Sorption ability of the soil and its impact on environmental contamination

in e disciplina y So p ion abili y o he soil and i s impac on en i onmen al con amina ion Šá ka HŘIBOVÁ, Helena ZLÁMALOVÁ GARGOŠOVÁ, Milada VÁVROVÁ Ins i u e o Chemis y and Technology o En i onmen al P o ec ion, Facul y o Chemis y, B no Uni e si y o Technology, B no, Czech Republic ITX070414A01 • Recei ed: 14 Sep embe 2014 • Re ised: 23 No embe 2014 • Accep ed: 26 No embe 2014 ABSTRACT F om he physical poin o iew, soil is a he e ogenic polydispe se sys em. I o en becomes a place o a seconda y con amina ion du ing ex inguishing uncon olled a eal i es in na u e. Foam ex inguishing agen s (FEAs), used a hese e en s, basically con ain su ace ac i e subs ances and pe luo ina ed compounds. These end o be cap u ed in he soil ma ix due o hei speci ic p ope ies. Con aminan s could be pa ly lushed ou wi h ainwa e , which causes se e al imes dilu ion o con amina ion and lowe eco oxic ac i i y. Howe e in he d y season, oam solu ion in il a es in o he bed soil wi hou any dilu ion. This s udy deals wi h he di ec in luence o soil he so p ion complex on eco oxici y o i e selec ed FEAs, i.e. Expy ol F 15, Fini lam F 15, Moussol APS F 15, Py ocool B and S hamex F 15. The subs ances es ed we e p epa ed in concen a ion o wo k solu ion and hen applied on s anda d soil ma ix LUFA 2.3. Fo expe imen al pu poses, a column in il a ion appa a us was designed and compiled. Fil a es we e collec ed and hen es ed using he plan o ganisms Sinapis alba and Allium cepa L. The s udy compa ed eco oxicologic e ec s o il a es wi h an o iginal wo k solu ion. Moussol APS F 15 seems o be he leas eco oxic o he FEAs es ed. A di ec in luence o soil so p ion complex on o eco oxici y educ ion was also es ablished. This inding demons a es he so p ion abili y o soil pa icles and ion exchange ac i i y o he soil ma ix. I is a posi i e inding o bio a o aqua ic en i onmen , ye a he expense o hose in soil. KEY WORDS: soil; FEAs; in il a ion; il a e; eco oxici y Co espondence add ess: Šá ka Hřibo á, Ing. Ins i u e o Chemis y and Technology o En i onmen al P o ec ion, Facul y o Chemis y, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Pu kyňo a 464/118, 612 00 B no 12, Czech Republic TEL.: +420 541 149 435 • E-MAIL: xch ibo as@ ch. u b .cz like su ac an s a ec biological and physical p ope ies o soil (Koehle e al., 2004). I should be no ed ha he soil so p ion complex a ec s he con aminan a e in he en i onmen in dependence on i s chemical na u e. Fo example, mos ly a ec ed a e non-pola subs ances bound on solid soil pa icles o subs ances wi h ion-exchange ac i i y. Non-pola sub- s ances a e o lipophilic na u e and hey can be cap u ed in he soil bed as hey a e passing h ough i . Ion ac i e subs ances can exchange ions om bonding g oups and hus change hei own cha ac e . All hese p ocesses can in luence he bioa ailabili y o he con aminan and also i s oxic ac i i y (Ruggie o e al., 2002). In addi ion, ha dly con ollable en i onmen al condi ions, such as clima e, can exe signi ican e ec s on he beha io o con amina ion. An example is he compa ison o he d y and he ainy season (Ruggie o e al., 2002). En i onmen al con amina ion can be assessed in se - e al ways. Risk assessmen s udies in ol e bo h biomoni- o ing and eco oxicology es ing. Basically, hey a e mos equen ly used o es ing su ace and g ound wa e s and also soils. In he case o soil es