in e disciplina y
So p ion abili y o he soil and i s impac
on en i onmen al con amina ion
Šá ka HŘIBOVÁ, Helena ZLÁMALOVÁ GARGOŠOVÁ, Milada VÁVROVÁ
Ins i u e o Chemis y and Technology o En i onmen al P o ec ion, Facul y o Chemis y, B no Uni e si y o Technology, B no, Czech Republic
ITX070414A01 • Recei ed: 14 Sep embe 2014 • Re ised: 23 No embe 2014 • Accep ed: 26 No embe 2014
ABSTRACT
F om he physical poin o iew, soil is a he e ogenic polydispe se sys em. I o en becomes a place o a seconda y con amina ion
du ing ex inguishing uncon olled a eal i es in na u e. Foam ex inguishing agen s (FEAs), used a hese e en s, basically con ain
su ace ac i e subs ances and pe luo ina ed compounds. These end o be cap u ed in he soil ma ix due o hei speci ic p ope ies.
Con aminan s could be pa ly lushed ou wi h ainwa e , which causes se e al imes dilu ion o con amina ion and lowe eco oxic
ac i i y. Howe e in he d y season, oam solu ion in il a es in o he bed soil wi hou any dilu ion. This s udy deals wi h he di ec
in luence o soil he so p ion complex on eco oxici y o i e selec ed FEAs, i.e. Expy ol F 15, Fini lam F 15, Moussol APS F 15, Py ocool
B and S hamex F 15. The subs ances es ed we e p epa ed in concen a ion o wo k solu ion and hen applied on s anda d soil ma ix
LUFA 2.3. Fo expe imen al pu poses, a column in il a ion appa a us was designed and compiled. Fil a es we e collec ed and hen
es ed using he plan o ganisms Sinapis alba and Allium cepa L. The s udy compa ed eco oxicologic e ec s o il a es wi h an o iginal
wo k solu ion. Moussol APS F 15 seems o be he leas eco oxic o he FEAs es ed. A di ec in luence o soil so p ion complex on o
eco oxici y educ ion was also es ablished. This inding demons a es he so p ion abili y o soil pa icles and ion exchange ac i i y o
he soil ma ix. I is a posi i e inding o bio a o aqua ic en i onmen , ye a he expense o hose in soil.
KEY WORDS: soil; FEAs; in il a ion; il a e; eco oxici y
Co espondence add ess:
Šá ka Hřibo á, Ing.
Ins i u e o Chemis y and Technology o En i onmen al P o ec ion,
Facul y o Chemis y, B no Uni e si y o Technology,
Pu kyňo a 464/118, 612 00 B no 12, Czech Republic
TEL.: +420 541 149 435 • E-MAIL: xch ibo as@ ch. u b .cz
like su ac an s a ec biological and physical p ope ies
o soil (Koehle e al., 2004).
I should be no ed ha he soil so p ion complex a ec s
he con aminan a e in he en i onmen in dependence
on i s chemical na u e. Fo example, mos ly a ec ed a e
non-pola subs ances bound on solid soil pa icles o
subs ances wi h ion-exchange ac i i y. Non-pola sub-
s ances a e o lipophilic na u e and hey can be cap u ed
in he soil bed as hey a e passing h ough i . Ion ac i e
subs ances can exchange ions om bonding g oups and
hus change hei own cha ac e . All hese p ocesses
can in luence he bioa ailabili y o he con aminan and
also i s oxic ac i i y (Ruggie o e al., 2002). In addi ion,
ha dly con ollable en i onmen al condi ions, such as
clima e, can exe signi ican e ec s on he beha io o
con amina ion. An example is he compa ison o he d y
and he ainy season (Ruggie o e al., 2002).
En i onmen al con amina ion can be assessed in se -
e al ways. Risk assessmen s udies in ol e bo h biomoni-
o ing and eco oxicology es ing. Basically, hey a e mos
equen ly used o es ing su ace and g ound wa e s and
also soils. In he case o soil es ing, we ha e wo possibili-
ies. The soil ma ix can be assessed di ec ly ia con ac
es ing using soil o ganisms o ia wa e leacha e es ing
using wa e o ganisms.
