PV panels as a renewable energy source for residential building – An economical comparison before and during the energy crisis

PV panels as a enewable ene gy sou ce o esiden ial building – an economical compa ison be o e and du ing he ene gy c isis Michal B and ne 1*, Vacla So ola 1, Adam Bohacek1 and Vacla Venk bec1,2 1 B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ve e i 331/95, 60200 B no, Czech Republic 2 UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way, Facul y o Enginee ing Science and echnology, Lod e Langesga e 2, 8514 Na ik, No way Abs ac . The applica ion o enewable ene gy sou ces is a cu en end oday due o he limi ed sou ces o ossil. A subs an ial pa o hese ene gy sou ces is sola adia ion. The de elopmen o elec ici y p ices was signi ican ly a ec ed by wo global c ises, he COVID-19 pandemic and he ene gy c isis associa ed wi h he Russia-Uk aine con lic . The essence o he a icle is o compa e he economic sense and app op ia eness o in es ing in a pho o ol aic powe plan sys em and i s e u n o e ime, conside ing he p edic ion o he de elopmen o elec ici y p ices be ween 2020 and 2023 and subsequen ly also wi h a 15-yea p ice p edic ion. The a icle deals wi h in es men , ene gy consump ion and inancial e alua ion o a PV sys em wi h PV panels ins alled on he en ila ed açade o a esiden ial building in he Czech Republic. The conclusions o he a icle show ha he inc ease in in es men in he PV panels hemsel es be ween 2020 and 2023 is a c ucial ac o o he e u n o he en i e sys em. P edic i e models o he de elopmen o elec ici y p ices and associa ed liquidi y o he in es men also play a signi ican ole in his issue. 1 In oduc ion Eu opean coun ies ha e ag eed on a new 2030 F amewo k on clima e and ene gy, which se s a a ge o he sha e o enewables o each a leas 27 % o he g oss inal ene gy consump ion o he Eu opean Union by 2030 [1]. The de elopmen o enewable ene gy sou ces is a p omising concep o ackle clima e change and educe g eenhouse gas emissions [2]. I also aims a educing ene gy dependency be ween coun ies [3], which has been a cu en cha ac e is ic goal o mos Eu opean coun ies in ecen yea s, among o he easons due o he ene gy c isis esul ing om he ongoing Russia-Uk aine con lic [4]. The de elopmen o elec ici y p ices was signi ican ly in luenced by wo global c ises, he COVID-19 pandemic and he ene gy c isis associa ed wi h he Russian-Uk ainian con lic [4]. On he basis o global c ises, he p ice o elec ici y is ising. Howe e , many de eloped Eu opean coun ies wan o be independen om Russia and o he g ea powe s, so hey a e * Co esponding au ho : 159111@ u b .cz © The Au ho s, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License 4.0 (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/). MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023 looking o a solu ion o he ene gy c isis in enewable sou ces [5]. The p oduc ion o hese sys ems e y o en ends up depending on ano he commodi y ha he coun y is unable o p oduce on i s own. Pho o ol aic panels a e used o he p oduc ion o elec ical ene gy, which is p oduced hanks o ligh adia ion, bu no he mal adia ion. The mos amous pho o ol aic panels a e made o silicon cells (c ys alline cells), in which di ec cu en is gene a ed. The p oduced cu en is led by special cabling o he ol age con e e . Di ec cu en is con e ed in o al e na ing cu en . F om he e, he elec ic cu en is dis ibu ed o he ba e y s o age o elec ical ene gy, o o he home elec ical g id. In he e en o a su plus o elec ici y, ene gy can be supplied o he dis ibu ion elec ici y ne wo k. Pho o ol aic ene gy p oduc ion is one o he as es g owing ene gy sou ces, which is in luenced by he amoun o sunligh and he empe a u e o he pho o ol aic panel. The e iciency o pho o ol aic panels dec eases wi h inc easing empe a u e. A icle [6] deals wi h he expe imen al in es iga ion o pho o ol aic panel pe o mance using phase change ma e ials. These ma e ials can abso b a signi ican amoun o hea when used on he back o he panel, inc easing hei ou pu powe . PV cell is a de ice ha con e s sola ene gy di ec ly in o elec ici y. PV cells a e made om ma e ials we call semiconduc o s. The basic ma e ial o he semiconduc o is silicon. Howe