -Consump ion Op imiza ion in Pho o ol aic Sys ems: Lessons om he Dominican
Republic" [17]: This s udy demons a es how on-si e measu emen s can imp o e PV
sys ems designed o sel -consump ion, achie ing cos educ ions h ough cus omized
solu ions.
8. "Hyb id Sizing Techniques o PV-Ba e y Sys ems: A Compa a i e S udy Using
HOMER P o" [46]: This a icle highligh s he inancial and echnical bene i s o
in eg a ing hyb id algo i hms wi h simula ion ools such as HOMER.
These a icles illus a e how gene ic algo i hms and o he ad anced op imiza ion me hods can
be used o op imize he sizing o pho o ol aic sys ems, adap ing o di e en clima ic,
geog aphical and economic condi ions.
3.6. So wa e o PV Sizing
PV sys em sizing is a p ocess ha has bene i ed g ea ly om he de elopmen o specialized
so wa e ools. These ools allow o de ailed analysis and complex op imiza ions ha a e
essen ial o ensu e op imal pe o mance o designed sys ems. Some o he mos used ools a e
desc ibed below, along wi h hei main ea u es, bene i s, and limi a ions.
1. PVsys [65]: PVsys is one o he mos ecognized and widely used so wa e in he
pho o ol aic sec o . I o e s ad anced ools o he simula ion and analysis o sola
sys ems, p o iding a solid ounda ion o la ge-scale p ojec s. I s main s eng h lies in
he accu acy o i s simula ions, which a e suppo ed by global clima e da abases and
de ailed modelling o sys em losses. Howe e , i can be challenging o beginne s o use
due o i s lea ning cu e and ela i ely high licensing cos . PVsys is ideal o complex
p ojec s whe e de ailed and accu a e analysis is equi ed.
2. HOMER [28]: HOMER (Hyb id Op imiza ion o Mul iple Ene gy Resou ces)
specializes in he design and op imiza ion o mic og ids ha combine di e en ene gy

22
sou ces, including PV sys ems. This so wa e allows a de ailed economic analysis,
e alua ing ini ial, ope a ional and main enance cos s. Al hough i is excellen o
in eg a ing enewable ene gy and s o age, i s abili y o exclusi ely analyse pho o ol aic
sys ems is limi ed. HOMER is pa icula ly use ul o p ojec s in emo e a eas o whe e
complex in eg a ion o esou ces is equi ed.
3. Sys em Ad iso Model (SAM) [58]: De eloped by he Na ional Renewable Ene gy
Labo a o y (NREL), SAM is a ee ool ha o e s an in ui i e in e ace, sui able o
beginne use s. P o ides quick powe gene a ion es ima es and economic analysis.
Al hough i lacks he analy ical dep h o PVsys , SAM is an excellen choice o
p elimina y s udies and ini ial e alua ions.
4. RETSc een [24]: RETSc een is ano he ee ool ha ocuses on he echnical and
economic easibili y assessmen o enewable p ojec s. I s simplici y makes i sui able
o p e- easibili y analysis, bu i s accu acy in ad anced simula ions is limi ed compa ed
o o he specialized so wa e. I 's ideal o use s looking o ge a quick o e iew o a
p ojec 's po en ial bene i s.
5. HelioScope [26]: HelioScope combines pho o ol aic design and simula ion, s anding
ou o i s ease o use and i s abili y o in eg a e opog aphic da a. I is ideal o
p elimina y s udies, as i allows o quick designs and isualiza ion o con igu a ions.
Howe e , i s licensing cos and ocus on ini ial analyses limi i s applicabili y in p ojec s
ha equi e mo e de ailed simula ions.
6. PV*SOL [80]: PV*SOL o e s ad anced 3D isualiza ion and shadow simula ion
capabili ies, making i ideal o p ojec s whe e design and isual op imiza ion a e
c ucial. Howe e , using hem may equi e a powe ul compu e due o he high
p ocessing demands.
PVsys would be he ool selec ed o his wo k due o i s abili y o handle complex analyses
and i s compa ibili y wi h he speci ic needs o he p ojec . This ool allows o de ailed
modelling o sola adia ion, sys em losses, and expec ed pe o mance, p o iding a eliable
basis o he design o e icien and cos -e ec i e PV sys ems. I s accu acy and he b ead h o
i s clima e da abase make i an ideal choice o p ojec s ha equi e a ho ough and p o essional
app oach.
23
4. DESIGN OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
4.1. Sola esou ce assessmen in he egion
This sec ion will ocus on he de ailed analysis o a e y impo an ac o , he a ailable sola
esou ces, which a e used o co ec ly size he p oposed pho o ol aic sys em. Thus, he a ea o
be analysed is cha ac e ised by a clima e wi h cold win e s and wa m summe s, i.e. con inen al
Medi e anean. Del ing deepe in o he clima e and wea he condi ions, San Hila i Sacalm is
highly in luenced by he 1,000 me e s abo e sea le el a which i is loca ed. Consequen ly, in
addi ion, he sola adia ion i ecei es is also in luenced.
The clima e in he egion, on he o he hand, has di e en cha ac e is ics such as he a e age
annual empe a u e o a ound 12ºC, eaching 3-4ºC in win e and an a e age o 25-28ºC in he
summe mon hs. Ano he clima ic ac o is cloudiness, which is much mo e common in he
win e season, being he es o he yea a highly sunny a ea, which allows i s enjoymen in
g ea e p opo ion. Finally, ain all in his a ea is equen , especially in he au umn and sp ing
mon hs. Wi h his, he annual a e age o his ac o is 1,200 mm, hus being able o a ec di ec
sola adia ion. [4]
The nex poin o analyse is he sola adia ion in San Hila i Sacalm, which sec ion will be
made by aking da a on global and di ec sola adia ion in he a ea o ob ain sola esou ces,
which a y acco ding o he condi ions o he wo p e ious pa ag aphs. On he one hand, he e
is he a e age annual global adia ion, which a e ages app oxima ely 1,600 kWh/m², showing
he o al sola ene gy ha alls on a ho izon al su ace h oughou he yea . On he o he hand,
he e is di ec sola adia ion, also impo an , which is de ined as ha which di ec ly a ec s
pho o ol aic panels and whose annual a e age is 1,200 kWh/m². I is highe in seasons such as
sp ing and summe , di ec ly p opo ional o he longe i y o he day and he in ensi y o he
sun.
Taking his in o accoun , i is concluded ha he bes mon hs o pho o ol aic gene a ion in his
egion a e hose be ween Ap il and Sep embe , wi h adia ion peaks om May o July. In hese
mon hs, he a e age daily sola adia ion is abo e 5 kWh/m², which indica es a high gene a ion
o sola ene gy. On he con a y, in he emaining mon hs, especially om No embe o
Feb ua y, he daily a e age does no exceed 2 kWh/m², dec easing signi ican ly.
Wi h his, he impo ance o he s a ions in he a ia ion o sola adia ion when sizing he
pho o ol aic sys em is obse ed. Especially o conside in colde mon hs, whe e sola ene gy
dec eases, due o ac o s such as ain all, cloudiness and he sho ening o he days, hus
lowe ing he p oduc ion o pho o ol aic ene gy. The e o e, i is impo an o es ablish sa e y
ma gins in he sizing o he sys em o ensu e a o al supply du ing hese pe iods.
In conclusion, he al i ude and he local clima e p o ide adequa e i adia ion o much o he
yea , a ac o o be conside ed o he easibili y o he pho o ol aic p ojec . In addi ion, San
Hila i Sacalm o e s an ad an ageous sola esou ce o he implemen a ion o a sola sys em,
pa icula ly du ing he sunnies mon hs o he yea . Al hough sola adia ion is conside ably
24
lowe in cold win e mon hs, he use o his adia ion will be no iceable in he wa m summe
and sp ing mon hs, making i possible o make an e ec i e sys em ha is p o i able.
4.2. Sizing o he pho o ol aic ield
4.2.1. Calcula ion o ene gy demand
To ob ain he ene gy consump ion da a o he coun y house, he CUPS co esponding o he
elec ici y supply o he p ope y has been used. Based on his in o ma ion, a de ailed analysis
has been ca ied ou using he MATLAB so wa e, wi h which bo h he o al annual
consump ion and he mon hly b eakdown o ene gy consump ion du ing he yea 2023 ha e
been calcula ed.
The da a has been p o ided hanks o he Da aDis [16] websi e, which was sha ed by he amily
o he house. Da aDis is an online pla o m designed o acili a e he collec ion, o ganiza ion,
and sha ing o impo an da a, including in o ma ion ela ed o ene gy consump ion, home
e iciency, and mo e. I o e s a ange o ools and se ices ha help indi iduals and businesses
ack ene gy use, assess he en i onmen al impac , and make mo e in o med decisions ela ed
o sus ainabili y.
Below is he annual g aph o ene gy consump ion based on he daily a e ages calcula ed o
each mon h o he yea 2023. This cha p o ides a de ailed look a how ene gy consump ion
a ies depending on he di e en seasons o he yea and luc ua ions ela ed o he use o he
p ope y. Consump ion peaks and pe iods o lowe demand can be easily iden i ied, making i
easie o analyse ene gy pe o mance and plan o po en ial imp o emen s in ene gy e iciency.
Fig. 4.1. 2023 ene gy consump ion o Co als de Ta és.
25
In he g aph below i can be seen how he e a e wo signi ican mon hly peaks in en al demand:
in he mon hs o Ap il and Sep embe .
The peak in demand in Ap il is mainly due o he Eas e es i i ies, a pe iod o es ha ansla es
in o an inc ease in a el h oughou he coun y. Du ing his ime, i is common o ou is s o
ake ad an age o he long weekend o make ge aways, especially o u al places such as he
one o e ed by he house.
The peak in demand in Sep embe , on he o he hand, co esponds o he Me cè es i i ies in
Ba celona, leading o an inc ease in he numbe o esiden s o he p o ince who ake ad an age
o he long weekend o ake a ge away o he coun yside, bene i ing om a s ill a ou able
clima e o enjoy ou doo ac i i ies.
Du ing he summe mon hs, he house expe iences high occupancy due o he summe holidays,
as many amilies and g oups choose his ype o accommoda ion o spend longe pe iods in a
na u al en i onmen . In addi ion, du ing he weekends o his qua e he e is a signi ican
inc ease in demand.
I is in he win e mon hs when demand dec eases conside ably, his being he pe iod wi h he
lowes occupancy, since many people p e e wa me des ina ions o s ay a home due o low
empe a u es and ewe holidays. Despi e his, a minimum le el o occupancy is main ained
du ing he weekends, al hough wi hou he signi ican peaks ha a e eco ded in he seasons o
g ea es demand.
