Assessment of energy efficiency increment of a country house in Mediterranean climate by PV system installing

1 FIELD OF STUDY: ENGINEERING Programme: Energy Engineering Anna Domínguez Costa Album’s No: 287919 Assessment of energy efficiency increment of a county house in Mediterranean climate by PV system installing Ocena wzrostu efektywności energetycznej wiejskiego domu w klimacie śródziemnomorskim poprzez instalację systemu fotowoltaicznego ENGINEERING DIPLOMA PROJECT Form of studies: full Diploma dissertation supervisor: prof. dr hab. inż. Radomír Goňo Department: K38W05D02 Wroclaw, 2025 ................ .......................... mark date, diploma dissertation Supervisor’s signature 2 Appendix to ZD 3/2020/ Załącznik do ZD 3/2020 Faculty of Electrical Engineering (Wydział Elektryczny) Wroclaw, 23.10.2024 Department (Katedra): K38W05D02 Research Team (Zespół): ZET Supervisor (Promotor): prof. dr hab. inż. Radomir Gono Reviewer (Recenzent): dr hab inż. Michał Jasiński prof. uczelni Consultant (Konsultant)*: --- Topic Approval Form for Engineer diploma thesis / Master's thesis / Engineer diploma project ** Zgłoszenie tematu inżynierskiej / magisterskiej pracy dyplomowej/inżynierskiego projektu dyplomowego** 1. Topic (Temat): Assessment of energy efficiency increment of a county house in Mediterranean climate by PV system installing Topic No. approved by the Council of the Faculty (Numer tematu zatwierdzonego przez Radę Wydziału):- Specific topic (requires Dean's approval): YES / NO ** (Temat zatwierdzony indywidualnie: TAK/ NIE **) Continuation with the topic: YES / NO ** (Kontynuacja realizacji tematu: TAK/ NIE **) 2. The topic chosen by (Temat podany w pkt. l został przyjęty do realizacji przez): Student's given and family name (Imiona i nazwisko studenta): Anna Domínguez Costa Student ID (Numer albumu): 287919 Form of studies: full-time / part-time ** (Forma studiów: stacjonarne / niestacjonarne **) Major, Specialization (Kierunek studiów, specjalność): Electrical Engineering, first-level studies, short-term Diploma semester *** (Semestr akademicki realizacji pracy/projektu***): winter 2024/2025 Student’s contact details (Kontakt): anna.dominguez.[email protected] ….…………Anna Domínguez Costa…………………… ……Radomir Gono (Student's signature/ podpis Studenta) (Supervisor's signature/ podpis Promotora) Remarks/ Uwagi: 1. The Form (to be filled in triplicate) must be submitted to the supervisor, leaving with two copies. (Formularz wypełnia student w trzech egzemplarzach, potwierdza u promotora, pozostawiając prowadzącemu dwa egzemplarze) 2. In case of resignation, the student is obliged to submit a written resignation to the Dean's office and to the Supervisor. (W przypadku rezygnacji, student zobowiązany jest do pisemnego powiadomienia Dziekana i promotora) ......…………………………..………….………………………………… (Deputy Head of Teaching Signaturepodpis specjalisty ds. obsługi dydaktyki) * - refers to the subjects of thesis/ projects carried out in cooperation with the industry (dotyczy tematów prac realizowanych we współpracy z przemysłem); ** - delete as appropriate niepotrzebne skreślić; *** - e.g. summer 2014/2015/ np. letni 2014/2015; 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION 6 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1.1. Objectives of the project 7 1.2. Methodology 8 2. ANALYSIS OF THE COUNTRY HOUSE: CURRENT SITUATION 10 2.1. Description of the building 10 2.2. Current energy consumption and usage patterns 11 2.3. Potential for energy consumption reduction 12 3. PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY 13 3.1. Basic concepts of photovoltaic energy 13 3.2. Principles of energy efficiency in rural buildings 14 3.3. Renewable energy standards and regulations 15 3.3.1. PV energy standards and regulations in Spain 16 3.4. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic systems 19 3.5. Literature Review of Recent Research in PV Sizing 20 3.6. Software for PV Sizing 21 4. DESIGN OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 23 4.1. Solar resource assessment in the region 23 4.2. Sizing of the photovoltaic field 24 4.2.1. Calculation of energy demand 24 4.2.3. Determination of the number of panels and configuration of the photovoltaic system 28 4.3. Design of the storage system 31 4.4. Elements and equipment of the installation 34 4.4.1. Inverter 34 4.4.2. Structure 35 4.4.3. Monitoring 36 4.4.4. Protection switchboards 38 4 4.4.5. DC, AC and ground wiring 39 4.5. Grid integration vs. stand-alone systems 42 5. ELECTRICAL CALCULATIONS AND SIZING 45 5.1. Losses in the Installation and System Efficiency Determination 45 5.1.1. Losses in conductors (DC and AC) 45 5.1.2. Shades losses 46 5.1.3. Temperature losses 46 5.1.4. Other losses 47 5.1.5. Total losses 47 5.2. Energy Production Calculations 48 5.3. Installed Power vs. Energy Demand 51 5.4. Waste Management Plan 52 5.5. Health and Safety Plan 54 6. ECONOMIC STUDY 56 6.1. Budget summary 56 6.2. Economic feasibility study 56 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND SUSTAINABILITY 59 7.1. Reduction of CO2 Emissions 59 7.1.1. Energy Generation and Emission Reduction 59 7.1.2. Avoided Emissions per kWh 59 7.1.3. The Absorption Equivalent 60 7.1.4. Comparative Impact 60 7.1.5. Cumulative Impact over 25 Years 60 7.1.6. Emission Offset During Manufacturing (Energy Payback Time) 61 7.2. Contribution to Local Sustainability 61 7.3. Reuse of Materials and Recyclable Components 63 7.4. Considerations on the Ecological Footprint of the System 65 8. CONCLUSIONS 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 APPENDICES 78 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project represents much more than the academic effort of the past few months; it reflects the support and trust of many people who have been by my side throughout this journey. First, I would like to express my gratitude to my academic supervisor for his guidance and trust. His experience and advice were essential in the development and structure of this project. I also want to thank my family and my boyfriend, who have been my refuge in difficult times and my greatest motivation to keep moving forward. Thank you for supporting me, for understanding my absences, and for celebrating every small achievement with me. Your words of encouragement and unconditional love have made this journey easier and more rewarding. To my friends, who have always been there, reminding me that I am not alone in this adventure. Thank you for the conversations, the laughter, and for being a constant reminder that every effort has its reward. I would also like to thank both the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, my local university, and the Wrocław University of Science and Technology, where I was able to complete this project as part of the Erasmus program. Both institutions have been key in my academic and professional development. I am especially grateful to UPC for providing the foundation necessary to carry out this project, and to WUST for offering me the opportunity to grow and learn in an international environment, allowing me to complete this work in such a rich and stimulating context. Finally, I would like to express my thanks to the owners of the rural house where this project took place. They are close family friends, and their generosity in allowing me to carry out this study on their property, as well as the help they provided me throughout the process, have been crucial to the success of this project. 6 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION The increasing need to transition to more sustainable energy systems has become one of the most pressing challenges of our time. As a student of Energy Engineering, I have had the opportunity to delve deeply into the technical, environmental, and economic aspects of renewable energy solutions, particularly photovoltaic systems. My academic background, combined with hands-on experience gained during my internship at a photovoltaic installation company, has significantly shaped my understanding of the potential and the challenges of solar energy systems. During my internship, I was directly involved in various stages of PV system implementation, from site assessments to system design and installation. This experience not only allowed me to apply theoretical concepts to real-world scenarios but also highlighted the practical challenges involved in making renewable energy solutions accessible and efficient. Observing the growing adoption of solar energy technologies reinforced my belief in their transformative potential, particularly in residential and rural settings. The specific focus of this project—a rural house located in a Mediterranean climate—aligns perfectly with my academic interests and professional aspirations. Mediterranean regions offer excellent solar resources, making them ideal for photovoltaic systems. However, rural homes often face unique challenges, such as intermittent energy demand, limited access to reliable electricity grids, and the need for self-sufficiency. These challenges inspired me to explore how modern PV systems, combined with storage solutions, can provide not only energy independence but also economic and environmental benefits. This project also resonates on a personal level, as it encapsulates the broader societal goal of integrating sustainable practices into everyday life. Through this study, I aim to demonstrate how renewable energy technologies can be applied effectively in rural settings, reducing dependency on non-renewable energy sources and contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts. By integrating the knowledge and skills gained during my degree and internship, I have approached this project with a comprehensive perspective that balances technical feasibility, environmental impact, and economic viability. My motivation is driven by the belief that renewable energy systems, when designed thoughtfully, can play a crucial role in shaping a cleaner, more sustainable future. This project not only marks the conclusion of my academic and professional path so far, but also paves the way for my future contributions to the expanding field of sustainable energy solutions. It reflects my dedication to utilizing engineering as a means of tackling urgent global issues and promoting the integration of renewable energy systems into daily life. 7 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Objectives of the project In this project, the aim is to evaluate the current energy consumption of the main country house of Cortals de Tarrés [11], situated in a Mediterranean climate, analyzing the patterns of use and identifying the areas with potential for energy reduction. Through this analysis, energysaving opportunities will be identified by evaluating efficiency measures that can be implemented in the home and proposing specific strategies to minimize energy use. Fig. 1.1. Location of the country house Cortals de Tarrés. Source: Apple Maps In addition, an optimal photovoltaic system will be designed, evaluating the solar resource available on site and selecting the most suitable components to maximize solar energy capture. Furthermore, the economic viability of the installation of the photovoltaic system will be evaluated, considering installation costs, energy savings and return on investment over time. Another important objective is to examinate the environmental impact and sustainability benefits of the facility, including the reduction of CO2 emissions and contributions to local sustainability, highlighting how these actions can improve the quality of life in the rural community. Finally, a set of recommendations based on the findings of the study will be developed to guide the effective implementation of the PV system and improve the energy efficiency of the home. 8 1.2. Methodology The present study on the energy efficiency of the main country house of Cortals de Tarrés will be carried out through a methodological approach structured in several phases that combine the collection of empirical data, technical analysis and economic and environmental evaluation. Initially, an assessment of current energy consumption will be carried out to understand the state of energy demand in the home. This analysis will be based on the collection of historical data on electricity and thermal consumption through bills, energy monitoring sensors