e , i has he disad an age ha in i s aw s a e i is a e y poo conduc o o elec ici y. Fo his eason, silicon is combined wi h o he elemen s like phospho us and bo on. Semiconduc o s c ea ed by mixing silicon and phospho us ha e an excess o elec ons. These semiconduc o s a e e e ed o as N- ype semiconduc o s. Semiconduc o s ha a e c ea ed by mixing silicon and bo on, on he o he hand, a e de icien in elec ons. Places whe e elec ons a e missing a e called holes. These holes ha e a posi i e elec ic cha ge, so we call hese semiconduc o s P- ype semiconduc o s. I we connec an N- ype and a P- ype semiconduc o oge he , he elec ons begin o spon aneously mo e owa d he P- ype semiconduc o and he holes begin o mo e owa d he N- ype semiconduc o . In places whe e whe e hese semiconduc o s a e connec ed is a ba ie ha p e en s elec ons and holes om mo ing ac oss he en i e semiconduc o . When he PV cell is i adia ed wi h sunligh , his ba ie is o e come, and he elec ons pene a e in o he P- ype semiconduc o and he holes in o he N- ype semiconduc o . This c ea es an elec ic ol age on he PV cell [7]. The ollowing kinds o PV panels a e cu en ly known: (a) Silicon c ys alline sola panel; (b) Thin ilm sola panels; (c) Pe o ski e sola cells; (d) O ganic sola panel; e) Pho o ol aic double- shell panels (PV-DSF); ( ) Building In eg a ed Pho o ol aics (BIPV); (g) Pho o ol aic açades [7, 8, 9]. The his o y o pho o ol aic panels da es back o he 50s o he las cen u y, when scien is s i s disco e ed he pho o ol aic e ec . The i s sola -powe ed building was buil in 1979, and he use o PV panels on building açades has g own s eadily since hen. Nowadays, he use o pho o ol aic panels on building açades is becoming inc easingly popula and he ma ke is g owing apidly. This end is d i en by he g owing in e es in enewable ene gy sou ces as well as e o s o educe ene gy cos s and educe he ca bon oo p in o buildings. In ecen yea s, building-in eg a ed pho o ol aics (BIPV), whe e PV panels a e in eg a ed in o he design o he building a he han being added as an a e hough , has become mo e popula . This app oach allows o mo e aes he ically pleasing designs and has helped o dispel he no ion ha PV panels a e una ac i e and de ac om he appea ance o a building. In addi ion, he de elopmen o sma g id echnology will allow building owne s o be e manage ene gy consump ion and in eg a e hei PV panels in o he la ge ene gy g id, u he educing cos s and inc easing he e iciency o he echnology. 2 MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023 looking o a solu ion o he ene gy c isis in enewable sou ces [5]. The p oduc ion o hese sys ems e y o en ends up depending on ano he commodi y ha he coun y is unable o p oduce on i s own. Pho o ol aic panels a e used o he p oduc ion o elec ical ene gy, which is p oduced hanks o ligh adia ion, bu no he mal adia ion. The mos amous pho o ol aic panels a e made o silicon cells (c ys alline cells), in which di ec cu en is gene a ed. The p oduced cu en is led by special cabling o he ol age con e e . Di ec cu en is con e ed in o al e na ing cu en . F om he e, he elec ic cu en is dis ibu ed o he ba e y s o age o elec ical ene gy, o o he home elec ical g id. In he e en o a su plus o elec ici y, ene gy can be supplied o he dis ibu ion elec ici y ne wo k. Pho o ol aic ene gy p oduc ion is one o he as es g owing ene gy sou ces, which is in luenced by he amoun o sunligh and he empe a u e o he pho o ol aic panel. The e iciency o pho o ol aic panels dec eases wi h inc easing empe a u e. A icle [6] deals wi h he expe imen al in es iga ion o pho o ol aic panel pe o mance using phase change ma e ials. These ma e ials can abso b a signi ican amoun o hea when used on he back o he panel, inc easing hei ou pu powe . PV cell is a de ice ha con e s sola ene gy di ec ly in o elec ici y. PV cells a e made om ma e ials we call semiconduc o s. The basic ma e ial o he semiconduc o is silicon. Howe e , i has he disad an age ha in i s aw s a e i is a e y poo conduc o o elec ici y. Fo his eason, silicon is combined wi h o he elemen s like phospho us and bo on. Semiconduc o s c ea ed by mixing silicon and phospho us ha e an excess o elec ons. These semiconduc o s a e e e