The able 4.1 has been c ea ed o show he mon hly consump ion o he u al house du ing he
yea 2023 and he annual o al. This able p o ides a de ailed ep esen a ion o he a ia ion in
ene gy consump ion mon h by mon h, allowing he iden i ica ion o usage pa e ns ela ed o
he di e en seasons and pe iods o g ea es demand, such as he summe mon hs.
Table. 4.1. 2023 mon hly ene gy consump ion. Sou ce: Own
Mon h
Consump ion (kWh)
Janua y
230.34
Feb ua y
200.49
Ma ch
476.84
Ap il
1030.8
May
1209.2
June
997.49
July
1148.7
Augus
1047.4
Sep embe
1025.2
Oc obe
512.01
No embe
242.63
Decembe
222.78
TOTAL 2023
8,343.97
32
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑦 =𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑦
𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ=1209,2 𝑘𝑊ℎ
31 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 =39𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦 (4.5)
Once he daily consump ion has been ob ained, i is di ided by he desi ed hou s o au onomy,
which in his case a e 6 hou s, he e o e, a alue o 1/4. This alue will indica e he amoun o
ene gy ha mus be s o ed o ensu e ha he sys em can co e he demand du ing ha pe iod
wi hou pho o ol aic gene a ion being a ailable, in he case o cloudy days o a nigh :
39𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑎𝑦 ×1
4=9.75 𝑘𝑊ℎ (4.6)
Finally, o adjus he calcula ion and ensu e ha he ba e ies a e no comple ely discha ged, he
esul is mul iplied by 0.75 (a sa e y ma gin o p ese e he use ul li e o he ba e ies) [77] and
di ided by he DOD (Dep h o Discha ge) o he ba e ies [12], which, in his case, acco ding
o he manu ac u e 's echnical da a shee is 1 so i will no be necessa y o make his calcula ion.
This alue ep esen s he maximum pe cen age o discha ge ha can be used wi hou damaging
he ba e ies.
9.75 𝑘𝑊ℎ×0.75=7.3 𝑘𝑊ℎ(4.7)
The sys em will use 1 x 10 kWh li hium ba e y ha will be able o p o ide he desi ed ange
o 6 hou s conside ing losses, while p o ec ing he li e o he li hium ba e ies. A la ge ba e y
han he one demanded has been chosen due o he o ecas o inc eased use o he coun y
house.
Fo he cu en ins alla ion, he Huawei Luna2000 [30] ba e y will be ins alled in i s 10-kWh
con igu a ion. The Huawei Luna2000 is a e sa ile and e icien ene gy s o age sys em
designed p ima ily o esiden ial use. I s ands ou o i s modula design and scalabili y,
allowing use s o expand he sys em om 5 kWh o a maximum o 30 kWh by adding modules.
This lexibili y ensu es he sys em can mee bo h cu en and u u e ene gy needs.
Using li hium i on phospha e (LiFePO4) cells, he ba e y o e s high sa e y, he mal s abili y,
and long-las ing pe o mance. I ea u es a 100% dep h o discha ge (DoD), enabling he
comple e use o i s capaci y wi hou a ec ing longe i y. Wi h a 10-kWh se up using wo
modules, i p o ides su icien powe o daily household needs like ligh ing and appliances.
The ba e y can deli e a maximum ou pu o 5 kW and 7 kW o b ie peaks.
The sys em is compa ible wi h bo h single-phase and h ee-phase in e e s, allowing o easy
in eg a ion in a ious elec ical se ups. I also includes IP65 p o ec ion, making i esis an o
dus and wa e , and i ope a es in a wide empe a u e ange om -10°C o 55°C, sui able o
a ious clima es. Addi ionally, i s quie ope a ion a less han 29 dB ensu es minimal noise
dis u bance.
Below is shown a summa y in able 4.3 o he ba e y wi h he main ea u es:

33
Table. 4.3. Technical Da ashee HUAWEI LUNA2000 - 10 kWh. Sou ce: Huawei [30]
HUAWEI LUNA2000 - 10 kWh
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Dimension
670×150×960 mm
Usable Ene gy Capaci y
10 kWh
Weigh
113.8 kg
Numbe o Ba e y Modules
2 modules o 5
kWh each
Cell O ien a ion
120 (6x20)
Dep h o Discha ge (DoD)
100%
Junc ion Box
IP65
Maximum Ou pu Powe
5 kW
Tempe a u e ange
-10°C o 55°C
Peak Ou pu Powe
7 kW ( o 10
seconds)
Rela i e humidi y
5 – 95 %
Nominal Vol age (Single-
phase)
360 V
Cell Technology
Li hium-
Fe ophospha e
(LiFePO4)
Nominal Vol age (Th ee-
phase)
600 V
P oduc Wa an y
10 yea s
Ba e y Efficiency (%)
95%
Fig. 4.3. G aphics o HUAWEI LUNA2000 - 10 kWh. Sou ce: Huawei [30]
34
4.4. Elemen s and equipmen o he ins alla ion
4.4.1. In e e
I is a h ee-phase in e e om he manu ac u e Huawei, model SUN2000-8KTL-M1 (HC)
[31], wi h a nominal powe o 8 kW.
This in e e ea u es mul i-MPPT inpu s, allowing independen p oduc ion o each o he PV
module se ies. This educes he impac o any shading ha may a ec he PV ield, hus
op imizing he o e all pe o mance o he ins alla ion.
The in e e allows o quick and easy commissioning hanks o i s abili y o c ea e you own
Wi-Fi ne wo k. This unc ionali y makes i easy o se up om a mobile phone, making
commissioning simple e en in loca ions whe e he e may be di icul ies in ins alling
communica ions cabling.
Below, he able 4.4 shows he mos ele an elec ical and gene al cha ac e is ics:
Table. 4.4. Technical Da ashee Huawei SUN2000-8KTL-M1 (HC). Sou ce: Huawei [31]
HUAWEI SUN2000-8KTL-M1 (HC)
MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Dimension (mm)
525x470x146.5
Ou pu powe a ing
(kWn)
8
Weigh (kg)
17 kg
Maximum PV inpu
ol age (V)
1,100
Deg ee o p o ec ion
IP65
Wo king ol age ange
(V)
140 – 980 V
Admissible ela i e
humidi y (%)
0 - 100
MPP Vol age Range (V)
200 – 800 V
Ope a ing Tempe a u e
(ºC)
-25 o 60
Maximum AC ou pu
cu en (A)
13.5
P oduc Wa an y
5 yea s
Numbe o MPP inpu s
2
Efficiency (%)
98.6
35
Fig. 4.4. G aphics o Huawei SUN2000-8KTL-M1 (HC). Sou ce: Huawei [31]
4.4.2. S uc u e
In his ins alla ion, he 16 pho o ol aic panels will be placed using he coplana s uc u e,
Sun e -01V4 Ki o he Tile Roo [9]. This ype o s uc u e consis s o ins alling he panels
ollowing he same inclina ion and o ien a ion as he su ace on which hey a e moun ed, in his
case he oo o he house.
The coplana s uc u e is cha ac e ized by being ligh weigh and easy o ins all, as i does no
equi e an addi ional suppo sys em o modi y he inclina ion o he panels. The panels a e
ixed di ec ly o he su ace by means o speci ic suppo s ha gua an ee a secu e and esis an
hold agains ac o s such as wind o clima ic loads.
This a angemen makes i possible o op imise he a ailable space, minimises he isual impac
and educes he added weigh o he oo o base s uc u e. I is an e icien and aes he ically
in eg a ed solu ion, ideal o su aces al eady sloped in he op imal di ec ion o maximize sola
ene gy p oduc ion.
36
Fig. 4.5. G aphics o s uc u e, Sun e -01V4 Ki o he Tile Roo . Sou ce: Sun e , Baywa [9]
In his sec ion, you should selec he in e e s and o he elec ical equipmen needed o he
sys em. Some poin s o include:
• In e e selec ion: Speci ies he ype o in e e (s ing in e e , cen al in e e , mic o
in e e ) and i s echnical cha ac e is ics.
• Size and capaci y: The in e e mus be able o handle he maximum powe gene a ed by
he sola panels.
• O he equipmen : Conside o he componen s, such as cha ge con olle s, p o ec ion
sys ems, cables, connec o s, e c.
• E iciency and eliabili y: Make su e ha he selec ed equipmen is e icien and sui able
o he clima ic condi ions o he egion.
4.4.3. Moni o ing
Al hough he ins alla ion o a me e is no s ic ly necessa y, i is ecommended o a be e da a
isualiza ion. The display pla o m o moni o ing he ins alla ion will be om he same
manu ac u e as he in e e . F om his pla o m i will be possible o iew bo h he
consump ion da a and he gene a ion da a o he ins alla ion. The equipmen ha allows his
da a o be ob ained consis s o o oidal me e s o measu e he cu en s ha ci cula e h ough he
cables, a Me e (building consump ion me e ) connec ed o he o oidal me e s and compa ible
wi h he p oposed in e e and a Wi-Fi communica o so ha he in e e can upload he da a
o he moni o ing pla o m.
37
Fig. 4.6. G aphics o Huawei DTSU666-H me e . Sou ce: Huawei [29]
The gene a ion da a will be ead by he in e e i sel , as i is esponsible o ans o ming he
di ec cu en o he pho o ol aic panels in o al e na ing cu en . The e o e, he will ead his
da a himsel . To measu e he building's consump ion, o oidal de ices will be placed ha will
ake eadings o he cu en s ha ci cula e h ough he cables. These o oidal me e s will be
connec ed o he Huawei DTSU666-H me e [33], which will be esponsible o eading he
in ensi ies o he o oidal me e s and calcula ing he ins an aneous consump ion.
The Huawei DTSU666-H, being compa ible wi h he p oposed in e e , will communica e
di ec ly wi h i ia a communica ion cable. The in e e will ecei e he da a om he me e ,
and hanks o he buil -in EyeM4 communica o , hey will be able o publish he gene a ion and
consump ion da a on he moni o ing pla o m, hus allowing e icien and eal- ime ene gy
managemen .