ing, we ha e wo possibili- ies. The soil ma ix can be assessed di ec ly ia con ac es ing using soil o ganisms o ia wa e leacha e es ing using wa e o ganisms. In oduc ion Soil is he mos complica ed en i onmen al compa - men . I consis s o solid o ganic and ino ganic ma e ial, soil wa e and gas and, o cou se, bio ic componen s. All h ee en i onmen al compa men s (wa e , ai , soil) a e linked (Va říček & Kuče a, 2014). Due o his ac , he majo i y o con amina ion comes in o he soil bed. A wide ange o man-made chemicals is hen pa ly o o ally cap u ed he e. I depends on he physicochemical p ope ies o soil whe he he con aminan will be cap- u ed o somehow changed. The so p ion, seques a ion, biodeg ada ion, ola iliza ion, leaching, deso p ion and he up ake o plan and soil o ganisms, which con ibu e o he u he a e o con aminan s in he soil en i on- men . All p ocesses men ioned ac on he con amina ion concu en ly in dependence on he na u e o pollu ion and he soil ma ix (Domene e al., 2010). Con aminan s In e discip Toxicol. 2014; Vol. 7(4): 177–183. doi: 10.2478/in ox-2014-0025 Copy igh © 2014 SETOX & IEPT, SASc. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu- ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/2.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. ORIGINAL ARTICLE 178 Šá ka Hřibo á, Helena Zlámalo á Ga gošo á, Milada Vá o á So p ion abili y o he soil ISSN: 1337-6853 (p in e sion) | 1337-9569 (elec onic e sion) Con ac es a angemen s a e simple wi h clea esul s. The di ec in luence o con amina ed soil can be hus e alua ed (Domene e al., 2010; Lo s e al., 2011). In con as , wa e leacha e es ing o e s in o ma ion abou con amina ion dispe sion, i s solubili y and, ice e sa, abou he abili y o he soil o cap u e indi idual con aminan s (Lo s e al., 2011). In he Czech Republic, wa e leacha es ha e o be p epa ed acco ding o s anda d guidelines issued by he Minis y o En i onmen o he Czech Republic. The manual is ha monized wi h ISO (2007). Du ing leacha e p epa a ion, a en- ime dilu- ion o con amina ion concen a ion occu s (ISO, 2007; Me hodological Guideline o he Was e Depa men o De e mine he Eco oxici y o Was e, 2007). This s ep causes a pa icula de ia ion and de acemen o he eal a e o he con aminan . I is necessa y o coun wi h he dilu ion ac o o ob ain app oxima e in o ma ion abou eco oxic ac i i y. Ne e heless, i could be associa ed wi h a high e o . This may be he eason why bioassays wi h wa e ex ac s a e poo ly p edic i e du ing assessmen o en i- onmen al isks o soil con amina ion (Lo s e al., 2011). This hypo hesis na u ally leads o he e o o design- ing an expe imen o assessmen o he in luence o he soil ma ix on con amina ion by hein il a ion p ocess. Ma e ials and me hods Soil ma ix The s anda d soil ma ix LUFA 2.3 (LUFA Speye Ge many) was used. I is na u ally occu ing soil in a selec ed a ea, which is simul aneously used in ag icul u e. LUFA 2.3 is classi ied as sandy loam soil ype in acco - dance wi h he Uni ed S a es Depa men o Ag icul u e (USDA). The supplie wa an s ha biocidal e ilize s, o ganic manu e, o pes icides ha e no been applied o i e yea s a leas . Soil can no be sampled ea lie han h ee mon hs a e applica ion o mine al e ilize s. Samples a e aken om he dep h o 20 cm and sie ed h ough a 2 mm sie e. The supplie p o ides in o ma ion abou soil composi ion and p ope ies. Some o hem a e lis ed in Table 1 (LUFA Speye , 2013). The ad an age