ed o as N- ype semiconduc o s. Semiconduc o s ha a e c ea ed by mixing silicon and bo on, on he o he hand, a e de icien in elec ons. Places whe e elec ons a e missing a e called holes. These holes ha e a posi i e elec ic cha ge, so we call hese semiconduc o s P- ype semiconduc o s. I we connec an N- ype and a P- ype semiconduc o oge he , he elec ons begin o spon aneously mo e owa d he P- ype semiconduc o and he holes begin o mo e owa d he N- ype semiconduc o . In places whe e whe e hese semiconduc o s a e connec ed is a ba ie ha p e en s elec ons and holes om mo ing ac oss he en i e semiconduc o . When he PV cell is i adia ed wi h sunligh , his ba ie is o e come, and he elec ons pene a e in o he P- ype semiconduc o and he holes in o he N- ype semiconduc o . This c ea es an elec ic ol age on he PV cell [7]. The ollowing kinds o PV panels a e cu en ly known: (a) Silicon c ys alline sola panel; (b) Thin ilm sola panels; (c) Pe o ski e sola cells; (d) O ganic sola panel; e) Pho o ol aic double- shell panels (PV-DSF); ( ) Building In eg a ed Pho o ol aics (BIPV); (g) Pho o ol aic açades [7, 8, 9]. The his o y o pho o ol aic panels da es back o he 50s o he las cen u y, when scien is s i s disco e ed he pho o ol aic e ec . The i s sola -powe ed building was buil in 1979, and he use o PV panels on building açades has g own s eadily since hen. Nowadays, he use o pho o ol aic panels on building açades is becoming inc easingly popula and he ma ke is g owing apidly. This end is d i en by he g owing in e es in enewable ene gy sou ces as well as e o s o educe ene gy cos s and educe he ca bon oo p in o buildings. In ecen yea s, building-in eg a ed pho o ol aics (BIPV), whe e PV panels a e in eg a ed in o he design o he building a he han being added as an a e hough , has become mo e popula . This app oach allows o mo e aes he ically pleasing designs and has helped o dispel he no ion ha PV panels a e una ac i e and de ac om he appea ance o a building. In addi ion, he de elopmen o sma g id echnology will allow building owne s o be e manage ene gy consump ion and in eg a e hei PV panels in o he la ge ene gy g id, u he educing cos s and inc easing he e iciency o he echnology. F om he abo e, i can be logically deduced ha açade sys ems a e cu en ly unique and ha e no been subjec ed o he necessa y s udies. The aim o his a icle is o explo e one such solu ion, in his case on a speci ic case s udy o an apa men building in he Czech Republic. This pape ills a gap in he li e a u e and con ibu es o he o e all expansion o knowledge in he ield o pho o ol aic sys ems. The ollowing chap e s o he pape a e s uc u ed as ollows: chap e 2 p esen s he me hods and backg ound ac s abou he case s udy, chap e 3 summa izes he indings and discusses hem, and is ollowed by chap e 4, which summa izes he main highligh s and p o ides conclusions. 2 Me hods 2.1 Pa ame e s o ins alling PV panels on he açade PV panels can be placed on he açade o a chi ec u al easons o because hey canno be placed on he oo s uc u e o o he easons. The bes e iciency o pho o ol aic panels is usually when ins alled a an inclina ion o 30° o 40°. Ano he impo an aspec in he placemen o pho o ol aic panels is he o ien a ion o he ca dinal di ec ions as shown in Figu e 1 [10]. Fig. 1. E ec o o ien a ion o ca dinal di ec ions and inclina ion o PV panels on hei pe o mance [10]. The ideal placemen is on he sou h açade, while he no h açade is no sui able. On he açade, PV panels can be placed a 90° and se e as he op laye o a en ila ed. Panels moun ed comple ely e ically show an e iciency loss o abou 25 % compa ed o panels a an op imum inclina ion o 35°. This placemen is mos common in cases whe e he aim is no o dis u b he a chi ec u ally de e mined mass o he building, as isible in Figu e 2. Ano he op ion is o ins all he panels a a lowe angle, which usually inc eases he e iciency o ene gy p oduc ion, bu a he de imen o poo e aes he ics and possible shading o he building in e io . Such an ins alla ion is sui able, i.e. o o ice spaces. The PV plan has a o al a ea o 53.6 m². The mos impo an alue in he calcula ion is also he a e age daily sunshine. In ecen yea s, he a e age daily sunshine was 8 hou s, howe e , only 5 hou s o sunshine has been conside ed, due o he lowe elec ici y p oduc ion and he ea lie e en ual inancial e u n o he PV plan . In he case s udy p esen ed below, op ion b) was chosen, i.e. he placemen o he PV panels a 90°, and only on he sou h açade o he building. 