PV panels as a enewable ene gy sou ce o
esiden ial building – an economical compa ison
be o e and du ing he ene gy c isis
Michal B and ne 1*, Vacla So ola 1, Adam Bohacek1 and Vacla Venk bec1,2
1 B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ve e i 331/95, 60200 B no, Czech
Republic
2 UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way, Facul y o Enginee ing Science and echnology, Lod e
Langesga e 2, 8514 Na ik, No way
Abs ac . The applica ion o enewable ene gy sou ces is a cu en end
oday due o he limi ed sou ces o ossil. A subs an ial pa o hese ene gy
sou ces is sola adia ion. The de elopmen o elec ici y p ices was
signi ican ly a ec ed by wo global c ises, he COVID-19 pandemic and he
ene gy c isis associa ed wi h he Russia-Uk aine con lic . The essence o he
a icle is o compa e he economic sense and app op ia eness o in es ing in
a pho o ol aic powe plan sys em and i s e u n o e ime, conside ing he
p edic ion o he de elopmen o elec ici y p ices be ween 2020 and 2023
and subsequen ly also wi h a 15-yea p ice p edic ion. The a icle deals wi h
in es men , ene gy consump ion and inancial e alua ion o a PV sys em
wi h PV panels ins alled on he en ila ed açade o a esiden ial building in
he Czech Republic. The conclusions o he a icle show ha he inc ease in
in es men in he PV panels hemsel es be ween 2020 and 2023 is a c ucial
ac o o he e u n o he en i e sys em. P edic i e models o he
de elopmen o elec ici y p ices and associa ed liquidi y o he in es men
also play a signi ican ole in his issue.
1 In oduc ion
Eu opean coun ies ha e ag eed on a new 2030 F amewo k on clima e and ene gy, which
se s a a ge o he sha e o enewables o each a leas 27 % o he g oss inal ene gy
consump ion o he Eu opean Union by 2030 [1]. The de elopmen o enewable ene gy
sou ces is a p omising concep o ackle clima e change and educe g eenhouse gas emissions
[2]. I also aims a educing ene gy dependency be ween coun ies [3], which has been a
cu en cha ac e is ic goal o mos Eu opean coun ies in ecen yea s, among o he easons
due o he ene gy c isis esul ing om he ongoing Russia-Uk aine con lic [4].
The de elopmen o elec ici y p ices was signi ican ly in luenced by wo global c ises, he
COVID-19 pandemic and he ene gy c isis associa ed wi h he Russian-Uk ainian con lic
[4]. On he basis o global c ises, he p ice o elec ici y is ising. Howe e , many de eloped
Eu opean coun ies wan o be independen om Russia and o he g ea powe s, so hey a e
* Co esponding au ho : 159111@ u b .cz
© The Au ho s, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion License 4.0 (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
Young Scien is 2023
looking o a solu ion o he ene gy c isis in enewable sou ces [5]. The p oduc ion o hese
sys ems e y o en ends up depending on ano he commodi y ha he coun y is unable o
p oduce on i s own.
Pho o ol aic panels a e used o he p oduc ion o elec ical ene gy, which is p oduced
hanks o ligh adia ion, bu no he mal adia ion. The mos amous pho o ol aic panels a e
made o silicon cells (c ys alline cells), in which di ec cu en is gene a ed. The p oduced
cu en is led by special cabling o he ol age con e e . Di ec cu en is con e ed in o
al e na ing cu en . F om he e, he elec ic cu en is dis ibu ed o he ba e y s o age o
elec ical ene gy, o o he home elec ical g id. In he e en o a su plus o elec ici y, ene gy
can be supplied o he dis ibu ion elec ici y ne wo k.
Pho o ol aic ene gy p oduc ion is one o he as es g owing ene gy sou ces, which is
in luenced by he amoun o sunligh and he empe a u e o he pho o ol aic panel. The
e iciency o pho o ol aic panels dec eases wi h inc easing empe a u e. A icle [6] deals
wi h he expe imen al in es iga ion o pho o ol aic panel pe o mance using phase change
ma e ials. These ma e ials can abso b a signi ican amoun o hea when used on he back o
he panel, inc easing hei ou pu powe .
PV cell is a de ice ha con e s sola ene gy di ec ly in o elec ici y. PV cells a e made
om ma e ials we call semiconduc o s. The basic ma e ial o he semiconduc o is silicon.
Howe e , i has he disad an age ha in i s aw s a e i is a e y poo conduc o o elec ici y.
Fo his eason, silicon is combined wi h o he elemen s like phospho us and bo on.
Semiconduc o s c ea ed by mixing silicon and phospho us ha e an excess o elec ons. These
semiconduc o s a e e e ed o as N- ype semiconduc o s. Semiconduc o s ha a e c ea ed
by mixing silicon and bo on, on he o he hand, a e de icien in elec ons. Places whe e
elec ons a e missing a e called holes. These holes ha e a posi i e elec ic cha ge, so we call
hese semiconduc o s P- ype semiconduc o s. I we connec an N- ype and a P- ype
semiconduc o oge he , he elec ons begin o spon aneously mo e owa d he P- ype
semiconduc o and he holes begin o mo e owa d he N- ype semiconduc o . In places
whe e whe e hese semiconduc o s a e connec ed is a ba ie ha p e en s elec ons and holes
om mo ing ac oss he en i e semiconduc o . When he PV cell is i adia ed wi h sunligh ,
his ba ie is o e come, and he elec ons pene a e in o he P- ype semiconduc o and he
holes in o he N- ype semiconduc o . This c ea es an elec ic ol age on he PV cell [7]. The
ollowing kinds o PV panels a e cu en ly known: (a) Silicon c ys alline sola panel; (b) Thin
ilm sola panels; (c) Pe o ski e sola cells; (d) O ganic sola panel; e) Pho o ol aic double-
shell panels (PV-DSF); ( ) Building In eg a ed Pho o ol aics (BIPV); (g) Pho o ol aic
açades [7, 8, 9].