In oduc ion
Soil is he mos complica ed en i onmen al compa -
men . I consis s o solid o ganic and ino ganic ma e ial,
soil wa e and gas and, o cou se, bio ic componen s.
All h ee en i onmen al compa men s (wa e , ai , soil)
a e linked (Va říček & Kuče a, 2014). Due o his ac ,
he majo i y o con amina ion comes in o he soil bed.
A wide ange o man-made chemicals is hen pa ly o
o ally cap u ed he e. I depends on he physicochemical
p ope ies o soil whe he he con aminan will be cap-
u ed o somehow changed. The so p ion, seques a ion,
biodeg ada ion, ola iliza ion, leaching, deso p ion and
he up ake o plan and soil o ganisms, which con ibu e
o he u he a e o con aminan s in he soil en i on-
men . All p ocesses men ioned ac on he con amina ion
concu en ly in dependence on he na u e o pollu ion
and he soil ma ix (Domene e al., 2010). Con aminan s
In e discip Toxicol. 2014; Vol. 7(4): 177–183.
doi: 10.2478/in ox-2014-0025
Copy igh © 2014 SETOX & IEPT, SASc.
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu-
ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/2.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use,
dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
178
Šá ka Hřibo á, Helena Zlámalo á Ga gošo á, Milada Vá o á
So p ion abili y o he soil
ISSN: 1337-6853 (p in e sion) | 1337-9569 (elec onic e sion)
Con ac es a angemen s a e simple wi h clea
esul s. The di ec in luence o con amina ed soil can
be hus e alua ed (Domene e al., 2010; Lo s e al., 2011).
In con as , wa e leacha e es ing o e s in o ma ion
abou con amina ion dispe sion, i s solubili y and, ice
e sa, abou he abili y o he soil o cap u e indi idual
con aminan s (Lo s e al., 2011). In he Czech Republic,
wa e leacha es ha e o be p epa ed acco ding o s anda d
guidelines issued by he Minis y o En i onmen o he
Czech Republic. The manual is ha monized wi h ISO
(2007). Du ing leacha e p epa a ion, a en- ime dilu-
ion o con amina ion concen a ion occu s (ISO, 2007;
Me hodological Guideline o he Was e Depa men o
De e mine he Eco oxici y o Was e, 2007). This s ep causes
a pa icula de ia ion and de acemen o he eal a e o
he con aminan . I is necessa y o coun wi h he dilu ion
ac o o ob ain app oxima e in o ma ion abou eco oxic
ac i i y. Ne e heless, i could be associa ed wi h a high
e o . This may be he eason why bioassays wi h wa e
ex ac s a e poo ly p edic i e du ing assessmen o en i-
onmen al isks o soil con amina ion (Lo s e al., 2011).
This hypo hesis na u ally leads o he e o o design-
ing an expe imen o assessmen o he in luence o he
soil ma ix on con amina ion by hein il a ion p ocess.
Ma e ials and me hods
Soil ma ix
The s anda d soil ma ix LUFA 2.3 (LUFA Speye
Ge many) was used. I is na u ally occu ing soil in a
selec ed a ea, which is simul aneously used in ag icul u e.
LUFA 2.3 is classi ied as sandy loam soil ype in acco -
dance wi h he Uni ed S a es Depa men o Ag icul u e
(USDA).
The supplie wa an s ha biocidal e ilize s, o ganic
manu e, o pes icides ha e no been applied o i e yea s
a leas . Soil can no be sampled ea lie han h ee mon hs
a e applica ion o mine al e ilize s. Samples a e aken
om he dep h o 20 cm and sie ed h ough a 2 mm sie e.
The supplie p o ides in o ma ion abou soil composi ion
and p ope ies. Some o hem a e lis ed in Table 1 (LUFA
Speye , 2013).
The ad an age o his ype o soil ma ix lies in i s
simila i y wi h he na u al soil ecosys em. A i icial soil
p o ided by OECD207 can no p o ide his quali y.
Agen s es ed
In his s udy, i e ex inguishing agen s (FEAs) we e es ed.