Fig. 4.7. Connec ion o Huawei DTSU666-H me e . Sou ce: Huawei [33]
The moni o ing o all his da a allows exhaus i e con ol o he ins alla ion o de ec e o s in
ad ance and ac as quickly as possible in he e en o a b eakdown o e o . The moni o ing
pla o m allows:
• Visualize da a in eal ime
• Schedule cus omizable ale s
• Remo ely con ol he ins alla ion
• Con igu e he sending o pe iodic epo s

38
Fo mo e con enien managemen , his moni o ing has a websi e and a mobile applica ion:
Fig. 4.8. Mobile APP Huawei FusionSola . Sou ce: Huawei [22]
4.4.4. P o ec ion swi chboa ds
A di ec cu en (DC) and an al e na ing cu en (AC) p o ec ion panel will be ins alled. Fo he
DC panel, 2 uses will be ins alled pe se ies (posi i e pole and nega i e pole) o 20 A ha will
be nex o he in e e . The ype I and II su ge p o ec o s o each MPPT on he DC side and a
ype II su ge p o ec o a e inco po a ed in o he in e e i sel . Fo he AC panel, which will be
loca ed, a block will be ins alled wi h a 16 A ci cui b eake o p o ec he line, a di e en ial
ci cui b eake wi h a minimum sensi i i y o 300 mA, o p e en elec ocu ion by di ec con ac
and 6 kA o cu ing powe , and a ype II su ge p o ec o inco po a ed in o he in e e .
Fig. 4.8. P o ec ions. Sou ce: Hage [25]
39
Table. 4.5. Summa y o p o ec ions swi chboa ds. Sou ce: Own, Hage [25]
COMPONENT
VALUES
DC Fuses
20 A, 1,000 Vdc
DC SPD
Type II, 1,000 Vdc ol age a ing
AC Ci cui b eake
4P, 16 A, 6 kA de Pd
AC Di e en ial
4P, 16 A, 300 mA, Type AC
AC SPD
Type II, 400 V ol age a ing ( h ee-phase)
4.4.5. DC, AC and g ound wi ing
Below a e he calcula ions o he sizing o he cabling acco ding o he con igu a ion o he
pho o ol aic sys em, wi h a peak powe o 8.24 kWp wi h 515 Wp modules, dis ibu ed in 4
se ies o 4 modules.
Key da a o he sys em:
• Peak powe o PV modules: 8.24 kWp
• Numbe o modules pe se ies: 4 modules o 515 Wp each
• In e e powe a ing: 8 kW
• In e e e iciency: 98.6%
• Module Ope a ing Vol age (Vmp): 40.66 V
• Module Ope a ing Cu en (Imp): 12.66 A
• Module Open Ci cui Vol age (Voc): 49.91 V
• App oxima e wi ing leng hs:
o Di ec cu en (DC): 15 me e s.
o Al e na ing cu en (AC): 20 me e s.
The cu en on he al e na ing cu en (AC) side is calcula ed:
The ou pu powe o he al e na ing cu en in e e is calcula ed using he e iciency o he
in e e . We know ha he nominal powe o he in e e is 8 kW, bu we mus adjus i
conside ing e iciency:
𝑃𝐴𝐶 =𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑣 × 𝜂 (4.8)
𝑃𝐴𝐶 =8 𝑘𝑊×0.986=7.888 𝑘𝑊 (4.9)
40
Now, o ge he cu en on he AC side, we use he o mula o a h ee-phase ne wo k:
𝐼𝐴𝐶 =𝑃𝐴𝐶
√3×𝑉𝐿−𝐿 [10](4.10)
Whe e is he ol age be ween phases: 𝑉𝐿−𝐿
𝐼𝐴𝐶 =7888 𝑊
√3×400𝑉=11.39 𝐴 (4.11)
The e o e, he cu en on he AC side is 11.39 A.
On he DC side, he 4 modules a e connec ed in se ies. The ol age o each se ies will be equal
o he ol age o one module mul iplied by he numbe o modules in he se ies. Since each
module has a ol age o 40.66 V, he o al ol age o each se ies will be:
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =𝑉𝑚𝑝 × 𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 (4.12)
𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =40.66 𝑉 × 8=325.28 𝑉 (4.13)
The open-ci cui ol age is:
𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =𝑉𝑂𝐶 × 𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 (4.14)
𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 =49.91𝑉×8=399.28 𝑉 (4.15)
The cu en in a se ies will be he same as he cu en in a module, i.e., 12.66 A. As he e a e 2
se ies connec ed in pa allel, he o al cu en on he DC side will be:
𝐼𝐶𝐶 =𝐼𝑚𝑝 × 𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 (4.16)
𝐼𝐶𝐶 =12.66 𝐴 × 2=25.32 𝐴 (4.17)
The e o e, he o al cu en on he di ec cu en side is 25.32 A.
41
Once he cu en on he DC side o 25.32A is known, we need o calcula e he p ope sec ion
o he wi e o ensu e ha he ol age d op in he conduc o does no exceed 1% o he se ies
ol age.(𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =162.64 𝑉)
Fo a maximum ol age d op o 1%:
∆𝑉𝑚á𝑥 =0.01×325.28 𝑉= 3.25 𝑉 (4.18)
The o mula o ol age d op is:
∆𝑉 =2×𝐼𝐶𝐶 ×𝐿×𝑅
𝐴=3.25 𝑉 [10](4.19)
Whe e:
• 𝐼𝐶𝐶 =25.32 𝐴, o al DC cu en .
• 𝐿 =15 𝑚, es ima ed ound- ip cable leng h.
• 𝑅 =0.0175 Ω· 𝑚𝑚2/𝑚, coppe esis i i y
We eplace in he o mula o calcula e sec ion A:
𝐴 =2×25.32×15×0.0175
3.25 =13.26
3.25 =4.08 𝑚𝑚2(4.20)
The e o e, he minimum cable c oss-sec ion o di ec cu en is 6 mm².
The nex hing is o calcula e he cable o he al e na ing cu en . The cu en on he AC side
is 11.39 A, and he allowable ol age d op is 1% o e he line ol age (𝑉𝐿−𝐿 =400𝑉):
∆𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.01×400 𝑉=4 𝑉 (4.21)
The o mula o ol age d ops in a h ee-phase ne wo k is:
∆𝑉 =√3×𝐼𝐴𝐶 ×𝐿×𝑅
𝐴 [10](4.22)
whe e:
• 𝐼𝐴𝐶 =11.39 𝐴, o al cu en in AC.
48
5.2. Ene gy P oduc ion Calcula ions
P e iously, he speci ic p oduc ions o he pho o ol aic sys em ha e been ob ained using he
da a p o ided by he PVGIS so wa e wi h losses o 14% included, a no malized alue in his
ype o ins alla ion. These speci ic p oduc ions allow us o es ima e he amoun o ene gy ha
he pho o ol aic sys em can gene a e based on i s loca ion and he cha ac e is ics o he
equipmen in a mo e gene alized way. Howe e , in he sec ion i has been possible o make a
mo e app op ia e and speci ic calcula ion o losses o he p oposed ins alla ion.
The e o e, in his analysis, he speci ic p oduc ions o he sys em will be ecalcula ed, adjus ing
hem wi h he p e iously calcula ed losses, which will allow a mo e accu a e and adjus ed
es ima e o he ene gy ha he sys em will gene a e du ing i s ope a ion.
Fi s , he p oduc ion o he sys em is calcula ed wi h he ini ial da a ob ained wi h PVGIS,
speci ic p oduc ions wi h losses o 14%:
To calcula e he ene gy p oduc ion o he sys em, we use he speci ic ou pu o he modules and
he ins alled powe .
Da a:
• Ins alled powe o he sys em: 8.24 kWp
• Numbe o modules: 16 modules (8 wes and 8 eas ).
• Speci ic p oduc ion o he modules:
o Wes : 1,196.36 kWh/kWp.
o Eas : 1,119.02 kWh/kWp.
The o al ene gy p oduc ion o he sys em depends on he o ien a ion o he modules and hei
speci ic p oduc ion. We calcula e he ene gy p oduc ion o each g oup o modules using he
equa ion 5.20:
𝐸 =𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑚ó𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜× 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑.𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐í𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 (5.20)
Ene gy p oduc ion o he modules o he Wes :
𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 =8 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 0.515 𝑘𝑊𝑝 × 1,196.36𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑘𝑊𝑝 =4,922𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.21)
Ene gy p oduc ion o he modules o he Eas :
𝐸𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 =8 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 0.515 𝑘𝑊𝑝 × 1,119.02𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑘𝑊𝑝 =4,590𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.22)

49
We add he p oduc ions o he wo g oups o modules:
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 +𝐸𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 (5.23)
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =4,922𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟+4,590𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 =9,512𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.24)
To al adjus ed sys em p oduc ion: 9,512 kWh/yea .
Fo he second case, he calcula ions will be epea ed wi h he speci ic p oduc ions ob ained
wi h he same so wa e, bu wi h losses o 0%:
50
Fig. 5.1. Resul s o pe o mance o g id-connec ed o Co als de Ta és wi h 0% losses. Sou ce:
PVGis [62]
We eadjus ed he da a:
• Ins alled powe o he sys em: 8.24 kWp
• Numbe o modules: 16 modules (8 wes and 8 eas ).
• Speci ic p oduc ion o he modules:
o Wes : 1,346.98 kWh/kWp.
o Eas : 1,442.07 kWh/kWp.
The o al ene gy p oduc ion o he sys em depends on he o ien a ion o he modules and hei
speci ic p oduc ion. The ene gy p oduc ion o each g oup o modules is calcula ed using he
equa ion 5.25:
𝐸′=𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑘𝑊𝑝)× 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑘𝑊𝑝)(5.25)
Ene gy p oduc ion o he modules o he Wes :
𝐸′𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 =8 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 0.515 𝑘𝑊𝑝 × 1,346.98𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑘𝑊𝑝 =5,549.56𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.26)
Ene gy p oduc ion o he modules o he Eas :
𝐸′𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 =8 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 0.515 𝑘𝑊𝑝 × 1,442.07𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑘𝑊𝑝 =5,941.33𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.27)
We add he p oduc ions o he wo g oups o modules:
51
𝐸′𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =𝐸′𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡(𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)+𝐸′𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡(𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)(5.28)
𝐸′𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =5,549.56𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟+5,941.33𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 =11,490.89𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.29)
Now, we adjus he o al p oduc ion conside ing he calcula ed o al losses (11.5%):
𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 =𝐸′𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙(𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)×(1−𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) (5.30)
𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 =11,490.89𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟×(1−0.115)=10,169.43𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.31)
Conside ing he calcula ed losses, we ha e achie ed a mo e accu a e and op imis ic es ima e o
he PV sys em's ene gy ou pu , highligh ing he e iciency o he p oposed design compa ed o
he gene alized es ima es o s anda d PV ins alla ions.
5.3. Ins alled Powe s. Ene gy Demand
In his chap e , a compa ison will be made be ween he ins alled powe o he pho o ol aic
sys em and he annual ene gy demand o he ins alla ion o assess whe he he capaci y o he
sys em is su icien o co e he ene gy demand.
Sys em Da a:
• Ins alled powe o he pho o ol aic sys em: 8.24 kWp
• Ac ual annual sys em p oduc ion upda ed: 10,169.43 kWh/yea .