The his o y o pho o ol aic panels da es back o he 50s o he las cen u y, when scien is s
i s disco e ed he pho o ol aic e ec . The i s sola -powe ed building was buil in 1979,
and he use o PV panels on building açades has g own s eadily since hen. Nowadays, he
use o pho o ol aic panels on building açades is becoming inc easingly popula and he
ma ke is g owing apidly. This end is d i en by he g owing in e es in enewable ene gy
sou ces as well as e o s o educe ene gy cos s and educe he ca bon oo p in o buildings.
In ecen yea s, building-in eg a ed pho o ol aics (BIPV), whe e PV panels a e in eg a ed
in o he design o he building a he han being added as an a e hough , has become mo e
popula . This app oach allows o mo e aes he ically pleasing designs and has helped o
dispel he no ion ha PV panels a e una ac i e and de ac om he appea ance o a
building.
In addi ion, he de elopmen o sma g id echnology will allow building owne s o be e
manage ene gy consump ion and in eg a e hei PV panels in o he la ge ene gy g id, u he
educing cos s and inc easing he e iciency o he echnology.
2
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
Young Scien is 2023
looking o a solu ion o he ene gy c isis in enewable sou ces [5]. The p oduc ion o hese
sys ems e y o en ends up depending on ano he commodi y ha he coun y is unable o
p oduce on i s own.
Pho o ol aic panels a e used o he p oduc ion o elec ical ene gy, which is p oduced
hanks o ligh adia ion, bu no he mal adia ion. The mos amous pho o ol aic panels a e
made o silicon cells (c ys alline cells), in which di ec cu en is gene a ed. The p oduced
cu en is led by special cabling o he ol age con e e . Di ec cu en is con e ed in o
al e na ing cu en . F om he e, he elec ic cu en is dis ibu ed o he ba e y s o age o
elec ical ene gy, o o he home elec ical g id. In he e en o a su plus o elec ici y, ene gy
can be supplied o he dis ibu ion elec ici y ne wo k.
Pho o ol aic ene gy p oduc ion is one o he as es g owing ene gy sou ces, which is
in luenced by he amoun o sunligh and he empe a u e o he pho o ol aic panel. The
e iciency o pho o ol aic panels dec eases wi h inc easing empe a u e. A icle [6] deals
wi h he expe imen al in es iga ion o pho o ol aic panel pe o mance using phase change
ma e ials. These ma e ials can abso b a signi ican amoun o hea when used on he back o
he panel, inc easing hei ou pu powe .
PV cell is a de ice ha con e s sola ene gy di ec ly in o elec ici y. PV cells a e made
om ma e ials we call semiconduc o s. The basic ma e ial o he semiconduc o is silicon.
Howe e , i has he disad an age ha in i s aw s a e i is a e y poo conduc o o elec ici y.
Fo his eason, silicon is combined wi h o he elemen s like phospho us and bo on.
Semiconduc o s c ea ed by mixing silicon and phospho us ha e an excess o elec ons. These
semiconduc o s a e e e ed o as N- ype semiconduc o s. Semiconduc o s ha a e c ea ed
by mixing silicon and bo on, on he o he hand, a e de icien in elec ons. Places whe e
elec ons a e missing a e called holes. These holes ha e a posi i e elec ic cha ge, so we call
hese semiconduc o s P- ype semiconduc o s. I we connec an N- ype and a P- ype
semiconduc o oge he , he elec ons begin o spon aneously mo e owa d he P- ype
semiconduc o and he holes begin o mo e owa d he N- ype semiconduc o . In places
whe e whe e hese semiconduc o s a e connec ed is a ba ie ha p e en s elec ons and holes
om mo ing ac oss he en i e semiconduc o . When he PV cell is i adia ed wi h sunligh ,
his ba ie is o e come, and he elec ons pene a e in o he P- ype semiconduc o and he
holes in o he N- ype semiconduc o . This c ea es an elec ic ol age on he PV cell [7]. The
ollowing kinds o PV panels a e cu en ly known: (a) Silicon c ys alline sola panel; (b) Thin
ilm sola panels; (c) Pe o ski e sola cells; (d) O ganic sola panel; e) Pho o ol aic double-
shell panels (PV-DSF); ( ) Building In eg a ed Pho o ol aics (BIPV); (g) Pho o ol aic
açades [7, 8, 9].
The his o y o pho o ol aic panels da es back o he 50s o he las cen u y, when scien is s
i s disco e ed he pho o ol aic e ec . The i s sola -powe ed building was buil in 1979,
and he use o PV panels on building açades has g own s eadily since hen. Nowadays, he
use o pho o ol aic panels on building açades is becoming inc easingly popula and he
ma ke is g owing apidly. This end is d i en by he g owing in e es in enewable ene gy
sou ces as well as e o s o educe ene gy cos s and educe he ca bon oo p in o buildings.
In ecen yea s, building-in eg a ed pho o ol aics (BIPV), whe e PV panels a e in eg a ed
in o he design o he building a he han being added as an a e hough , has become mo e
popula . This app oach allows o mo e aes he ically pleasing designs and has helped o
dispel he no ion ha PV panels a e una ac i e and de ac om he appea ance o a
building.