3 MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023 Fig. 2. Op ions o placing pho o ol aic panels on he açade o a building wi h a selec ed op ion o a case s udy [11]. 2.2 Re e ence building o case s udy and calcula ion o elec ici y consump ion The case s udy conside s he possibili y o using sola ene gy o he needs o an apa men building consis ing o h ee loo s abo e g ound and one unde g ound loo . 3D model o building is isible in Figu e 3. The e a e h ee apa men s on each loo and Table 2 shows he e e ence se o domes ic appliances and hei a e age unning ime pe day. The basic pa ame e s o he PV sys em a e shown in Table 1. The PV panels a e ixed o a suppo g id, which is u he ancho ed wi hin he sou h açade o he building o he suppo ing s uc u e. The elec ici y gene a ed will be s o ed in LiFePO4 ba e ies and in case o su plus elec ici y will be ans e ed o he dis ibu ion g id. Fig. 3. 3D model o case s udy e e ence building [au ho s own wo k]. Table 1. Basic pa ame e s o PV panels. Dimensions A ypical Nominal ol age 43.4 V Cell ype Mono-c ys alline Max. load cu en 9.22 A Nominal panel ou pu 400 Wp Vol age a idle 52.7 V Weigh pe 1 m2 12 kg Max. sys em ol age 1000 V Wa an y pe iod 25 yea s To al a ea o PV panels 53.6 m2 Max. panel e iciency 19.4 % A e age daily hou s o sunshine 5 hou s Table 2 shows he elec ici y consump ion pe 1 yea . Each housing uni consumes app oxima ely 23.6 kWh pe day and 212.0 kWh o elec ici y is consumed pe day in o al. 4 MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023 Fig. 2. Op ions o placing pho o ol aic panels on he açade o a building wi h a selec ed op ion o a case s udy [11]. 2.2 Re e ence building o case s udy and calcula ion o elec ici y consump ion The case s udy conside s he possibili y o using sola ene gy o he needs o an apa men building consis ing o h ee loo s abo e g ound and one unde g ound loo . 3D model o building is isible in Figu e 3. The e a e h ee apa men s on each loo and Table 2 shows he e e ence se o domes ic appliances and hei a e age unning ime pe day. The basic pa ame e s o he PV sys em a e shown in Table 1. The PV panels a e ixed o a suppo g id, which is u he ancho ed wi hin he sou h açade o he building o he suppo ing s uc u e. The elec ici y gene a ed will be s o ed in LiFePO4 ba e ies and in case o su plus elec ici y will be ans e ed o he dis ibu ion g id. Fig. 3. 3D model o case s udy e e ence building [au ho s own wo k]. Table 1. Basic pa ame e s o PV panels. Dimensions A ypical Nominal ol age 43.4 V Cell ype Mono-c ys alline Max. load cu en 9.22 A Nominal panel ou pu 400 Wp Vol age a idle 52.7 V Weigh pe 1 m2 12 kg Max. sys em ol age 1000 V Wa an y pe iod 25 yea s To al a ea o PV panels 53.6 m2 Max. panel e iciency 19.4 % A e age daily hou s o sunshine 5 hou s Table 2 shows he elec ici y consump ion pe 1 yea . Each housing uni consumes app oxima ely 23.6 kWh pe day and 212.0 kWh o elec ici y is consumed pe day in o al. The o al elec ici y consump ion o he apa men building o 1 yea is 77,388 kWh. Then, he elec ici y p oduc ion o he PV powe plan pe 1 yea is shown in Table 3. Table 2. Elec ici y consump ion o an apa men building. Appliance ype A e age powe inpu [kW] Appliance use ime [hou s] Daily consump ion [kWh] Household ligh ing 0.80 2.5 2.0 Elec ic boile , olume 200 l 2.20 1.0 2.2 Elec ic hai d ye 2.30 0.15 0.3 Combined idge 0.30 1.0 0.3 Elec ic ke le 2.20 0.25 0.6 Mic owa e o en 0.90 0.25 0.2 Buil -in o en 3.30 0.5 1.7 Elec ic induc ion cook op 6.50 1.0 6.5 Elec ic cooke hood 0.08 1.0 0.1 Dishwashe 0.80 1.5 1.2 Washing machine 1.00 1.0 1.0 Clo hes d ye 4.50 1.0 4.5 Wi-Fi ou e 0.01 24.0 0.2 LCD TV 0.20 2.0 0.4 To al elec ici y consump ion o 1 apa men uni pe day [kWh] 23.6 Numbe o apa men uni s in he apa men building [pcs] 9 To al elec ici y consump ion o he apa men building pe day [kWh] 212.0 To al elec ici y consump ion o he apa men building pe 1 yea [kWh] 77.388 Table 3. Elec ici y p oduc ion o