o his ype o soil ma ix lies in i s simila i y wi h he na u al soil ecosys em. A i icial soil p o ided by OECD207 can no p o ide his quali y. Agen s es ed In his s udy, i e ex inguishing agen s (FEAs) we e es ed. These subs ances a e complica ed mix u es composed mainly o alcohols, su ac an s and o he addi i es. Some o hem con ain pe luo ina ed compounds, which belong o pe sis en o ganic pollu an s (POPs) wi h ela i ely high en i onmen al oxici y. Su ac an s con ained in such a mix u e can exchange some ionic g oups wi h soil so p ion complex. Pe luo ina ed compounds can be hen adso bed on solid soil pa icles, clay su aces and abio ic o ganic ma e such as humic subs ances. Adso p ion on mic obial bio ilms is also possible (Lo s e al., 2011). We chose i e FEAs o ou expe imen s, i.e. Expy olF-15 (EXP), Fini lamF-15 (FIN), Moussol-APSF-15 (MOU), Py ocoolB (PYR) and S hamexF-15 (STH). These FEAs a e used by he Fi e Rescue Uni o he Sou h Mo a ian Region o he Czech Republic. Fo expe imen al pu poses, FEAs we e dilu ed wi h deionized wa e o concen a ions o commonly used wo k solu ions, i.e. 5% concen a ion o STH and 3% o he o he ones. Solu ions we e used as s ock solu ions and es ed o haza dous p ope y H14 (eco oxici y). Expe imen al design A he beginning o ou expe imen , he column appa- a us o in il a ion was designed. I was compiled om a glass cylinde wi h speci ic p opo ions (see Figu e1). S anda d soil ma ix was placed in such a way ha i Table 1. Mean alues o LUFA 2.3 analysis wi h s anda d de ia ion e e ed o d y ma e . Pa ame e Uni Value Ni ogen % N 0.08±0.02 pH- alue 0.01M CaCl 2 6.80±0.20 CEC meq/100g 10.9±1.10 WHC g/100g 37.3±1.80 O ganic ca bon % C 0.94±0.10 CEC – ca ion exchange capaci y; WHC – wa e holding capaci y; meq - miliequi alen FILTRATE OUTPUT BEAKER FUNNEL GLASS COLUMN SOIL BED SOLUTION INPUT 300 Figu e 1. Technical scheme o he designed appa a us. Dimen- sions a e gi en in uni s o mm. 179 Full- ex also a ailable online on PubMed Cen al In e disciplina y Toxicology. 2014; Vol. 7(4): 177–183 Copy igh © 2014 SETOX & Ins i u e o Expe imen al Pha macology and Toxicology, SASc. eached a e age heigh , which co esponds o opsoil heigh and also heigh used o in il a ion in-si u expe i- men s (Hi zel & Ma us, 2013; Johnson, 1963; Mijangos & Ga bisu, 2010). Wo k solu ions o he FEAs es ed we e indi idually applied in exac olume on o a hus p epa ed ma ix. The ou -coming il a es we e collec ed and hen es ed ia eco oxicology es s. Wo k solu ions we e es ed in he same way as hei il a es. Column p epa a ion The bo om o he column was ixedly isola ed by s e ile gauze. S anda d soil ma ix was added in o de o each 30 cm heigh a e mode a e shaking down. An iden ical amoun (736.5 ± 1.1 g) o soil ma ix was used o e e y in il a ion p ocess. Fil a e p epa a ion Fil a es we e p epa ed by using FEAs s ock solu ions. E e y single solu ion was pou ed in o he p epa ed col- umn and le o in il a e spon aneously. Dec ease o he soil column occu ed a he end o he in il a ion. P ope ies o wo k solu ions and il a es a e p esen ed in Table 2. Pa ame e s o s ock solu ions we e measu ed be o e in il a ion, pa ame e s o il a es a e he p ocess. Accu a e expe imen al condi ions a e lis ed in Table3. Eco oxicological assessmen Eco oxic ac i i y o he p epa ed samples was e alua ed using he plan o ganism whi e mus a d S. alba and he highe plan A. cepa L. Sinapis alba oo g ow h inhibi ion es The