In addi ion, he de elopmen o sma g id echnology will allow building owne s o be e
manage ene gy consump ion and in eg a e hei PV panels in o he la ge ene gy g id, u he
educing cos s and inc easing he e iciency o he echnology.
F om he abo e, i can be logically deduced ha açade sys ems a e cu en ly unique and
ha e no been subjec ed o he necessa y s udies. The aim o his a icle is o explo e one such
solu ion, in his case on a speci ic case s udy o an apa men building in he Czech Republic.
This pape ills a gap in he li e a u e and con ibu es o he o e all expansion o
knowledge in he ield o pho o ol aic sys ems.
The ollowing chap e s o he pape a e s uc u ed as ollows: chap e 2 p esen s he
me hods and backg ound ac s abou he case s udy, chap e 3 summa izes he indings and
discusses hem, and is ollowed by chap e 4, which summa izes he main highligh s and
p o ides conclusions.
2 Me hods
2.1 Pa ame e s o ins alling PV panels on he açade
PV panels can be placed on he açade o a chi ec u al easons o because hey canno be
placed on he oo s uc u e o o he easons. The bes e iciency o pho o ol aic panels is
usually when ins alled a an inclina ion o 30° o 40°. Ano he impo an aspec in he
placemen o pho o ol aic panels is he o ien a ion o he ca dinal di ec ions as shown in
Figu e 1 [10].
Fig. 1. E ec o o ien a ion o ca dinal di ec ions and inclina ion o PV panels on hei pe o mance
[10].
The ideal placemen is on he sou h açade, while he no h açade is no sui able. On he
açade, PV panels can be placed a 90° and se e as he op laye o a en ila ed. Panels
moun ed comple ely e ically show an e iciency loss o abou 25 % compa ed o panels a
an op imum inclina ion o 35°. This placemen is mos common in cases whe e he aim is no
o dis u b he a chi ec u ally de e mined mass o he building, as isible in Figu e 2. Ano he
op ion is o ins all he panels a a lowe angle, which usually inc eases he e iciency o ene gy
p oduc ion, bu a he de imen o poo e aes he ics and possible shading o he building
in e io . Such an ins alla ion is sui able, i.e. o o ice spaces. The PV plan has a o al a ea
o 53.6 m². The mos impo an alue in he calcula ion is also he a e age daily sunshine. In
ecen yea s, he a e age daily sunshine was 8 hou s, howe e , only 5 hou s o sunshine has
been conside ed, due o he lowe elec ici y p oduc ion and he ea lie e en ual inancial
e u n o he PV plan . In he case s udy p esen ed below, op ion b) was chosen, i.e. he
placemen o he PV panels a 90°, and only on he sou h açade o he building.
3
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
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Fig. 2. Op ions o placing pho o ol aic panels on he açade o a building wi h a selec ed op ion o a
case s udy [11].
2.2 Re e ence building o case s udy and calcula ion o elec ici y
consump ion
The case s udy conside s he possibili y o using sola ene gy o he needs o an apa men
building consis ing o h ee loo s abo e g ound and one unde g ound loo . 3D model o
building is isible in Figu e 3. The e a e h ee apa men s on each loo and Table 2 shows
he e e ence se o domes ic appliances and hei a e age unning ime pe day. The basic
pa ame e s o he PV sys em a e shown in Table 1. The PV panels a e ixed o a suppo g id,
which is u he ancho ed wi hin he sou h açade o he building o he suppo ing s uc u e.
The elec ici y gene a ed will be s o ed in LiFePO4 ba e ies and in case o su plus elec ici y
will be ans e ed o he dis ibu ion g id.
Fig. 3. 3D model o case s udy e e ence building [au ho s own wo k].
Table 1. Basic pa ame e s o PV panels.
Dimensions
A ypical
Nominal ol age
43.4 V
Cell ype
Mono-c ys alline
Max. load cu en
9.22 A
Nominal panel ou pu
400 Wp
Vol age a idle
52.7 V
Weigh pe 1 m2
12 kg
Max. sys em ol age
1000 V
Wa an y pe iod
25 yea s
To al a ea o PV panels
53.6 m2
Max. panel e iciency
19.4 %
A e age daily hou s o
sunshine
5 hou s
Table 2 shows he elec ici y consump ion pe 1 yea . Each housing uni consumes
app oxima ely 23.6 kWh pe day and 212.0 kWh o elec ici y is consumed pe day in o al.
4
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
Young Scien is 2023
Fig. 2. Op ions o placing pho o ol aic panels on he açade o a building wi h a selec ed op ion o a
case s udy [11].
2.2 Re e ence building o case s udy and calcula ion o elec ici y
consump ion
The case s udy conside s he possibili y o using sola ene gy o he needs o an apa men
building consis ing o h ee loo s abo e g ound and one unde g ound loo . 3D model o
building is isible in Figu e 3. The e a e h ee apa men s on each loo and Table 2 shows
he e e ence se o domes ic appliances and hei a e age unning ime pe day. The basic
pa ame e s o he PV sys em a e shown in Table 1. The PV panels a e ixed o a suppo g id,
which is u he ancho ed wi hin he sou h açade o he building o he suppo ing s uc u e.
The elec ici y gene a ed will be s o ed in LiFePO4 ba e ies and in case o su plus elec ici y
will be ans e ed o he dis ibu ion g id.
Fig. 3. 3D model o case s udy e e ence building [au ho s own wo k].
Table 1. Basic pa ame e s o PV panels.