he PV powe plan pe 1 yea . Gene a ed powe o one panel pe 1 m2 [Wp] pe hou 400 PV panel e iciency a 90° inclina ion [%] 70 Ac ual powe o one panel pe m2 [W ] pe hou 280 To al PV panel a ea [m2] 53.6 Elec ici y p oduced pe hou [kW] 15.01 A e age daily sunshine ime [hou s] 5 To al elec ici y p oduced pe day [kWh] 75.04 To al elec ici y p oduced pe yea [kWh] 27 389.6 3 Resul s and discussion The objec i e o he case s udy was o ind ou how long i akes o a PV plan o be p o i able. Tha is, how long i akes o e u n o he in es o he ini ial cos ha was in es ed. Table 4 shows he calcula ion o he cos o a PV powe plan o he açade o an apa men building. The calcula ion akes in o accoun he adminis a i e wo k, he ac ual ins alla ion and deli e y o he PV plan o he inal si e and i s ins alla ion. The o al cos o he PV powe plan is € 27,627 in 2020 and € 43,073 in 2023 as shown in Table 4. No s a e o o he subsidies we e conside ed. The e u n calcula ion o he PV sys em implemen ed in 2020 is shown in Table 5. The e is a isible dec ease in e iciency o e ime. Also, he change in he uni ma ke p ice o elec ici y has a subs an ial ole in he e u n on in es men . This pa ame e has been aken o he s udy om he Ene gy B ainpool 2022 o ecas ing model [12], which assumes a apid dec ease in he ma ke p ice o elec ici y a e 2030. This esul s in a slowe e u n on in es men in he single yea s a e 2030. This end is also e iden in he sni cha in Figu e 6. Ene gy consump ion is assumed o be cons an in u u e yea s. This pa ame e is also 5 MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023 ques ionable gi en he endency o end use s o beha e esponsibly and sus ainably and o sa e elec ici y. Table 4. To al cos o he PV powe plan o he apa men building in 2020 and in 2023. I em Pcs Uni Uni cos in 2020 [EUR] Uni cos in 2023 [EUR] Cos o i em in 2020 [EUR] Cos o i em in 2023 [EUR] Di e ence (2023-2020) [EUR] PV powe plan p ojec documen a ion 1 se 133 626 133 626 493 PV panel 45 pcs 246 441 11 080 19 861 8 782 Sola cable 6 mm 2 5 100 m 95 144 473 720 246 Connec o s o PV panels 90 pcs 1 1 68 128 60 PV panel ancho ing sys em 132 pcs 5 20 650 2 683 2.033 Combined ol age in e e 1 pcs 337 1 487 337 1 487 1.150 Vol age egula o 2 pcs 57 109 114 218 104 Ba e y 1 pcs 11 932 13 281 11 932 13 281 1 349 Ins alla ion cos s o he PV powe plan 1 se 2 841 4 069 2 841 4 069 1 228 To al cos o he PV powe plan o he apa men building 27 672 43 073 15 446 Table 5. Re u ns calcula ion o he PV powe plan o he apa men building, cons uc ed in 2020. Yea s o se ice E iciency [%] Gene a ed elec ici y [kWh] Uni ma ke p ice pe 1kWh [EUR] Ma ke alue o elec ici y p oduced in a gi en yea [EUR] Elec ici y consump i on in a gi en yea [kWh] Ma ke p ice o elec ici y consume d in a gi en yea [EUR] Re u ns [EUR] 2020 70 27 389.6 0.1894 5 187.42 77 388.0 14 656.82 5 187.42 2021 69 26 998.3 0.2201 6 817.08 77 388.0 14 656.82 12 004.50 2022 68 26 607.0 0.2525 6 718.28 77 388.0 14 656.82 18 722.78 2023 67 26 215.8 0.2475 6 488.29 77 388.0 14 656.82 25 211.07 2024 66 25 824.5 0.1722 4 445.92 77 388.0 14 656.82 29 656.99 2025 65 25 433.2 0.1263 3 210,94 77 388.0 14 656.82 32 867.93 2026 64 25 041.9 0.0976 2 443.01 77 388.0 14 656.82 35 310.94 2027 63 24 650.6 0.0803 1 980.45 77 388.0 14 656.82 37 291.39 2028 62 24 259.4 0.0780 1 893.33 77 388.0 14 656.82 39 184.73 2029 61 23 868.1 0.0735 1 753.22 77 388.0 14 656.82 40 937.95 2030 60 23 476.8 0.0689 1 616.70 77 388.0 14 656.82 42 554.64 2031 59 23 085.5 0.0666 1 536.76 77 388.0 14 656.82 44 091.40 2032 58 22 694.2 0.0643 1 458.62 77 388.0 14 656.82 45 550.03 2033 57 22 303.0 0.0620 1 382.28 77 388.0 14 656.82 46 932.30 2034 56 21 911.7 0.0608 1 332.88 77 388.0 14 656.82 48 265.18 2035 55 21 520.4 0.0597 1 284.38 77 388.0 14 656.82 49 549.56 2036 54 21 129.1 0.0585 1 236.77 77 388.0 14 656.82 50 786.33 2037 53 20 737.8 0.0574 1 190.07 77 388.0 14 656.82 51 976.40 6 MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023 ques ionable gi en he endency o end use s o beha e esponsibly and sus ainably and o sa e elec ici y. Table 4. To al cos o he PV powe plan o he apa men building in 2020 and in 2023. I em Pcs Uni Uni cos in 2020 [EUR] Uni cos in 2023 [EUR] Cos o i em in 2020 [EUR] Cos o i em in 2023 [EUR] Di e ence (2023-2020) [EUR] PV powe plan p ojec documen a ion 1 se 133 626 133 626 493 PV panel 45 pcs 246 441 11 080 19 861 8 782 Sola cable 6 mm2 5 100 m 95 144 473 720 246 Connec o s o PV panels 90 pcs 1 1 68 128 60 PV panel ancho ing sys em 132 pcs 5 20 650 2 683 2.033 Combined ol age in e e 1 pcs 337 1 487 337 1 487 1.150 Vol age egula o 2 pcs 57 109 114 218 104 Ba e y 1 pcs 11 932 13 281 11 932 13 281 1 349 Ins alla ion cos s o he PV powe plan 1 se 2 841 4 069 2 841 4 069 1 228 To al cos o he PV powe plan o he apa men building 27 672 43 073 15 446 Table 5. Re u ns calcula ion o he PV powe plan o he apa men building, cons uc ed in 2020. Yea s o se ice E iciency [%] Gene a ed elec ici y [kWh] Uni ma ke p ice pe 1kWh [EUR] Ma ke alue o elec ici y p oduced in a gi en yea [EUR] Elec ici y consump i on in a gi en yea [kWh] Ma ke p ice o elec ici y consume d in a gi en yea [EUR] Re u ns [EUR] 2020 70 27 389.6 0.1894 5 187.42 77 388.0 14 656.82 5 187.42 2021 69 26 998.3 0.2201 6 817.08 77 388.0 14 656.82 12 004.50 2022 68 26 607.0 0.2525 6 718.28 77 388.0 14 656.82 18 722.78 2023 67 26 215.8 0.2475 6 488.29 77 388.0 14 656.82 25 211.07 2024 66 25 824.5 0.1722 4 445.92 77 388.0 14 656.82 29 656.99 2025 65 25 433.2 0.1263 3 210,94 77 388.0 14 656.82 32 867.93 2026 64 25 041.9 0.0976 2 443.01 77 388.0 14 656.82 35 310.94 2027 63 24 650.6 0.0803 1 980.45 77 388.0 14 656.82 37 291.39 2028 62 24 259.4 0.0780 1 893.33 77 388.0 14 656.82 39 184.73 2029 61 23 868.1 0.0735 1 753.22 77 388.0 14 656.82 40 937.95 2030 60 23 476.8 0.0689 1 616.70 77 388.0 14 656.82 42 554.64 2031 59 23 085.5 0.0666 1 536.76 77 388.0 14 656.82 44 091.40 2032 58 22 694.2 0.0643 1 458.62 77 388.0 14 656.82 45 550.03 2033 57 22 303.0 0.0620 1 382.28 77 388.0 14 656.82 46 932.30 2034 56 21 911.7 0.0608 1 332.88 77 388.0 14 656.82 48 265.18 2035 55 21 520.4 0.0597 1 284.38 77 388.0 14 656.82 49 549.56 2036 54 21 129.1 0.0585 1 236.77 77 388.0 14 656.82 50 786.33 2037 53 20 737.8 0.0574 1 190.07 77 388.0 14 656.82 51 976.40 F om Figu e 4 i can be seen ha he in es men made in 2020 is disca ded a e 4 yea s o ope a ion, when e enues o 25 housand € ha e been achie ed in his yea , on he con a y, acco ding o Figu e 6, he in es men elayed in 2023 is no disca ded e en a e 15 yea s o ope a ion. The uni p ice o elec ici y plays a key ole in his di e ence, and he inc eased cos o p ocu emen also plays a ela i ely signi ican ole. The o al cos o acqui ing an iden ical PV plan has inc eased om €27 672 o €43 073 o e h ee yea s, an inc ease o €15 401, an inc ease in inpu cos s o 55.6 %. Fig. 4. Model o inancial e u n on PV powe plan in € – cons uc ed in 2020. Analogically, as he e u n o 2020 was calcula ed, he e u n o he PV plan implemen ed in 2023 was calcula ed in he same way, as can be seen in Table 6 and Figu e 5. Fig. 5. Model o inancial e u n on PV powe plan - cons uc ed in 2023. ϱϭϴϳϰϮ ϭϮϬϬϰϱϬ ϭϴϳϮϮϳϴ ϮϱϮϭϭϬϳ Ϯϵϲϱϲϵϵ ϯϮϴϲϳϵϯ ϯϱϯϭϬϵϰ ϯϳϮϵϭϯϵ ϯϵϭϴϰϳϯ ϰϬϵϯϳϵϱ ϰϮϱϱϰϲϰ ϰϰϬϵϭϰϬ ϰϱϱϱϬϬϯ ϰϲϵϯϮϯϬ ϰϴϮϲϱϭϴ ϰϵϱϰϵϱϲ ϱϬϳϴϲϯϯ ϱϭϵϳϲϰϬ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϭ Ϭ ϭ ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϭ ϯ ϭ ϰ ϭ ϱ ϭ ϲ ϭ ϳ ϭ ϴ ϲϳϳϴϴϭ ϭϭϰϮϲϴϮ ϭϰϳϴϱϵϲ ϭϳϯϰϯϰϴ ϭϵϰϭϴϮϱ ϮϭϰϬϯϭϵ ϮϯϮϰϮϲϯ ϮϰϵϰϬϭϳ ϮϲϱϱϱϬϳ ϮϴϬϴϵϭϯ Ϯϵϱϰϰϭϲ ϯϬϵϰϴϰϰ ϯϮϯϬϮϴϴ ϯϯϲϬϴϯϲ ϯϰϴϲϱϳϵ ϭ Ϯ ϯ ϰ ϱ ϲ ϳ ϴ ϵ ϭ Ϭ ϭ ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϭ ϯ ϭ ϰ ϭ ϱ 7 MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023 Table 6. Re u ns calcula ion o he PV powe plan o he apa men building, cons uc ed in 2023. Yea s o se ice E iciency [%] Gene a ed elec ici y [kWh] Uni ma ke p ice pe 1kWh [EUR] Ma ke alue o elec ici y p oduced in a gi en yea [EUR] Elec ici y consump i on in a gi en yea [kWh] Ma ke p ice o elec ici y consume d in a gi en yea [EUR] Re u ns [EUR] 2023 70 27 389.6 0.2475 6 778.81 77 388.0 19 153.21 6 778.81 2024 69 26 998.3 0.1722 4 648.01 77 388.0 19 153.21 11 426.82 2025 68 26 607.0 0.1263 3 359.14 77 388.0 19 153.21 14 785.96 2026 67 26 215.8 0.0976 2 557.53 77 388.0 19 153.21 17 343.48 2027 66 25 824.5 0.0803 2 074.76 77 388.0 19 153.21 19 418.25 2028 65 25 433.2 0.0780 1 984.95 77 388.0 19 153.21 21 403.19 2029 64 25 041.9 0.0735 1 