These subs ances a e complica ed mix u es composed
mainly o alcohols, su ac an s and o he addi i es. Some
o hem con ain pe luo ina ed compounds, which belong
o pe sis en o ganic pollu an s (POPs) wi h ela i ely
high en i onmen al oxici y. Su ac an s con ained in
such a mix u e can exchange some ionic g oups wi h soil
so p ion complex. Pe luo ina ed compounds can be hen
adso bed on solid soil pa icles, clay su aces and abio ic
o ganic ma e such as humic subs ances. Adso p ion on
mic obial bio ilms is also possible (Lo s e al., 2011).
We chose i e FEAs o ou expe imen s, i.e. Expy olF-15
(EXP), Fini lamF-15 (FIN), Moussol-APSF-15 (MOU),
Py ocoolB (PYR) and S hamexF-15 (STH). These FEAs
a e used by he Fi e Rescue Uni o he Sou h Mo a ian
Region o he Czech Republic.
Fo expe imen al pu poses, FEAs we e dilu ed wi h
deionized wa e o concen a ions o commonly used
wo k solu ions, i.e. 5% concen a ion o STH and 3% o
he o he ones. Solu ions we e used as s ock solu ions and
es ed o haza dous p ope y H14 (eco oxici y).
Expe imen al design
A he beginning o ou expe imen , he column appa-
a us o in il a ion was designed. I was compiled om
a glass cylinde wi h speci ic p opo ions (see Figu e1).
S anda d soil ma ix was placed in such a way ha i
Table 1. Mean alues o LUFA 2.3 analysis wi h s anda d de ia ion
e e ed o d y ma e .
Pa ame e Uni Value
Ni ogen % N 0.08±0.02
pH- alue 0.01M CaCl
2
6.80±0.20
CEC meq/100g 10.9±1.10
WHC g/100g 37.3±1.80
O ganic ca bon % C 0.94±0.10
CEC – ca ion exchange capaci y; WHC – wa e holding capaci y;
meq - miliequi alen
FILTRATE
OUTPUT
BEAKER
FUNNEL
GLASS COLUMN
SOIL BED
SOLUTION
INPUT
300
Figu e 1. Technical scheme o he designed appa a us. Dimen-
sions a e gi en in uni s o mm.
179
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eached a e age heigh , which co esponds o opsoil
heigh and also heigh used o in il a ion in-si u expe i-
men s (Hi zel & Ma us, 2013; Johnson, 1963; Mijangos &
Ga bisu, 2010). Wo k solu ions o he FEAs es ed we e
indi idually applied in exac olume on o a hus p epa ed
ma ix. The ou -coming il a es we e collec ed and hen
es ed ia eco oxicology es s. Wo k solu ions we e es ed
in he same way as hei il a es.
Column p epa a ion
The bo om o he column was ixedly isola ed by s e ile
gauze. S anda d soil ma ix was added in o de o each
30 cm heigh a e mode a e shaking down. An iden ical
amoun (736.5 ± 1.1 g) o soil ma ix was used o e e y
in il a ion p ocess.
Fil a e p epa a ion
Fil a es we e p epa ed by using FEAs s ock solu ions.
E e y single solu ion was pou ed in o he p epa ed col-
umn and le o in il a e spon aneously. Dec ease o he
soil column occu ed a he end o he in il a ion.
P ope ies o wo k solu ions and il a es a e p esen ed
in Table 2. Pa ame e s o s ock solu ions we e measu ed
be o e in il a ion, pa ame e s o il a es a e he
p ocess. Accu a e expe imen al condi ions a e lis ed in
Table3.
Eco oxicological assessmen
Eco oxic ac i i y o he p epa ed samples was e alua ed
using he plan o ganism whi e mus a d S. alba and he
highe plan A. cepa L.
Sinapis alba oo g ow h inhibi ion es
The es was pe o med in s anda d a angemen acco d-
ing o he Me hodological Guideline No. 11/2007 o he
Depa men o Was e o The Minis y o En i onmen
o he Czech Republic o he de e mina ion o was e
eco oxici y. The p inciple o he es lies in obse a ion o
inhibi ion o s imula ion o mus a d oo g ow h. Thi y
mus a d seeds we e exposed o se e al concen a ion
le els o he samples es ed and he leng h o ge mina ed
oo s was measu ed a e 72 hou exposi ion.