Dimensions
A ypical
Nominal ol age
43.4 V
Cell ype
Mono-c ys alline
Max. load cu en
9.22 A
Nominal panel ou pu
400 Wp
Vol age a idle
52.7 V
Weigh pe 1 m2
12 kg
Max. sys em ol age
1000 V
Wa an y pe iod
25 yea s
To al a ea o PV panels
53.6 m2
Max. panel e iciency
19.4 %
A e age daily hou s o
sunshine
5 hou s
Table 2 shows he elec ici y consump ion pe 1 yea . Each housing uni consumes
app oxima ely 23.6 kWh pe day and 212.0 kWh o elec ici y is consumed pe day in o al.
The o al elec ici y consump ion o he apa men building o 1 yea is 77,388 kWh. Then,
he elec ici y p oduc ion o he PV powe plan pe 1 yea is shown in Table 3.
Table 2. Elec ici y consump ion o an apa men building.
Appliance ype
A e age powe
inpu
[kW]
Appliance use
ime
[hou s]
Daily consump ion
[kWh]
Household ligh ing
0.80
2.5
2.0
Elec ic boile , olume 200 l
2.20
1.0
2.2
Elec ic hai d ye
2.30
0.15
0.3
Combined idge
0.30
1.0
0.3
Elec ic ke le
2.20
0.25
0.6
Mic owa e o en
0.90
0.25
0.2
Buil -in o en
3.30
0.5
1.7
Elec ic induc ion cook op
6.50
1.0
6.5
Elec ic cooke hood
0.08
1.0
0.1
Dishwashe
0.80
1.5
1.2
Washing machine
1.00
1.0
1.0
Clo hes d ye
4.50
1.0
4.5
Wi-Fi ou e
0.01
24.0
0.2
LCD TV
0.20
2.0
0.4
To al elec ici y consump ion o 1 apa men uni pe day [kWh]
23.6
Numbe o apa men uni s in he apa men building [pcs]
9
To al elec ici y consump ion o he apa men building pe day
[kWh]
212.0
To al elec ici y consump ion o he apa men building pe 1 yea
[kWh]
77.388
Table 3. Elec ici y p oduc ion o he PV powe plan pe 1 yea .
Gene a ed powe o one panel pe 1 m2 [Wp] pe hou
400
PV panel e iciency a 90° inclina ion [%]
70
Ac ual powe o one panel pe m2 [W ] pe hou
280
To al PV panel a ea [m2]
53.6
Elec ici y p oduced pe hou [kW]
15.01
A e age daily sunshine ime [hou s]
5
To al elec ici y p oduced pe day [kWh]
75.04
To al elec ici y p oduced pe yea [kWh]
27 389.6
3 Resul s and discussion
The objec i e o he case s udy was o ind ou how long i akes o a PV plan o be
p o i able. Tha is, how long i akes o e u n o he in es o he ini ial cos ha was in es ed.
Table 4 shows he calcula ion o he cos o a PV powe plan o he açade o an apa men
building. The calcula ion akes in o accoun he adminis a i e wo k, he ac ual ins alla ion
and deli e y o he PV plan o he inal si e and i s ins alla ion. The o al cos o he PV
powe plan is € 27,627 in 2020 and € 43,073 in 2023 as shown in Table 4. No s a e o o he
subsidies we e conside ed.
The e u n calcula ion o he PV sys em implemen ed in 2020 is shown in Table 5. The e
is a isible dec ease in e iciency o e ime. Also, he change in he uni ma ke p ice o
elec ici y has a subs an ial ole in he e u n on in es men . This pa ame e has been aken
o he s udy om he Ene gy B ainpool 2022 o ecas ing model [12], which assumes a apid
dec ease in he ma ke p ice o elec ici y a e 2030. This esul s in a slowe e u n on
in es men in he single yea s a e 2030. This end is also e iden in he sni cha in Figu e
6. Ene gy consump ion is assumed o be cons an in u u e yea s. This pa ame e is also
5
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
Young Scien is 2023

ques ionable gi en he endency o end use s o beha e esponsibly and sus ainably and o
sa e elec ici y.
Table 4. To al cos o he PV powe plan o he apa men building in 2020 and in 2023.
I em Pcs Uni
Uni
cos in
2020
[EUR]
Uni
cos in
2023
[EUR]
Cos o
i em in
2020
[EUR]
Cos o
i em in
2023
[EUR]
Di e ence
(2023-2020)
[EUR]
PV powe plan
p ojec
documen a ion
1 se 133 626 133 626 493
PV panel
45
pcs
246
441
11 080
19 861
8 782
Sola cable
6 mm
2
5
100
m
95 144 473 720 246
Connec o s o
PV panels
90 pcs 1 1 68 128 60
PV panel
ancho ing
sys em
132 pcs 5 20 650 2 683 2.033
Combined
ol age in e e
1 pcs 337 1 487 337 1 487 1.150
Vol age
egula o
2 pcs 57 109 114 218 104
Ba e y
1
pcs
11 932
13 281
11 932
13 281
1 349
Ins alla ion
cos s o he PV
powe plan
1 se 2 841 4 069 2 841 4 069 1 228
To al cos o he PV powe plan o he apa men
building
27 672 43 073 15 446
Table 5. Re u ns calcula ion o he PV powe plan o he apa men building, cons uc ed in 2020.
