Carbon admixtures influence on the electrical properties of slag mortars focusing on alternating conductivity and permittivity

P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240 1877-7058 © 2016 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he o ganizing commi ee o ICEBMP 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.p oeng.2016.07.359 ScienceDi ec A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com In e na ional Con e ence on Ecology and new Building ma e ials and p oduc s, ICEBMP 2016 Ca bon admix u es in luence on he elec ical p ope ies o slag mo a s ocusing on al e na ing conduc i i y and pe mi i i y Mi osla Lunak*, I o Kusak, Zdenek Chobola Ins i u e o Physics, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve eĜí 95, 60200 B no, Czech Republic Abs ac New ma e ials based on alkali-ac i a ed slag mo a s may be an impo an con ibu ion o applied esea ch, which s i es o o e he use o was e ma e ials as a ull eplacemen o he cu en ly used binde s and explo es he impac o o ms o ca bon inco po a ion on he physical and mechanical p ope ies. The in luence o g aphi e powde addi ion on he elec ical p ope ies o alkali-ac i a ed slag mo a s was in es iga ed. 1–10 w . % o g aphi e powde (wi h 1 % s ep) was inco po a ed in o he mo a and he elec ic esis ance spec a, pe mi i i y and loss ac o o he p epa ed p isma ic samples we e measu ed. The unique Vec o analyze RS ZNC wi h a coaxial p obe DAK-12 om Speag was used o de e mine pe mi i i y and loss ac o , elec ical esis ance was measu ed using wo channel oscilloscope. Highe con en o g aphi e powde inc eases he elec ical conduc i i y, which makes he es ed ma e ials mo e sensi i e and measu able ia elec omagne ic me hods. The mos s iking change in he ela i e conduc i i y was obse ed a exci a ion equency o he ex e nal elec ic ield o 10 kHz. A high equencies elec ical exci a ion ield 10 MHz o 3 GHz we e de e mined by ec o analyze alue o he eal pa o pe mi i i y, which ell om he 20 o he 4. Dissipa ion Fac o shows in his semi a c spec um a peak a 1.2 GHz. These measu emen s a e among he building ma e ials s ill li le used and open new possibili ies o diagnos ics. © 2016 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he o ganizing commi ee o ICEBMP 2016. Keywo ds: Elec ic measu emen ; alkali-ac i a ed slag; building ma e ials; ca bon admix u es; dissipa ion ac o ; * Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +0-420-541-147-659. E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] © 2016 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he o ganizing commi ee o ICEBMP 2016 237 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240 1. In oduc ion Aluminosilica e p oduc ion o non-clinke binde s is one possible sui able u iliza ion o was e subs ances. Al e na i e binde s based on alkali ac i a ed slag we e used in conc e e p oduc ion since he second hal o he 20 h cen u y, especially in Eas e n Eu ope, Scandina ia and China. Va ious kinds o slag can be used, e.g. blas o s eel u nace slag, slag om cas ing o non- e ous me als and o he slags wi h high con en o amo phous phase. These slags ha e la en hyd aulic p ope ies, which can be ac i a ed wi h a sui able ac i a o . As ac i a o s a e used mos ly silica es, hyd oxides and ca bona es o a sodium o o po assium. The e a e good esul s in he chemical indus y wi h mixing ca bon powde in o many ma e ials. Ca bon p o ides i ming and g ea e du abili y o ma e ials. This pape p esen s he basic elec ical p ope ies o labo a o y p epa ed alkali-ac i a ed composi e ma e ials based on slag wi h he addi ion o di e en amoun s o mic onized na u al g aphi e. [4,5,6] Impedance spec oscopy (IS) is a non-des uc i e es ing (NDT) me hod anking in he elec ical enginee ing measu ing me hod g oup. I ou pu s da a p o iding in o ma ion on ma e ial elec ic and dielec ic p ope ies. Mic oscopically inhomogeneous ma e ials a e equen ly used in he building indus y. Un o una ely, he impedance spec oscopy esul s and hei cha ac e iza ion on he basis o his me hod a e no unambiguous. [1] Admix u e o ca bon powde should gi e di e en elec ic p ope ies by using al e na ing elec ic ield han ob ious cemen based pas e. 2. Ma e ial used Alkali-ac i a ed inely g ound g anula ed blas u nace slag was chosen as a binde . Ac i a ion was ca ied ou by wa e -glass solu ion, Susil MP 2,0. As ille we e used bo h es no m-sand (0-4 