and onsite observations. The information will be complemented with interviews and surveys with residents to identify the usage habits that influence energy demand. A detailed mapping of the areas of greatest consumption will be carried out, paying special attention to heating, cooling and appliances systems of intensive use. Subsequently, energy efficiency measures will be identified by evaluating the main sources of consumption and pointing out areas with potential savings. Improvements such as reinforcing thermal insulation on walls, ceilings and floors, replacing inefficient equipment and optimizing the use of natural resources, including cross ventilation and shading, will be considered. Available technologies in the region will be evaluated to select those that offer the highest energy return and are viable in the rural context. Once the energy needs and efficiency improvements have been identified, an optimised photovoltaic system will be designed. This will involve a detailed study of the available solar resource, using modelling tools and local weather data to assess annual solar radiation. System components, such as solar panels and inverters, will be selected in a way that maximizes energy capture and adapts to the house and its surroundings. In addition, the possible integration of energy storage systems to increase self-sufficiency will be studied. The economic viability of the installation will be analysed by considering the installation costs and comparing them with the long-term benefits. This analysis will include a calculation of the return on investment, considering annual savings on electricity bills and possible government incentives or subsidies. The amortization time of the system will be projected under different scenarios of energy prices and inflation rates. An environmental impact analysis will be carried out to evaluate the reduction of CO2 emissions and other pollutants associated with the use of non-renewable energy sources. Life cycle assessment methodologies will be used to estimate the benefits of the system from manufacturing to operation. This analysis will be complemented by a review of the positive impacts on local sustainability, highlighting how the use of renewable energy contributes to community well-being and the conservation of the environment. Finally, the results of these assessments will be integrated to develop a set of practical recommendations. These will include strategies for the implementation of the photovoltaic system and other efficiency measures that maximize the reduction of consumption. The findings of the study are intended to guide homeowners, technicians and the community in transition 9 towards more efficient and sustainable housing. This methodological approach ensures a comprehensive analysis adapted to the context of the country house, promoting significant improvements in energy efficiency and sustainability in the region. 16 • IEC 61724 - Photovoltaic System Performance Monitoring: Provides standards for the monitoring, data analysis, and performance evaluation of PV systems. [38] • IEC 61683 - Photovoltaic Systems – Power Conditioners – Efficiency Testing: Details the procedures for testing the efficiency of inverters and other power conversion equipment in PV systems. [37] • IEC 62109 - Safety of Power Converters for Use in Photovoltaic Power Systems Establishes safety requirements for inverters and related power conversion equipment used in PV systems. [42] • IEC 61727 - Photovoltaic (PV) Systems – Characteristics of the Utility Interface: Defines requirements for PV systems to connect safely and effectively to utility grids. [39] 4. Environmental Regulations: The implementation of renewable energy projects often requires compliance with environmental regulations. This includes environmental impact assessments to determine how a project will affect the natural environment and comply with regulations that protect biodiversity and water resources. 5. Product and System Certification: Certification of renewable technologies is a process that validates that products meet established standards. For example, certifications for solar panels ensure that products are efficient and safe, which in turn helps consumers make informed decisions. 6. Incentives and Subsidies: Many governments offer financial incentives to encourage the adoption of renewable energy technologies. This may include tax credits, direct grants, or preferential financing for renewable projects. These policies are designed to reduce economic barriers and facilitate the transition to cleaner energy sources. 7. Grid Integration: The regulations also address how renewable energy systems integrate into the existing electricity grid. This includes rules on the interconnection of renewable systems, ensuring that the energy generated can be safely and efficiently injected into the grid. 8. Fostering Innovation: Standards and regulations not only seek to protect and regulate, but also to encourage innovation. Many regulations include research and development programs that drive new technologies and methods of renewable energy production. Renewable energy standards and regulations are essential to ensure an orderly, safe and sustainable development of clean technologies. These frameworks help attract investment, ensure the quality of projects and promote the widespread adoption of renewable energy, thus contributing to the transition to a more sustainable energy system. 3.3.1. PV energy standards and regulations in Spain In Spain, photovoltaic energy regulations and standards [67] are essential to promote its development and guarantee the safety and efficiency of the installed systems. Here are some of the most relevant aspects: 17 Legislation and Regulations 1. Electricity Sector Law: This law establishes the regulatory framework for the electricity sector in Spain, including the production of energy from renewable sources such as photovoltaic energy. It defines the rights and obligations of producers and promotes the integration of renewable energies into the electricity system. • Integration of Renewable Energies: Promotes the incorporation of renewable technologies into the electricity system through incentives and mechanisms of priority access to the grid for renewable producers. • Rights and Obligations of Producers: Establishes that electricity generators have the right to sell their energy in the electricity market and must comply with sustainability standards. o Practical example: The implementation of specific renewable energy auctions since 2017 to encourage investments in renewable generation, such as the auction of 3 GW of capacity held in May 2017. [10] [57] 2. Royal Decree 244/2019 [1]: This decree regulates the regime of self-consumption of electricity, allowing consumers to generate their own electricity through photovoltaic installations. It establishes different modes of self-consumption, such as selfconsumption with and without surpluses, and regulates the net balance, facilitating the injection of surplus energy into the grid. 3. National Integrated Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC) [19]: This plan sets clear targets for renewable energy development in Spain, including an ambitious target for installed PV capacity. The aim is to increase the share of renewables in the national energy mix and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Technical Standards 1. UNE Regulations: The Spanish Association for Standardisation and Certification (AENOR) [7] establishes technical standards (UNE) that regulate the manufacture, installation and maintenance of photovoltaic systems. These standards ensure that the components used meet quality and safety requirements. Some key regulations: • UNE-EN IEC 62108 - Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies - Design qualification and type approval: Deals with design qualification and type approval for concentrating PV modules and assemblies. [41] • UNE-EN IEC 62446 - Requirements for the documentation, commissioning tests, and inspection of PV systems connected to the grid: Specifies documentation, testing, and maintenance requirements for gridconnected PV systems. [43] • UNE-EN IEC 62759 - Transport testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules: Provides guidelines for transport tests to ensure PV module durability during shipping. [44] 18 • UNE-EN IEC 60891 - Procedures for correcting I-V characteristics of photovoltaic devices for irradiance and temperature: Covers procedures for correcting I-V characteristics of PV devices based on irradiance and temperature. [35] • UNE-EN IEC 63112 - Fault protection equipment for photovoltaic arrays: Discusses safety and functionality requirements for PV array fault protection equipment. [45] 2. Regulations on Low Voltage Electrical Installations (REBT): This regulation regulates electrical installations in Spain and establishes the technical and safety conditions that must be met by photovoltaic installations connected to the grid. • UNE 20460-5-523 - Low Voltage Electrical Installations - Part 5-523: Photovoltaic Systems: This standard addresses the specific requirements for the installation of photovoltaic systems within buildings, ensuring safety and proper integration into the low voltage network. [56] • UNE 20460-7 - Low Voltage Electrical Installations - Part 7: Special Installations or Locations: This includes requirements for installations in special environments, including those for solar systems, ensuring proper protection and safety. [56] • UNE 20460-4-41 - Protection against Electric Shock: It defines safety protocols to prevent electrical hazards in photovoltaic installations. [56] 3. Technical Building Code (CTE): This code establishes basic quality and safety requirements in buildings, including aspects related to the integration of renewable energy systems, such as photovoltaic installations. • DB-HE (Energy Saving Document) - Energy Efficiency in Buildings: This document establishes requirements for the energy performance of buildings, including regulations on the installation of renewable energy systems like photovoltaic panels. [13] • DB-SI (Safety in Case of Fire Document) - Fire Safety in Buildings: This part of the code specifies fire safety requirements related to the installation of photovoltaic systems, ensuring safe operation and protection from fire hazards. [15] • DB-HS (Health and Safety Document) - Health and Safety in Buildings: It ensures that any photovoltaic installations are made in a way that promotes overall health and safety for the building's occupants. [14] Certification and Control 1. Product Certification: Photovoltaic modules and other components must meet quality and efficiency standards. Certifications, such as those from [16] (International Electrotechnical Committee), ensure that products are safe and efficient. 2. Inspection and Control: Photovoltaic installations must be inspected and comply with current regulations. This includes checks on the network connection and compliance with technical and security requirements. 19 Incentives and Grants 1. Economic Incentives: There are various grants and subsidies at national and regional level to promote the installation of photovoltaic systems, both for self-consumption and for large-scale projects. These incentives may include tax deductions, direct grants, and preferential lines of credit. Under the Recovery, Transformation, and Resilience Plan, individuals installing photovoltaic systems can benefit from tax deductions on the income tax return for 2024. These include [82]: • 20% deduction for properties that reduce heating and cooling energy demands by 7% or more. • 40% deduction for properties that reduce non-renewable energy consumption by 30% or more or achieve an energy rating of "A" or "B". • 60% deduction for communities of property owners that meet these energy efficiency criteria. 