Yea s
o
se ice
E iciency
[%]
Gene a
ed
elec ici
y
[kWh]
Uni
ma ke
p ice
pe
1kWh
[EUR]
Ma ke
alue o
elec ici y
p oduced
in a gi en
yea
[EUR]
Elec ici y
consump i
on in a
gi en yea
[kWh]
Ma ke
p ice o
elec ici y
consume
d in a
gi en
yea
[EUR]
Re u ns
[EUR]
2020
70
27 389.6
0.1894
5 187.42
77 388.0
14 656.82
5 187.42
2021
69
26 998.3
0.2201
6 817.08
77 388.0
14 656.82
12 004.50
2022
68
26 607.0
0.2525
6 718.28
77 388.0
14 656.82
18 722.78
2023
67
26 215.8
0.2475
6 488.29
77 388.0
14 656.82
25 211.07
2024
66
25 824.5
0.1722
4 445.92
77 388.0
14 656.82
29 656.99
2025
65
25 433.2
0.1263
3 210,94
77 388.0
14 656.82
32 867.93
2026
64
25 041.9
0.0976
2 443.01
77 388.0
14 656.82
35 310.94
2027
63
24 650.6
0.0803
1 980.45
77 388.0
14 656.82
37 291.39
2028
62
24 259.4
0.0780
1 893.33
77 388.0
14 656.82
39 184.73
2029
61
23 868.1
0.0735
1 753.22
77 388.0
14 656.82
40 937.95
2030
60
23 476.8
0.0689
1 616.70
77 388.0
14 656.82
42 554.64
2031
59
23 085.5
0.0666
1 536.76
77 388.0
14 656.82
44 091.40
2032
58
22 694.2
0.0643
1 458.62
77 388.0
14 656.82
45 550.03
2033
57
22 303.0
0.0620
1 382.28
77 388.0
14 656.82
46 932.30
2034
56
21 911.7
0.0608
1 332.88
77 388.0
14 656.82
48 265.18
2035
55
21 520.4
0.0597
1 284.38
77 388.0
14 656.82
49 549.56
2036
54
21 129.1
0.0585
1 236.77
77 388.0
14 656.82
50 786.33
2037
53
20 737.8
0.0574
1 190.07
77 388.0
14 656.82
51 976.40
6
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
Young Scien is 2023
ques ionable gi en he endency o end use s o beha e esponsibly and sus ainably and o
sa e elec ici y.
Table 4. To al cos o he PV powe plan o he apa men building in 2020 and in 2023.
I em
Pcs
Uni
Uni
cos in
2020
[EUR]
Uni
cos in
2023
[EUR]
Cos o
i em in
2020
[EUR]
Cos o
i em in
2023
[EUR]
Di e ence
(2023-2020)
[EUR]
PV powe plan
p ojec
documen a ion
1
se
133
626
133
626
493
PV panel
45
pcs
246
441
11 080
19 861
8 782
Sola cable
6 mm2
5
100
m
95
144
473
720
246
Connec o s o
PV panels
90
pcs
1
1
68
128
60
PV panel
ancho ing
sys em
132
pcs
5
20
650
2 683
2.033
Combined
ol age in e e
1
pcs
337
1 487
337
1 487
1.150
Vol age
egula o
2
pcs
57
109
114
218
104
Ba e y
1
pcs
11 932
13 281
11 932
13 281
1 349
Ins alla ion
cos s o he PV
powe plan
1
se
2 841
4 069
2 841
4 069
1 228
To al cos o he PV powe plan o he apa men
building
27 672
43 073
15 446
Table 5. Re u ns calcula ion o he PV powe plan o he apa men building, cons uc ed in 2020.
Yea s
o
se ice
E iciency
[%]
Gene a
ed
elec ici
y
[kWh]
Uni
ma ke
p ice
pe
1kWh
[EUR]
Ma ke
alue o
elec ici y
p oduced
in a gi en
yea
[EUR]
Elec ici y
consump i
on in a
gi en yea
[kWh]
Ma ke
p ice o
elec ici y
consume
d in a
gi en
yea
[EUR]
Re u ns
[EUR]
2020
70
27 389.6
0.1894
5 187.42
77 388.0
14 656.82
5 187.42
2021
69
26 998.3
0.2201
6 817.08
77 388.0
14 656.82
12 004.50
2022
68
26 607.0
0.2525
6 718.28
77 388.0
14 656.82
18 722.78
2023
67
26 215.8
0.2475
6 488.29
77 388.0
14 656.82
25 211.07
2024
66
25 824.5
0.1722
4 445.92
77 388.0
14 656.82
29 656.99
2025
65
25 433.2
0.1263
3 210,94
77 388.0
14 656.82
32 867.93
2026
64
25 041.9
0.0976
2 443.01
77 388.0
14 656.82
35 310.94
2027
63
24 650.6
0.0803
1 980.45
77 388.0
14 656.82
37 291.39
2028
62
24 259.4
0.0780
1 893.33
77 388.0
14 656.82
39 184.73
2029
61
23 868.1
0.0735
1 753.22
77 388.0
14 656.82
40 937.95
2030
60
23 476.8
0.0689
1 616.70
77 388.0
14 656.82
42 554.64
2031
59
23 085.5
0.0666
1 536.76
77 388.0
14 656.82
44 091.40
2032
58
22 694.2
0.0643
1 458.62
77 388.0
14 656.82
45 550.03
2033
57
22 303.0
0.0620
1 382.28
77 388.0
14 656.82
46 932.30
2034
56
21 911.7
0.0608
1 332.88
77 388.0
14 656.82
48 265.18
2035
55
21 520.4
0.0597
1 284.38
77 388.0
14 656.82
49 549.56
2036
54
21 129.1
0.0585
1 236.77
77 388.0
14 656.82
50 786.33
2037
53
20 737.8
0.0574
1 190.07
77 388.0
14 656.82
51 976.40
F om Figu e 4 i can be seen ha he in es men made in 2020 is disca ded a e 4 yea s
o ope a ion, when e enues o 25 housand € ha e been achie ed in his yea , on he con a y,
acco ding o Figu e 6, he in es men elayed in 2023 is no disca ded e en a e 15 yea s o
ope a ion. The uni p ice o elec ici y plays a key ole in his di e ence, and he inc eased
cos o p ocu emen also plays a ela i ely signi ican ole. The o al cos o acqui ing an
iden ical PV plan has inc eased om €27 672 o €43 073 o e h ee yea s, an inc ease o
€15 401, an inc ease in inpu cos s o 55.6 %.