es was pe o med in s anda d a angemen acco d- ing o he Me hodological Guideline No. 11/2007 o he Depa men o Was e o The Minis y o En i onmen o he Czech Republic o he de e mina ion o was e eco oxici y. The p inciple o he es lies in obse a ion o inhibi ion o s imula ion o mus a d oo g ow h. Thi y mus a d seeds we e exposed o se e al concen a ion le els o he samples es ed and he leng h o ge mina ed oo s was measu ed a e 72 hou exposi ion. Seeds we e applied a il a e pape , mois ened wi h ele an solu ion, in Pe i dishes o abou en cen ime e diame e . Pe i dishes we e placed in o an incuba o unde da k condi ion and cons an empe a u e o 20 °C o 72 hou s. A he end o he es , he leng h o ge mina ed oo s was measu ed. Two eplica es we e done o e e y concen a ion le el, including con ol. The con ol es was pe o med simul aneously wi h e e y assay. S anda d dilu ion medium was used in he con ol. I is a mix u e o ou essen ial sal s, namely cal- cium chlo ide dihyd a e in inal concen a ion 11.76g/L, magnesium sulpha e hep ahyd a e 4.93 g/L, sodium bica bona e 2.59 g/L and po assium chlo ide 0.23 g/L (Me hodological Guideline o he Was e Depa men o De e mine he Eco oxici y o Was e, 2007). Tes inhibi ion o oo elonga ion o onion se s Allium cepa L. The assay p inciple is assessmen o inhibi ion, o s imula ion, on he basis o compa ison o oo leng h in oxican solu ion wi h he leng h in con ol es . Six onion se s we e exposed o se e al concen a ion le els bo h o FEAs and hei il a es. The leng h o ge mina ed oo s was measu ed a e se en days. To ob ain mo e p ecise esul s, he oo s we e cu and he o al biomass amoun was de e mined o e e y concen a ion le el. Onion se s we e peeled and ehyd a ed one day o ge mina ion be o e es ing. They we e pu in o ubes and illed wi h he ele an solu ion. The ubes wi h onions we e main ained in labo a o y condi ions unde o dina y dayligh egimen and 20 °C o se en days. Du ing he es , he solu ions es ed in ubes we e con inuously e illed. Finally, he leng h o ge mina ed oo s was measu ed. The amoun o he o al biomass was hen de e mined o e e y single solu ion. Two eplica es we e done o e e y concen a ion le el. The con ol es was pe - o med simul aneously wi h e e y assay in wo eplica es (Fiskesjö, 1985; Olo un emi & Ogunsanwo, 2011). S einbe g medium, used in he Lemna sp. g ow h inhi- bi ion es , was chosen as s anda d dilu ion medium. I was used o he dilu ion o bo h samples and he con ol solu ion (ISO, 2005). S a is ical analysis The ob ained da a we e subjec ed o s a is ical analysis by using he s a is ical so wa e G aphPad P ism 6.0 in o de o compa e he oxici y o il a es and wo k solu ions. The da a we e es ed wi h analysis o a iance (one-way ANOVA) o con ol s a is ically signi ican de ia ion o oo leng hs be ween all eplica es in e e y concen a ion le el. Table 2. Fundamen al p ope ies o s ock solu ions and il a es. Sample ype S ock solu ion Fil a e Pa ame e pH γ (μS/cm) pH γ (μS/cm) EXP 7.118 1051 6.043 772 FIN 7.430 830 5.442 1049 MOU 6.643 283 5.017 469 PYR 7.375 1492 4.638 1566 STH 7.530 1522 5.849 1258 γ – elec ical conduc i i y Table 3. Expe imen al condi ions o in il a ion and expe imen ou pu s. FEA Soil weigh (g) IH o soil bed (cm) FH o soil bed (cm) Volume o applied solu ion (mL) Fil a e olume (mL) EXP 735.10 30±0.5 24.5±0.5 1 000 850 FIN 737.85 30±0.5 24.0±0.5 1 000 850 MOU 735.34 30±0.5 24.0±0.5 1 000 850 PYR 737.30 30±0.5 24.5±0.5 1 000 850 STH 