P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240
1877-7058 © 2016 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he o ganizing commi ee o ICEBMP 2016
doi: 10.1016/j.p oeng.2016.07.359
ScienceDi ec
A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com
In e na ional Con e ence on Ecology and new Building ma e ials and p oduc s, ICEBMP 2016
Ca bon admix u es in luence on he elec ical p ope ies o slag
mo a s ocusing on al e na ing conduc i i y and pe mi i i y
Mi osla Lunak*, I o Kusak, Zdenek Chobola
Ins i u e o Physics, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve eĜí 95, 60200 B no, Czech Republic
Abs ac
New ma e ials based on alkali-ac i a ed slag mo a s may be an impo an con ibu ion o applied esea ch, which s i es o o e
he use o was e ma e ials as a ull eplacemen o he cu en ly used binde s and explo es he impac o o ms o ca bon
inco po a ion on he physical and mechanical p ope ies. The in luence o g aphi e powde addi ion on he elec ical p ope ies o
alkali-ac i a ed slag mo a s was in es iga ed. 1–10 w . % o g aphi e powde (wi h 1 % s ep) was inco po a ed in o he mo a and
he elec ic esis ance spec a, pe mi i i y and loss ac o o he p epa ed p isma ic samples we e measu ed. The unique Vec o
analyze RS ZNC wi h a coaxial p obe DAK-12 om Speag was used o de e mine pe mi i i y and loss ac o , elec ical
esis ance was measu ed using wo channel oscilloscope. Highe con en o g aphi e powde inc eases he elec ical conduc i i y,
which makes he es ed ma e ials mo e sensi i e and measu able ia elec omagne ic me hods. The mos s iking change in he
ela i e conduc i i y was obse ed a exci a ion equency o he ex e nal elec ic ield o 10 kHz. A high equencies elec ical
exci a ion ield 10 MHz o 3 GHz we e de e mined by ec o analyze alue o he eal pa o pe mi i i y, which ell om he 20
o he 4. Dissipa ion Fac o shows in his semi a c spec um a peak a 1.2 GHz. These measu emen s a e among he building ma e ials
s ill li le used and open new possibili ies o diagnos ics.
© 2016 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d.
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he o ganizing commi ee o ICEBMP 2016.
Keywo ds: Elec ic measu emen ; alkali-ac i a ed slag; building ma e ials; ca bon admix u es; dissipa ion ac o ;
* Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +0-420-541-147-659.
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed]
© 2016 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
(h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he o ganizing commi ee o ICEBMP 2016
237
Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240
1. In oduc ion
Aluminosilica e p oduc ion o non-clinke binde s is one possible sui able u iliza ion o was e subs ances.
Al e na i e binde s based on alkali ac i a ed slag we e used in conc e e p oduc ion since he second hal o he 20 h
cen u y, especially in Eas e n Eu ope, Scandina ia and China.
Va ious kinds o slag can be used, e.g. blas o s eel u nace slag, slag om cas ing o non- e ous me als and o he
slags wi h high con en o amo phous phase. These slags ha e la en hyd aulic p ope ies, which can be ac i a ed wi h
a sui able ac i a o . As ac i a o s a e used mos ly silica es, hyd oxides and ca bona es o a sodium o o po assium.
The e a e good esul s in he chemical indus y wi h mixing ca bon powde in o many ma e ials. Ca bon p o ides
i ming and g ea e du abili y o ma e ials.
This pape p esen s he basic elec ical p ope ies o labo a o y p epa ed alkali-ac i a ed composi e ma e ials based
on slag wi h he addi ion o di e en amoun s o mic onized na u al g aphi e. [4,5,6]
Impedance spec oscopy (IS) is a non-des uc i e es ing (NDT) me hod anking in he elec ical enginee ing
measu ing me hod g oup. I ou pu s da a p o iding in o ma ion on ma e ial elec ic and dielec ic p ope ies.
Mic oscopically inhomogeneous ma e ials a e equen ly used in he building indus y. Un o una ely, he impedance
spec oscopy esul s and hei cha ac e iza ion on he basis o his me hod a e no unambiguous. [1]
Admix u e o ca bon powde should gi e di e en elec ic p ope ies by using al e na ing elec ic ield han ob ious
cemen based pas e.
2. Ma e ial used
Alkali-ac i a ed inely g ound g anula ed blas u nace slag was chosen as a binde . Ac i a ion was ca ied ou by
wa e -glass solu ion, Susil MP 2,0. As ille we e used bo h es no m-sand (0-4 mm) and ca bon powde Cond 896.
T i on X-100 was used o ea he g aphi e su ace and de oaming agen Lukosan S was added o minimize he gas
con en . The composi ions o each mix u e a e summa ized in Table 1.
Table 1. Recipes o mix u es o specimens.