Fig. 4. Model o inancial e u n on PV powe plan in € – cons uc ed in 2020.
Analogically, as he e u n o 2020 was calcula ed, he e u n o he PV plan
implemen ed in 2023 was calcula ed in he same way, as can be seen in Table 6 and Figu e
5.
Fig. 5. Model o inancial e u n on PV powe plan - cons uc ed in 2023.
ϱϭϴϳϰϮ
ϭϮϬϬϰϱϬ
ϭϴϳϮϮϳϴ
ϮϱϮϭϭϬϳ
Ϯϵϲϱϲϵϵ
ϯϮϴϲϳϵϯ
ϯϱϯϭϬϵϰ
ϯϳϮϵϭϯϵ
ϯϵϭϴϰϳϯ
ϰϬϵϯϳϵϱ
ϰϮϱϱϰϲϰ
ϰϰϬϵϭϰϬ
ϰϱϱϱϬϬϯ
ϰϲϵϯϮϯϬ
ϰϴϮϲϱϭϴ
ϰϵϱϰϵϱϲ
ϱϬϳϴϲϯϯ
ϱϭϵϳϲϰϬ
ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϭ Ϭ ϭ ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϭ ϯ ϭ ϰ ϭ ϱ ϭ ϲ ϭ ϳ ϭ ϴ
ϲϳϳϴϴϭ
ϭϭϰϮϲϴϮ
ϭϰϳϴϱϵϲ
ϭϳϯϰϯϰϴ
ϭϵϰϭϴϮϱ
ϮϭϰϬϯϭϵ
ϮϯϮϰϮϲϯ
ϮϰϵϰϬϭϳ
ϮϲϱϱϱϬϳ
ϮϴϬϴϵϭϯ
Ϯϵϱϰϰϭϲ
ϯϬϵϰϴϰϰ
ϯϮϯϬϮϴϴ
ϯϯϲϬϴϯϲ
ϯϰϴϲϱϳϵ
ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϭ Ϭ ϭ ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϭ ϯ ϭ ϰ ϭ ϱ
7
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
Young Scien is 2023
Table 6. Re u ns calcula ion o he PV powe plan o he apa men building, cons uc ed in 2023.
Yea s
o
se ice
E iciency
[%]
Gene a
ed
elec ici
y
[kWh]
Uni
ma ke
p ice
pe
1kWh
[EUR]
Ma ke
alue o
elec ici y
p oduced
in a gi en
yea
[EUR]
Elec ici y
consump i
on in a
gi en yea
[kWh]
Ma ke
p ice o
elec ici y
consume
d in a
gi en
yea
[EUR]
Re u ns
[EUR]
2023
70
27 389.6
0.2475
6 778.81
77 388.0
19 153.21
6 778.81
2024
69
26 998.3
0.1722
4 648.01
77 388.0
19 153.21
11 426.82
2025
68
26 607.0
0.1263
3 359.14
77 388.0
19 153.21
14 785.96
2026
67
26 215.8
0.0976
2 557.53
77 388.0
19 153.21
17 343.48
2027
66
25 824.5
0.0803
2 074.76
77 388.0
19 153.21
19 418.25
2028
65
25 433.2
0.0780
1 984.95
77 388.0
19 153.21
21 403.19
2029
64
25 041.9
0.0735
1 839.44
77 388.0
19 153.21
23 242.63
2030
63
24 650.6
0.0689
1 697.53
77 388.0
19 153.21
24 940.17
2031
62
24 259.4
0.0666
1 614.90
77 388.0
19 153.21
26 555.07
2032
61
23 868.1
0.0643
1 534.07
77 388.0
19 153.21
28 089.13
2033
60
23 476.8
0.0620
1 455.03
77 388.0
19 153.21
29 544.16
2034
59
23 085.5
0.0608
1 404.28
77 388.0
19 153.21
30 948.44
2035
58
22 694.2
0.0597
1 354.43
77 388.0
19 153.21
32 302.88
2036
57
22 303.0
0.0585
1 305.48
77 388.0
19 153.21
33 608.36
2037
56
21 911.7
0.0574
1 257.43
77 388.0
19 153.21
34 865.79
A compa ison o he wo ealisa ions, i.e. in 2020 and 2023, can be seen in he g aph in
Figu e 6. The end cu es o he inc emen al e u n on in es men in each yea can be seen
he e. Al hough he loga i hmic p og ession o he cu es is no oo di e en , he up on
in es men cos s play a signi ican ole, whe e hese cos s shi he cu e upwa ds on he y-
axis and hus delay he amo isa ion o he in es men in subsequen yea s.
Fig. 6. Compa ison o he e u n on in es men o he PV powe plan : (a) cons uc ed in 2020; (b)
cons uc ed in 2023.
