259
PUBLIC RECREATION IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT AFFECTING NOT ONLY THE
ENVIRONMENT
Da id B andejs, Ma ina Vařecho á, Pa el Klika, Ví ězsla a Hla inko á
B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ins i u e o Fo ensic Enginee ing, Pu kyňo a 118, 612 00 B no, Czech
Republic
h ps://doi.o g/10.11118/978-80-7509-831-3-0259
Abs ac
Op imal ec ea ion should lead o he egene a ion o he o ganism, which is condi ioned by a e ea
om e e yday wo ies and wo k esponsibili ies. The mos e icien and eliable way is o a el o
places ha a e almos he opposi e o e e yday li e. The di e si y o equi emen s o indi iduals who
a e i ed o physical o men al wo k logically implies he di e si y o ec ea ional a eas. The e a e a
la ge numbe o cul u al and na u al monumen s, moun ain eso s, spas and wa e a eas. Howe e ,
he inc eased concen a ion o ou is s in hese locali ies may be ambi alen .
A posi i e economic e ec can be he educ ion o unemploymen and he de elopmen o local
business in ou is a ac ions. These aspec s lead o longe - e m egional s abili y. The nega i e
impac is mainly en i onmen al pollu ion by ca bon dioxide emissions. In some cases, he e is also
unwan ed noise pollu ion, ligh smog and changes in local hyd ogeology associa ed wi h unplanned
de elopmen .
Wi h he g owing popula i y o a el, he demands on he quali y and quan i y o no only holiday
accommoda ion a e g owing, which has led o a sha p ise in p ope y p ices in his segmen . The
s udy maps how he en i onmen al aspec o he a ac i eness o a holiday o ou is des ina ion
a ec s he alue o esiden ial eal es a e.
Key wo ds: En i onmen , ou ism, ou is si es, economic impac s
In oduc ion
A ypical ou is a ac ion o he Sou h Mo a ian Region is he his o ic own o Znojmo, in he Czech
Republic, whe e, in addi ion o publicly accessible monumen s, o he in e es ing cul u al e en s ake
place in a ew days. The numbe o accommoda ed isi o s is eco ded in he Czech S a is ical O ice
da abase. This ac was used o c ea e a s a is ical model.
Ma e ials and me hods
The basic and mos impo an basis o e alua ing he esea ch goal a e p ice da a on ealized sales
o eal es a e wi h a esiden ial unc ion and s a is ical da a om he public da abase o he Czech
S a is ical O ice on he de elopmen o ou ism.
As pa o he esea ch p ojec , 5 cadas al a eas in Sou h Mo a ia we e examined, which we e
e alua ed as he mos isi ed in e ms o ou ism. The ci y o B no, wi h i s speci ic ma ke , a ea and
popula ion, was no included in he esea ch. In his pape , only a pa ial pa o he achie ed esul s is
p esen ed.
A mode n s a is ical me hod, dependence analysis, was used o e alua e he en i onmen al aspec
desc ibed abo e. The mos impo an ools used in his analysis a e co ela ion and eg ession
analysis. The ou pu o he co ela ion analysis is a co ela ion coe icien , which be ween he wo
a iables indica es he deg ee o hei mu ual co ela ion. Pea son's co ela ion coe icien was used o
e alua e he s eng h o he co ela ion.
Reg ession analysis is one o he mos commonly used s a is ical me hods ha can examine he
ela ionship be ween wo a iables. The ou pu o he eg ession analysis is, among o he hings, he
so-called P alue, which indica es how signi ican he c ea ed s a is ical model is and he so-called
Signi icance F, which exp esses he s a is ical signi icance o he en i e eg ession model and he
sui abili y o he selec ed eg ession unc ion. A simple linea eg ession was chosen o e alua e all
si es.
Resul s
One o he locali ies ha was in es iga ed is he own o Znojmo in he Sou h Mo a ian Region. The
subjec o he esea ch was eal es a e wi h a esiden ial unc ion, speci ically amily houses and
esiden ial buildings. By emo e access o he eal es a e cadas e, da abases o all p ice da a om
cadas al a eas we e ob ained o all egis e ed pe iods (2014 - p esen ), om which da a on eal
es a e wi h a esiden ial unc ion we e subsequen ly analysed.