Componen s / COND Re 1% 2% 3% 4%
slag (g) 450 450 450 450 450
Susil (g) 90 90 90 90 90
sand (g) 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350
COND 8 96 (g) 0 4.5 9 13.5 18
0.5% T i on X-100 (ml) 0 30 30 30 30
1% Lukosan S (ml) 0 5 5 5 5
wa e (ml) 185 150 155 160 165
Componen s / COND 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%
slag (g) 450 450 450 450 450 450
Susil (g) 90 90 90 90 90 90
sand (g) 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350
COND 8 96 (g) 22.5 27 31.5 36 40.5 45
0.5% T i on X-100 (ml) 60 60 90 90 120 120
1% Lukosan S (ml) 10 10 15 15 20 20
wa e (ml) 135 140 110 115 85 90
Mixing me hod: Wa e -glass Susil and T i on ea ed g aphi e powde we e pu oge he wi h a pa o wa e (abou
100 ml) and s i ed in a mixe o 1 min. Then he slag, sand, he es o he wa e and Lukosan S was added and s i ed
238 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240
o ano he 1 min. A e being unmoulded, he samples we e s o ed in wa e o 28 days and hen 7 days in s anda d
labo a o y condi ions o he mois u e s abiliza ion.
The specimens we e p oduced wi h dimensions o 40×40×100 mm. The indi idual esul s we e compa ed wi h a
e e ence sample.
3. Expe imen al se up
A he Depa men o Physics, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, TU B no, he IS-based measu emen s ha e been
implemen ed using ollowing ins umen a ion: Agilen 33220A gene a o , Agilen 54645A double-channel
oscilloscope, HP 82350 PCI HP-IB In e ace ca d, and a PC. To ope a e he abo e men ioned ins umen s and o
p ocess he IS da a acqui ed, a so wa e called IS alpha has been p epa ed by he i s au ho o his pape . [2,3]
In o de o pe o m impedance analysis was necessa y o place he samples be ween b ass elec odes. The samples
we e es ed o he equency spec a om 40 Hz o 1 MHz. Moni o ed a iables we e: loss ac o an į ( ), he
imagina y componen impedance ImZ ( ) and calcula ed elec ical capaci y C ( ).
Second mos impo an measu emen was ealized by using he Vec o ne wo k analyze ZNC, made by Rohde &
Schwa z. By using coaxial p obe o Speag Company and by using Vec o ne wo k analyze , we can measu e loss
ac o , dielec ic pe mi i i y and conduc ance, wi h e y high speed, o equency ange 30MHz – 3GHz. [7,8]
4. Resul s and discussion
Fi s diagnos ics we e ealized by using non-des uc i e me hods. The esul s o elec ical measu emen s a e shown
in Fig. 1. In e es ing esul s we e ound o all measu ed samples in he spec um o dissipa ion ac o . The spec a
show pola dielec ic p ope ies a i s shape. The sample which does no con ain ca bon admix u e has only one
pola iza ion maximum o equency 600 Hz and an į = 9. The sample con ained only alkali-ac i a ed slag, sand,
wa e glass and wa e .
And as ca bon powde was added, pola iza ion losses ell below 5. Ano he addi ion o ca bon powde signi ican ly
dec eased he pola iza ion losses in he egion o 500 Hz again, bu he cu e in he 104–106 Hz inc eased. The p esence
o ca bon powde , i s dec eased elec ical esis ance o he ma e ial, bu ca bon also added pa icles o c ea ing a
dipole elemen s o he sample. Pa icles a e well-pola izable ac oss he en i e equency spec um.
Fig. 1. (a) Spec um o dissipa ion ac o ; (b) 3-D spec um o dissipa ion ac o o di e en mix u es.
This is also con i med by he inc ease o elec ic capaci y o he sample in he g aph C ( ) in Fig. 2 o all measu ed
equencies.
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
2
5
102103104105106
0-B
1-A
2-A
3-A
4-A
5-A
6-B
7-B
8-B
9-B
10-A
/Hz
an
G
/ -
101102103104105106
/Hz
0
3
6
9
an
G
/ -
1
3
5
7
9
11
0-B
1-A
2-A
3-A
4-A
5-A
6-B
7-B
8-B
9-B
10-A
239
Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240
Fo 4% COND in he mix u e he e was obse ed again an inc ease o pola iza ion loss in he low equencies, he
maximum is shi ed o 100 Hz, while in he 600 Hz he e is an in lec ion poin a which he alue o an del a is lowe
han p e iously p esen ed a an in e al 600 Hz o 200 kHz. The alues o dissipa ion ac o o ange 40 Hz o 600
Hz a e in he ange 1.5 o 4 and each pola iza ion maxima he e. By swi ching axis o a loga i hmic scale, Figu e 1 b,
o an į we ge much mo e anspa en iew o a eas o low alues o an del a. These peaks, howe e , "jump" wi h
addi ion o wa e and ca bon a 5% o he mix u e, and 9% COND o he mix u e. I maxima g ow o low equencies
and by adding ca bon powde oo, his indica es he in luence o he mixing wa e o he pola iza ion losses in selec ed
low equencies.