Seeds we e applied a il a e pape , mois ened wi h
ele an solu ion, in Pe i dishes o abou en cen ime e
diame e . Pe i dishes we e placed in o an incuba o unde
da k condi ion and cons an empe a u e o 20 °C o 72
hou s. A he end o he es , he leng h o ge mina ed
oo s was measu ed. Two eplica es we e done o e e y
concen a ion le el, including con ol.
The con ol es was pe o med simul aneously wi h
e e y assay. S anda d dilu ion medium was used in he
con ol. I is a mix u e o ou essen ial sal s, namely cal-
cium chlo ide dihyd a e in inal concen a ion 11.76g/L,
magnesium sulpha e hep ahyd a e 4.93 g/L, sodium
bica bona e 2.59 g/L and po assium chlo ide 0.23 g/L
(Me hodological Guideline o he Was e Depa men o
De e mine he Eco oxici y o Was e, 2007).
Tes inhibi ion o oo elonga ion o onion se s Allium cepa L.
The assay p inciple is assessmen o inhibi ion, o
s imula ion, on he basis o compa ison o oo leng h in
oxican solu ion wi h he leng h in con ol es . Six onion
se s we e exposed o se e al concen a ion le els bo h o
FEAs and hei il a es. The leng h o ge mina ed oo s
was measu ed a e se en days. To ob ain mo e p ecise
esul s, he oo s we e cu and he o al biomass amoun
was de e mined o e e y concen a ion le el.
Onion se s we e peeled and ehyd a ed one day o
ge mina ion be o e es ing. They we e pu in o ubes and
illed wi h he ele an solu ion. The ubes wi h onions
we e main ained in labo a o y condi ions unde o dina y
dayligh egimen and 20 °C o se en days. Du ing he es ,
he solu ions es ed in ubes we e con inuously e illed.
Finally, he leng h o ge mina ed oo s was measu ed.
The amoun o he o al biomass was hen de e mined
o e e y single solu ion. Two eplica es we e done o
e e y concen a ion le el. The con ol es was pe -
o med simul aneously wi h e e y assay in wo eplica es
(Fiskesjö, 1985; Olo un emi & Ogunsanwo, 2011).
S einbe g medium, used in he Lemna sp. g ow h inhi-
bi ion es , was chosen as s anda d dilu ion medium. I
was used o he dilu ion o bo h samples and he con ol
solu ion (ISO, 2005).
S a is ical analysis
The ob ained da a we e subjec ed o s a is ical analysis by
using he s a is ical so wa e G aphPad P ism 6.0 in o de
o compa e he oxici y o il a es and wo k solu ions.
The da a we e es ed wi h analysis o a iance (one-way
ANOVA) o con ol s a is ically signi ican de ia ion o oo
leng hs be ween all eplica es in e e y concen a ion le el.
Table 2. Fundamen al p ope ies o s ock solu ions and il a es.
Sample ype S ock solu ion Fil a e
Pa ame e pH γ (μS/cm) pH γ (μS/cm)
EXP 7.118 1051 6.043 772
FIN 7.430 830 5.442 1049
MOU 6.643 283 5.017 469
PYR 7.375 1492 4.638 1566
STH 7.530 1522 5.849 1258
γ – elec ical conduc i i y
Table 3. Expe imen al condi ions o in il a ion and expe imen
ou pu s.
FEA
Soil
weigh
(g)
IH o
soil bed
(cm)
FH o
soil bed
(cm)
Volume o
applied solu ion
(mL)
Fil a e
olume
(mL)
EXP 735.10 30±0.5 24.5±0.5 1 000 850
FIN 737.85 30±0.5 24.0±0.5 1 000 850
MOU 735.34 30±0.5 24.0±0.5 1 000 850
PYR 737.30 30±0.5 24.5±0.5 1 000 850
STH 736.70 30±0.5 24.0±0.5 1 000 850
IH – ini ial heigh , FH – inal heigh
180
Šá ka Hřibo á, Helena Zlámalo á Ga gošo á, Milada Vá o á
So p ion abili y o he soil
ISSN: 1337-6853 (p in e sion) | 1337-9569 (elec onic e sion)
Resul s
IC50 alues, i.e. concen a ion causing 50% inhibi ion o
oo g ow h, we e calcula ed wi h 95% in e al o con i-
dence using nonlinea eg ession o dose- esponse cu e
as inal esul s o he es s. Figu e 2 ep esen s indi idual
dose- esponse cu es o il a es.