260
Subsequen ly, speci ic p ice da a om he eal es a e cadas e we e eques ed, which we e p ocessed
in o da abases and assigned o he assessed eal es a e. Based on p ices. da a, cadas al maps and
map po als, he ag eed p ice pe m2 / yea was de e mined acco ding o he buil -up a ea o buildings,
s o ey o buildings and p ice da a, which we e e alua ed on a e age in each yea and each cadas al
a ea.
In his way, he ag eed p ice pe m2 / yea o buil -up a ea o each p ope y was de e mined. A e age
p ices a e clea ly shown in Table 1. - De elopmen o p ices. A he ime o he esea ch, some da a
o 2021 we e no ye a ailable, o his eason he ime se ies a e only p ocessed un il 2020.
Tab. 1: De elopmen o p ices (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
P ice de elopmen in CZK / m2 2014–2021
c. ./ yea
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Znojmo
10 058
9 899
12 807
13 437
14 726
14 831
16 030
--------
The ollowing g aph also F egula shows he de elopmen o p ices.
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
P ice in CZK/m2
Yea
P ice de elopmen
G aph. 1 De elopmen o p ices (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
S a is ical da a om he public da abase o he Czech S a is ical O ice on he de elopmen o ou ism
(numbe o ou is s who isi ed he si e) a e p ocessed in he ollowing able and g aph.
Tab. 2: Tou ism de elopmen (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
Tou ism de elopmen 2014–2021
c. ./ yea
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Znojmo
39 076
43 873
44 706
54 993
57 434
57 911
33 956
--------
A s a is ically signi ican abno mali y o he dec ease in he numbe o isi o s ( ou is s) in he yea s
2020–2021, caused by he co id pandemic, is no sui able o he model om he poin o iew o
s a is ical assessmen and would comple ely dis o he esul s ob ained in he eg ession analysis. Fo
his eason, he o al da a we e e alua ed only in he pe iod 2014–2019, inclusi e. A e he c ea ion,
analysis and p ocessing o basic inpu da a, hese da abases we e es ed by he s a is ical me hods
desc ibed abo e wi h he ollowing esul s.
261
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Tou ism de elopmen
Yea
Tou ism de elopmen 2014 - 2020
G aph. 2 Tou ism de elopmen (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
Loca ion Znojmo
Znojmo is a ci y in he Sou h Mo a ian Region, 65 km sou hwes o B no and 80 km no hwes o
Vienna. 34,000 inhabi an s li e he e. F om he poin o iew o ou ism, Znojmo Cas le, Loucký
Monas e y and o he o me monas e ies, Znojmo chu ches and own houses a e especially sough
a e . Some monumen s a e also en e ed in he lis s o cul u al monumen s o he Czech Republic.
The ollowing cha shows he de elopmen o ou ism oge he wi h he p ice o eal es a e in he
pe iod unde e iew (excluding he numbe o ou is s 2020).
G aph. 3 De elopmen o ou ism and p ices (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
In he nex s ep, a unc ion o eg ession analysis was sough . The linea unc ion was e alua ed as
he mos sui able. The linea dependence o he p ice on ou ism is clea ly shown in he g aph.
R2 indica es he deg ee o explana ion o he in luence o ou ism on he p ice o eal es a e = 83.43%.
Subsequen ly, a co ela ion analysis was pe o med. Pea son's co ela ion coe icien was chosen o
e alua ion.
co ela ion coe icien (Reliabili y se poin R) = 0.792 also indica es a s ong, posi i e linea co ela ion.
Signi icance F = 0.0109 is lowe han he signi icance le el 0.05, he linea unc ion is app op ia e, and
he o e all model is s a is ically signi ican .
The alue o P = 0.01092 is lowe han he alue o S a and he chosen le el o signi icance α = 0.05
and p o es he dependence o he p ice on ou ism.
The coe icien o de e mina ion (Reliabili y alue R) = 0.8343 indica es ha he in luence o ou ism on
he p ice o eal es a e is explained by he a e o 83.43%.
The s anda dized esidues a e less han 2 and hei sum is equal o 0. The alue o P is s a is ically
signi ican .
262
A he le el o signi icance α = 5% and he le el o eliabili y 95%, he in luence o ou ism (numbe o
ou is s) on eal es a e p ices in he cadas al a ea o Znojmo is p o en.
y = 0,2474x + 337,33
R² = 0,8343
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
0 10 000 20 000 30 000 40 000 50 000 60 000 70 000
P ice (CZK)
Numbe o ou is s
P ice dependence on ou ism
G aph. 4 P ice dependence on ou ism (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
Pea son co ela ion coe icien
To al ou is s
A e age p ice
To al ou is s
1
A e age p ice
0,9134
1
Fig. 1Pea son co ela ion coe icien (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
E o ! No a alid link.Reg ession s a is ics cap u e he esul s o co ela ion and eg ession analysis.