2. Renewables Auctions: The Spanish government organizes auctions to award renewable energy generation capacity. These auctions make it possible to set competitive prices and encourage investment in photovoltaic projects: The Spanish government holds auctions to allocate renewable energy capacity, including for photovoltaic projects. These auctions are designed to provide competitive prices and encourage investment in large-scale photovoltaic installations. These auctions set the price for the energy produced, ensuring that developers are incentivized to invest in solar projects while maintaining cost-effectiveness. [27] The regulations and standards of photovoltaic energy in Spain are designed to promote its sustainable development, guarantee the safety of the installations and facilitate the integration of renewable energies into the electricity system. Through a clear regulatory framework and the implementation of incentives, Spain seeks to increase its photovoltaic power generation capacity and move towards a more sustainable energy future. 3.4. Advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic systems Renewable energy offers several advantages and disadvantages that are important to consider in the context of its implementation and development. Renewable energy sources, such as the sun, wind and water, are inexhaustible on a human scale, meaning they can be used without the risk of running out. By generating electricity from these clean sources, renewable energy helps reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants, effectively contributing to the fight against climate change. In addition, it promotes energy independence by reducing dependence on non-renewable resources, which are limited and subject to price fluctuations, which strengthens the energy security of regions and countries. Another significant advantage is job creation; The renewable energy industry is constantly growing and generates job opportunities in the manufacture, installation and maintenance of technologies. Likewise, the installation of renewable energy projects, such as wind and solar farms, in rural areas can foster economic development and improve infrastructure in these regions, contributing to community well-being and economic decentralization. [71] [81] 20 Using renewables can also result in significant savings in long-term energy and operating costs, especially as technologies become more efficient and accessible. In addition, the integration of renewable sources diversifies a country's Energy Mix, improving the resilience of the energy system and protecting it against possible interruptions in the supply of fossil fuels. However, renewable energy also faces certain disadvantages. Intermittency is one of the main ones, as many sources, such as solar and wind, depend on weather conditions and the time of day, which can make it difficult to manage the electricity grid stably. Another challenge is the space required, as solar and wind farm installations often require large tracts of land, which can be a problem in densely populated areas or with other important uses, such as agriculture. Despite the progressive reduction in installation costs, the initial investment to implement these technologies remains high, which can act as a barrier to wider adoption. [71] [81] In addition, some renewable energy installations can have negative impacts on the local environment, such as altering natural habitats or using water resources intensively in the case of hydroelectric plants. The production of renewable technologies depends on specific materials, such as rare metals, the extraction and processing of which can have significant environmental impacts. Another major challenge is energy storage, which is necessary to compensate for intermittency and ensure a continuous supply. Storage solutions are often expensive and may have technological limitations. Finally, the transition to a renewable-based energy system requires substantial investments in infrastructure, including smart grids and storage systems, which involves considerable economic and technical effort. In summary, although renewable energy has numerous advantages in terms of sustainability and emission reduction, it also faces significant challenges that must be addressed to maximize its potential and minimize its impacts. The key is to implement comprehensive solutions that combine different energy sources and innovative technologies to create an energy system that is both efficient and resilient. 3.5. Literature Review of Recent Research in PV Sizing Right-sizing PV systems is crucial to optimizing the performance, profitability, and sustainability of solar installations. Below is a literature review covering recent research related to PV system sizing methods that has helped complete this project: 1. "Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Energy Sources Using Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm Optimization" [385]: This article explores how genetic algorithms combined with particle swarm optimization can size hybrid systems, including PV, to minimize lifecycle cost. This approach was successfully applied in systems including storage and hybrid energy 2. "A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Sizing Integrated PV-BESS Systems for Prosumers" [69]: This paper proposes the use of genetic algorithms to size integrated PV and battery systems. The results showed significant improvements in the optimization of energy self-consumption, especially for residential environments. 21 3. "A Genetic Algorithm Based Optimal Sizing Strategy for PV/Battery Hybrid Systems" [59]: This study uses genetic algorithms to optimize hybrid PV and battery systems, highlighting cost reduction and improved reliability of electricity supply 4. "A Comprehensive Review of Sizing and Energy Management Strategies for Optimal Planning of Microgrids with PV and Other Renewable Integration" [21]: This study highlights heuristic, mathematical, and hybrid methods for sizing microgrids with PV and storage integration. It underscores the importance of minimizing costs and CO₂ emissions while maintaining system reliability. 5. "Current Status, Sizing Methodologies, Optimization Techniques, and Energy Management for Co-Located Utility-Scale Wind–Solar-Based Hybrid Power Plants" [61]: This article reviews the use of metaheuristic algorithms, such as genetic algorithms and PSOs, to optimize hybrid solar and wind power systems. It provides insights into its application in both grid-tied and isolated systems. 6. "Artificial Intelligence for Renewable Energy Systems" [23]: This paper discusses the integration of artificial intelligence into renewable energy systems, including PV sizing. It highlights how these techniques allow for more efficient and precise management of energy resources. 7. "Self-Consumption Optimization in Photovoltaic Systems: Lessons from the Dominican Republic" [17]: This study demonstrates how on-site measurements can improve PV systems designed for self-consumption, achieving cost reductions through customized solutions. 8. "Hybrid Sizing Techniques for PV-Battery Systems: A Comparative Study Using HOMER Pro" [46]: This article highlights the financial and technical benefits of integrating hybrid algorithms with simulation tools such as HOMER. These articles illustrate how genetic algorithms and other advanced optimization methods can be used to optimize the sizing of photovoltaic systems, adapting to different climatic, geographical and economic conditions. 3.6. Software for PV Sizing PV system sizing is a process that has benefited greatly from the development of specialized software tools. These tools allow for detailed analysis and complex optimizations that are essential to ensure optimal performance of designed systems. Some of the most used tools are described below, along with their main features, benefits, and limitations. 1. PVsyst [65]: PVsyst is one of the most recognized and widely used software in the photovoltaic sector. It offers advanced tools for the simulation and analysis of solar systems, providing a solid foundation for large-scale projects. Its main strength lies in the accuracy of its simulations, which are supported by global climate databases and detailed modelling of system losses. However, it can be challenging for beginners to use due to its learning curve and relatively high licensing cost. PVsyst is ideal for complex projects where detailed and accurate analysis is required. 2. HOMER [28]: HOMER (Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources) specializes in the design and optimization of microgrids that combine different energy 22 sources, including PV systems. This software allows a detailed economic analysis, evaluating initial, operational and maintenance costs. Although it is excellent for integrating renewable energy and storage, its ability to exclusively analyse photovoltaic systems is limited. HOMER is particularly useful for projects in remote areas or where complex integration of resources is required. 3. System Advisor Model (SAM) [58]: Developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), SAM is a free tool that offers an intuitive interface, suitable for beginner users. Provides quick power generation estimates and economic analysis. Although it lacks the analytical depth of PVsyst, SAM is an excellent choice for preliminary studies and initial evaluations. 4. RETScreen [24]: RETScreen is another free tool that focuses on the technical and economic feasibility assessment of renewable projects. Its simplicity makes it suitable for pre-feasibility analysis, but its accuracy in advanced simulations is limited compared to other specialized software. It's ideal for users looking to get a quick overview of a project's potential benefits. 5. HelioScope [26]: HelioScope combines photovoltaic design and simulation, standing out for its ease of use and its ability to integrate topographic data. It is ideal for preliminary studies, as it allows for quick designs and visualization of configurations. However, its licensing cost and focus on initial analyses limit its applicability in projects that require more detailed simulations. 6. PV*SOL [80]: PV*SOL offers advanced 3D visualization and shadow simulation capabilities, making it ideal for projects where design and visual optimization are crucial. However, using them may require a powerful computer due to the high processing demands. PVsyst would be the tool selected for this work due to its ability to handle complex analyses and its compatibility with the specific needs of the project. This tool allows for detailed modelling of solar radiation, system losses, and expected performance, providing a reliable basis for the design of efficient and cost-effective PV systems. Its accuracy and the breadth of its climate database make it an ideal choice for projects that require a thorough and professional approach. 23 4. DESIGN OF THE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 4.1. Solar resource assessment in the region This section will focus on the detailed analysis of a very important factor, the available solar resources, which are used to correctly size the proposed photovoltaic system. Thus, the area to be analysed is characterised by a climate with cold winters and warm summers, i.e. continental Mediterranean. Delving deeper into the climate and weather conditions, Sant Hilari Sacalm is highly influenced by the 1,000 meters above sea level at which it is located. Consequently, in addition, the solar radiation it receives is also influenced. The climate in the region, on the other hand, has different characteristics such as the average annual temperature of around 12ºC, reaching 3-4ºC in winter and an average of 25-28ºC in the summer months. Another climatic factor is cloudiness, which is much more common in the winter season, being the rest of the year a highly sunny area, which allows its enjoyment in greater proportion. Finally, rainfall in this area is frequent, especially in the autumn and spring months. With this, the annual average of this factor is 1,200 mm, thus being able to affect direct solar radiation. [4] The next point to analyse is the solar radiation in Sant Hilari Sacalm, which section will be made by taking data on global and direct solar radiation in the area to obtain solar resources, which vary according to the conditions of the two previous paragraphs. On the one hand, there is the average annual global radiation, which averages approximately 1,600 kWh/m², showing the total solar energy that falls on a horizontal surface throughout the year. On the other hand, there is direct solar radiation, also important, which is defined as that which directly affects photovoltaic panels and whose annual average is 1,200 kWh/m². It is higher in seasons such as spring and summer, directly proportional to the longevity of the day and the intensity of the sun. Taking this into account, it is concluded that the best months for photovoltaic generation in this region are those between April and September, with radiation peaks from May to July. In these months, the average daily solar radiation is above 5 kWh/m², which indicates a high generation of solar energy. On the contrary, in the remaining months, especially from November to February, the daily average does not exceed 2 kWh/m², decreasing significantly. With this, the importance of the stations in the variation of solar radiation when sizing the photovoltaic system is observed. Especially to consider in colder months, where solar energy decreases, due to factors such as rainfall, cloudiness and the shortening of the days, thus lowering the production of photovoltaic energy. Therefore, it is important to establish safety margins in the sizing of the system to ensure a total supply during these periods. In conclusion, the altitude and the local climate provide adequate irradiation for much of the year, a factor to be considered for the feasibility of the photovoltaic project. In addition, Sant Hilari Sacalm offers an advantageous solar resource for the implementation of a solar system, particularly during the sunniest months of the year. Although solar radiation is considerably 24 lower in cold winter months, the use of this radiation will be noticeable in the warm summer and spring months, making it possible to make an effective system that is profitable. 