F om 600 Hz o 200 kHz, he alues o an del a dec eased wi h inc easing con en o ca bon powde o a alue o
an į = 0.1. Simul aneously wa e con en was educed, con en o T i on inc eased. The amoun o pa icles capable
o pola iza ion dec eased o he equency o 1 kHz o 100 kHz. Fo high equency bands, he le els o alues o
dissipa ion ac o a e compa able, eaching he alues a ound 0.5.
Fig. 2. (a) Spec a o elec ic capaci y o used mix u es; (b) spec a o eal pa o pe mi i i y, measu ed by Vec o ne wo k analyze .
The measu emen by using ec o analyze showed ela i ely low alues o he eal componen o pe mi i i y o
ma e ial (Fig. 2 b) o he equency ange 10 MHz o 3 GHz. Acqui ing alues o 5 o 22 abou he i s h ee o i e
alues o he lowes equency was measu ed signi ican ly lowe han he maximum alue. This disc epancy is
a ibu ed o signi ican e o de e mina ion o he i s alues o lowes equencies; i is ad isable no o ake hese
alues as ele an . The h eshold o he measu abili y by ec o analyze was in ended o de e mine. The p esen ed
measu emen is pe haps he i s diagnosis o he building ma e ials in he wo ld, using his op equipmen .
Fig. 3. Spec a o dissipa ion ac o , measu ed by Vec o ne wo k analyze .
10-11
10-10
10-9
102103104105106
4-A
0-B
1-A
2-A
3-A
5-A
6-B
7-B
8-B
9-A
10-A
/Hz
C/F
0
5
10
15
20
25
10 100 1000
10-A
9-B
8-B
7-B
6-B
5-A
4-A
3-A
2-A
1-A
0-B
/ M Hz
H
, / -
0.1
0.2
0.3
50 100 200 500 1000 2000
10-A
6-B
1-A
/ M Hz
an
G
/ -
240 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240
Pe mi i i y in he a ea o highe equency o he inco po a ion o ca bon powde is inc easing apidly o
concen a ion o 5 % and highe . Wi h inc easing equency he alues o pe mi i i y dec eases.
Low alues o dissipa ion ac o we e measu ed using he ec o analyze . They anged om 0.01 o 0.4, again
depending on he concen a ion o ca bon powde (Fig. 3). The cu es di e no only by he le el bu also by he
shape, bu insigni ican ly. Measu ing by ec o analyze by Speag p obe a e designed o gaseous and liquid
en i onmen s, and measu emen s on solids depend g ea ly on he su ace la ness o he ma e ial, on he closes
possible o a ach o he su ace o he sample.
5. Conclusion
The addi ion o ca bon powde in o alkali-ac i a ed slag mo a changes he elec ical p ope ies o he samples.
Ca bon pa icles cause highe conduc i i y o ma e ial, also inc eases he elec ical capaci y o he sample. Obse ing
he e ec o admix u e o ca bon on he ha dness and ab asion esis ance o he samples was no he subjec o his
a icle. Ca bon addi i es help o imp o e he elec omagne ic shielding o cons uc ion by using was e p oduc s om
he p oduc ion o ca bon p oduc s.
The measu abili y o samples using he ec o analyze was con i med. This me hod does no equi e specially
ea ed samples, only he smoo hness o he con ac su ace a ea is necessa y o be ensu ed.
Acknowledgemen s
This pape has been wo ked ou unde he p ojec GAýR No. 16-02261S and unde he p ojec No.S-16-2967
suppo ed by Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing BUT.
Re e ences
[1] I. Kusak, M. Lunak, Compa ison o impedance spec a o conc e e eco ded wi h u ilizing ca bon ansi ion pas e, Ad . Ma . Res. 897 (2014)
131–134.
[2] V. Men lik, 'LHOHNWULFN«SUYN DV VW«P BEN – echnická li e a u a, P aha, 2006.
[3] M. Lunak, I. Kusak, Z. Chobola, Dielec ic p ope ies o conc e e specimens a e hea s ess, Appl. Mech. Ma e . 446–447 (2014) 1389–1394.
[4] M. Cabeza, P. Me ino, A. Mi anda, X.R. No oa, I. Sanchez, Impedance spec oscopy s udy o ha dened Po land cemen pas e, Cemen
Conc e e Res. 32 (2002) 881–891.
[5] T. Ficke , L. Topola , I. Kusak, Is componen ial s eng h analysis o conc e e possible?, Mag. Conc e e Res. 65 (2013) 1480–1485.
[6] L. Pazde a, L. Topola , V. Bilek, J. Smu ny, I. Kusak, M. Lunak, Measu ing o conc e e p ope ies du ing ha dening, In ESA 2010. 1. CZ,
Palacky Uni e si y (2010) 311–318.
[7] I. Kusak, M. Lunak, P. Schaue , T acing o conc e e hyd a ion by means o impedance spec oscopy (New ool o building elemen s es ing),
Appl. Mech. Ma e . 248 (2013) 370–378.
[8] J. Ross Macdonald, W.R. Kenan, Impedance spec oscopy: emphasizing solid ma e ials and sys ems, Wiley, Canada, 1987.