• Annual ene gy demand o he ins alla ion: 8,342.97 kWh/yea .
The ene gy gene a ed by he pho o ol aic sys em is 10,169.43 kWh/yea , while he annual
demand is 8,342.97 kWh/yea . The pe cen age o demand co e ed by pho o ol aic p oduc ion
is calcula ed using he equa ion 5.32:
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒=𝐹𝑉 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑘𝑊ℎ) , 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙
𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑘𝑊ℎ)×100 [70](5.32)
52
Subs i u ing alues:
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒= 10,169.43𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
8,342.97𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ×100=121.93% (5.33)
The ins alled pho o ol aic sys em no only co e s 100% o he annual ene gy demand o he
ins alla ion, bu also gene a es an ene gy su plus o 21.93%, which p o ides a g ea ene gy
au onomy. The ins alla ion o ba e ies makes i possible o ake ad an age o his su plus o
s o e i and use i a imes o high demand o low gene a ion, which op imises sel -consump ion.
On he o he hand, he su plus compensa ion modali y ensu es ha he ene gy no consumed is
ed in o he g id, ob aining economic emune a ion and u he educing dependence on he
elec ici y g id. This makes he sys em an e icien and economical solu ion in he long e m.
5.4. Was e Managemen Plan
In pho o ol aic ins alla ion wo ks, was e is minimal; mainly ca dboa d and plas ics ha come
om packaging, which in many cases a e e u ned o he supplie who supplies he ma e ial,
such as cable eels, e c. When sepa a ing he was e on si e, i will be classi ied acco ding o he
ollowing ypes:
• Special was e
• Non-special was e
Gi en he du a ion o he wo k, con inuous was e managemen will be ca ied ou h oughou
he execu ion. The asks in o which he was e managemen plan has been b oken down a e
de ailed below:
A. Iden i ica ion o was e ha will be gene a ed on he si e a he beginning o he wo k, an
iden i ica ion will be made o he di e en ypes o was e ha his wo k will gene a e o plan
i s managemen and s acking on he si e and subsequen ly he anspo o he nea es land ills.
Conside ing he ype o wo k in ques ion, he was e gene a ed will be limi ed o he p oduc ion
o he ypes in he able 5.1:
53
Table. 5.1. Types o was e in PV ins alla ions. Sou ce: Own
NON-SPECIAL WASTE
SPECIAL WASTE
Bulky was e
Emp y con aine s o pain s, a nishes and
sol en s
Cons uc ion was e emains (soil, deb is,
conc e e emains...)
Con aine s con aining pain s, a nishes and
sol en s
Plas ic, ca dboa d, wood sc aps
B. T aining o ope a o s on he asks hey mus pe o m Be o e s a ing he wo k, a small
aining will be ca ied ou by he en i onmen al manage o he wo k o he ope a o s on wha
will be he asks ela ed o he was e ha hey will ha e o pe o m. This aining will be
con inuous h oughou he execu ion p ocess un il he was e lea es he wo k.
C. Delimi a ion o he was e a ea Once he a ea in which he wo k will be ca ied ou has been
analysed, an a ea will be ese ed o he s acking o was e whe e i will be loca ed be o e being
anspo ed. The ope a o s will o e see aking his was e o he delimi ed a ea. Regula ly, hese
a eas will be emp ied so ha was e does no accumula e.
D. Con ac he was e collec ion cen es he en i onmen al manage will con ac he company
in cha ge o collec ing he was e o speci y he da e, ime and place whe e hey will ha e o
collec he was e o anspo i o he was e collec ion cen e. The was e will be anspo ed o
he was e collec ion cen es on a con inuous basis o main ain o de and cleanliness o he wo k.
E. Iden i ica ion o was e Th oughou he du a ion o he wo k, he di e en was e will be
ma ked so as no o c ea e con usion a he ime o anspo . Thanks o he co ec iden i ica ion,
mo e o de and cleanliness is achie ed on si e as well as acili a ing he ecycling p ocess o all
hose ma e ials ha can be eused.
F. P epa a ion o was e o be anspo ed Depending on he was e collec ion cen e ha has been
con ac ed and i s equi emen s, he ope a o s will adap he was e o subsequen anspo . G.
T anspo o was e Finally, he was e will be anspo ed o he nea es was e collec ion cen e
whe e he was e managemen p ocess will be comple ed. To ca y ou he anspo as soon as
possible, he nea es was e collec ion cen e o he pho o ol aic ins alla ion is iden i ied below
and he ou e ha he was e anspo mus ake is de ailed:

54
Table. 5.2. In o ma ion abou nea es Was e Cen e. Sou ce: Own
SANT HILARI SACALM WASTE CENTRE
Was e Cen e
Deixalle ia San Hila i Sacalm
Ad ess
Ca e de la Bòbila, sn, 17403 San Hila i Sacalm, Gi ona, Spain
Schedule
Monday om 3 o 6 p.m
F om Tuesday o F iday om 9 a.m. o 1 p.m. and om 3 p.m. o 6
p.m
Sa u day om 9 a.m. o 1 p.m. and om 3 p.m. o 7 p.m
Sunday om 4 o 7 p.m
Telephone
+34 972 868 851
Displacemen
5.5. Heal h and Sa e y Plan
Fi s ly, he wo ks will begin by ins alling he app op ia e signage o he wo k and ma e ial
collec ion a eas, he a ea om which he ehicle will unload he ma e ial and a sign a he
en ance o he wo k indica ing he sa e y and heal h measu es necessa y o access he wo k
Co als de Ta és
coun y house
San Hila i Sacalm
Was e Cen e
55
and o indica e o he esiden s o he building, he exis ence o he wo ks. The signage mus be
isible o all ope a o s and neighbo s o a oid inciden s.
In o de o ensu e a good sys em o p e en ion and sa e y on si e, a se ies o asks mus be
ca ied ou p io o he wo k. All hese ope a ions will be ca ied ou as ac ions p io o he wo k
o secu e he wo k a ea o he ins alle s. These measu es will allow he wo k on he oo o be
ca ied ou wi h su icien gua an ee o sa e y, bo h o he execu ion o he pho o ol aic
ins alla ion and o ca ying ou he subsequen main enance and cleaning asks o he
ins alla ion. The measu es adop ed o ca y ou he ins alla ion a e de ined acco ding o he ype
o ins alla ion and he ype o oo . In his case, i is a walkable la oo o asphal ab ic and
wi hou a wall on he pe ime e . The measu es o be adop ed a e:
Ins alla ion o ce i ied li elines in each a ea o he oo o he building whe e he wo k will
be ca ied ou . These li elines consis o a leas wo ancho s and a s eel cable. Depending on
he leng h o he li eline, i will be necessa y o ins all in e media e elemen s be ween he
ancho s o inc ease sa e y.
In addi ion o he abo e collec i e p o ec i e equipmen , all wo ke s on he si e will know and
use all he necessa y pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen (PPE). This equipmen will ha e he CE
ma king, acco ding o RD 1407/1992 and will be:
1. Sa e y helme
2. T anspa en Face Shield
3. Mechanical p o ec ion glo es
4. Dielec ic glo es insula ing elec ici y
5. An i-dus mask
6. Impac Sa e y Goggles
7. Ea mu s
8. An i-slip and an i-punc u e p o ec ion boo s
9. P o ec i e bel
10. A nes ce i ica e
11. Re ac able an i- all equipmen
12. Re lec i e es
13. Sunsc een c eam Fig. 5.2. Sa e y indi idual equipmen .
Sou ce: Fluke [54]
56
6. ECONOMIC STUDY
Once all he pa s ha make up he p ojec o a pho o ol aic ins alla ion ha e been s udied, an
economic s udy o he in es men is p epa ed o check he iabili y o he ins alla ion.
6.1. Budge summa y
In he documen "Annexes" you can ind he de ailed budge o he pho o ol aic ins alla ion.
Below is he summa y o he budge wi h he di e en chap e s:
Table. 6.1. PV ins alla ion budge summa y. Sou ce: Own
CHAPTER
TOTAL COST
RATIO €/Wp
Panels
1.538,88 €
0,1868
In e e
2.066,55 €
0,2508
S uc u e
355,36 €
0,0431
Ba e y
5.199,00 €
0,6309
DC ins alla ion
20,10 €
0,0024
AC ins alla ion
723,79 €
0,0878
G ounding
70,00 €
0,0085
Moni o ing
161,85 €
0,0196
Machine y
1.700,00 €
0,2063
Sa e y and heal h
1.990,00 €
0,2415
Was e managemen
160,00 €
0,0194
Enginee ing and legaliza ion
2.020,00 €
0,2451
TOTAL
16.005,53 €
1,9424
As can be seen in he igh -hand column, he o al a io in €/Wp o he p ojec is 1.9424 €/Wp.
Depending on expe ience in di e en p ojec s o he same na u e as his one, a a io o 2 €/Wp
o less is conside ed a compe i i e amoun wi hin he ma ke . I should be bo ne in mind ha
each p ojec is di e en and may depend on se e al a iables such as he ype o oo , he
condi ioning o he oo , he ype o echnical solu ion adop ed, addi ional elemen s such as
ba e ies, e c.
6.2. Economic easibili y s udy
The amoun o he con ac execu ion budge is used o calcula e he economic iabili y o he
p ojec based on he ini ial in es men .
Fi s , he cos o ene gy and mon hly sa ings a e calcula ed and shown by he da a o he yea
2023:
57
G id
Sel -consump ion
Su plus
Ba e ies
Ene gy ha will be
consumed om he
elec ici y g id
Ene gy ha will be sel -
consumed by he
pho o ol aic ins alla ion
Ene gy o be injec ed
and sold in o he g id
Ene gy s o ed in
ba e ies
Fig. 6.1. Mon hly sa ings and des ina ions o he gene a ed ene gy. Sou ce: Own
F om hese g aphic alues, he o al annual sa ings and payback a e calcula ed. Following hese
conside a ions, we ob ain he alues in he able 6.2:
Table. 6.2. Resul s o he annual sa ings calcula ion. Sou ce: Own
Ins alla ion budge (excl. VAT)
16,005.53 €
Annual sa ings
1,093.26 €
Payback
16,8 yea s
As can be seen, he e u n on in es men pe iod is a ound 16-17 yea s acco ding o he
conside a ions made. This alue is signi ican ly highe han o an ins alla ion wi hou s o age,
his is due o he high ini ial cos associa ed wi h he ba e y sys em. While in ba e y- ee
sys ems he payback is usually be ween 6 and 10 yea s, in his case i can exceed 10-15 yea s,
since ba e ies ha e a high cos and a sho e use ul li e han sola panels, which can imply
addi ional eplacemen s du ing he li e cycle o he sys em. Howe e , his inc ease in payback
ime is o se by s a egic bene i s such as ene gy independence, su plus s o age o maximise
sa ing
45 €
sa ing
42 €
sa ing
52 €
sa ing
50 €
sa ing
40 €
sa ing
172 €
sa ing
203 €
sa ing
170 €
sa ing
148 €
sa ing
90 €
sa ing
42 € sa ing
39 €
mon h
ene gy
45 €
mon h
ene gy
42 €
mon h
ene gy
52 €
mon h
ene gy
50 €
mon h
ene gy
40 €
mon h
ene gy
175 €
mon h
ene gy
209 € mon h
ene gy
182 €
mon h
ene gy
189 €
mon h
ene gy
93 €
mon h
ene gy
52 €
mon h
ene gy
39 €
-100% -100% -100% -100% -100% -98% -97% -93% -78% -97% -82% -99%
0 €
50 €
100 €
150 €
200 €
250 €
64
Fig. 7.1. PV panel ecycling p ocess. Sou ce: MDPI [61]
2. Recycling o In e e s and Elec ical Componen s
In e e s and o he elec ical componen s also con ain ma e ials ha suppo a ci cula
economy:
• Me als (Coppe and S eel): Casings, wi ing, and connec o s a e made wi h aluable
me als like coppe and s eel, which can be ully ecycled.