839.44 77 388.0 19 153.21 23 242.63 2030 63 24 650.6 0.0689 1 697.53 77 388.0 19 153.21 24 940.17 2031 62 24 259.4 0.0666 1 614.90 77 388.0 19 153.21 26 555.07 2032 61 23 868.1 0.0643 1 534.07 77 388.0 19 153.21 28 089.13 2033 60 23 476.8 0.0620 1 455.03 77 388.0 19 153.21 29 544.16 2034 59 23 085.5 0.0608 1 404.28 77 388.0 19 153.21 30 948.44 2035 58 22 694.2 0.0597 1 354.43 77 388.0 19 153.21 32 302.88 2036 57 22 303.0 0.0585 1 305.48 77 388.0 19 153.21 33 608.36 2037 56 21 911.7 0.0574 1 257.43 77 388.0 19 153.21 34 865.79 A compa ison o he wo ealisa ions, i.e. in 2020 and 2023, can be seen in he g aph in Figu e 6. The end cu es o he inc emen al e u n on in es men in each yea can be seen he e. Al hough he loga i hmic p og ession o he cu es is no oo di e en , he up on in es men cos s play a signi ican ole, whe e hese cos s shi he cu e upwa ds on he y- axis and hus delay he amo isa ion o he in es men in subsequen yea s. Fig. 6. Compa ison o he e u n on in es men o he PV powe plan : (a) cons uc ed in 2020; (b) cons uc ed in 2023. The esul s also showed how much elec ici y can be gene a ed by a PV plan on he açade o an apa men building. Fu he mo e, he s udy shows he di e ences in ini ial cos s and e u ns o a PV plan when implemen ed in 2020 and in 2023. An impo an aspec in he calcula ion is he powe o one PV panel. The p oposed PV panel o 400 Wp is moun ed a an inclina ion o 90°. This inclina ion is undesi able in e ms o PV pe o mance, d opping o 70 % o ull powe . PV plan s ha e an a e age li e ime o 20-25 yea s. In he calcula ion o elec ici y p oduc ion, a 15-yea li e ime was conside ed due o he easonable inancial ϮϬϮϬ ϮϬϮϭ ϮϬϮϮ ϮϬϮϯ ϮϬϮϰ ϮϬϮϱ ϮϬϮϲ ϮϬϮϳ ϮϬϮϴ ϮϬϮϵ ϮϬϯϬ ϮϬϯϭ ϮϬϯϮ ϮϬϯϯ ϮϬϯϰ ϮϬϯϱ ϮϬϯϲ ϮϬϯϳ ;ĂͿ ϱϭϴϳϰϮ ϭϮϬϬϰϱ ϭϴϳϮϮϳ ϮϱϮϭϭϬ Ϯϵϲϱϲϵ ϯϮϴϲϳϵ ϯϱϯϭϬϵ ϯϳϮϵϭϯ ϯϵϭϴϰϳ ϰϬϵϯϳϵ ϰϮϱϱϰϲ ϰϰϬϵϭϰ ϰϱϱϱϬϬ ϰϲϵϯϮϯ ϰϴϮϲϱϭ ϰϵϱϰϵϱ ϱϬϳϴϲϯ ϱϭϵϳϲϰ ;ďͿ ϲϳϳϴϴϭ ϭϭϰϮϲϴ ϭϰϳϴϱϵ ϭϳϯϰϯϰ ϭϵϰϭϴϮ ϮϭϰϬϯϭ ϮϯϮϰϮϲ ϮϰϵϰϬϭ ϮϲϱϱϱϬ ϮϴϬϴϵϭ Ϯϵϱϰϰϭ ϯϬϵϰϴϰ ϯϮϯϬϮϴ ϯϯϲϬϴϯ ϯϰϴϲϱϳ ϬϬϬ ϭϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϯϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϰϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϱϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϲϬϬϬϬϬϬ hZ 8 MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023 Table 6. Re u ns calcula ion o he PV powe plan o he apa men building, cons uc ed in 2023. Yea s o se ice E iciency [%] Gene a ed elec ici y [kWh] Uni ma ke p ice pe 1kWh [EUR] Ma ke alue o elec ici y p oduced in a gi en yea [EUR] Elec ici y consump i on in a gi en yea [kWh] Ma ke p ice o elec ici y consume d in a gi en yea [EUR] Re u ns [EUR] 2023 70 27 389.6 0.2475 6 778.81 77 388.0 19 153.21 6 778.81 2024 69 26 998.3 0.1722 4 648.01 77 388.0 19 153.21 11 426.82 2025 68 26 607.0 0.1263 3 359.14 77 388.0 19 153.21 14 785.96 2026 67 26 215.8 0.0976 2 557.53 77 388.0 19 153.21 17 343.48 2027 66 25 824.5 0.0803 2 074.76 77 388.0 19 153.21 19 418.25 2028 65 25 433.2 0.0780 1 984.95 77 388.0 19 153.21 21 403.19 2029 64 25 041.9 0.0735 1 839.44 77 388.0 19 153.21 23 242.63 2030 63 24 650.6 0.0689 1 697.53 77 388.0 19 153.21 24 940.17 2031 62 24 259.4 0.0666 1 614.90 77 388.0 19 153.21 26 555.07 2032 61 23 868.1 0.0643 1 534.07 77 388.0 19 153.21 28 089.13 2033 60 23 476.8 0.0620 1 455.03 77 388.0 19 153.21 29 544.16 2034 59 23 085.5 0.0608 1 404.28 77 388.0 19 153.21 30 948.44 2035 58 22 694.2 0.0597 1 354.43 77 388.0 19 153.21 32 302.88 2036 57 22 303.0 0.0585 1 305.48 77 388.0 19 153.21 33 608.36 2037 56 21 911.7 0.0574 1 257.43 77 388.0 19 153.21 34 865.79 A compa ison o he wo ealisa ions, i.e. in 2020 and 2023, can be seen in he g aph in Figu e 6. The end cu es o he inc emen al e u n on in es men in each yea can be seen he e. Al hough he loga i hmic p og ession o he cu es is no oo di e en , he up on in es men cos s play a signi ican ole, whe e hese cos s shi he cu e upwa ds on he y- axis and hus delay he amo isa ion o he in es men in subsequen yea s. Fig. 6. Compa ison o he e u n on in es men o he PV powe plan : (a) cons uc ed in 2020; (b) cons uc ed in 2023. The esul s also showed how much elec ici y can be gene a ed by a PV plan on he açade o an apa men building. Fu he mo e, he s udy shows he di e ences