736.70 30±0.5 24.0±0.5 1 000 850 IH – ini ial heigh , FH – inal heigh 180 Šá ka Hřibo á, Helena Zlámalo á Ga gošo á, Milada Vá o á So p ion abili y o he soil ISSN: 1337-6853 (p in e sion) | 1337-9569 (elec onic e sion) Resul s IC50 alues, i.e. concen a ion causing 50% inhibi ion o oo g ow h, we e calcula ed wi h 95% in e al o con i- dence using nonlinea eg ession o dose- esponse cu e as inal esul s o he es s. Figu e 2 ep esen s indi idual dose- esponse cu es o il a es. App op ia e esul s ob ained o he o ganism S. alba a e lis ed in Table4 and o A. cepa in Table5. Lis ed a e only alues coun ed om biomass esul s in he able. EXPYROL F-15 Log c Inhibi ion (%) 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 FINIFLAM F-15 Log c Inhibi ion (%) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 MOUSSOL-APS F-15 Log c Inhibi ion (%) 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 PYROCOOL B Log c Inhibi ion (%) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0 20 40 60 80 100 STHAMEX F-15 Log c Inhibi ion (%) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 Figu e2. Dose- esponse cu es o indi idual i l a es, wi h 95% CI, de e mined o calcula ion o 72hIC50 alue in he case o S. alba es ing. Table4. Eco oxicological e ec s o he samples es ed – S. alba oo g ow h inhibi ion. FEA S ock solu ion Fil a e LogIC50±SE 72hIC50 (mL/L) 95% CI LogIC50 72hIC50 (mL/L) 95% CI EXP 1.496±0.072 31.33 21.40–45.87 1.534±0.036 34.24 28.69–40.85 FIN 1.728±0.079 53.40 36.29–78.56 1.978±0.047 95.03 75.78–119.2 MOU 2.201±0.020 158.8 141.6–178.1 2.380±0.040 239.7 195.8–293.5 PYR 1.364±0.023 23.09 20.63–25.86 1.957±0.031 90.59 78.29–104.8 STH 1.355±0.025 22.63 20.05–25.53 1.538±0.020 34.48 30.74–38.68 CI – con idence in e al, SE- s anda d e o Table5. Eco oxicological e ec s o he samples es ed – inhibi ion o A. cepa L. oo elonga ion. FEA S ock solu ion Fil a e LogIC50±SE 168hIC50 (mL/L) 95% CI LogIC50 168IC50 (mL/L) 95% CI EXP 1.281±0.102 19.10 9.036–40.39 1.337±0.075 21.74 12.58–37.57 FIN 1.541±0.053 34.75 23.52–51.34 1.545±0.004 35.05 33.71–36.44 MOU 1.884±0.058 76.49 52.77–110.9 2.315±0.605 206.3 OAS PYR 0.919±0.069 8.293 5.021–13.70 1.186±0.086 15.35 9.244–25.48 STH 1.460±0.065 28.81 15.10–54.98 1.515±0.022 32.76 28.56–37.58 CI – con idence in e al, SE- s anda d e o , OAS – ou side he accep able scope 181 Full- ex also a ailable online on PubMed Cen al In e disciplina y Toxicology. 2014; Vol. 7(4): 177–183 Copy igh © 2014 SETOX & Ins i u e o Expe imen al Pha macology and Toxicology, SASc. Measu ing o oo leng h is no su icien , due o he high de ia ion be ween indi idual oo s on each onion. Fu he , he 72hIC10 (S. alba es ) alues we e coun ed o il a es. They we e compa ed wi h 72hIC10 alues ob ained o commonly p epa ed leacha es, as ca ied ou las yea in ou p e ious s udy (Hřibo á e al., 2014). The alues we e coun ed by aking in o accoun he dilu ion ac o en. In no case o leacha e es ing was 50% inhibi- ion eached. Figu e 4 summa izes hese esul s. Discussion The expe imen al in il a ion p ocess had a signi ican impac on pH eac ion and conduc i i y o solu ions (see Table 2). All il a es had lowe pH alue han he co - esponding s ock solu ions. On he con a y, conduc i i y o il a es compa ed o s ock solu ions was ele a ed in he case o FIN, MOU and PYR. Fil a es o EXP and STH had lowe alues. This inding poin s o he di ec in luence o he soil ma ix on physico-chemical p ope ies o con