The esul s also showed how much elec ici y can be gene a ed by a PV plan on he
açade o an apa men building. Fu he mo e, he s udy shows he di e ences in ini ial cos s
and e u ns o a PV plan when implemen ed in 2020 and in 2023. An impo an aspec in he
calcula ion is he powe o one PV panel. The p oposed PV panel o 400 Wp is moun ed a
an inclina ion o 90°. This inclina ion is undesi able in e ms o PV pe o mance, d opping
o 70 % o ull powe . PV plan s ha e an a e age li e ime o 20-25 yea s. In he calcula ion
o elec ici y p oduc ion, a 15-yea li e ime was conside ed due o he easonable inancial
ϮϬϮϬ ϮϬϮϭ ϮϬϮϮ ϮϬϮϯ ϮϬϮϰ ϮϬϮϱ ϮϬϮϲ ϮϬϮϳ ϮϬϮϴ ϮϬϮϵ ϮϬϯϬ ϮϬϯϭ ϮϬϯϮ ϮϬϯϯ ϮϬϯϰ ϮϬϯϱ ϮϬϯϲ ϮϬϯϳ
;ĂͿ ϱϭϴϳϰϮ ϭϮϬϬϰϱ ϭϴϳϮϮϳ ϮϱϮϭϭϬ Ϯϵϲϱϲϵ ϯϮϴϲϳϵ ϯϱϯϭϬϵ ϯϳϮϵϭϯ ϯϵϭϴϰϳ ϰϬϵϯϳϵ ϰϮϱϱϰϲ ϰϰϬϵϭϰ ϰϱϱϱϬϬ ϰϲϵϯϮϯ ϰϴϮϲϱϭ ϰϵϱϰϵϱ ϱϬϳϴϲϯ ϱϭϵϳϲϰ
;ďͿ ϲϳϳϴϴϭ ϭϭϰϮϲϴ ϭϰϳϴϱϵ ϭϳϯϰϯϰ ϭϵϰϭϴϮ ϮϭϰϬϯϭ ϮϯϮϰϮϲ ϮϰϵϰϬϭ ϮϲϱϱϱϬ ϮϴϬϴϵϭ Ϯϵϱϰϰϭ ϯϬϵϰϴϰ ϯϮϯϬϮϴ ϯϯϲϬϴϯ ϯϰϴϲϱϳ
ϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϰϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϱϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϲϬϬϬϬϬϬ
hZ
8
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
Young Scien is 2023
Table 6. Re u ns calcula ion o he PV powe plan o he apa men building, cons uc ed in 2023.
Yea s
o
se ice
E iciency
[%]
Gene a
ed
elec ici
y
[kWh]
Uni
ma ke
p ice
pe
1kWh
[EUR]
Ma ke
alue o
elec ici y
p oduced
in a gi en
yea
[EUR]
Elec ici y
consump i
on in a
gi en yea
[kWh]
Ma ke
p ice o
elec ici y
consume
d in a
gi en
yea
[EUR]
Re u ns
[EUR]
2023
70
27 389.6
0.2475
6 778.81
77 388.0
19 153.21
6 778.81
2024
69
26 998.3
0.1722
4 648.01
77 388.0
19 153.21
11 426.82
2025
68
26 607.0
0.1263
3 359.14
77 388.0
19 153.21
14 785.96
2026
67
26 215.8
0.0976
2 557.53
77 388.0
19 153.21
17 343.48
2027
66
25 824.5
0.0803
2 074.76
77 388.0
19 153.21
19 418.25
2028
65
25 433.2
0.0780
1 984.95
77 388.0
19 153.21
21 403.19
2029
64
25 041.9
0.0735
1 839.44
77 388.0
19 153.21
23 242.63
2030
63
24 650.6
0.0689
1 697.53
77 388.0
19 153.21
24 940.17
2031
62
24 259.4
0.0666
1 614.90
77 388.0
19 153.21
26 555.07
2032
61
23 868.1
0.0643
1 534.07
77 388.0
19 153.21
28 089.13
2033
60
23 476.8
0.0620
1 455.03
77 388.0
19 153.21
29 544.16
2034
59
23 085.5
0.0608
1 404.28
77 388.0
19 153.21
30 948.44
2035
58
22 694.2
0.0597
1 354.43
77 388.0
19 153.21
32 302.88
2036
57
22 303.0
0.0585
1 305.48
77 388.0
19 153.21
33 608.36
2037
56
21 911.7
0.0574
1 257.43
77 388.0
19 153.21
34 865.79
A compa ison o he wo ealisa ions, i.e. in 2020 and 2023, can be seen in he g aph in
Figu e 6. The end cu es o he inc emen al e u n on in es men in each yea can be seen
he e. Al hough he loga i hmic p og ession o he cu es is no oo di e en , he up on
in es men cos s play a signi ican ole, whe e hese cos s shi he cu e upwa ds on he y-
axis and hus delay he amo isa ion o he in es men in subsequen yea s.
Fig. 6. Compa ison o he e u n on in es men o he PV powe plan : (a) cons uc ed in 2020; (b)
cons uc ed in 2023.