4.2. Sizing of the photovoltaic field 4.2.1. Calculation of energy demand To obtain the energy consumption data of the country house, the CUPS corresponding to the electricity supply of the property has been used. Based on this information, a detailed analysis has been carried out using the MATLAB software, with which both the total annual consumption and the monthly breakdown of energy consumption during the year 2023 have been calculated. The data has been provided thanks to the DataDis [16] website, which was shared by the family of the house. DataDis is an online platform designed to facilitate the collection, organization, and sharing of important data, including information related to energy consumption, home efficiency, and more. It offers a range of tools and services that help individuals and businesses track energy use, assess the environmental impact, and make more informed decisions related to sustainability. Below is the annual graph of energy consumption based on the daily averages calculated for each month of the year 2023. This chart provides a detailed look at how energy consumption varies depending on the different seasons of the year and fluctuations related to the use of the property. Consumption peaks and periods of lower demand can be easily identified, making it easier to analyse energy performance and plan for potential improvements in energy efficiency. Fig. 4.1. 2023 energy consumption of Cortals de Tarrés. 25 In the graph below it can be seen how there are two significant monthly peaks in rental demand: in the months of April and September. The peak in demand in April is mainly due to the Easter festivities, a period of rest that translates into an increase in travel throughout the country. During this time, it is common for tourists to take advantage of the long weekend to make getaways, especially to rural places such as the one offered by the house. The peak in demand in September, on the other hand, corresponds to the Mercè festivities in Barcelona, leading to an increase in the number of residents of the province who take advantage of the long weekend to take a getaway to the countryside, benefiting from a still favourable climate to enjoy outdoor activities. During the summer months, the house experiences high occupancy due to the summer holidays, as many families and groups choose this type of accommodation to spend longer periods in a natural environment. In addition, during the weekends of this quarter there is a significant increase in demand. It is in the winter months when demand decreases considerably, this being the period with the lowest occupancy, since many people prefer warmer destinations or stay at home due to low temperatures and fewer holidays. Despite this, a minimum level of occupancy is maintained during the weekends, although without the significant peaks that are recorded in the seasons of greatest demand. The table 4.1 has been created to show the monthly consumption of the rural house during the year 2023 and the annual total. This table provides a detailed representation of the variation in energy consumption month by month, allowing the identification of usage patterns related to the different seasons and periods of greatest demand, such as the summer months. Table. 4.1. 2023 monthly energy consumption. Source: Own Month Consumption (kWh) January 230.34 February 200.49 March 476.84 April 1030.8 May 1209.2 June 997.49 July 1148.7 August 1047.4 September 1025.2 October 512.01 November 242.63 December 222.78 TOTAL 2023 8,343.97 32 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑦 =𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ=1209,2 𝑘𝑊ℎ 31 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 =39𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑑𝑎𝑦 (4.5) Once the daily consumption has been obtained, it is divided by the desired hours of autonomy, which in this case are 6 hours, therefore, a value of 1/4. This value will indicate the amount of energy that must be stored to ensure that the system can cover the demand during that period without photovoltaic generation being available, in the case of cloudy days or at night: 39𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ×1 4=9.75 𝑘𝑊ℎ (4.6) Finally, to adjust the calculation and ensure that the batteries are not completely discharged, the result is multiplied by 0.75 (a safety margin to preserve the useful life of the batteries) [77] and divided by the DOD (Depth of Discharge) of the batteries [12], which, in this case, according to the manufacturer's technical data sheet is 1 so it will not be necessary to make this calculation. This value represents the maximum percentage of discharge that can be used without damaging the batteries. 9.75 𝑘𝑊ℎ×0.75=7.3 𝑘𝑊ℎ(4.7) The system will use 1 x 10 kWh lithium battery that will be able to provide the desired range for 6 hours considering losses, while protecting the life of the lithium batteries. A larger battery than the one demanded has been chosen due to the forecast of increased use of the country house. For the current installation, the Huawei Luna2000 [30] battery will be installed in its 10-kWh configuration. The Huawei Luna2000 is a versatile and efficient energy storage system designed primarily for residential use. It stands out for its modular design and scalability, allowing users to expand the system from 5 kWh to a maximum of 30 kWh by adding modules. This flexibility ensures the system can meet both current and future energy needs. Using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) cells, the battery offers high safety, thermal stability, and long-lasting performance. It features a 100% depth of discharge (DoD), enabling the complete use of its capacity without affecting longevity. With a 10-kWh setup using two modules, it provides sufficient power for daily household needs like lighting and appliances. The battery can deliver a maximum output of 5 kW and 7 kW for brief peaks. The system is compatible with both single-phase and three-phase inverters, allowing for easy integration in various electrical setups. It also includes IP65 protection, making it resistant to dust and water, and it operates in a wide temperature range from -10°C to 55°C, suitable for various climates. Additionally, its quiet operation at less than 29 dB ensures minimal noise disturbance. Below is shown a summary in table 4.3 of the battery with the main features: 33 Table. 4.3. Technical Datasheet HUAWEI LUNA2000 - 10 kWh. Source: Huawei [30] HUAWEI LUNA2000 - 10 kWh MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Dimension 670×150×960 mm Usable Energy Capacity 10 kWh Weight 113.8 kg Number of Battery Modules 2 modules of 5 kWh each Cell Orientation 120 (6x20) Depth of Discharge (DoD) 100% Junction Box IP65 Maximum Output Power 5 kW Temperature range -10°C to 55°C Peak Output Power 7 kW (for 10 seconds) Relative humidity 5 – 95 % Nominal Voltage (Singlephase) 360 V Cell Technology LithiumFerrophosphate (LiFePO4) Nominal Voltage (Threephase) 600 V Product Warranty 10 years Battery Efficiency (%) 95% Fig. 4.3. Graphics of HUAWEI LUNA2000 - 10 kWh. Source: Huawei [30] 34 4.4. Elements and equipment of the installation 4.4.1. Inverter It is a three-phase inverter from the manufacturer Huawei, model SUN2000-8KTL-M1 (HC) [31], with a nominal power of 8 kW. This inverter features multi-MPPT inputs, allowing independent production for each of the PV module series. This reduces the impact of any shading that may affect the PV field, thus optimizing the overall performance of the installation. The inverter allows for quick and easy commissioning thanks to its ability to create your own Wi-Fi network. This functionality makes it easy to set up from a mobile phone, making commissioning simple even in locations where there may be difficulties in installing communications cabling. Below, the table 4.4 shows the most relevant electrical and general characteristics: Table. 4.4. Technical Datasheet Huawei SUN2000-8KTL-M1 (HC). Source: Huawei [31] HUAWEI SUN2000-8KTL-M1 (HC) MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Dimension (mm) 525x470x146.5 Output power rating (kWn) 8 Weight (kg) 17 kg Maximum PV input voltage (V) 1,100 Degree of protection IP65 Working voltage range (V) 140 – 980 V Admissible relative humidity (%) 0 - 100 MPP Voltage Range (V) 200 – 800 V Operating Temperature (ºC) -25 to 60 Maximum AC output current (A) 13.5 Product Warranty 5 years Number of MPP inputs 2 Efficiency (%) 98.6 35 Fig. 4.4. Graphics of Huawei SUN2000-8KTL-M1 (HC). Source: Huawei [31] 4.4.2. Structure In this installation, the 16 photovoltaic panels will be placed using the coplanar structure, Sunfer-01V4 Kit for the Tile Roof [9]. This type of structure consists of installing the panels following the same inclination and orientation as the surface on which they are mounted, in this case the roof of the house. The coplanar structure is characterized by being lightweight and easy to install, as it does not require an additional support system to modify the inclination of the panels. The panels are fixed directly to the surface by means of specific supports that guarantee a secure and resistant hold against factors such as wind or climatic loads. This arrangement makes it possible to optimise the available space, minimises the visual impact and reduces the added weight to the roof or base structure. It is an efficient and aesthetically integrated solution, ideal for surfaces already sloped in the optimal direction to maximize solar energy production. 36 Fig. 4.5. Graphics of structure, Sunfer-01V4 Kit for the Tile Roof. Source: Sunfer, Baywa [9] In this section, you should select the inverters and other electrical equipment needed for the system. Some points to include: • Inverter selection: Specifies the type of inverter (string inverter, central inverter, micro inverter) and its technical characteristics. • Size and capacity: The inverter must be able to handle the maximum power generated by the solar panels. • Other equipment: Consider other components, such as charge controllers, protection systems, cables, connectors, etc. • Efficiency and reliability: Make sure that the selected equipment is efficient and suitable for the climatic conditions of the region. 4.4.3. Monitoring Although the installation of a meter is not strictly necessary, it is recommended for a better data visualization. The display platform for monitoring the installation will be from the same manufacturer as the inverter. From this platform it will be possible to view both the consumption data and the generation data of the installation. The equipment that allows this data to be obtained consists of toroidal meters to measure the currents that circulate through the cables, a Meter (building consumption meter) connected to the toroidal meters and compatible with the proposed inverter and a Wi-Fi communicator so that the inverter can upload the data to the monitoring platform. 