• Elec onic Componen s: Ci cui boa ds, hough equi ing specialized ecycling, can
eco e a e ea h me als and o he ma e ials, educing he demand o mining.
• Plas ics: The du able plas ics used in hese componen s can be epu posed, hough hei
ecyclabili y depends on he speci ic ype.
3. Reuse and Upg ading o Componen s
Wi h a li espan o 25-30 yea s, pho o ol aic sys ems o e oppo uni ies o euse and upg ade
hei pa s:
• Sola Panels: Panels o en e ain 70-80% o hei e iciency a he end o hei li e and
can be epu posed o seconda y uses, such as o -g id o low-powe applica ions.
• Moun ing S uc u es: S ong moun ing sys ems made om gal anized s eel o
aluminum can be eused o new ins alla ions wi h mino adjus men s.
• In e e s: Al hough in e e s ha e a sho e li espan (10-15 yea s), hei modula
design allows o epai s and upg ades, ex ending hei usabili y.
4. Minimizing Was e Du ing Ins alla ion
The ins alla ion p ocess inco po a es eco- iendly p ac ices o educe was e:
• Reusable Packaging: Equipmen packaging, like palle s and p o ec i e ma e ials, is
designed o euse o ecycling.

65
• On-Si e Ma e ial Managemen : Ca e ul planning ensu es le o e ma e ials, like cable
sc aps o me al o cu s, a e collec ed o ecycling.
5. Challenges and Oppo uni ies o Imp o emen
Despi e he high ecyclabili y o many componen s, he e a e s ill some challenges:
• Recycling Encapsula ion and Back Shee s: These laye s equi e ad anced p ocesses
o sepa a e e icien ly wi hou c ea ing addi ional was e. P og ess is being made in his
a ea h ough ongoing esea ch.
• Recycling In as uc u e: Access o specialized ecycling acili ies a ies by egion,
making i essen ial o imp o e in as uc u e o enhance sus ainabili y.
Fu u e oppo uni ies include designing panels wi h ewe composi e laye s, using
biodeg adable o ecyclable polyme s, and making componen s mo e modula o
simpli y disassembly.
The pho o ol aic sys em is buil o p io i ize sus ainabili y h oughou i s li ecycle, om
ma e ial selec ion o ecycling. Wi h he po en ial o ecycle up o 90-95% o panel ma e ials
and signi ican po ions o o he componen s, he sys em minimizes i s en i onmen al impac
and suppo s a ci cula economy. Ongoing inno a ion in ecycling echnologies and ma e ial
design will u he s eng hen hese bene i s, ensu ing sola ene gy emains a pilla o
sus ainable de elopmen .
7.4. Conside a ions on he Ecological Foo p in o he Sys em
The en i onmen al impac o a pho o ol aic sys em co e s i s en i e li ecycle, om p oduc ion
and ins alla ion o ope a ion and e en ual decommissioning. Unlike adi ional ene gy sou ces,
sola sys ems ocus on educing esou ce use, minimizing ope a ional impac s, and p omo ing
sus ainable end-o -li e p ac ices. He e, we highligh key aspec s o i s en i onmen al oo p in :
1. Ma e ials Used in Manu ac u ing
P oducing sola panels and in e e s equi es ma e ials like silicon, aluminum, and empe ed
glass, which a e widely a ailable. While e ining silicon was once ene gy-in ensi e,
echnological ad ancemen s ha e signi ican ly educed i s en i onmen al impac .
• Use o Glass and Aluminum:
o Glass, which makes up mos o a panel’s weigh , is sou ced sus ainably wi h
minimal ecological dis up ion.
o Aluminum, used o ames and moun ing s uc u es, is highly ecyclable,
enabling i o be eused mul iple imes wi h a low en i onmen al oo p in .
• Inno a ions in Manu ac u ing: Ad ances such as hinne silicon wa e s and mo e
e icien p oduc ion p ocesses ha e educed ma e ial was e and ene gy consump ion,
making each kilowa o ins alled capaci y mo e eco- iendly.
2. Land Use and Biodi e si y
66
Sola sys ems gene ally ha e a minimal impac on land use and biodi e si y, pa icula ly when
ins alled hough ully.
• Roo op Ins alla ions: Using oo ops a oids he need o addi ional land, p ese ing
open spaces and p e en ing dis up ion o na u al habi a s.
• G ound-Moun ed Sys ems: When ins alled on he g ound, sola sys ems can
inco po a e sus ainable p ac ices, such as:
o Combining sola panels wi h ag icul u e (ag i ol aics) o g azing unde he
a ays.
o Plan ing na i e ege a ion benea h panels o enhance soil heal h and suppo
local pollina o s.
3. Ene gy and Resou ces o Main enance
Once ope a ional, sola sys ems equi e minimal ene gy and esou ces, keeping hei ongoing
impac e y low.
• Wa e Use: Cleaning panels uses a less wa e han ossil uel plan s, which need as
amoun s o cooling. Ad anced panel coa ings also educe how o en cleaning is
necessa y.
• Simple Main enance: Main enance in ol es occasional inspec ions and pa
eplacemen s, which ha e a small en i onmen al cos . Key componen s, like in e e s,
a e modula and ecyclable, educing o e all was e.
4. Was e Minimiza ion Du ing Ins alla ion and Decommissioning
• E icien Use o Ma e ials: Ins alla ion is planned o minimize was e, wi h ca e ul
cable managemen and ecycling o le o e ma e ials like me al o cu s.
• Recycling a End o Li e: Sola sys ems a e designed o be easily disman led and
ecycled:
o Glass and aluminum a e simple o ecycle.
o Silicon, along wi h coppe and plas ic componen s, is becoming inc easingly
eusable hanks o eme ging echnologies.
5. Compa isons o Non-Renewable Ene gy Sou ces
Sola sys ems ha e a signi ican ly smalle en i onmen al impac han ossil uels:
• Ai and Wa e Pollu ion: Sola ene gy p oduces no emissions du ing ope a ion, unlike
ossil uels, which pollu e ai and wa e h oughou ex ac ion, anspo , and
combus ion.
• Resou ce Deple ion: Sola elies only on sunligh —a enewable and limi less
esou ce—whe eas ossil uels equi e cons an ex ac ion o coal, oil, o gas.
• Reduced Disas e Risks: Sola sys ems a oid isks like spills, leaks, o explosions,
which a e common haza ds wi h ossil uels.
6. Addi ional En i onmen al Bene i s
Beyond ha ing a low en i onmen al oo p in , sola sys ems can o e o he bene i s:
67
• Imp o ed Local En i onmen s: By gene a ing ene gy wi hou emi ing hea , sola
panels can educe he u ban hea island e ec .
• Inspi ing B oade Change: Adop ing sola ene gy o en encou ages communi ies and
policymake s o pu sue sus ainabili y in o he a eas, educing dependence on ha m ul
p ac ices.
The ecological oo p in o he pho o ol aic sys em is inhe en ly low, hanks o sus ainable
ma e ial use, minimal ope a ional esou ce needs, and e ec i e end-o -li e ecycling op ions.
By a oiding land dis up ion, educing wa e usage, and elimina ing pollu ion isks, he sys em
exempli ies a sus ainable ene gy model ha aligns wi h global goals o en i onmen al
p ese a ion and esou ce e iciency.
68
8. CONCLUSIONS
This s udy shows ha he implemen a ion o a pho o ol aic sys em in a u al house loca ed in
a Medi e anean clima e is no only echnically easible bu also highly bene icial om
economic, en i onmen al, and social pe spec i es. The house analyzed, si ua ed in San Hila i
Sacalm, is in a egion wi h high le els o sola adia ion h oughou much o he yea , making
i an ideal loca ion o he ins alla ion o sola panels o maximize he use o enewable ene gy.
One o he mos signi ican indings is he abili y o he pho o ol aic sys em o mee mos o
he house’s ene gy needs, e en conside ing a p ojec ed inc ease in occupancy. This is achie ed
hanks o a well-designed sys em ha includes high-e iciency monoc ys alline panels and a
obus ene gy s o age solu ion. This se up ensu es a eliable ene gy supply, e en du ing hou s
o lowe sunligh , p o iding unin e up ed powe while educing dependency on he
con en ional elec ici y g id.
F om an economic s andpoin , he inancial analysis con i ms ha he ins alla ion is cos -
e ec i e in he long e m. While he ini ial in es men is conside able, a la ge po ion o his
cos is due o he inclusion o ba e ies. These a e essen ial o achie ing a highe deg ee o
ene gy independence, allowing e icien use o s o ed sola ene gy du ing nigh ime o cloudy
days. The sa ings on elec ici y bills, combined wi h po en ial go e nmen incen i es, o se
he in es men o e a easonable pe iod. Addi ionally, gene a ing clean ene gy on-si e p o ec s
homeowne s om luc ua ions in con en ional ene gy p ices, p o iding g ea e economic
s abili y.
In en i onmen al e ms, he sys em ep esen s a signi ican s ep owa d sus ainabili y. The
educ ion in CO2 emissions associa ed wi h sola ene gy use makes an impo an con ibu ion
o comba ing clima e change. Mo eo e , his p ojec highligh s he alue o inco po a ing
sus ainable solu ions in o u al homes, ans o ming his p ope y in o a model o o he
communi ies aiming o educe hei en i onmen al impac and ansi ion o a g eene u u e.