The esul s also showed how much elec ici y can be gene a ed by a PV plan on he
açade o an apa men building. Fu he mo e, he s udy shows he di e ences in ini ial cos s
and e u ns o a PV plan when implemen ed in 2020 and in 2023. An impo an aspec in he
calcula ion is he powe o one PV panel. The p oposed PV panel o 400 Wp is moun ed a
an inclina ion o 90°. This inclina ion is undesi able in e ms o PV pe o mance, d opping
o 70 % o ull powe . PV plan s ha e an a e age li e ime o 20-25 yea s. In he calcula ion
o elec ici y p oduc ion, a 15-yea li e ime was conside ed due o he easonable inancial
ϮϬϮϬ ϮϬϮϭ ϮϬϮϮ ϮϬϮϯ ϮϬϮϰ ϮϬϮϱ ϮϬϮϲ ϮϬϮϳ ϮϬϮϴ ϮϬϮϵ ϮϬϯϬ ϮϬϯϭ ϮϬϯϮ ϮϬϯϯ ϮϬϯϰ ϮϬϯϱ ϮϬϯϲ ϮϬϯϳ
;ĂͿ ϱϭϴϳϰϮ ϭϮϬϬϰϱ ϭϴϳϮϮϳ ϮϱϮϭϭϬ Ϯϵϲϱϲϵ ϯϮϴϲϳϵ ϯϱϯϭϬϵ ϯϳϮϵϭϯ ϯϵϭϴϰϳ ϰϬϵϯϳϵ ϰϮϱϱϰϲ ϰϰϬϵϭϰ ϰϱϱϱϬϬ ϰϲϵϯϮϯ ϰϴϮϲϱϭ ϰϵϱϰϵϱ ϱϬϳϴϲϯ ϱϭϵϳϲϰ
;ďͿ ϲϳϳϴϴϭ ϭϭϰϮϲϴ ϭϰϳϴϱϵ ϭϳϯϰϯϰ ϭϵϰϭϴϮ ϮϭϰϬϯϭ ϮϯϮϰϮϲ ϮϰϵϰϬϭ ϮϲϱϱϱϬ ϮϴϬϴϵϭ Ϯϵϱϰϰϭ ϯϬϵϰϴϰ ϯϮϯϬϮϴ ϯϯϲϬϴϯ ϯϰϴϲϱϳ
ϬϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϯϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϰϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϱϬϬϬϬϬϬ
ϲϬϬϬϬϬϬ
hZ
e u n o PV plan s being be ween 10-15 yea s on building açades. A dec ease in ene gy
p oduc ion wi h each yea o 1 % is conside ed as a g adual deg ada ion o PV panels. Resul s
showed ha wi h each yea used, he elec ici y p oduc ion o PV açade on he apa men
building dec eases by 39.31 kWh. F om 5 yea o 10 yea , he elec ici y p oduc ion dec eases
by 9782.0 kWh. The compa ison wi h he elec ici y p oduced by PV açade in 1 yea and
he elec ici y consump ion o apa men building in 1 yea is a ound one hi d.
4 Conclusion
The aim o he pape was o examine he ole o he ene gy c isis in he con ex o he Russia-
Uk aine con lic . The con lic occu ed sho ly a e he global pandemic COVID-19. I was
ound ha he uni p ice o elec ici y plays a ela i ely signi ican ole in he amo isa ion o
he ini ial in es men in a PV sys em o a smalle 9-uni apa men building. The inc eased
pu chase cos is also a key ac o . I inc eases by 55.6 % be ween 2020 and 2023. The o al
cos o pu chasing an iden ical PV sys em has inc eased om €27 672 o €43 073 o e h ee
yea s.
Based on he esul s o he case s udy, he ollowing highligh s can be summa ised:
• A key s a ing poin o ea ly e u ns is he ini ial cos o a PV sys em.
• The uni cos o elec ici y is a key pa ame e a ec ing he e u ns om a PV sys em.
This can be a side e ec o global c ises.
• Global c ises ha e only a seconda y impac on PV sys em e u ns, such as pandemics
o wa s. Thei du a ion is usually sho and he calcula ion o e u ns is o e a longe ime
ho izon.
• The amo isa ion o he up on in es men in a PV sys em is signi ican ly a ec ed by
local and sup ana ional legisla ion egula ing elec ici y p ices. This is he e o e one o he
seconda y e ec s o he global c ises and wa s.
A a ime when elec ici y p ices a e on he ise in many EU coun ies, he in es men in
a PV sys em and o he enewable ene gy sou ces is a ma e o conce n o many p ope y
owne s in o de o a oid u u e p oblems wi h ene gy cos s and is a key issue in he ope a ion
o he building. This a icle ills a gap in he li e a u e o he las ew yea s, which ha e been
a ec ed by c ises o a ious o igins. In addi ion, i p o ides a guide o he owne s and
in es o s o new buildings on how o app oach he inancial equilib ium in he
implemen a ion o a PV powe plan on he açade o an apa men building. The a icle also
desc ibes and e lec s on cu en ends and pa ame e s ha in luence he ma ke .
This esea ch acknowledges he suppo ecei ed om B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il
Enginee ing; and UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way, Facul y o Enginee ing Sciences and
Technology, o p o iding basic in as uc u e and labo a o y acili ies.
Re e ences
1. C. A. Ho owi z, In . Leg. Ma e . 55, 4 (2016)
2. D. Ş. A meanu, G. Vin ilǎ, Ş. C. Ghe ghina, Ene gies 10, 3 (2017)
3. D. N. Madsen, J. P. Hansen, Renew. Sus . Ene g. Re . 114 (2019)
4. R. E. Mbah, D. Wasum, Ad . Soc. Sci. Res. J. 9, 3 (2022)
5. Independen , bu s ill e y close o Russia. Me . Powde Rep. 64, 4 (2009)
6. S. Adibpou , A. Raisi, B. Ghasemi, A. R. Sajadi, G. Rosenga en, Renew. Ene gy. 165
(2021)
7. V. Poulek, M. Lib a, Elek o, Magazine o Elec ical Enginee ing 3 (2010)
9
MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011
Young Scien is 2023