Reg ession s a is ics
Mul iple R
0,913402904
Reliabili y alue R
0,834304866
Reliabili y se poin R
0,792881082
Mean alue e o
997,0047955
Obse a ion
6
ANOVA
Di e ence
SS
MS
F
Signi icance F
Reg ession
1
20020250,48
20020250,48
20,14072094
0,010923887
Residues
4
3976074,249
994018,5623
To al
5
23996324,72
Coe icien s
Mean alue e o
S a
P alue
Lowe 95%
Top 95%
Lowe 95.0%
Topí 95,0%
Bo de
337,3270123
2768,337135
0,121851854
0,908892706
-7348,809075
8023,463
-7348,81
8023,463
Tou is s
0,247432084
0,055133874
4,487841457
0,010923887
0,09435591
0,400508
0,094356
0,400508
Fig. 2 Reg ession s a is ics (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
The ollowing able shows he esidues and p obabili ies.
RESIDUES
PROBABILITY
263
Obse a ion
Expec ed A e age p ice CZK
/ m2
Residues
Expec ed
A e age
p ice CZK /
m2
Pe cen ile
A e age
p ice
CZK / m2
1
10005,98312
51,58127114
0,057842866
8,333333333
9898,616914
2
11192,91482
1294,297907
-1,45141634
25
10057,56439
3
11399,02575
1408,0171
1,578940224
41,66666667
12807,04285
4
13944,35959
507,1286153
-
0,568690373
58,33333333
13437,23098
5
14548,34131
177,6860887
0,199255899
75
14726,0274
6
14666,36641
164,1420621
0,184067725
91,66666667
14830,50847
Sum o esidues:
0,00
0,00
Fig. 3 Reg ession s a is ics - Residues (Sou ce: Own p ocessing)
A co ela ion coe icien (Mul iple R) = 0.913 indica es a s ong, posi i e linea co ela ion. An adjus ed
Discussion
The expec ed assump ion o he in luence o ou ism on he p ice o eal es a e in Znojmo was
con i med, howe e , o a co ec e alua ion and gene aliza ion i would be mo e conclusi e long- e m
esea ch. I i would be possible o include ou is s no cap u ed in he da abase o s aying gues s in
he esea ch, he dependence would p obably be e en mo e signi ican . Re inemen would be possible
using geoloca ion da a om mobile ope a o s, bu his is only a ailable o he public adminis a ion.
Conclusion
The bene i s o local ou ism a e clea bu ising esiden ial p ope y p ices may also make housing
less a o dable o local esiden s. The ac is ha since 2020, p ope y p ices ha e been ising s eeply
almos all o e he Czech Republic, so i is impo an o ho oughly in es iga e he causes o he p ice
ises and co ec ly demons a e ha hey a e caused by he ou is a ac ion o he loca ion.
Re e ences
Czech S a is ical O ice, a ailable om: h ps://www.czso.cz/,
Czech Su eying and Cadas e O ice, a ailable om: h ps://cuzk.cz/U od.aspx
Acknowledgemen
The pape was p epa ed based on he esul s o „Speci ic uni e si y esea ch a VUT", egis e ed a
VUT unde he numbe ÚSI-J-21-7453. The unds used o he p ocessing o he esea ch and he
con ibu ion we e ully inanced by VUT.
Souh n
S udie mapuje, jak en i onmen ální aspek a ak i i y ek eační či u is ické des inace o li ňuje nejen
ži o ní p os ředí, ale i hodno u ezidenčních nemo i os í (nejen ek eačních objek ů), což dokládá
s a is ické yhodnocení za období le 2014 až 2019. Pozi i ním ekonomickým li em mohou bý
u is icky a ak i ní lokali ě snížená nezaměs nanos a oz oj mís ního podnikání. Nesledo aným
aspek em je ho ší ceno á dos upnos ezidenčních nemo i os í p o mís ní oby a ele.
Con ac
Ing. Da id B andejs
E-mail: da id.b andejs@usi. u b .cz
Open Access. This a icle is licensed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0
In e na ional License, CC-BY 4.0 (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/)