The sys em’s echnical easibili y is also a cen al poin o he s udy. The calcula ions ensu e
ha he design is ailo ed o he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he house and i s su oundings. The
o ien a ion o he sola panels, he selec ion o he ene gy s o age sys em, and he in eg a ion
o moni o ing echnologies gua an ee op imal e iciency. These measu es no only maximize
ene gy p oduc ion bu also make i easie o iden i y po en ial issues ea ly and educe
main enance cos s o e ime.
An addi ional bene i o his ins alla ion is ha i no only mee s he house’s ene gy needs bu
also inc eases i s alue as a sus ainable p ope y. In a wo ld whe e mo e people a e seeking
en i onmen ally iendly housing solu ions, his house se es as an example o how o combine
adi ional a chi ec u e wi h mode n echnology.
In conclusion, his p ojec demons a es ha ins alling a pho o ol aic sys em in his u al house
is pe ec ly easible om echnical, economic, and en i onmen al pe spec i es. By le e aging
he ad an ages o he Medi e anean clima e and ad anced echnologies, his ini ia i e no only
imp o es he quali y o li e o i s use s bu also ein o ces a commi men o a mo e e icien
69
and sus ainable ene gy model. This p ojec has he po en ial o inspi e simila ini ia i es,
p omo ing he de elopmen o communi ies ha a e mo e esilien and espec ul o he
en i onmen .

70
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] Agencia Es a al Bole ín O icial del Es ado (BOE)
Law 244/2019, o Ap il 5 h, egula ing adminis a i e, echnical, and economic condi ions o
sel -consump ion o elec ical ene gy. A ailable a :
h ps://www.boe.es/busca /doc.php?id=BOE-A-2019-5089
[2] Agencia Es a al Bole ín O icial del Es ado (BOE)
Law 24/2013, o Decembe 26 h, on he Elec ici y Sec o . A ailable a :
h ps://www.boe.es/busca /ac .php?id=BOE-A-2013-13645
[3] Agencia Es a al Bole ín O icial del Es ado (BOE)
Low Vol age Elec ical Ins alla ions Regula ion. A ailable a :
h ps://www.boe.es/biblio eca_ju idica/codigos/codigo.php?modo=2&id=326_Reglamen o_el
ec o ecnico_pa a_baja_ ension_e_ITC
[4] Agencia Es a al de Me eo ología (AEMET)
S a e Me eo ological Agency. A ailable a : h ps://www.aeme .es/es/po ada
[5] Ama e A. Ashagi e, Kondo H. Adjallah, Ge achew Bekele, Oc obe 8 h, 2021, “Op imal
sizing o Hyb id ene gy Sou ces by Using Gene ic Algo i hm and Pa icle Swa m
Op imiza ion algo i hms conside ing Li e Cycle Cos ”.
A ailable a : h ps://ieeexplo e.ieee.o g/documen /9590952
[6] Ame ican Na ional S anda ds Ins i u e (ANSI)
PV S anda ds Ins i u e. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.ansi.o g/indus y/sola -ene gy
[7] Asociación Española de No malización y Ce i icación (AENOR)
AENOR Ce i ica ion. A ailable a : h ps://www.aeno .com/ce i icacion
[8] Au o a Sola
Sola Losses: Til , O ien a ion, En i onmen al Condi ions, and In e e Losses. A ailable a :
h ps://au o asola .com/blog/2024/01/17/unde s anding-p -sys em-losses-pa -4- il -
o ien a ion-inciden -angle-modi ie -en i onmen al-condi ions-and-in e e -losses-clipping-2/
[9] BayWa
BayWa .e. Sun e -01V4 Ki o Tile Roo . A ailable a : h ps://sola shop.baywa- e.es/Sun e -
01V4-KIT- o - ile- oo -34-113096
[10] B.D. Jenkins and M. Coa es, Elec ical Ins alla ion Calcula ions
A ailable a : h ps://kh.aquaene gyexpo.com/wp-con en /uploads/2023/09/Elec ical-
Ins alla ion-Calcula ions.pd
71
[11] Casa Ru al Mon seny
Co als de Ta és. A ailable a : h ps://casa u almon seny.com
[12] Casey McDe i , Ke y Thoubbo on, Sep embe 18 h, 2024, “Wha is dep h o
discha ge?”
A ailable a : h ps://www.ene gysage.com/ene gy-s o age/dep h-o -discha ge/
[13] Código Técnico de Edi icación (CTE)
Aho o de ene gía. A ailable a :
h ps://www.codigo ecnico.o g/pd /Documen os/HE/DcmHE.pd
[14] Código Técnico de Edi icación (CTE)
Salub idad. A ailable a : h ps://www.codigo ecnico.o g/pd /Documen os/HS/DccHS.pd
[15] Código Técnico de Edi icación (CTE)
Segu idad en caso de incendio. A ailable a :
h ps://www.codigo ecnico.o g/pd /Documen os/SI/DccSI.pd
[16] Da aDis
Da aDis. A ailable a : h ps://da adis.es/home
[17] E. Ga abi os La a, “Sel -Consump ion Op imiza ion in Pho o ol aic Sys ems:
Lessons om he Dominican Republic”.
A ailable a : h ps://www.sciencedi ec .com/
[18] Ene gy Le an e
LONGi Sola Hi-MO X6 Max 60HTH. A ailable a : h ps://www.ene gyle an e.com/es/placa-
sola -longi-515w-himox6-max-l 760h h- e -01-003-
03306?s sl id=A mBOoq3Z00QHh65ER9NEB-msNZXwW-
mCggN T78zsFB8KnxsuXc7E7
[19] Eu opean Commission
Na ional In eg a ed Ene gy and Clima e Plan (PNIEC). A ailable a :
h ps://commission.eu opa.eu/ene gy-clima e-change-en i onmen /implemen a ion-eu-
coun ies/ene gy-and-clima e-go e nance-and- epo ing/na ional-ene gy-and-clima e-
plans_en
[20] E e Nieuwlaa , E ik Alsema, June 27 h, 1997, Ene gy Pay-Back Time (EPBT) and
CO2 mi iga ion po en ial
Ene gy Pay-Back Time (EPBT) and CO2 mi iga ion po en ial. A ailable a :
h ps://www.eco opia.com/apollo2/p epb ne.h m#:~: ex =The%20Ene gy%20Pay%20Back%
20Time,ene gy%20sa ings%20due%20 o%20elec ici y
72
[21] Fadi Agha Kassab, Rusbe Rod iguez, Be k Celik, Fab ice Locmen , Manuela
Sechila iu, No embe 14 h, 2024, “A Comp ehensi e Re iew o Sizing and Ene gy
Managemen S a egies o Op imal Planning o Mic og ids wi h PV and O he
Renewable In eg a ion”.
A ailable a : h ps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/22/10479
[22] FusionSola .
Huawei APP FusionSola . A ailable a :
h ps://suppo .huawei.com/en e p ise/en/doc/EDOC1100096889
[23] Gab iel Na aez Mo ales, “A i icial In elligence o Renewable Ene gy Sys ems”.
A ailable a : h ps:// heses.hal.science/ el-04685801 1/ ile/2024TLSES057_comp essed.pd
[24] Go e nmen o Canada
RETSc een. A ailable a : h ps://na u al- esou ces.canada.ca/maps- ools-and-
publica ions/ ools/modelling- ools/ e sc een/7465
[25] Hage .
Di e en ial 4P 16A C 300mA ipo AC 4M. A ailable a :
h ps://hage .com/p /ca alogo/p odu o/a q466h-disj-di -4p-16a-c-300ma- ipo-ac-4m
[26] HelioScope
HelioScope. A ailable a :
h ps://helioscope.au o asola .com/?gad_sou ce=1&gclid=CjwKCAiAjeW6BhBAEiwAdKl
M VS5IG7Mu544wdU65HHNC yoNlMHuCicXxqTDywcdczTp3G p9a7RoCJ3EQA D_Bw
E
[27] HolaLuz
Ge he mos ou o subsidies o sola panels wi h Holaluz. A ailable a :
h ps://www.holaluz.com/en/sola -panels/subsidies-g an s/
[28] HOMER Ene gy
HOMER Ene gy: They' e usually wo h i . A ailable a : h ps://home ene gy.com/
[29] Huawei
Huawei DTSU666-H. A ailable a :
h ps://suppo .huawei.com/en e p ise/en/doc/EDOC1100020898/bbecc e3/s uc u e-
speci ica ions
[30] Huawei
Huawei LUNA2000 Ba e y. A ailable a : h ps://sola .huawei.com/download?p=%2F-
%2Fmedia%2FSola %2Fa achmen %2Fpd %2Feu%2Fda ashee %2FLUNA2000-5_10_15-
S0.pd
73
[31] Huawei
Huawei SUN2000-8KTL-M1 In e e . A ailable a :
h ps://sola .huawei.com/download?p=%2F-
%2Fmedia%2FSola %2Fda ashee %2FSUN2000-3_4_5_6_8_10KTL-
M1_High_Cu en _Ve sion.pd
[32] Ibe d ola
Wha is Pho o ol aic Sola Ene gy? A ailable a :
h ps://www.ibe d ola.com/sos enibilidad/que-es-ene gia- o o ol aica
[33] In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change (IPCC)
Global Emissions A ailable a : h ps://www.ipcc.ch/
[34] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
Cable Sizing o Pho o ol aic Sys ems. IEC 60364 Low Vol age Elec ical Ins alla ions.
A ailable a : h ps://www.eu olab.ne /es/ es le /emc-kablosuz- e-elek iksel- es le /iec-60364-
alcak-ge ilim-elek ik- esisa i/
[35] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 60891. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/61766
[36] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 61215. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/61345
[37] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 61683. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/5720
[38] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 61724. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/65561
[39] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 61727. h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/5736
[40] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 61730. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/59803
[41] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 62108. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/64170
[42] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 62109. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/6470
[43] In e na ional Elec o echnical Commission (IEC)
IEC 62446. A ailable a : h ps://webs o e.iec.ch/en/publica ion/27382
LR7-60HTH
505~515M
15 15-yea Wa an y o
Ma e ials and P ocessing
25 25-yea Wa an y o Ex a
Linea Powe Ou pu
Sui able o Dis ibu ion Ma ke
Simple design embodies mode n s yle
Be e ene gy gene a ion pe o mance
High-quali y module gua an ees long- e m eliabili y
IEC 61215, IEC 61730
ISO9001:2015: ISO Quali y Managemen Sys em
ISO14001: 2015: ISO En i onmen Managemen Sys em
ISO45001: 2018: Occupa ional Heal h and Sa e y
IEC62941: Guideline o module design qualifica ion and ype app o al
Comple e Sys em and
P oduc Ce ifica ions
80

Mechanical Pa ame e s
Cell O ien a ion 120 (6×20)
Junc ion Box IP68
Glass Single glass, 3.2mm coa ed empe ed glass
F ame Anodized aluminum alloy ame
Weigh 24.8kg
Dimension 1990×1134×30mm
Packaging 36pcs pe palle / 180pcs pe 20’GP / 792pcs pe 40’HC
LR7-60HTH 505~515M
Mechanical Loading
F on Side Maximum S a ic Loading 5400Pa
Rea Side Maximum S a ic Loading 2400Pa
Hails one Tes 25mm Hails one a he speed o 23m/s
Tempe a u e Ra ings (STC)
Tempe a u e Coefficien o Isc +0.050%/℃
Tempe a u e Coefficien o Voc -0.230%/℃
Tempe a u e Coefficien o Pmax -0.280%/℃
22.8%
MAX MODULE
EFFICIENCY
0~3%
POWER
TOLERANCE
<1%
FIRST YEAR
POWER DEGRADATION
0.40%
YEAR 2-25
POWER DEGRADATION
4mm2, ±1400mm
leng h can be cus omized
Ou pu Cable
Ope a ing Pa ame e s
Specifica ions included in his da ashee
a e subjec o change wi hou no ice.