37 Fig. 4.6. Graphics of Huawei DTSU666-H meter. Source: Huawei [29] The generation data will be read by the inverter itself, as it is responsible for transforming the direct current of the photovoltaic panels into alternating current. Therefore, he will read this data himself. To measure the building's consumption, toroidal devices will be placed that will take readings of the currents that circulate through the cables. These toroidal meters will be connected to the Huawei DTSU666-H meter [33], which will be responsible for reading the intensities of the toroidal meters and calculating the instantaneous consumption. The Huawei DTSU666-H, being compatible with the proposed inverter, will communicate directly with it via a communication cable. The inverter will receive the data from the meter, and thanks to the built-in EyeM4 communicator, they will be able to publish the generation and consumption data on the monitoring platform, thus allowing efficient and real-time energy management. Fig. 4.7. Connection of Huawei DTSU666-H meter. Source: Huawei [33] The monitoring of all this data allows exhaustive control of the installation to detect errors in advance and act as quickly as possible in the event of a breakdown or error. The monitoring platform allows: • Visualize data in real time • Schedule customizable alerts • Remotely control the installation • Configure the sending of periodic reports 38 For more convenient management, this monitoring has a website and a mobile application: Fig. 4.8. Mobile APP Huawei FusionSolar. Source: Huawei [22] 4.4.4. Protection switchboards A direct current (DC) and an alternating current (AC) protection panel will be installed. For the DC panel, 2 fuses will be installed per series (positive pole and negative pole) of 20 A that will be next to the inverter. The type I and II surge protectors of each MPPT on the DC side and a type II surge protector are incorporated into the inverter itself. For the AC panel, which will be located, a block will be installed with a 16 A circuit breaker to protect the line, a differential circuit breaker with a minimum sensitivity of 300 mA, to prevent electrocution by direct contact and 6 kA of cutting power, and a type II surge protector incorporated into the inverter. Fig. 4.8. Protections. Source: Hager [25] 39 Table. 4.5. Summary of protections switchboards. Source: Own, Hager [25] COMPONENT VALUES DC Fuses 20 A, 1,000 Vdc DC SPD Type II, 1,000 Vdc voltage rating AC Circuit breaker 4P, 16 A, 6 kA de Pdt AC Differential 4P, 16 A, 300 mA, Type AC AC SPD Type II, 400 V voltage rating (three-phase) 4.4.5. DC, AC and ground wiring Below are the calculations for the sizing of the cabling according to the configuration of the photovoltaic system, with a peak power of 8.24 kWp with 515 Wp modules, distributed in 4 series of 4 modules. Key data of the system: • Peak power of PV modules: 8.24 kWp • Number of modules per series: 4 modules of 515 Wp each • Inverter power rating: 8 kW • Inverter efficiency: 98.6% • Module Operating Voltage (Vmp): 40.66 V • Module Operating Current (Imp): 12.66 A • Module Open Circuit Voltage (Voc): 49.91 V • Approximate wiring lengths: o Direct current (DC): 15 meters. o Alternating current (AC): 20 meters. The current on the alternating current (AC) side is calculated: The output power of the alternating current inverter is calculated using the efficiency of the inverter. We know that the nominal power of the inverter is 8 kW, but we must adjust it considering efficiency: 𝑃𝐴𝐶 =𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑣 × 𝜂 (4.8) 𝑃𝐴𝐶 =8 𝑘𝑊×0.986=7.888 𝑘𝑊 (4.9) 40 Now, to get the current on the AC side, we use the formula for a three-phase network: 𝐼𝐴𝐶 =𝑃𝐴𝐶 √3×𝑉𝐿−𝐿 [10](4.10) Where is the voltage between phases: 𝑉𝐿−𝐿 𝐼𝐴𝐶 =7888 𝑊 √3×400𝑉=11.39 𝐴 (4.11) Therefore, the current on the AC side is 11.39 A. On the DC side, the 4 modules are connected in series. The voltage of each series will be equal to the voltage of one module multiplied by the number of modules in the series. Since each module has a voltage of 40.66 V, the total voltage of each series will be: 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =𝑉𝑚𝑝 × 𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 (4.12) 𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =40.66 𝑉 × 8=325.28 𝑉 (4.13) The open-circuit voltage is: 𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =𝑉𝑂𝐶 × 𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 (4.14) 𝑉𝑂𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 =49.91𝑉×8=399.28 𝑉 (4.15) The current in a series will be the same as the current in a module, i.e., 12.66 A. As there are 2 series connected in parallel, the total current on the DC side will be: 𝐼𝐶𝐶 =𝐼𝑚𝑝 × 𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 (4.16) 𝐼𝐶𝐶 =12.66 𝐴 × 2=25.32 𝐴 (4.17) Therefore, the total current on the direct current side is 25.32 A. 41 Once the current on the DC side of 25.32A is known, we need to calculate the proper section of the wire to ensure that the voltage drop in the conductor does not exceed 1% of the series voltage.(𝑉𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 =162.64 𝑉) For a maximum voltage drop of 1%: ∆𝑉𝑚á𝑥 =0.01×325.28 𝑉= 3.25 𝑉 (4.18) The formula for voltage drop is: ∆𝑉 =2×𝐼𝐶𝐶 ×𝐿×𝑅 𝐴=3.25 𝑉 [10](4.19) Where: • 𝐼𝐶𝐶 =25.32 𝐴, total DC current. • 𝐿 =15 𝑚, estimated round-trip cable length. • 𝑅 =0.0175 Ω· 𝑚𝑚2/𝑚, copper resistivity We replace in the formula to calculate section A: 𝐴 =2×25.32×15×0.0175 3.25 =13.26 3.25 =4.08 𝑚𝑚2(4.20) Therefore, the minimum cable cross-section for direct current is 6 mm². The next thing is to calculate the cable for the alternating current. The current on the AC side is 11.39 A, and the allowable voltage drop is 1% over the line voltage (𝑉𝐿−𝐿 =400𝑉): ∆𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.01×400 𝑉=4 𝑉 (4.21) The formula for voltage drops in a three-phase network is: ∆𝑉 =√3×𝐼𝐴𝐶 ×𝐿×𝑅 𝐴 [10](4.22) where: • 𝐼𝐴𝐶 =11.39 𝐴, total current in AC. 48 5.2. Energy Production Calculations Previously, the specific productions of the photovoltaic system have been obtained using the data provided by the PVGIS software with losses of 14% included, a normalized value in this type of installation. These specific productions allow us to estimate the amount of energy that the photovoltaic system can generate based on its location and the characteristics of the equipment in a more generalized way. However, in the section it has been possible to make a more appropriate and specific calculation of losses for the proposed installation. Therefore, in this analysis, the specific productions of the system will be recalculated, adjusting them with the previously calculated losses, which will allow a more accurate and adjusted estimate of the energy that the system will generate during its operation. First, the production of the system is calculated with the initial data obtained with PVGIS, specific productions with losses of 14%: To calculate the energy production of the system, we use the specific output of the modules and the installed power. Data: • Installed power of the system: 8.24 kWp • Number of modules: 16 modules (8 west and 8 east). • Specific production of the modules: o West: 1,196.36 kWh/kWp. o East: 1,119.02 kWh/kWp. The total energy production of the system depends on the orientation of the modules and their specific production. We calculate the energy production for each group of modules using the equation 5.20: 𝐸 =𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑚ó𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜× 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑.𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐í𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎 (5.20) Energy production of the modules to the West: 𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 =8 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 0.515 𝑘𝑊𝑝 × 1,196.36𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑘𝑊𝑝 =4,922𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.21) Energy production of the modules to the East: 𝐸𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 =8 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 0.515 𝑘𝑊𝑝 × 1,119.02𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑘𝑊𝑝 =4,590𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.22) 49 We add the productions of the two groups of modules: 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =𝐸𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 +𝐸𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 (5.23) 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =4,922𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟+4,590𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 =9,512𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.24) Total adjusted system production: 9,512 kWh/year. For the second case, the calculations will be repeated with the specific productions obtained with the same software, but with losses of 0%: 50 Fig. 5.1. Results of performance of grid-connected of Cortals de Tarrés with 0% losses. Source: PVGis [62] We readjusted the data: • Installed power of the system: 8.24 kWp • Number of modules: 16 modules (8 west and 8 east). • Specific production of the modules: o West: 1,346.98 kWh/kWp. o East: 1,442.07 kWh/kWp. The total energy production of the system depends on the orientation of the modules and their specific production. The energy production for each group of modules is calculated using the equation 5.25: 𝐸′=𝑛º 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 𝑃𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑘𝑊𝑝)× 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑘𝑊𝑝)(5.25) Energy production of the modules to the West: 𝐸′𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 =8 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 0.515 𝑘𝑊𝑝 × 1,346.98𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑘𝑊𝑝 =5,549.56𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.26) Energy production of the modules to the East: 𝐸′𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 =8 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑠 × 0.515 𝑘𝑊𝑝 × 1,442.07𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑘𝑊𝑝 =5,941.33𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.27) We add the productions of the two groups of modules: 51 𝐸′𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =𝐸′𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡(𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)+𝐸′𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡(𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)(5.28) 𝐸′𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =5,549.56𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟+5,941.33𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 =11,490.89𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.29) Now, we adjust the total production considering the calculated total losses (11.5%): 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 =𝐸′𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙(𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟)×(1−𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙) (5.30) 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 =11,490.89𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟×(1−0.115)=10,169.43𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 (5.31) Considering the calculated losses, we have achieved a more accurate and optimistic estimate of the PV system's energy output, highlighting the efficiency of the proposed design compared to the generalized estimates of standard PV installations. 