App op ia e esul s ob ained o he o ganism S. alba
a e lis ed in Table4 and o A. cepa in Table5. Lis ed a e
only alues coun ed om biomass esul s in he able.
EXPYROL F-15
Log c
Inhibi ion (%)
1.0 1.5 2.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
FINIFLAM F-15
Log c
Inhibi ion (%)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
MOUSSOL-APS F-15
Log c
Inhibi ion (%)
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
PYROCOOL B
Log c
Inhibi ion (%)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
STHAMEX F-15
Log c
Inhibi ion (%)
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
Figu e2. Dose- esponse cu es o indi idual i l a es, wi h 95% CI, de e mined o calcula ion o 72hIC50 alue in he case o S. alba es ing.
Table4. Eco oxicological e ec s o he samples es ed – S. alba oo g ow h inhibi ion.
FEA
S ock solu ion Fil a e
LogIC50±SE
72hIC50
(mL/L) 95% CI LogIC50
72hIC50
(mL/L) 95% CI
EXP 1.496±0.072 31.33 21.40–45.87 1.534±0.036 34.24 28.69–40.85
FIN 1.728±0.079 53.40 36.29–78.56 1.978±0.047 95.03 75.78–119.2
MOU 2.201±0.020 158.8 141.6–178.1 2.380±0.040 239.7 195.8–293.5
PYR 1.364±0.023 23.09 20.63–25.86 1.957±0.031 90.59 78.29–104.8
STH 1.355±0.025 22.63 20.05–25.53 1.538±0.020 34.48 30.74–38.68
CI – con idence in e al, SE- s anda d e o
Table5. Eco oxicological e ec s o he samples es ed – inhibi ion o A. cepa L. oo elonga ion.
FEA
S ock solu ion Fil a e
LogIC50±SE
168hIC50
(mL/L) 95% CI LogIC50
168IC50
(mL/L) 95% CI
EXP 1.281±0.102 19.10 9.036–40.39 1.337±0.075 21.74 12.58–37.57
FIN 1.541±0.053 34.75 23.52–51.34 1.545±0.004 35.05 33.71–36.44
MOU 1.884±0.058 76.49 52.77–110.9 2.315±0.605 206.3 OAS
PYR 0.919±0.069 8.293 5.021–13.70 1.186±0.086 15.35 9.244–25.48
STH 1.460±0.065 28.81 15.10–54.98 1.515±0.022 32.76 28.56–37.58
CI – con idence in e al, SE- s anda d e o , OAS – ou side he accep able scope
181
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Measu ing o oo leng h is no su icien , due o he high
de ia ion be ween indi idual oo s on each onion.
Fu he , he 72hIC10 (S. alba es ) alues we e coun ed
o il a es. They we e compa ed wi h 72hIC10 alues
ob ained o commonly p epa ed leacha es, as ca ied ou
las yea in ou p e ious s udy (Hřibo á e al., 2014). The
alues we e coun ed by aking in o accoun he dilu ion
ac o en. In no case o leacha e es ing was 50% inhibi-
ion eached. Figu e 4 summa izes hese esul s.
Discussion
The expe imen al in il a ion p ocess had a signi ican
impac on pH eac ion and conduc i i y o solu ions (see
Table 2). All il a es had lowe pH alue han he co -
esponding s ock solu ions. On he con a y, conduc i i y
o il a es compa ed o s ock solu ions was ele a ed in
he case o FIN, MOU and PYR. Fil a es o EXP and STH
had lowe alues.
This inding poin s o he di ec in luence o he soil
ma ix on physico-chemical p ope ies o con amina-
ion. This is he consequence o combina ion o many
na u al p ocesses held in bed soil, clima ic condi ions and
chemical composi ion o con amina ion (Lo s e al., 2011;
Ruggie o e al., 2002).
In he case o assessmen o S. alba oo g ow h inhibi-
ion, S hamex F-15 p o ed o be he mos oxic agen wi h
72hIC50 alue 22.63 mL/L. Toxici y o he selec ed FEAs
was dec easing in he o de STH>PYR>EXP>FIN>MOU.