amina- ion. This is he consequence o combina ion o many na u al p ocesses held in bed soil, clima ic condi ions and chemical composi ion o con amina ion (Lo s e al., 2011; Ruggie o e al., 2002). In he case o assessmen o S. alba oo g ow h inhibi- ion, S hamex F-15 p o ed o be he mos oxic agen wi h 72hIC50 alue 22.63 mL/L. Toxici y o he selec ed FEAs was dec easing in he o de STH>PYR>EXP>FIN>MOU. A somewha di e en end was obse ed in he case o inhibi ion o A. cepa oo elonga ion es ing. Toxic ac i - i y o FEAs was dec easing in he o de PYR>EXP>STH> FIN>MOU. This ime, Py ocoolB was ound o be he mos eco oxic agen wi h 168hIC50 alue 8.29 mL/L. On he o he hand, Moussol-APSF-15 p o ed he leas eco oxic agen in all cases. All agen s could all wi hin he haza d ca ego y 3 (concen a ion anging 10–100 mL/L; ha m ul o aqua ic li e) gi en by Global Ha monised Sys em (GHS), excep Py ocoolB and Moussol-APSF-15. In he case o es ing he o ganism A. cepa, Py ocoolB could all wi hin he ca ego y 2 (concen a ion anging 1–10 mL/L; oxic o aqua ic li e). The leas oxic agen , Moussol-APS F-15, could no all wi hin any ca ego y in he case o he o ganism S.alba since he IC50 alue was highe han 100 mL/L (GHS, 2005). Indeed, classi ica ion o FEAs in o GHS ca ego ies is complica ed, because hei cu en composi ion is no exac ly known. Ano he op ion is a ailable. FEAs can be classi ied by US Fish and Wildli e Se ice Acu e Toxici y Ra ing Scales, which is used by OECD. Acco ding o his classi ica ion, Py ocoolB is mode a ely oxic (IC50 ange 1–10 mL/L) o A.cepa and Moussol-APS F-15 is p ac i- cally non- oxic (IC50 ange 100–1 000 mL/L) o S.alba. The o he FEAs all in o he sligh ly oxic ca ego y wi h IC50 ange o 10–100 mL/L (Seow, 2013). Bo h classi ica ion scales we e p oposed o acu e oxici y es ing o wa e animal o ganisms such as c us- aceans and ish. Thus conce ning he e ec on plan es ing, i can be used only o be e imagina ion abou he deg ee o nega i e in luence o complica ed mix u es like FEAs. Figu e 3 ep esen s he compa ison o oxic ac i i y o FEAs wo k solu ions wi h hei il a es. The igu e clea ly shows ha il a es a ec bo h es ing o ganisms 72hIC50 (Sinapis alba) 0 100 200 300 EXP FIN MOU PYR STH Wo k solu ionFil a e 168hIC50 (Allium cepa) c (mL/L) 0 50 100 150 200 250 EXP FIN MOU PYR STH 0 102030405060 STH PYR MOU FIN EXP 72hIC10 (mL/L) Leacha e Fil a e Figu e3. Compa ison o eco oxic ac i i y o wo k solu ions and i l a es o indi idual FEAs o es ing he o ganisms S. alba and A. cepa L. Figu e 4. Compa ison o 72hIC10 alues o con en wa e leach- a es and i l a es; es o ganism S. alba. 182 Šá ka Hřibo á, Helena Zlámalo á Ga gošo á, Milada Vá o á So p ion abili y o he soil ISSN: 1337-6853 (p in e sion) | 1337-9569 (elec onic e sion) less han wo k solu ions. This end is signi ican in he case o Py ocoolB, Moussol-APS F-15 and Fini lam F-15. Eco oxici y dec ease o he emaining FEAs is weak o almos none. This inding poin s o some in luence o soil en i on- men on eco oxici y educ ion o con amina ion. We do no know exac ly which physicochemical mechanisms ha e a majo pa icipa ion in his p ocess. So p ion as well as ion exchange o seques a ion could a ec he composi ion o mix u es du ing he in il a ion p ocess (Ruggie o e al., 2002). Only ew s udies ha e so a ocused on en i onmen- al impac s o FEAs. FEAs a e commonly known o be haza dous o o ganisms o aqua ic ecosys ems (Adams e al., 2004; Koehle e al., 2004), ye