mm) and ca bon powde Cond 896. T i on X-100 was used o ea he g aphi e su ace and de oaming agen Lukosan S was added o minimize he gas con en . The composi ions o each mix u e a e summa ized in Table 1. Table 1. Recipes o mix u es o specimens. Componen s / COND Re 1% 2% 3% 4% slag (g) 450 450 450 450 450 Susil (g) 90 90 90 90 90 sand (g) 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 COND 8 96 (g) 0 4.5 9 13.5 18 0.5% T i on X-100 (ml) 0 30 30 30 30 1% Lukosan S (ml) 0 5 5 5 5 wa e (ml) 185 150 155 160 165 Componen s / COND 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% slag (g) 450 450 450 450 450 450 Susil (g) 90 90 90 90 90 90 sand (g) 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 COND 8 96 (g) 22.5 27 31.5 36 40.5 45 0.5% T i on X-100 (ml) 60 60 90 90 120 120 1% Lukosan S (ml) 10 10 15 15 20 20 wa e (ml) 135 140 110 115 85 90 Mixing me hod: Wa e -glass Susil and T i on ea ed g aphi e powde we e pu oge he wi h a pa o wa e (abou 100 ml) and s i ed in a mixe o 1 min. Then he slag, sand, he es o he wa e and Lukosan S was added and s i ed 238 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240 o ano he 1 min. A e being unmoulded, he samples we e s o ed in wa e o 28 days and hen 7 days in s anda d labo a o y condi ions o he mois u e s abiliza ion. The specimens we e p oduced wi h dimensions o 40×40×100 mm. The indi idual esul s we e compa ed wi h a e e ence sample. 3. Expe imen al se up A he Depa men o Physics, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, TU B no, he IS-based measu emen s ha e been implemen ed using ollowing ins umen a ion: Agilen 33220A gene a o , Agilen 54645A double-channel oscilloscope, HP 82350 PCI HP-IB In e ace ca d, and a PC. To ope a e he abo e men ioned ins umen s and o p ocess he IS da a acqui ed, a so wa e called IS alpha has been p epa ed by he i s au ho o his pape . [2,3] In o de o pe o m impedance analysis was necessa y o place he samples be ween b ass elec odes. The samples we e es ed o he equency spec a om 40 Hz o 1 MHz. Moni o ed a iables we e: loss ac o an į ( ), he imagina y componen impedance ImZ ( ) and calcula ed elec ical capaci y C ( ). Second mos impo an measu emen was ealized by using he Vec o ne wo k analyze ZNC, made by Rohde & Schwa z. By using coaxial p obe o Speag Company and by using Vec o ne wo k analyze , we can measu e loss ac o , dielec ic pe mi i i y and conduc ance, wi h e y high speed, o equency ange 30MHz – 3GHz. [7,8] 4. Resul s and discussion Fi s diagnos ics we e ealized by using non-des uc i e me hods. The esul s o elec ical measu emen s a e shown in Fig. 1. In e es ing esul s we e ound o all measu ed samples in he spec um o dissipa ion ac o . The spec a show pola dielec ic p ope ies a i s shape. The sample which does no con ain ca bon admix u e has only one pola iza ion maximum o equency 600 Hz and an į = 9. The sample con ained only alkali-ac i a ed slag, sand, wa e glass and wa e . And as ca bon powde was added, pola iza ion losses ell below 5. Ano he addi ion o ca bon powde signi ican ly dec eased he pola iza ion losses in he egion o 500 Hz again, bu he cu e in he 104–106 Hz inc eased. The p esence o ca bon powde , i s dec eased elec ical esis ance o he ma e ial, bu ca bon also added pa icles o c ea ing a dipole elemen s o he sample. Pa icles a e well-pola izable ac oss he en i e equency spec um. Fig. 1. (a) Spec um o dissipa ion ac o ; (b) 3-D spec um o dissipa ion ac o o di e en mix u es. This is also con i med by he inc ease o elec ic capaci y o he sample in he g aph C ( ) in Fig. 2 o all measu ed equencies. 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 102103104105106 0-B 1-A 2-A 3-A 4-A 5-A 6-B 7-B 8-B 9-B 10-A /Hz an G / - 101102103104105106 /Hz 0 3 6 9 an G / - 1 3 5 7 9 11 0-B 1-A 2-A 3-A 4-A 5-A 6-B 7-B 8-B 9-B 10-A 239 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240 Fo 4% COND in he mix u e he e was obse ed again an inc ease o pola iza ion loss in he low equencies, he maximum is shi ed o 100 Hz, while in he 600 Hz he e is an in lec ion poin a which he alue o an del a is lowe han p e iously p esen ed a an in e al 600 Hz o 200 kHz. The alues o dissipa ion ac o o ange 40 Hz o 600 Hz a e in he ange 1.5 o 4 and each pola iza ion maxima he e. By swi ching axis o a loga i hmic scale, Figu e 1 b, o an į we ge much mo e anspa en iew o a eas o low alues o an del a. These peaks, howe e , "jump" wi h addi ion o wa e and ca bon a 5% o he mix u e, and 9% COND o he mix u e. I maxima g ow o low equencies and by adding ca bon powde oo, his indica es he in luence o he mixing wa e o he pola iza ion losses in selec ed low equencies. F om 600 Hz o 200 kHz, he alues o an del a dec eased wi h inc easing con en o ca bon powde o a alue o an į = 0.1. Simul aneously wa e con en was educed, con en o T i on inc eased. The amoun o pa icles capable o pola iza ion dec eased o he equency o 1 kHz o 100 kHz. Fo high equency bands, he le els o alues o dissipa ion ac o a e compa able, eaching he alues a ound 0.5. Fig. 2. (a) Spec a o elec ic capaci y o used mix u es; (b) spec a o eal pa o pe mi i i y, measu ed by Vec o ne wo k analyze . The measu emen by using ec o analyze showed ela i ely low alues o he eal componen o pe mi i i y o ma e ial (Fig. 2 b) o he equency ange 10 MHz o 3 GHz. Acqui ing alues o 5 o 22 abou he i s h ee o i e alues o he lowes equency was measu ed signi ican ly lowe han he maximum alue. This disc epancy is a ibu ed o signi ican e o de e mina ion o he i s alues o lowes equencies; i is ad isable no o ake hese alues as ele an . The h eshold o he measu abili y by ec o analyze was in ended o de e mine. The p esen ed measu emen is pe haps he i s diagnosis o he building ma e ials in he wo ld, using his op equipmen . Fig. 3. Spec a o dissipa ion ac o , measu ed by Vec o ne wo k analyze . 10-11 10-10 10-9 102103104105106 4-A 0-B 1-A 2-A 3-A 5-A 6-B 7-B 8-B 9-A 10-A /Hz C/F 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 100 1000 10-A 9-B 8-B 7-B 6-B 5-A 4-A 3-A 2-A 1-A 0-B / M Hz H , / - 0.1 0.2 0.3 50 100 200 500 1000 2000 10-A 6-B 1-A / M Hz an G / - 240 Mi osla Lunak e al. / P ocedia Enginee ing 151 ( 2016 ) 236 – 240 Pe mi i i y in he a ea o highe equency o he inco po a ion o ca bon powde is inc easing apidly o concen a ion o 5 % and highe . Wi h inc easing equency he alues o pe mi i i y dec eases. Low alues o dissipa ion ac o we e measu ed using he ec o analyze . They anged om 0.01 o 0.4, again depending on he concen a ion o ca bon powde (Fig. 3). The cu es di e no only by he le el bu also by he shape, bu insigni ican ly. Measu ing by ec o analyze by Speag p obe a e designed o gaseous and liquid en i onmen s, and measu emen s on solids depend g ea ly on he su ace la ness o he ma e ial, on he closes possible o a ach o he su ace o he sample. 5. Conclusion The addi ion o ca bon powde in o alkali-ac i a ed slag mo a changes he elec ical p ope ies o he samples. Ca bon pa icles cause highe conduc i i y o ma e ial, also inc eases he elec ical capaci y o he sample. Obse ing he e ec o admix u e o ca bon on he ha dness and ab asion esis ance o he samples was no he subjec o his a icle. Ca bon addi i es help o imp o e he elec omagne ic shielding o cons uc ion by using was e p oduc s om he p oduc ion o ca bon p oduc s. The measu abili y o samples using he ec o analyze was con i med. This me hod does no equi e specially ea ed samples, only he smoo hness o he con ac su ace a ea is necessa y o be ensu ed. Acknowledgemen s This pape has been wo ked ou unde he p ojec GAýR No. 16-02261S and unde he p ojec No.S-16-2967 suppo ed by Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing BUT. Re e ences [1] I. Kusak, M. Lunak, Compa ison o impedance spec a o conc e e eco ded wi h u ilizing ca bon ansi ion pas e, Ad . Ma . Res. 897 (2014) 131–134. [2] V. Men lik, 'LHOHNWULFN«SUYN DV VW«P BEN – echnická li e a u a, P aha, 2006. [3] M. Lunak, I. Kusak, Z. Chobola, Dielec ic p ope ies o conc e e specimens a e hea s ess, Appl. Mech. Ma e . 446–447 (2014) 1389–1394. [4] M. Cabeza, P. Me ino, A. Mi anda, X.R. No oa, I. Sanchez, Impedance spec oscopy s udy o ha dened Po land cemen pas e, Cemen Conc e e Res. 32 (2002) 881–891. [5] T. Ficke , L. Topola , I. Kusak, Is componen ial s eng h analysis o conc e e possible?, Mag. Conc e e Res. 65 (2013) 1480–1485. [6] L. Pazde a, L. Topola , V. Bilek, J. Smu ny, I. Kusak, M. Lunak, Measu ing o conc e e p ope ies du ing ha dening, In ESA 2010. 1. CZ, Palacky Uni e si y (2010) 311–318. [7] I. Kusak, M. Lunak, P. Schaue , T acing o conc e e hyd a ion by means o impedance spec oscopy (New ool o building elemen s es ing), Appl. Mech. Ma e . 248 (2013) 370–378. [8] J. Ross Macdonald, W.R. Kenan, Impedance spec oscopy: emphasizing solid ma e ials and sys ems, Wiley, Canada, 1987.