228
Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237, DOI: 10.24874/ i.2017.39.02.10
T ibology in Indus y
www. ibology. ink. s
T ibological s udies on coppe -based ic ion linings
M. Kande a a, D. Ka as oyano b, G. Nikolche a a, B. S ojano ić c, P. S oboda d, A. Vencl e
a Facul y o Indus ial Technology, Technical Uni e si y o So ia, 8 Klimen Oh idski Bl d, 1000 So ia, Bulga ia,
b Ins i u e o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies, Bulga ian Academy o Sciences, Acad. Geo gi Bonche
S ., Block 2, 1113 So ia, Bulga ia,
c Uni e si y o K aguje ac, Facul y o Enginee ing, Ses e Janjić 6, 34000 K aguje ac, Se bia,
d Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 B no, Czech Republic,
e Uni e si y o Belg ade, Facul y o Mechanical Enginee ing, K aljice Ma ije 16, 11120 Belg ade 35, Se bia.
Keywo ds:
F ic ion couplings
Coppe
Tin
Silicon ca bide
F ic ion
Ab asi e wea
A B S T R A C T
The objec s o his wo k we e nine di e en coppe -based ic ion linings
p oduced om powde by p essing and sin e ing. Six coppe -based ic ion
linings con ained 3 w .% zinc (Zn) and a iable con en o in (Sn), i.e. 1, 2,
4, 6, 8 and 10 w . %. Th ee coppe -based ic ion linings we e wi h ixed
con en s o Zn (3 w .%) and Sn (10 w .%), and wi h di e en amoun o
SiC pa icles, i.e. 2, 4 and 6 w .%. T ibological s udies on hese ic ion
linings included de e mina ion o he s a ic and kine ic coe icien o
ic ion unde di e en no mal loads and unlub ica ed sliding condi ions,
as well as, de e mina ion o he ab asi e wea esis ance unde di e en
no mal loads and unlub ica ed sliding/ olling condi ions. The analysed
esul s p esen he in luence o Sn con en and addi ion o SiC pa icles o
he coppe -based ic ion lining on i s ic ion and wea p ope ies.
© 2017 Published by Facul y o Enginee ing
Co esponding au ho :
Ma a Kande a
Facul y o Indus ial Technology,
Technical Uni e si y o So ia,
8 Klimen Oh idski Bl d, 1000 So ia,
Bulga ia
E-mail: kan[email p o ec ed]m
1. INTRODUCTION
Mul iple-disc clu ches (Fig. 1) a e ype o ic ion
couplings which ansmi mo ion and o que
o e he mul iple ic ion pla es (discs). They a e
used p ima ily in machine ools gea boxes, bu
also in he ex ile, cons uc ion and o he
machine y [1]. They also can be used as b akes.
A mul iple-disc clu ch o b ake is composed o
ic ion lining discs and s eel discs, which a e
in e nally o ex e nally oo hed and which upon
ac i a ion a e p essed agains one ano he and
ansmi ic ional o que [2]. By using mul iple
discs, a e y la ge con ac su ace is ob ained
and mo e ic ion is achie ed. Con ac be ween
he discs may be wi hou o wi h lub ica ion, i.e.
d y and we clu ches.
Fig. 1. Schema ic diag am o mul iple-disc clu ch
RESEARCH
M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237
229
The ic ion ma e ials ( ic ion linings) mus
poses a complex o di e se and in many cases
mu ually exclusi e p ope ies. They should ha e
high coe icien o ic ion, high wea esis ance
and esis ance o seizu e, high he mal
conduc i i y, high s eng h, good p ocessing and
machinabili y, high co osion esis ance, e c.
Depending on he applica ion and equi emen s,
e y di e en ic ion linings a e used, i.e.
o ganic ic ion linings (pape -based linings),
me al ic ion linings (sin e ed b onze, i on and
b ass), ca bon and ca bon-con aining ic ion
linings, and ce amic and ce amic-con aining
ic ion linings [2,3].
The powde me al ic ion linings (sin e ed
b onze, i on and b ass) a e based on a sin e ed
me al ma ix, in o which mine al, me allic, non-
me allic o ce amic agen s, as well as ab asi es
and solid lub ican s can be embedded. The
p oduc ion o powde me al ic ion linings
includes compac ion (densi ica ion) o powde
and sin e ing. Du ing sin e ing p ocesses
powde mix u es a e hea ed o empe a u es
below he mel ing poin , unde p essu e and
con olled p o ec i e a mosphe e. The eby
annealing, di usion and ec ys alliza ion
p ocesses occu . These ic ion linings can be
conside ed as mechanical coa ings (solid s a e
su acing) [4], since he lining (coa ing) a e
bonded du ing sin e ing o he s eel disc
(subs a e). Coppe and i on a e he mos
equen ly used as he main me als o ming he
ma ix o sin e ed ma e ials o ic ion
pu poses [5]. I on-based ic ion ma e ial has
high empe a u e s eng h, ha dness and
he mal s abili y, while coppe -based ic ion
ma e ial has smalle bu mo e s able coe icien
o ic ion [6]. The e is also a apid inc ease in
in e es in composi es as a p omising class o
ic ion ma e ials [7].