e y li le is known abou hei impac on plan species (Adams e al., 2004). Adams e al. applied i e- igh ing oams used in Aus alia on o seedlings o highe plan Aus alian species. They obse ed no de ec able impac s on g ow h cha ac e is- ics, lowe ing and lea damage (Adams e al., 2004). Ano he s udy was done by Koehle e al. This ield s udy p o ided in o ma ion abou he impac o oam on soil in e eb a es, sampled a di e en imes a e oam applica ion. Nei he did hey obse e any de ec able impac . Howe e he au ho s admi ha u he in es i- ga ion o soil in e eb a es a ine axonomic le el may e eal popula ion changes (Koehle e al., 2004). Eco oxici y o non- oam i e chemicals was compa ed wi h oams in Midwes Science Cen e in Sou h Dako a. Bioassays we e pe o med wi h ish, daphnids, amphipods and algae in he s udy. The esul s poin o a highe oxic- i y o oams compa ed wi h non- oam chemicals used as i e e a dan s (Hamil on e al., 1996). Las yea , we did an eco oxic e alua ion o FEAs which a e he subjec o he cu en wo k. The esul s con i med high isks o aqua ic en i onmen and poin ed o he in luence o soil on eco oxici y educ ion. Con en ionally p epa ed leacha es we e assessed in ha s udy (Hřibo á e al., 2014). This yea , we compa ed he esul s o es ing wa e leacha e and il a es (see Figu e 4). A negligible di e - gence was obse ed in he case o S hamex F-15. The emaining FEAs showed conside able a iances. I is ob i- ous ha wo di e en app oaches o soil con amina ion assessmen do no p o ide he same esul s. The i s and mo e common possibili y is wa e leacha e es ing wi h conside a ion o he dilu ion ac o . The second one is di ec es ing o il a es eleased om he soil bed a e in il a ion o a con aminan . Conclusion The p esen wo k is ocused on he assessmen o eco oxic ac i i y o FEAs. Fi e oaming agen s we e chosen, namely Expy ol F-15, Fini lam F-15, Moussol-APS F-15, Py ocool B and S hamex F-15. A u he aim o he s udy was a ing o he di ec in luence o he soil ma ix on he con ami- na ion a e in he en i onmen and subsequen ly on he educ ion o i s eco oxici y. The esul s om es s wi h he plan o ganisms S. alba and A. cepa L. p o ided in o ma ion abou isks o he aqua ic en i onmen . Moussol-APS F-15 p o ed o be he leas haza dous agen o bo h es o ganisms. O e all, all he FEAs es ed a e among he sligh ly oxic and ha m ul subs ances acco ding o he GHS and OECD classi ica- ion sys ems. I is impo an o assess he u he a e o i e- igh ing oam a e i s applica ion a he si e o i e. Resul s o wo di e en expe imen al app oaches we e compa ed. Labo a o y es ing o wa e leacha es p epa ed acco ding o ISO (ISO, 2007; Me hodological Guideline o he Was e Depa men o De e mine he Eco oxici y o Was e, 2007) was done las yea in ou p e ious s udy. This yea , an appa a us o in il a ion expe imen was designed o assess he di ec impac o soil on he con aminan du ing i s passage h ough he ma ix. Fil a es we e es ed in he same way as leacha es. Compa ison o he esul s poin s o g ea di e ences be ween he app oaches. The message is clea . When assessmen o con amina- ion beha io in he en i onmen is needed, i is necessa y o conside clima ic and u he na u al condi ions. The si ua ion o he ainy season is di e en om ha o he d y one, ye he e is no di ec di ision in eal ecosys ems. Condi ions a e changing quickly and many ac o s play a ole in con aminan anspo a ion and i s ans o ma- ion. 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