LONGi ese es he igh o final
in e p e a ion. （20240820 V2）DG
IEC Class C
Fi e Ra ing
Class II
P o ec ion Class
45±2℃
Nominal Ope a ing Cell Tempe a u e
25A
Maximum Se ies Fuse Ra ing
DC1500V (IEC)
Maximum Sys em Vol age
0 ~ 3%
Powe Ou pu Tole ance
-40℃ ~ +85℃
Ope a ional Tempe a u e
Addi ional Value
25-Yea Powe Wa an y
Module Type
Tes ing Condi ion
Maximum Powe (Pmax/W)
Open Ci cui Vol age (Voc/V)
Sho Ci cui Cu en (Isc/A)
Vol age a Maximum Powe (Vmp/V)
Cu en a Maximum Powe (Imp/A)
Module Efficiency(%)
Elec ical Cha ac e is ics STC : AM1.5 1000W/m2 25℃ NOCT : AM1.5 800W/m2 20℃ 1m/s Tes unce ain y o Pmax: ±3%
STC
505
43.50
14.77
36.64
13.79
NOCT
377.3
40.84
11.92
33.44
11.28
LR7-60HTH-505M
22.4%
STC
515
43.90
14.89
37.04
13.91
NOCT
384.9
41.22
12.02
33.80
11.39
LR7-60HTH-515M
22.8%
STC
510
43.70
14.84
36.84
13.85
NOCT
381.2
41.03
11.98
33.62
11.34
LR7-60HTH-510M
22.6%
100%
99%
89.4%
1 10 155 20 25
89.4%
A A
1150
1400
1990
1134
C
14
9
4.5
A-A
30
30
B
B
Uni s: mm
Tole ance:
Leng h: ±2mm
Wid h: ±2mm
1093
C
15
30
B-B
81
SOLAR.HUAWEI.COM/ES/
Sis ema in eligen e de almacenamien o de
ene gía en s ing
100% de p o undidad de desca ga (DoD)
Op imización de ene gía a ni el de módulo
Op imización de la ene gía Segu a y con iable
Celda de li io- e o os a o (LFP)
Compa ible con ambos
in e so es mono ásicos y i ásicos esidenciales
Compa ibilidad pe ec aPues a en ma cha ápida
De ección au omá icamen e en la APP
Fácil ins alación
Módulo de po encia de 12 kg
Módulo de ba e ía de 50 kg
Diseño modula de 5kWh,
Escalable de 5 a 30 kWh
In e sión lexible
Módulo de po enia
Módulo de ba e ía
(Op imizado de ene gía incluido)
82
SOLAR.HUAWEI.COM/ES/
Especi icaciones écnicas
LUNA2000-5-S0 LUNA2000-10-S0 LUNA2000-15-S0
Ca ac e ís icas
Módulo de po encia LUNA2000-5KW-C0
Núme o de módulos de po encia 1
Módulo de ba e ía LUNA2000-5-E0
Ene gía po módulo de ba e ía 5 kWh
Núme o de módulos de ba e ía 1 2 3
Ene gía ú il de la ba e ía15 kWh 10 kWh 15 kWh
Po encia máxima de salida 2.5 kW 5 kW 5 kW
Po encia pico de salida 3.5 kW, 10 s 7 kW, 10 s 7 kW, 10 s
Tensión nominal (sis ema mono ásico) 360 V
Rango de ension de ope ación (sis ema
mono ásico)
350 –560 V
Tensión nominal (sis ema i ásico) 600 V
Rango de ension de ope ación (Sis ema i ásico) 600 –980 V
Comunicación
Display Indicado del es ado SOC, indicado LED
Comunicación RS485 / CAN (solo pa a uncionamien o en pa alelo)
Especi icaciones gene ales
Dimensiones (Ancho x P o undo x Al o) 670 * 150 * 600 mm
(26.4 * 5.9 * 23.6 inch)
670 * 150 * 960 mm
(26.4 * 5.9 * 37.8 inch)
670 * 150 * 1320 mm
(26.4 * 5.9 * 60.0 inch)
Peso (Ki de he amien as pa a sopo e de suelo
incluido) 63.8 kg (140.7 lb) 113.8 kg (250.9 lb) 163.8 kg (361.1 lb)
Dimensión del módulo de po encia (AxDxA) 670 * 150 * 240 mm (26.4 * 5.9 * 9.4 inch)
Peso del módulo de po encia 12 kg (26.5 lb)
Dimensión del módulo de ba e ía (AxDxA) 670 * 150 * 360 mm (26.4 * 5.9 * 14.0 inch)
Peso del módulo de ba e ía 50 kg (110.2 lb)
Ins alación Sopo e de suelo (es ánda ), mon aje en pa ed (opcional)
Rango de empe a u e en ope ación -10℃～+ 55℃(14℉～131℉) 2
Al i ud de ope ación 0 - 4,000 m (13,123 .) (De a ing po encima de 2,000 m)
Humedad ela i a 5%～95%
Ven ilación Con ección na u al
G ado de p o ección IP 65
Emisión de sonidos <29 dB
Tecnología de célula Li io- e o os a o(LiFePO4)
Ga an ía 10 años3
Escalabilidad Max. 2 sis emas uncionando en pa alelo
Compa ibilidad con in e so es SUN2000L-2/3/3.68/4/4.6/5KTL 4, SUN2000-2/3/3.68/4/4.6/5/6KTL-L1,
SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M0 4, SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M1
Cumplimien o de no mas (más disponibles a pedido)
Ce i icados CE, RCM, CEC, VDE2510-50, IEC62619, IEC 60730, UN38.3
Pedido y pieza en egable
P oduc o de ing model 5LUNA2000-5KW-C0, LUNA2000-5-E0, LUNA2000 Wall Moun ing B acke
LUNA2000-5/10/15-S0
Especi icaciones écnicas
1. Condiciones de ensayo: 100% p o undidad de desca ga (DoD), 0.2C a io de ca ga & desca ga a 25℃
2. De a ing de ca ga/desca ga pa a empe a u as de ope ación de -10℃a - 5 ℃& de 45 ℃a 55 ℃.
3. Consul a las condiciones de ga an ía de la ba e ía pa a las condicones de aplicación.
4. Disponible a pa i de Q1, 2021
5. El Sis ema de almacenamien ose solici a á y en ia á pa a módulos de po encia y módulos de ba e ía po sep addo con sus espec i as can idades.
83
SOLAR.HUAWEI.COM/MEA
11
E iciency [%]
E iciency Cu e
SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M0/M1
Ci cui Diag am
Ba e y Ready
Plug & Play ba e y in e ace 2
Load [%]
DC
Swi ch
DC/AC
Con e e
Ou pu
Isola ion Relay
SPD
SPD
PV1+
PV1-
PV2+
PV2-
L1
L2
L3
N
PE
BAT-
BAT+
EMI
Fil e
Ou pu
Fil e
EMI
Fil e
AI Powe ed
Ac i e A cing P o ec ion
Ac i e Sa e y
Up o 30% Mo e Ene gy
wi h Op imize 1
Highe Yields Flexible Communica ion
WLAN, Fas E he ne , 4G
Communica ion Suppo ed
*1 Only applicable o SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M1 sma ene gy cen e .