in ini ial cos s and e u ns o a PV plan when implemen ed in 2020 and in 2023. An impo an aspec in he calcula ion is he powe o one PV panel. The p oposed PV panel o 400 Wp is moun ed a an inclina ion o 90°. This inclina ion is undesi able in e ms o PV pe o mance, d opping o 70 % o ull powe . PV plan s ha e an a e age li e ime o 20-25 yea s. In he calcula ion o elec ici y p oduc ion, a 15-yea li e ime was conside ed due o he easonable inancial ϮϬϮϬ ϮϬϮϭ ϮϬϮϮ ϮϬϮϯ ϮϬϮϰ ϮϬϮϱ ϮϬϮϲ ϮϬϮϳ ϮϬϮϴ ϮϬϮϵ ϮϬϯϬ ϮϬϯϭ ϮϬϯϮ ϮϬϯϯ ϮϬϯϰ ϮϬϯϱ ϮϬϯϲ ϮϬϯϳ ;ĂͿ ϱϭϴϳϰϮ ϭϮϬϬϰϱ ϭϴϳϮϮϳ ϮϱϮϭϭϬ Ϯϵϲϱϲϵ ϯϮϴϲϳϵ ϯϱϯϭϬϵ ϯϳϮϵϭϯ ϯϵϭϴϰϳ ϰϬϵϯϳϵ ϰϮϱϱϰϲ ϰϰϬϵϭϰ ϰϱϱϱϬϬ ϰϲϵϯϮϯ ϰϴϮϲϱϭ ϰϵϱϰϵϱ ϱϬϳϴϲϯ ϱϭϵϳϲϰ ;ďͿ ϲϳϳϴϴϭ ϭϭϰϮϲϴ ϭϰϳϴϱϵ ϭϳϯϰϯϰ ϭϵϰϭϴϮ ϮϭϰϬϯϭ ϮϯϮϰϮϲ ϮϰϵϰϬϭ ϮϲϱϱϱϬ ϮϴϬϴϵϭ Ϯϵϱϰϰϭ ϯϬϵϰϴϰ ϯϮϯϬϮϴ ϯϯϲϬϴϯ ϯϰϴϲϱϳ ϬϬϬ ϭϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϯϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϰϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϱϬϬϬϬϬϬ ϲϬϬϬϬϬϬ hZ e u n o PV plan s being be ween 10-15 yea s on building açades. A dec ease in ene gy p oduc ion wi h each yea o 1 % is conside ed as a g adual deg ada ion o PV panels. Resul s showed ha wi h each yea used, he elec ici y p oduc ion o PV açade on he apa men building dec eases by 39.31 kWh. F om 5 yea o 10 yea , he elec ici y p oduc ion dec eases by 9782.0 kWh. The compa ison wi h he elec ici y p oduced by PV açade in 1 yea and he elec ici y consump ion o apa men building in 1 yea is a ound one hi d. 4 Conclusion The aim o he pape was o examine he ole o he ene gy c isis in he con ex o he Russia- Uk aine con lic . The con lic occu ed sho ly a e he global pandemic COVID-19. I was ound ha he uni p ice o elec ici y plays a ela i ely signi ican ole in he amo isa ion o he ini ial in es men in a PV sys em o a smalle 9-uni apa men building. The inc eased pu chase cos is also a key ac o . I inc eases by 55.6 % be ween 2020 and 2023. The o al cos o pu chasing an iden ical PV sys em has inc eased om €27 672 o €43 073 o e h ee yea s. Based on he esul s o he case s udy, he ollowing highligh s can be summa ised: • A key s a ing poin o ea ly e u ns is he ini ial cos o a PV sys em. • The uni cos o elec ici y is a key pa ame e a ec ing he e u ns om a PV sys em. This can be a side e ec o global c ises. • Global c ises ha e only a seconda y impac on PV sys em e u ns, such as pandemics o wa s. Thei du a ion is usually sho and he calcula ion o e u ns is o e a longe ime ho izon. • The amo isa ion o he up on in es men in a PV sys em is signi ican ly a ec ed by local and sup ana ional legisla ion egula ing elec ici y p ices. This is he e o e one o he seconda y e ec s o he global c ises and wa s. A a ime when elec ici y p ices a e on he ise in many EU coun ies, he in es men in a PV sys em and o he enewable ene gy sou ces is a ma e o conce n o many p ope y owne s in o de o a oid u u e p oblems wi h ene gy cos s and is a key issue in he ope a ion o he building. This a icle ills a gap in he li e a u e o he las ew yea s, which ha e been a ec ed by c ises o a ious o igins. In addi ion, i p o ides a guide o he owne s and in es o s o new buildings on how o app oach he inancial equilib ium in he implemen a ion o a PV powe plan on he açade o an apa men building. The a icle also desc ibes and e lec s on cu en ends and pa ame e s ha in luence he ma ke . This esea ch acknowledges he suppo ecei ed om B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing; and UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way, Facul y o Enginee ing Sciences and Technology, o p o iding basic in as uc u e and labo a o y acili ies. Re e ences 1. C. A. Ho owi z, In . Leg. Ma e . 55, 4 (2016) 2. D. Ş. A meanu, G. Vin ilǎ, Ş. C. Ghe ghina, Ene gies 10, 3 (2017) 3. D. N. Madsen, J. P. Hansen, Renew. Sus . Ene g. Re . 114 (2019) 4. R. E. Mbah, D. Wasum, Ad . Soc. Sci. Res. J. 9, 3 (2022) 5. Independen , bu s ill e y close o Russia. Me . Powde Rep. 64, 4 (2009) 6. S. Adibpou , A. Raisi, B. Ghasemi, A. R. Sajadi, G. Rosenga en, Renew. Ene gy. 165 (2021) 7. V. Poulek, M. Lib a, Elek o, Magazine o Elec ical Enginee ing 3 (2010) 9 MATEC Web o Con e ences 385, 01011 (2023) h ps://doi.o g/10.1051/ma eccon /202338501011 Young Scien is 2023