A somewha di e en end was obse ed in he case o
inhibi ion o A. cepa oo elonga ion es ing. Toxic ac i -
i y o FEAs was dec easing in he o de PYR>EXP>STH>
FIN>MOU. This ime, Py ocoolB was ound o be he
mos eco oxic agen wi h 168hIC50 alue 8.29 mL/L.
On he o he hand, Moussol-APSF-15 p o ed he leas
eco oxic agen in all cases. All agen s could all wi hin he
haza d ca ego y 3 (concen a ion anging 10–100 mL/L;
ha m ul o aqua ic li e) gi en by Global Ha monised
Sys em (GHS), excep Py ocoolB and Moussol-APSF-15.
In he case o es ing he o ganism A. cepa, Py ocoolB
could all wi hin he ca ego y 2 (concen a ion anging
1–10 mL/L; oxic o aqua ic li e). The leas oxic agen ,
Moussol-APS F-15, could no all wi hin any ca ego y in
he case o he o ganism S.alba since he IC50 alue was
highe han 100 mL/L (GHS, 2005).
Indeed, classi ica ion o FEAs in o GHS ca ego ies is
complica ed, because hei cu en composi ion is no
exac ly known. Ano he op ion is a ailable. FEAs can be
classi ied by US Fish and Wildli e Se ice Acu e Toxici y
Ra ing Scales, which is used by OECD. Acco ding o his
classi ica ion, Py ocoolB is mode a ely oxic (IC50 ange
1–10 mL/L) o A.cepa and Moussol-APS F-15 is p ac i-
cally non- oxic (IC50 ange 100–1 000 mL/L) o S.alba.
The o he FEAs all in o he sligh ly oxic ca ego y wi h
IC50 ange o 10–100 mL/L (Seow, 2013).
Bo h classi ica ion scales we e p oposed o acu e
oxici y es ing o wa e animal o ganisms such as c us-
aceans and ish. Thus conce ning he e ec on plan
es ing, i can be used only o be e imagina ion abou
he deg ee o nega i e in luence o complica ed mix u es
like FEAs.
Figu e 3 ep esen s he compa ison o oxic ac i i y
o FEAs wo k solu ions wi h hei il a es. The igu e
clea ly shows ha il a es a ec bo h es ing o ganisms
72hIC50 (Sinapis alba)
0 100 200 300
EXP
FIN
MOU
PYR
STH
Wo k solu ionFil a e
168hIC50 (Allium cepa)
c (mL/L)
0 50 100 150 200 250
EXP
FIN
MOU
PYR
STH
0 102030405060
STH
PYR
MOU
FIN
EXP
72hIC10 (mL/L)
Leacha e
Fil a e
Figu e3. Compa ison o eco oxic ac i i y o wo k solu ions and
i l a es o indi idual FEAs o es ing he o ganisms S. alba and A.
cepa L.
Figu e 4. Compa ison o 72hIC10 alues o con en wa e leach-
a es and i l a es; es o ganism S. alba.

182
Šá ka Hřibo á, Helena Zlámalo á Ga gošo á, Milada Vá o á
So p ion abili y o he soil
ISSN: 1337-6853 (p in e sion) | 1337-9569 (elec onic e sion)
less han wo k solu ions. This end is signi ican in he
case o Py ocoolB, Moussol-APS F-15 and Fini lam F-15.
Eco oxici y dec ease o he emaining FEAs is weak o
almos none.
This inding poin s o some in luence o soil en i on-
men on eco oxici y educ ion o con amina ion. We do
no know exac ly which physicochemical mechanisms
ha e a majo pa icipa ion in his p ocess. So p ion as
well as ion exchange o seques a ion could a ec he
composi ion o mix u es du ing he in il a ion p ocess
(Ruggie o e al., 2002).
Only ew s udies ha e so a ocused on en i onmen-
al impac s o FEAs. FEAs a e commonly known o be
haza dous o o ganisms o aqua ic ecosys ems (Adams
e al., 2004; Koehle e al., 2004), ye e y li le is known
abou hei impac on plan species (Adams e al., 2004).
Adams e al. applied i e- igh ing oams used in Aus alia
on o seedlings o highe plan Aus alian species. They
obse ed no de ec able impac s on g ow h cha ac e is-
ics, lowe ing and lea damage (Adams e al., 2004).