5.3. Installed Power vs. Energy Demand In this chapter, a comparison will be made between the installed power of the photovoltaic system and the annual energy demand of the installation to assess whether the capacity of the system is sufficient to cover the energy demand. System Data: • Installed power of the photovoltaic system: 8.24 kWp • Actual annual system production updated: 10,169.43 kWh/year. • Annual energy demand of the installation: 8,342.97 kWh/year. The energy generated by the photovoltaic system is 10,169.43 kWh/year, while the annual demand is 8,342.97 kWh/year. The percentage of demand covered by photovoltaic production is calculated using the equation 5.32: 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒=𝐹𝑉 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑘𝑊ℎ) , 𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑘𝑊ℎ)×100 [70](5.32) 52 Substituting values: 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒= 10,169.43𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 8,342.97𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 ×100=121.93% (5.33) The installed photovoltaic system not only covers 100% of the annual energy demand of the installation, but also generates an energy surplus of 21.93%, which provides a great energy autonomy. The installation of batteries makes it possible to take advantage of this surplus to store it and use it at times of high demand or low generation, which optimises self-consumption. On the other hand, the surplus compensation modality ensures that the energy not consumed is fed into the grid, obtaining economic remuneration and further reducing dependence on the electricity grid. This makes the system an efficient and economical solution in the long term. 5.4. Waste Management Plan In photovoltaic installation works, waste is minimal; mainly cardboard and plastics that come from packaging, which in many cases are returned to the supplier who supplies the material, such as cable reels, etc. When separating the waste on site, it will be classified according to the following types: • Special waste • Non-special waste Given the duration of the work, continuous waste management will be carried out throughout the execution. The tasks into which the waste management plan has been broken down are detailed below: A. Identification of waste that will be generated on the site at the beginning of the work, an identification will be made of the different types of waste that this work will generate to plan its management and stacking on the site and subsequently the transport to the nearest landfills. Considering the type of work in question, the waste generated will be limited to the production of the types in the table 5.1: 53 Table. 5.1. Types of waste in PV installations. Source: Own NON-SPECIAL WASTE SPECIAL WASTE Bulky waste Empty containers of paints, varnishes and solvents Construction waste remains (soil, debris, concrete remains...) Containers containing paints, varnishes and solvents Plastic, cardboard, wood scraps B. Training of operators on the tasks they must perform Before starting the work, a small training will be carried out by the environmental manager of the work to the operators on what will be the tasks related to the waste that they will have to perform. This training will be continuous throughout the execution process until the waste leaves the work. C. Delimitation of the waste area Once the area in which the work will be carried out has been analysed, an area will be reserved for the stacking of waste where it will be located before being transported. The operators will oversee taking this waste to the delimited area. Regularly, these areas will be emptied so that waste does not accumulate. D. Contact the waste collection centres the environmental manager will contact the company in charge of collecting the waste to specify the date, time and place where they will have to collect the waste to transport it to the waste collection centre. The waste will be transported to the waste collection centres on a continuous basis to maintain order and cleanliness of the work. E. Identification of waste Throughout the duration of the work, the different waste will be marked so as not to create confusion at the time of transport. Thanks to the correct identification, more order and cleanliness is achieved on site as well as facilitating the recycling process of all those materials that can be reused. F. Preparation of waste to be transported Depending on the waste collection centre that has been contacted and its requirements, the operators will adapt the waste for subsequent transport. G. Transport of waste Finally, the waste will be transported to the nearest waste collection centre where the waste management process will be completed. To carry out the transport as soon as possible, the nearest waste collection centre to the photovoltaic installation is identified below and the route that the waste transport must take is detailed: 54 Table. 5.2. Information about nearest Waste Centre. Source: Own SANT HILARI SACALM WASTE CENTRE Waste Centre Deixalleria Sant Hilari Sacalm Adress Carrer de la Bòbila, sn, 17403 Sant Hilari Sacalm, Girona, Spain Schedule Monday from 3 to 6 p.m From Tuesday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 3 p.m. to 6 p.m Saturday from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m Sunday from 4 to 7 p.m Telephone +34 972 868 851 Displacement 5.5. Health and Safety Plan Firstly, the works will begin by installing the appropriate signage of the work and material collection areas, the area from which the vehicle will unload the material and a sign at the entrance of the work indicating the safety and health measures necessary to access the work Cortals de Tarrés country house Sant Hilari Sacalm Waste Centre 55 and to indicate to the residents of the building, the existence of the works. The signage must be visible to all operators and neighbors to avoid incidents. In order to ensure a good system of prevention and safety on site, a series of tasks must be carried out prior to the work. All these operations will be carried out as actions prior to the work to secure the work area of the installers. These measures will allow the work on the roof to be carried out with sufficient guarantee of safety, both for the execution of the photovoltaic installation and for carrying out the subsequent maintenance and cleaning tasks of the installation. The measures adopted to carry out the installation are defined according to the type of installation and the type of roof. In this case, it is a walkable flat roof of asphalt fabric and without a wall on the perimeter. The measures to be adopted are: Installation of certified lifelines in each area of the roof of the building where the work will be carried out. These lifelines consist of at least two anchors and a steel cable. Depending on the length of the lifeline, it will be necessary to install intermediate elements between the anchors to increase safety. In addition to the above collective protective equipment, all workers on the site will know and use all the necessary personal protective equipment (PPE). This equipment will have the CE marking, according to RD 1407/1992 and will be: 1. Safety helmet 2. Transparent Face Shield 3. Mechanical protection gloves 4. Dielectric gloves insulating electricity 5. Anti-dust mask 6. Impact Safety Goggles 7. Earmuffs 8. Anti-slip and anti-puncture protection boots 9. Protective belt 10. Arnes certificate 11. Retractable anti-fall equipment 12. Reflective vest 13. Sunscreen cream Fig. 5.2. Safety individual equipment. Source: Fluke [54] 56 6. ECONOMIC STUDY Once all the parts that make up the project of a photovoltaic installation have been studied, an economic study of the investment is prepared to check the viability of the installation. 6.1. Budget summary In the document "Annexes" you can find the detailed budget for the photovoltaic installation. Below is the summary of the budget with the different chapters: Table. 6.1. PV installation budget summary. Source: Own CHAPTER TOTAL COST RATIO €/Wp Panels 1.538,88 € 0,1868 Inverter 2.066,55 € 0,2508 Structure 355,36 € 0,0431 Battery 5.199,00 € 0,6309 DC installation 20,10 € 0,0024 AC installation 723,79 € 0,0878 Grounding 70,00 € 0,0085 Monitoring 161,85 € 0,0196 Machinery 1.700,00 € 0,2063 Safety and health 1.990,00 € 0,2415 Waste management 160,00 € 0,0194 Engineering and legalization 2.020,00 € 0,2451 TOTAL 16.005,53 € 1,9424 As can be seen in the right-hand column, the total ratio in €/Wp of the project is 1.9424 €/Wp. Depending on experience in different projects of the same nature as this one, a ratio of 2 €/Wp or less is considered a competitive amount within the market. It should be borne in mind that each project is different and may depend on several variables such as the type of roof, the conditioning of the roof, the type of technical solution adopted, additional elements such as batteries, etc. 6.2. Economic feasibility study The amount of the contract execution budget is used to calculate the economic viability of the project based on the initial investment. First, the cost of energy and monthly savings are calculated and shown by the data for the year 2023: 57 Grid Self-consumption Surplus Batteries Energy that will be consumed from the electricity grid Energy that will be selfconsumed by the photovoltaic installation Energy to be injected and sold into the grid Energy stored in batteries Fig. 6.1. Monthly savings and destinations of the generated energy. Source: Own From these graphic values, the total annual savings and payback are calculated. Following these considerations, we obtain the values in the table 6.2: Table. 6.2. Results of the annual savings calculation. Source: Own Installation budget (excl. VAT) 16,005.53 € Annual savings 1,093.26 € Payback 16,8 years As can be seen, the return on investment period is around 16-17 years according to the considerations made. This value is significantly higher than for an installation without storage, this is due to the high initial cost associated with the battery system. While in battery-free systems the payback is usually between 6 and 10 years, in this case it can exceed 10-15 years, since batteries have a high cost and a shorter useful life than solar panels, which can imply additional replacements during the life cycle of the system. However, this increase in payback time is offset by strategic benefits such as energy independence, surplus storage to maximise saving 45 € saving 42 € saving 52 € saving 50 € saving 40 € saving 172 € saving 203 € saving 170 € saving 148 € saving 90 € saving 42 € saving 39 € month energy 45 € month energy 42 € month energy 52 € month energy 50 € month energy 40 € month energy 175 € month energy 209 € month energy 182 € month energy 189 € month energy 93 € month energy 52 € month energy 39 € -100% -100% -100% -100% -100% -98% -97% -93% -78% -97% -82% -99% 0 € 50 € 100 € 150 € 200 € 250 € 64 Fig. 7.1. PV panel recycling process. Source: MDPI [61] 2. Recycling of Inverters and Electrical Components Inverters and other electrical components also contain materials that support a circular economy: • Metals (Copper and Steel): Casings, wiring, and connectors are made with valuable metals like copper and steel, which can be fully recycled. • Electronic Components: Circuit boards, though requiring specialized recycling, can recover rare earth metals and other materials, reducing the demand for mining. • Plastics: The durable plastics used in these components can be repurposed, though their recyclability depends on the specific type. 3. Reuse and Upgrading of Components With a lifespan of 25-30 years, photovoltaic systems offer opportunities to reuse and upgrade their parts: • Solar Panels: Panels often retain 70-80% of their efficiency at the end of their life and can be repurposed for secondary uses, such as off-grid or low-power applications. • Mounting Structures: Strong mounting systems made from galvanized steel or aluminum can be reused for new installations with minor adjustments. • Inverters: Although inverters have a shorter lifespan (10-15 years), their modular design allows for repairs and upgrades, extending their usability. 4. Minimizing Waste During Installation The installation process incorporates eco-friendly practices to reduce waste: • Reusable Packaging: Equipment packaging, like pallets and protective materials, is designed for reuse or recycling. 65 • On-Site Material Management: Careful planning ensures leftover materials, like cable scraps or metal offcuts, are collected for recycling. 