*2. SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M0 will be compa ible wi h HUAWEI sma s ing ESS in Q1, 2021
Sma Ene gy Con olle
SUN2000-3-10KTL-M1 (High Cu en Ve sion)
84
SOLAR.HUAWEI.COM/MEA
12
Technical Speci ica ion
SUN2000
-3KTL-M1
SUN2000
-4KTL-M1
SUN2000
-5KTL-M1
SUN2000
-6KTL-M1
SUN2000
-8KTL-M1
SUN2000
-10KTL-M1
E iciency
Max. e iciency 98.2% 98.3% 98.4% 98.6% 98.6% 98.6%
Eu opean weigh ed e iciency 96.7% 97.1% 97.5% 97.7% 98.0% 98.1%
Inpu (PV)
Recommended max. PV powe 14,500 Wp 6,000 Wp 7,500 Wp 9,000 Wp 12,000 Wp 15,000 Wp
Max. inpu ol age 21,100 V
Ope a ing ol age ange 3140 V ~ 980 V
S a -up ol age 200 V
Ra ed inpu ol age 600 V
Max. inpu cu en pe MPPT 13.5 A
Max. sho -ci cui cu en 19.5 A
Numbe o MPP acke s 2
Max. inpu numbe pe MPP acke 1
Inpu (DC Ba e y)
Compa ible Ba e y HUAWEI Sma S ing ESS 5kWh – 30kWh
Ope a ing ol age ange 600 V ~ 980 V
Max ope a ing cu en 16.7 A
Max cha ge Powe 10,000 W
Max discha ge Powe 3,300 W 4,400 W 5,500 W 6,600 W 8,800 W 10,000 W
Ou pu (On G id)
G id connec ion Th ee-phase
Ra ed ou pu powe 3,000 W 4,000 W 5,000 W 6,000 W 8,000 W 10,000 W
Max. appa en powe 3,300 VA 4,400 VA 5,500 VA 6,600 VA 8,800 VA 11,000 VA 4
Ra ed ou pu ol age 220 Vac / 380 Vac, 230 Vac / 400 Vac, 3W / N+PE
Ra ed AC g id equency 50 Hz / 60 Hz
Max. ou pu cu en 5.1 A 6.8 A 8.5 A 10.1 A 13.5 A 16.9 A
Adjus able powe ac o 0.8 leading ... 0.8 lagging
Max. o al ha monic dis o ion ≤3 %
Ou pu (O G id)
Backup Box Backup Box – B1
Maximum appa en powe 3,000 VA 3,300 VA 3,300 VA 3,300 VA 3,300 VA 3,300 VA
Ra ed ou pu ol age 220 V / 230 V
Maximum ou pu cu en 13.6 A 15 A 15 A 15 A 15 A 15 A
Powe ac o ange 0.8 leading ... 0.8 lagging
Fea u es & P o ec ions
Inpu -side disconnec ion de ice Yes
An i-Islanding p o ec ion Yes
DC e e se pola i y p o ec ion Yes
Insula ion moni o ing Yes
DC su ge p o ec ion Yes, compa ible wi h TYPE II p o ec ion class acco ding o EN/IEC 61643-11
AC su ge p o ec ion Yes, compa ible wi h TYPE II p o ec ion class acco ding o EN/IEC 61643-11
Residual cu en moni o ing Yes
AC o e cu en p o ec ion Yes
AC sho -ci cui p o ec ion Yes
AC o e ol age p o ec ion Yes
A c aul p o ec ion Yes
Ripple ecei e con ol Yes
In eg a ed PID eco e y 5Yes
Ba e y e e se cha ging om g id Yes
Gene al Da a
Ope a ing empe a u e ange -25 ~ + 60 C (-13 F ~ 140 F)
Rela i e ope a ing humidi y 0 %RH～100 %RH
Max. ope a ing al i ude 4,000 m (13,123 .) (De a ing abo e 2000 m)
Cooling Na u al con ec ion
Display LED Indica o s; In eg a ed WLAN + FusionSola App
Communica ion RS485; WLAN/E he ne ia Sma Dongle-WLAN-FE; 4G / 3G / 2G ia Sma Dongle-4G (Op ional)
Weigh (incl. moun ing b acke ) 17 kg (37.5 lb)
Dimension (incl. moun ing b acke ) 525 x 470 x 146.5 mm (20.7 x 18.5 x 5.8 inch)
Deg ee o p o ec ion IP65
Nigh ime Powe Consump ion < 5.5 W 6
Op imize Compa ibili y
DC MBUS compa ible op imize SUN2000-450W-P
S anda d Compliance (mo e a ailable upon eques )
Ce i ica e EN/IEC 62109-1, EN/IEC 62109-2, IEC 62116
G id connec ion s anda ds G98, G99, EN 50438, CEI 0-21, VDE-AR-N-4105, AS 4777, C10/11, ABNT, UTE C15-712, RD 1699, TOR D4, NRS 097-2-1,
IEC61727, IEC62116, DEWA
SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M1 (High Cu en Ve sion)
Technical Speci ica ion
*1 In e e max inpu PV powe is 20,000 Wp when long s ings a e designed and ully connec ed wi h SUN2000-450W-P powe op imize s.
*2 The maximum inpu ol age is he uppe limi o he DC ol age. Any highe inpu DC ol age would p obably damage in e e .
*3 Any DC inpu ol age beyond he ope a ing ol age ange may esul in in e e imp ope ope a ing. *4 C10 / 11: 10,000 VA
*5 SUN2000-3~10KTL-M1 aises po en ial be ween PV- and g ound o abo e ze o h ough in eg a ed PID eco e y unc ion o eco e module deg ada ion om PID. Suppo ed module ypes include: P- ype (mono, poly).
*6. <10 W when PID eco e y unc ion is ac i a ed.
85

Rese ado el de echo a e ec ua modi icaciones · Las ilus aciones de p oduc os son a modo de ejemplo y pueden di e i del o iginal.
01V
Ficha écnica
Sopo e coplana con inuo a o nillado pa a
cubie a de eja
He amien as necesa ias:
Segu idad:
2279x1150
·Sopo e coplana pa a anclaje a losa de ho migón y/o
made a.
·Válido pa a odo ipo de ejas.
·Sin necesidad de desmon a la cubie a.
·La ijación incluye jun a de es anqueidad.
·Válido pa a espeso es de módulos de 28 has a 40 mm.
·Ki s disponibles de 1 a 6 módulos.
Vien o: Has a 150 Km/h (Ve documen o de elocidades del
ien o)
Ma e iales: Pe ile ía de aluminio EN AW 6005A T6
To nille ía de ace o inoxidable A2-70
Comp oba el buen es ado y la capacidad po an e de la cubie a
an es de cualquie ins alación.
Comp oba la impe meabilidad de la ijación una ez colocada.
!
No a
La ijación clip no se debe mon a
has a habe ijado el anclaje.
Pa a módulos de has a 2279x1150 - Sis ema Ki
(Ve página 2)
Pa a la dis ancia de anclajes de los módulos
consul a icha écnica del módulo
Dos opciones:
Pe il G1
Co as en mm
Pe iles pe pendicula es a la cumb e a
R1-01/24
Pa de ap ie e:
To nillo P eso
To nillo M8 Hexagonal
To nillo M10 Hexagonal
To nillo M4.2/4.8 Hexagonal
7 Nm
20 Nm
40 Nm
6 Nm
To nille ía
incluida EPDM
Anclaje a
ho migón
Anclaje a
made a
100% Reciclable
Teja
Ca ga de nie e:
40 kg/m²
Ficha écnica
Sopo e coplana con inuo a o nillado pa a
cubie a de eja
Co as en mm
Pe iles pa alelos a la cumb e a
Anclaje a
ho migón
Viga ho migón: consul a icha écnica
aco u ilizado
Viga made a: b oca Nº9
Ma cado
ES19/86524
Tipos de mon aje
Máx.225
Lla e de mon aje: Fija/ ubo
hexagonal núm. 7
67
Rosca made a M10
Jun a de
es anqueidad
Mín.140
* Click
Fijación S01
Teja
Taco químico S74
(Recomendado)
Losa de ho migón
Pe il G1
Fijación S01
Teja
Vigue a de made a
Jun a de es anqueidad
Jun a de es anqueidad
Pe il G1
86
Ficha écnica - Sis ema KIT
Pa a módulos de has a 1150
2279x1150
Pa a módulos de has a 2279x1150 - Sis ema KIT
2
3
4
43
7
+
4
10
6
+
Pa a ealiza una ila de 7 módulos se ealiza ía con 1 Ki de 4 + 1 Ki de 3 + 1 Ki de
unión
Pa a ealiza una ila de 10 módulos se ealiza ía con 1 ki de 4 + 1 Ki de 6 + 1 Ki de
unión.
Ki s disponibles:
* Po dila aciones se ecomienda no
excede de más de 20 me os po ila
Ki de unión S15Ki de 4 módulos Ki de 6 módulos
Ki de unión
Ki de 4 módulos Ki de 3 módulos
Ki inal pa a 7 módulos
Ki inal pa a 10 módulos
EJEMPLOS DE CONFIGURACIÓN
R2-01/24
Página 2
5
6
1
Ma cado
ES19/86524
Ma cado
ES19/86524
Ma cado
ES19/86524
Ma cado
ES19/86524
S15 Ki de unión
+
x2
x4
x2
Rese ado el de echo a e ec ua modi icaciones · Las ilus aciones de p oduc os son a modo de ejemplo y pueden di e i del o iginal.
87
123456
2279x1150 150 150 150 150 150 150
Cuad o de elocidades máx. admisibles de ien o
Tamaño del módulo nº de
módulos
Velocidad
de ien o
km/h
Rese ado el de echo a e ec ua modi icaciones · Las ilus aciones de p oduc os son a modo de ejemplo y pueden di e i del o iginal.
01V
Velocidades de ien o
R1-01/24
Sopo e coplana con inuo a o nillado pa a
cubie a de eja
Pa a cumpli con las elocidades máximas admisibles de ien o especi icadas en la abla 1, se debe án espe a odas las ins ucciones
indicadas en los planos de mon aje.
Se debe comp oba que los pun os de anclaje pa a los módulos son compa ibles con las especi icaciones del ab ican e.
- Ca gas de ien o: Según únel del ien o en modelo compu acional CFD
- Cálculo es uc u al: Modelo compu acional comp obado median e EUROCÓDIGO 9 "PROYECTO ESTRUCTURAS DE ALUMINIO"
Sis ema ki
Tabla 1 - Velocidades máximas de ien o admisibles.
Flujo ien o su - En es uc u a coplana .
- Pa a ga an iza la esis encia a la elocidad máxima de diseño se debe án u iliza anclajes adecuados.
Flujo ien o no e - En es uc u a coplana .
Velocidades de ien o
Sopo e coplana con inuo a o nillado pa a
cubie a de eja Sis ema ki
Ma cado
ES19/86524
88
Ve sion No.:01-(20190618) S O L A R . H U A W E I . C O M
Technical Speci ica ion DDSU666-H DTSU666-H
DTSU666
-
H 250A/50mA
Gene al Da a
Dimension (H x W xD) 100 x 36 x 65.5 mm
(3.9 x 1.4 x 2.6 inch)
100 x 72 x 65.5 mm
(3.9 x 2.8 x 2.6 inch)
100 x 72 x 65.5 mm
(3.9 x 2.8 x 2.6 inch)
Moun ing ype DIN35 Rail
Weigh (including cables) 1.2 kg (2.6 lb) 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) 1.5 kg (3.3 lb)
Powe Supply
Powe g id ype 1P2W 3P4W 3P4W/3P3W
Inpu ol age (phase ol age) 176 Vac ~ 288 Vac
Powe consump ion ≤0.8 W ≤1 W ≤1 W
Measu emen Range
Line ol age / 304 Vac ~ 499 Vac 304 Vac ~ 499 Vac
Phase ol age 176 Vac ~ 288 Vac
Cu en 0 ~ 100 A 0 ~ 100 A 0 ~ 250 A
Measu emen Accu acy
Vol age ±0.5 %
Cu en / Powe / Ene gy ±1 %
F equency ±0.01 Hz
Communica ion
In e ace RS485
Baud a e 9,600 bps
Communica ion p o ocol Modbus-RTU
En i onmen
Ope a ing empe a u e ange -25 ℃~ 60 ℃
S o age empe a u e ange -40 ℃~ 70 ℃
Ope a ing humidi y 5 %RH ~ 95 %RH (non-condensing)
O he s
Accesso ies
RS485 Cable (10 m / 33 .)
1 CT 100A / 40mA
(5 m / 16.4 .)
3 CT 100A / 40mA
(5m / 16.4 .)
3 CT 250A / 50mA
(5m / 16.4 .)
Sma Powe Senso
LCD display, easy o se and check
Ene gy E icien
O e all powe consump ion ≤1 W
Simple & Easy
Accu a e
Class 1 measu emen accu acy
89