Ano he s udy was done by Koehle e al. This ield
s udy p o ided in o ma ion abou he impac o oam on
soil in e eb a es, sampled a di e en imes a e oam
applica ion. Nei he did hey obse e any de ec able
impac . Howe e he au ho s admi ha u he in es i-
ga ion o soil in e eb a es a ine axonomic le el may
e eal popula ion changes (Koehle e al., 2004).
Eco oxici y o non- oam i e chemicals was compa ed
wi h oams in Midwes Science Cen e in Sou h Dako a.
Bioassays we e pe o med wi h ish, daphnids, amphipods
and algae in he s udy. The esul s poin o a highe oxic-
i y o oams compa ed wi h non- oam chemicals used as
i e e a dan s (Hamil on e al., 1996).
Las yea , we did an eco oxic e alua ion o FEAs which
a e he subjec o he cu en wo k. The esul s con i med
high isks o aqua ic en i onmen and poin ed o he
in luence o soil on eco oxici y educ ion. Con en ionally
p epa ed leacha es we e assessed in ha s udy (Hřibo á
e al., 2014).
This yea , we compa ed he esul s o es ing wa e
leacha e and il a es (see Figu e 4). A negligible di e -
gence was obse ed in he case o S hamex F-15. The
emaining FEAs showed conside able a iances. I is ob i-
ous ha wo di e en app oaches o soil con amina ion
assessmen do no p o ide he same esul s. The i s and
mo e common possibili y is wa e leacha e es ing wi h
conside a ion o he dilu ion ac o . The second one is
di ec es ing o il a es eleased om he soil bed a e
in il a ion o a con aminan .
Conclusion
The p esen wo k is ocused on he assessmen o eco oxic
ac i i y o FEAs. Fi e oaming agen s we e chosen, namely
Expy ol F-15, Fini lam F-15, Moussol-APS F-15, Py ocool
B and S hamex F-15. A u he aim o he s udy was a ing
o he di ec in luence o he soil ma ix on he con ami-
na ion a e in he en i onmen and subsequen ly on he
educ ion o i s eco oxici y.
The esul s om es s wi h he plan o ganisms S. alba
and A. cepa L. p o ided in o ma ion abou isks o he
aqua ic en i onmen . Moussol-APS F-15 p o ed o be he
leas haza dous agen o bo h es o ganisms. O e all, all
he FEAs es ed a e among he sligh ly oxic and ha m ul
subs ances acco ding o he GHS and OECD classi ica-
ion sys ems.
I is impo an o assess he u he a e o i e- igh ing
oam a e i s applica ion a he si e o i e. Resul s o
wo di e en expe imen al app oaches we e compa ed.
Labo a o y es ing o wa e leacha es p epa ed acco ding
o ISO (ISO, 2007; Me hodological Guideline o he Was e
Depa men o De e mine he Eco oxici y o Was e, 2007)
was done las yea in ou p e ious s udy. This yea , an
appa a us o in il a ion expe imen was designed o
assess he di ec impac o soil on he con aminan du ing
i s passage h ough he ma ix. Fil a es we e es ed in he
same way as leacha es. Compa ison o he esul s poin s
o g ea di e ences be ween he app oaches.
The message is clea . When assessmen o con amina-
ion beha io in he en i onmen is needed, i is necessa y
o conside clima ic and u he na u al condi ions. The
si ua ion o he ainy season is di e en om ha o he
d y one, ye he e is no di ec di ision in eal ecosys ems.
Condi ions a e changing quickly and many ac o s play
a ole in con aminan anspo a ion and i s ans o ma-
ion. Field s udies may p o ide a be e app oach in his
case.
Finally, in he case o igh ing i es, i is impo an
o ake in o accoun se e al ac o s including economic
ones, e ec i i y and haza ds o he en i onmen . Only
ield s udies could p omo e ou unde s anding o na u al
p ocesses occu ing in a con amina ed a ea and help o
decide abou he mos e ec i e and he leas dange ous
solu ions.
Acknowledgemen
The s udy was suppo ed by he g an no. FCH-S-14-2487
om he Minis y o Educa ion, You h andSpo s o he
Czech Republic.
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