5. Challenges and Opportunities for Improvement Despite the high recyclability of many components, there are still some challenges: • Recycling Encapsulation and Back Sheets: These layers require advanced processes to separate efficiently without creating additional waste. Progress is being made in this area through ongoing research. • Recycling Infrastructure: Access to specialized recycling facilities varies by region, making it essential to improve infrastructure to enhance sustainability. Future opportunities include designing panels with fewer composite layers, using biodegradable or recyclable polymers, and making components more modular to simplify disassembly. The photovoltaic system is built to prioritize sustainability throughout its lifecycle, from material selection to recycling. With the potential to recycle up to 90-95% of panel materials and significant portions of other components, the system minimizes its environmental impact and supports a circular economy. Ongoing innovation in recycling technologies and material design will further strengthen these benefits, ensuring solar energy remains a pillar of sustainable development. 7.4. Considerations on the Ecological Footprint of the System The environmental impact of a photovoltaic system covers its entire lifecycle, from production and installation to operation and eventual decommissioning. Unlike traditional energy sources, solar systems focus on reducing resource use, minimizing operational impacts, and promoting sustainable end-of-life practices. Here, we highlight key aspects of its environmental footprint: 1. Materials Used in Manufacturing Producing solar panels and inverters requires materials like silicon, aluminum, and tempered glass, which are widely available. While refining silicon was once energy-intensive, technological advancements have significantly reduced its environmental impact. • Use of Glass and Aluminum: o Glass, which makes up most of a panel’s weight, is sourced sustainably with minimal ecological disruption. o Aluminum, used for frames and mounting structures, is highly recyclable, enabling it to be reused multiple times with a low environmental footprint. • Innovations in Manufacturing: Advances such as thinner silicon wafers and more efficient production processes have reduced material waste and energy consumption, making each kilowatt of installed capacity more eco-friendly. 2. Land Use and Biodiversity 66 Solar systems generally have a minimal impact on land use and biodiversity, particularly when installed thoughtfully. • Rooftop Installations: Using rooftops avoids the need for additional land, preserving open spaces and preventing disruption to natural habitats. • Ground-Mounted Systems: When installed on the ground, solar systems can incorporate sustainable practices, such as: o Combining solar panels with agriculture (agrivoltaics) or grazing under the arrays. o Planting native vegetation beneath panels to enhance soil health and support local pollinators. 3. Energy and Resources for Maintenance Once operational, solar systems require minimal energy and resources, keeping their ongoing impact very low. • Water Use: Cleaning panels uses far less water than fossil fuel plants, which need vast amounts for cooling. Advanced panel coatings also reduce how often cleaning is necessary. • Simple Maintenance: Maintenance involves occasional inspections and part replacements, which have a small environmental cost. Key components, like inverters, are modular and recyclable, reducing overall waste. 4. Waste Minimization During Installation and Decommissioning • Efficient Use of Materials: Installation is planned to minimize waste, with careful cable management and recycling of leftover materials like metal offcuts. • Recycling at End of Life: Solar systems are designed to be easily dismantled and recycled: o Glass and aluminum are simple to recycle. o Silicon, along with copper and plastic components, is becoming increasingly reusable thanks to emerging technologies. 5. Comparisons to Non-Renewable Energy Sources Solar systems have a significantly smaller environmental impact than fossil fuels: • Air and Water Pollution: Solar energy produces no emissions during operation, unlike fossil fuels, which pollute air and water throughout extraction, transport, and combustion. • Resource Depletion: Solar relies only on sunlight—a renewable and limitless resource—whereas fossil fuels require constant extraction of coal, oil, or gas. • Reduced Disaster Risks: Solar systems avoid risks like spills, leaks, or explosions, which are common hazards with fossil fuels. 6. Additional Environmental Benefits Beyond having a low environmental footprint, solar systems can offer other benefits: 67 • Improved Local Environments: By generating energy without emitting heat, solar panels can reduce the urban heat island effect. • Inspiring Broader Change: Adopting solar energy often encourages communities and policymakers to pursue sustainability in other areas, reducing dependence on harmful practices. The ecological footprint of the photovoltaic system is inherently low, thanks to sustainable material use, minimal operational resource needs, and effective end-of-life recycling options. By avoiding land disruption, reducing water usage, and eliminating pollution risks, the system exemplifies a sustainable energy model that aligns with global goals for environmental preservation and resource efficiency. 68 8. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the implementation of a photovoltaic system in a rural house located in a Mediterranean climate is not only technically feasible but also highly beneficial from economic, environmental, and social perspectives. The house analyzed, situated in Sant Hilari Sacalm, is in a region with high levels of solar radiation throughout much of the year, making it an ideal location for the installation of solar panels to maximize the use of renewable energy. One of the most significant findings is the ability of the photovoltaic system to meet most of the house’s energy needs, even considering a projected increase in occupancy. This is achieved thanks to a well-designed system that includes high-efficiency monocrystalline panels and a robust energy storage solution. This setup ensures a reliable energy supply, even during hours of lower sunlight, providing uninterrupted power while reducing dependency on the conventional electricity grid. From an economic standpoint, the financial analysis confirms that the installation is costeffective in the long term. While the initial investment is considerable, a large portion of this cost is due to the inclusion of batteries. These are essential for achieving a higher degree of energy independence, allowing efficient use of stored solar energy during nighttime or cloudy days. The savings on electricity bills, combined with potential government incentives, offset the investment over a reasonable period. Additionally, generating clean energy on-site protects homeowners from fluctuations in conventional energy prices, providing greater economic stability. In environmental terms, the system represents a significant step toward sustainability. The reduction in CO2 emissions associated with solar energy use makes an important contribution to combating climate change. Moreover, this project highlights the value of incorporating sustainable solutions into rural homes, transforming this property into a model for other communities aiming to reduce their environmental impact and transition to a greener future. The system’s technical feasibility is also a central point of the study. The calculations ensure that the design is tailored to the specific characteristics of the house and its surroundings. The orientation of the solar panels, the selection of the energy storage system, and the integration of monitoring technologies guarantee optimal efficiency. These measures not only maximize energy production but also make it easier to identify potential issues early and reduce maintenance costs over time. An additional benefit of this installation is that it not only meets the house’s energy needs but also increases its value as a sustainable property. In a world where more people are seeking environmentally friendly housing solutions, this house serves as an example of how to combine traditional architecture with modern technology. In conclusion, this project demonstrates that installing a photovoltaic system in this rural house is perfectly feasible from technical, economic, and environmental perspectives. By leveraging the advantages of the Mediterranean climate and advanced technologies, this initiative not only improves the quality of life for its users but also reinforces a commitment to a more efficient 69 and sustainable energy model. This project has the potential to inspire similar initiatives, promoting the development of communities that are more resilient and respectful of the environment. 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE) Law 244/2019, of April 5th, regulating administrative, technical, and economic conditions for self-consumption of electrical energy. 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Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/64170 [42] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IEC 62109. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/6470 [43] International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) IEC 62446. Available at: https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/27382 LR7-60HTH 505~515M 15 15-year Warranty for Materials and Processing 25 25-year Warranty for Extra Linear Power Output Suitable for Distribution Market Simple design embodies modern style Better energy generation performance High-quality module guarantees long-term reliability IEC 61215, IEC 61730 ISO9001:2015: ISO Quality Management System ISO14001: 2015: ISO Environment Management System ISO45001: 2018: Occupational Health and Safety IEC62941: Guideline for module design qualification and type approval Complete System and Product Certifications 80 Mechanical Parameters Cell Orientation 120 (6×20) Junction Box IP68 Glass Single glass, 3.2mm coated tempered glass Frame Anodized aluminum alloy frame Weight 24.8kg Dimension 1990×1134×30mm Packaging 36pcs per pallet / 180pcs per 20’GP / 792pcs per 40’HC LR7-60HTH 505~515M Mechanical Loading Front Side Maximum Static Loading 5400Pa Rear Side Maximum Static Loading 2400Pa Hailstone Test 25mm Hailstone at the speed of 23m/s Temperature Ratings (STC) Temperature Coefficient of Isc +0.050%/℃ Temperature Coefficient of Voc -0.230%/℃ Temperature Coefficient of Pmax -0.280%/℃ 22.8% MAX MODULE EFFICIENCY 0~3% POWER TOLERANCE <1% FIRST YEAR POWER DEGRADATION 0.40% YEAR 2-25 POWER DEGRADATION 4mm2, ±1400mm length can be customized Output Cable Operating Parameters Specifications included in this datasheet are subject to change without notice. LONGi reserves the right of final interpretation. （20240820 V2）DG IEC Class C Fire Rating Class II Protection Class 45±2℃ Nominal Operating Cell Temperature 25A Maximum Series Fuse Rating DC1500V (IEC) Maximum System Voltage 0 ~ 3% Power Output Tolerance -40℃ ~ +85℃ Operational Temperature Additional Value 25-Year Power Warranty Module Type Testing Condition Maximum Power (Pmax/W) Open Circuit Voltage (Voc/V) Short Circuit Current (Isc/A) Voltage at Maximum Power (Vmp/V) Current at Maximum Power (Imp/A) Module Efficiency(%) Electrical Characteristics STC : AM1.5 1000W/m2 25℃ NOCT : AM1.5 800W/m2 20℃ 1m/s Test uncertainty for Pmax: ±3% STC 505 43.50 14.77 36.64 13.79 NOCT 377.3 40.84 11.92 33.44 11.28 LR7-60HTH-505M 22.4% STC 515 43.90 14.89 37.04 13.91 NOCT 384.9 41.22 12.02 33.80 11.39 LR7-60HTH-515M 22.8% STC 510 43.70 14.84 36.84 13.85 NOCT 381.2 41.03 11.98 33.62 11.34 LR7-60HTH-510M 22.6% 100% 99% 89.4% 1 10 155 20 25 89.4% A A 1150 1400 1990 1134 C 14 9 4.5 A-A 30 30 B B Units: mm Tolerance: Length: ±2mm Width: ±2mm 1093 C 15 30 B-B 81 SOLAR.HUAWEI.COM/ES/ Sistema inteligente de almacenamiento de energía en string 100% de profundidad de descarga (DoD) Optimización de energía a nivel de módulo Optimización de la energía Segura y confiable Celda de litio-ferrofosfato (LFP) Compatible con ambos inversores monofásicos y trifásicos residenciales Compatibilidad perfectaPuesta en marcha rápida Detección automáticamente en la APP Fácil instalación Módulo de potencia de 12 kg Módulo de batería de 50 kg Diseño modular de 5kWh, Escalable de 5 a 30 kWh Inversión flexible Módulo de potenia Módulo de batería (Optimizador de energía incluido) 82 SOLAR.HUAWEI.COM/ES/ Especificaciones técnicas LUNA2000-5-S0 LUNA2000-10-S0 LUNA2000-15-S0 Características Módulo de potencia LUNA2000-5KW-C0 Número de módulos de potencia 1 Módulo de batería LUNA2000-5-E0 Energía por módulo de batería 5 kWh Número de módulos de batería 1 2 3 Energía útil de la batería15 kWh 10 kWh 15 kWh Potencia máxima de salida 2.5 kW 5 kW 5 kW Potencia pico de salida 3.5 kW, 10 s 7 kW, 10 s 7 kW, 10 s Tensión nominal (sistema monofásico) 360 V Rango de tension de operación (sistema monofásico) 350 –560 V Tensión nominal (sistema trifásico) 600 V Rango de tension de operación (Sistema trifásico) 600 –980 V Comunicación Display Indicador del estado SOC, indicador LED Comunicación RS485 / CAN (solo para funcionamiento en paralelo) Especificaciones generales Dimensiones (Ancho x Profundo x Alto) 670 * 150 * 600 mm (26.4 * 5.9 * 23.6 inch) 670 * 150 * 960 mm (26.4 * 5.9 * 37.8 inch) 670 * 150 * 1320 mm (26.4 * 5.9 * 60.0 inch) Peso (Kit de herramientas para soporte de suelo incluido) 63.8 kg (140.7 lb) 113.8 kg (250.9 lb) 163.8 kg (361.1 lb) Dimensión del módulo de potencia (AxDxA) 670 * 150 * 240 mm (26.4 * 5.9 * 9.4 inch) Peso del módulo de potencia 12 kg (26.5 lb) Dimensión del módulo de batería (AxDxA) 670 * 150 * 360 mm (26.4 * 5.9 * 14.0 inch) Peso del módulo de batería 50 kg (110.2 lb) Instalación Soporte de suelo (estándar), montaje en pared (opcional) Rango de temperature en operación -10℃～+ 55℃(14℉～131℉) 2 Altitud de operación 0 - 4,000 m (13,123 ft.) (Derating por encima de 2,000 m) Humedad relativa 5%～95% Ventilación Convección natural Grado de protección IP 65 Emisión de sonidos <29 dB Tecnología de célula Litio-ferrofosfato(LiFePO4) Garantía 10 años3 Escalabilidad Max. 2 sistemas funcionando en paralelo Compatibilidad con inversores SUN2000L-2/3/3.68/4/4.6/5KTL 4, SUN2000-2/3/3.68/4/4.6/5/6KTL-L1, SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M0 4, SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M1 Cumplimiento de normas (más disponibles a pedido) Certificados CE, RCM, CEC, VDE2510-50, IEC62619, IEC 60730, UN38.3 Pedido y pieza entregable Product ordering model 5LUNA2000-5KW-C0, LUNA2000-5-E0, LUNA2000 Wall Mounting Bracket LUNA2000-5/10/15-S0 Especificaciones técnicas 1. Condiciones de ensayo: 100% profundidad de descarga (DoD), 0.2C ratio de carga & descarga a 25℃ 2. Derating de carga/descarga para temperaturas de operación de -10℃a - 5 ℃& de 45 ℃a 55 ℃. 3. Consultar las condiciones de garantía de la batería para las condicones de aplicación. 4. Disponible a partir de Q1, 2021 5. El Sistema de almacenamientose solicitará y enviará para módulos de potencia y módulos de batería por sepraddo con sus respectivas cantidades. 83 SOLAR.HUAWEI.COM/MEA 11 Efficiency [%] Efficiency Curve SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M0/M1 Circuit Diagram Battery Ready Plug & Play battery interface 2 Load [%] DC Switch DC/AC Converter Output Isolation Relay SPD SPD PV1+ PV1PV2+ PV2L1 L2 L3 N PE BATBAT+ EMI Filter Output Filter EMI Filter AI Powered Active Arcing Protection Active Safety Up to 30% More Energy with Optimizer 1 Higher Yields Flexible Communication WLAN, Fast Ethernet, 4G Communication Supported *1 Only applicable to SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M1 smart energy center. *2. SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M0 will be compatible with HUAWEI smart string ESS in Q1, 2021 Smart Energy Controller SUN2000-3-10KTL-M1 (High Current Version) 84 SOLAR.HUAWEI.COM/MEA 12 Technical Specification SUN2000 -3KTL-M1 SUN2000 -4KTL-M1 SUN2000 -5KTL-M1 SUN2000 -6KTL-M1 SUN2000 -8KTL-M1 SUN2000 -10KTL-M1 Efficiency Max. efficiency 98.2% 98.3% 98.4% 98.6% 98.6% 98.6% European weighted efficiency 96.7% 97.1% 97.5% 97.7% 98.0% 98.1% Input (PV) Recommended max. PV power 14,500 Wp 6,000 Wp 7,500 Wp 9,000 Wp 12,000 Wp 15,000 Wp Max. input voltage 21,100 V Operating voltage range 3140 V ~ 980 V Start-up voltage 200 V Rated input voltage 600 V Max. input current per MPPT 13.5 A Max. short-circuit current 19.5 A Number of MPP trackers 2 Max. input number per MPP tracker 1 Input (DC Battery) Compatible Battery HUAWEI Smart String ESS 5kWh – 30kWh Operating voltage range 600 V ~ 980 V Max operating current 16.7 A Max charge Power 10,000 W Max discharge Power 3,300 W 4,400 W 5,500 W 6,600 W 8,800 W 10,000 W Output (On Grid) Grid connection Three-phase Rated output power 3,000 W 4,000 W 5,000 W 6,000 W 8,000 W 10,000 W Max. apparent power 3,300 VA 4,400 VA 5,500 VA 6,600 VA 8,800 VA 11,000 VA 4 Rated output voltage 220 Vac / 380 Vac, 230 Vac / 400 Vac, 3W / N+PE Rated AC grid frequency 50 Hz / 60 Hz Max. output current 5.1 A 6.8 A 8.5 A 10.1 A 13.5 A 16.9 A Adjustable power factor 0.8 leading ... 0.8 lagging Max. total harmonic distortion ≤3 % Output (Off Grid) Backup Box Backup Box – B1 Maximum apparent power 3,000 VA 3,300 VA 3,300 VA 3,300 VA 3,300 VA 3,300 VA Rated output voltage 220 V / 230 V Maximum output current 13.6 A 15 A 15 A 15 A 15 A 15 A Power factor range 0.8 leading ... 0.8 lagging Features & Protections Input-side disconnection device Yes Anti-Islanding protection Yes DC reverse polarity protection Yes Insulation monitoring Yes DC surge protection Yes, compatible with TYPE II protection class according to EN/IEC 61643-11 AC surge protection Yes, compatible with TYPE II protection class according to EN/IEC 61643-11 Residual current monitoring Yes AC overcurrent protection Yes AC short-circuit protection Yes AC overvoltage protection Yes Arc fault protection Yes Ripple receiver control Yes Integrated PID recovery 5Yes Battery reverse charging from grid Yes General Data Operating temperature range -25 ~ + 60 C (-13 F ~ 140 F) Relative operating humidity 0 %RH～100 %RH Max. operating altitude 4,000 m (13,123 ft.) (Derating above 2000 m) Cooling Natural convection Display LED Indicators; Integrated WLAN + FusionSolar App Communication RS485; WLAN/Ethernet via Smart Dongle-WLAN-FE; 4G / 3G / 2G via Smart Dongle-4G (Optional) Weight (incl. mounting bracket) 17 kg (37.5 lb) Dimension (incl. mounting bracket) 525 x 470 x 146.5 mm (20.7 x 18.5 x 5.8 inch) Degree of protection IP65 Nighttime Power Consumption < 5.5 W 6 Optimizer Compatibility DC MBUS compatible optimizer SUN2000-450W-P Standard Compliance (more available upon request) Certificate EN/IEC 62109-1, EN/IEC 62109-2, IEC 62116 Grid connection standards G98, G99, EN 50438, CEI 0-21, VDE-AR-N-4105, AS 4777, C10/11, ABNT, UTE C15-712, RD 1699, TOR D4, NRS 097-2-1, IEC61727, IEC62116, DEWA SUN2000-3/4/5/6/8/10KTL-M1 (High Current Version) Technical Specification *1 Inverter max input PV power is 20,000 Wp when long strings are designed and fully connected with SUN2000-450W-P power optimizers. *2 The maximum input voltage is the upper limit of the DC voltage. Any higher input DC voltage would probably damage inverter. *3 Any DC input voltage beyond the operating voltage range may result in inverter improper operating. *4 C10 / 11: 10,000 VA *5 SUN2000-3~10KTL-M1 raises potential between PVand ground to above zero through integrated PID recovery function to recover module degradation from PID. Supported module types include: P-type (mono, poly). *6. <10 W when PID recovery function is activated. 85 Reservado el derecho a efectuar modificaciones · Las ilustraciones de productos son a modo de ejemplo y pueden diferir del original. 01V Ficha técnica Soporte coplanar continuo atornillado para cubierta de teja Herramientas necesarias: Seguridad: 2279x1150 ·Soporte coplanar para anclaje a losa de hormigón y/o madera. ·Válido para todo tipo de tejas. ·Sin necesidad de desmontar la cubierta. ·La fijación incluye junta de estanqueidad. ·Válido para espesores de módulos de 28 hasta 40 mm. ·Kits disponibles de 1 a 6 módulos. Viento: Hasta 150 Km/h (Ver documento de velocidades del viento) Materiales: Perfilería de aluminio EN AW 6005A T6 Tornillería de acero inoxidable A2-70 Comprobar el buen estado y la capacidad portante de la cubierta antes de cualquier instalación. Comprobar la impermeabilidad de la fijación una vez colocada. ! Nota La fijación clip no se debe montar hasta haber fijado el anclaje. Para módulos de hasta 2279x1150 - Sistema Kit (Ver página 2) Para la distancia de anclajes de los módulos consultar ficha técnica del módulo Dos opciones: Perfil G1 Cotas en mm Perfiles perpendiculares a la cumbrera R1-01/24 Par de apriete: Tornillo Presor Tornillo M8 Hexagonal Tornillo M10 Hexagonal Tornillo M4.2/4.8 Hexagonal 7 Nm 20 Nm 40 Nm 6 Nm Tornillería incluida EPDM Anclaje a hormigón Anclaje a madera 100% Reciclable Teja Carga de nieve: 40 kg/m² Ficha técnica Soporte coplanar continuo atornillado para cubierta de teja Cotas en mm Perfiles paralelos a la cumbrera Anclaje a hormigón Viga hormigón: consultar ficha técnica taco utilizado Viga madera: broca Nº9 Marcado ES19/86524 Tipos de montaje Máx.225 Llave de montaje: Fija/tubo hexagonal núm. 7 67 Rosca madera M10 Junta de estanqueidad Mín.140 * Click Fijación S01 Teja Taco químico S74 (Recomendado) Losa de hormigón Perfil G1 Fijación S01 Teja Vigueta de madera Junta de estanqueidad Junta de estanqueidad Perfil G1 86 Ficha técnica - Sistema KIT Para módulos de hasta 1150 2279x1150 Para módulos de hasta 2279x1150 - Sistema KIT 2 3 4 43 7 + 4 10 6 + Para realizar una fila de 7 módulos se realizaría con 1 Kit de 4 + 1 Kit de 3 + 1 Kit de unión Para realizar una fila de 10 módulos se realizaría con 1 kit de 4 + 1 Kit de 6 + 1 Kit de unión. Kits disponibles: * Por dilataciones se recomienda no exceder de más de 20 metros por fila Kit de unión S15Kit de 4 módulos Kit de 6 módulos Kit de unión Kit de 4 módulos Kit de 3 módulos Kit final para 7 módulos Kit final para 10 módulos EJEMPLOS DE CONFIGURACIÓN R2-01/24 Página 2 5 6 1 Marcado ES19/86524 Marcado ES19/86524 Marcado ES19/86524 Marcado ES19/86524 S15 Kit de unión + x2 x4 x2 Reservado el derecho a efectuar modificaciones · Las ilustraciones de productos son a modo de ejemplo y pueden diferir del original. 87 123456 2279x1150 150 150 150 150 150 150 Cuadro de velocidades máx. admisibles de viento Tamaño del módulo nº de módulos Velocidad de viento km/h Reservado el derecho a efectuar modificaciones · Las ilustraciones de productos son a modo de ejemplo y pueden diferir del original. 01V Velocidades de viento R1-01/24 Soporte coplanar continuo atornillado para cubierta de teja Para cumplir con las velocidades máximas admisibles de viento especificadas en la tabla 1, se deberán respetar todas las instrucciones indicadas en los planos de montaje. Se debe comprobar que los puntos de anclaje para los módulos son compatibles con las especificaciones del fabricante. - Cargas de viento: Según túnel del viento en modelo computacional CFD - Cálculo estructural: Modelo computacional comprobado mediante EUROCÓDIGO 9 "PROYECTO ESTRUCTURAS DE ALUMINIO" Sistema kit Tabla 1 - Velocidades máximas de viento admisibles. Flujo viento sur - En estructura coplanar. - Para garantizar la resistencia a la velocidad máxima de diseño se deberán utilizar anclajes adecuados. Flujo viento norte - En estructura coplanar. Velocidades de viento Soporte coplanar continuo atornillado para cubierta de teja Sistema kit Marcado ES19/86524 88 Version No.:01-(20190618) S O L A R . H U A W E I . C O M Technical Specification DDSU666-H DTSU666-H DTSU666 - H 250A/50mA General Data Dimension (H x W xD) 100 x 36 x 65.5 mm (3.9 x 1.4 x 2.6 inch) 100 x 72 x 65.5 mm (3.9 x 2.8 x 2.6 inch) 100 x 72 x 65.5 mm (3.9 x 2.8 x 2.6 inch) Mounting type DIN35 Rail Weight (including cables) 1.2 kg (2.6 lb) 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) Power Supply Power grid type 1P2W 3P4W 3P4W/3P3W Input voltage (phase voltage) 176 Vac ~ 288 Vac Power consumption ≤0.8 W ≤1 W ≤1 W Measurement Range Line voltage / 304 Vac ~ 499 Vac 304 Vac ~ 499 Vac Phase voltage 176 Vac ~ 288 Vac Current 0 ~ 100 A 0 ~ 100 A 0 ~ 250 A Measurement Accuracy Voltage ±0.5 % Current / Power / Energy ±1 % Frequency ±0.01 Hz Communication Interface RS485 Baud rate 9,600 bps Communication protocol Modbus-RTU Environment Operating temperature range -25 ℃~ 60 ℃ Storage temperature range -40 ℃~ 70 ℃ Operating humidity 5 %RH ~ 95 %RH (non-condensing) Others Accessories RS485 Cable (10 m / 33 ft.) 1 CT 100A / 40mA (5 m / 16.4 ft.) 3 CT 100A / 40mA (5m / 16.4 ft.) 3 CT 250A / 50mA (5m / 16.4 ft.) Smart Power Sensor LCD display, easy to set and check Energy Efficient Overall power consumption ≤1 W Simple & Easy Accurate Class 1 measurement accuracy 89