The aim o his pape was o in es iga e he
possibili ies o inc ease he se ice li e and
coe icien o ic ion o mul iple-disc clu ches
wi h coppe -based ic ion linings. Rela i e o
his, he in luence o Sn con en and addi ion o
SiC pa icles o he coppe -based ic ion lining
on i s ic ion and wea p ope ies we e
in es iga ed. All oge he nine di e en coppe -
based ic ion lining ma e ials we e es ed, i.e.
hei s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion and
ab asi e wea esis ance in unlub ica ed
condi ions we e analysed.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2.1 Ma e ials
The subs a e ma e ial o all coppe -based
ic ion linings was a high-ca bon s eel, in o m o
ci cula discs, wi h chemical composi ion shown
in Table 1. Ou e diame e o all ci cula discs was
89 mm, inne diame e was 60 mm, and hickness
was 1.5 mm. Nine di e en coppe -based powde
mix u es we e compac ed and sin e ed on s eel
disc subs a es. Thei chemical composi ion is
shown in Table 2. The powde mix u es we e
p epa ed by ball milling a 200 pm o 90
minu es. A e ball milling, he a e age pa icle
size was 25 μm. All coppe -based ic ion linings
we e compac ed a a p essu e o 320 MPa, and
sin e ed a a empe a u e o 700 °С o 3 hou s.
Designa ion and ha dness o he ic ion lining
samples is shown in Table 2.
Table 1. Designa ion, chemical composi ion (w . %)
and ha dness o es ed ic ion lining samples.
Sample
designa ion
Powde chemical
composi ion [w .%]
Ha dness
HB
Zn
Sn
SiC
Cu
Cu-1Sn
3
1
–
Balance
75.5
Cu-2Sn
2
76.2
Cu-4Sn
4
81.5
Cu-6Sn
6
84.4
Cu-8Sn
8
89.2
Cu-10Sn
10
94.0
Cu-10Sn-2SiC
10
2
125
Cu-10Sn-4SiC
4
138
Cu-10Sn-6SiC
6
144
Table 2. Chemical composi ion (w .%) o s eel disc
subs a e.
Elemen
C
Si
Mn
Ni
P
S
C
Fe
Pe cen age
0.7
0.28
1.1
0.18
0.03
0.02
0.25
Balance
The hickness o ic ion linings was measu e in
10 poin s by Pocke -LEPTOSKOP 2021 Fe, and
he calcula ed a e age hickness o 150 μm was
he same o all samples.
2.2 Coe icien s o ic ion es ing
The coe icien o ic ion es ing was pe o med
on he es ig p esen ed in Fig. 2. Tes sample
(1) is moun ed and ixed in he sample holde
(3), which is connec ed h ough he non-elas ic
s ing wi h he dynamome e (6). Tangen ial
M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237
230
o ce (T) is loaded o he sample h ough he
e y slow o a ion o he mic ome ic sc ew (5)
and displayed on he dynamome e (6). The
coun e -body (2) is s a iona y and in con ac
wi h he es sample (1). The no mal o ce (Fn) is
se by means o he weigh s (4). The es ig
shown in Fig. 2 enables de e mina ion o he wo
alues, i.e. s a ic and kine ic coe icien o
ic ion. Bo h alues a e ead om he same
dynamome e (posi ion 6 in Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Schema ic diag am o he coe icien s o
ic ion es ing.
Tes pa ame e s we e as ollows: ou di e en
no mal loads, i.e. 40, 80, 120 and 160 N; d y
con ac condi ion, in ambien ai a oom
empe a u e (≈ 25 °C) and ela i e humidi y o
40 – 45 %. Tes sample and coun e -body we e
in he shape o ci cula disc wi h ou e /inne
diame e o 89/60 mm (Fig. 3). This gi es he
ini ial geome ical con ac a ea o app oxima ely
3394 mm2. Taking in o accoun his con ac a ea,
he speci ic loads we e app oxima ely 12, 24, 35
and 47 kPa. The es ing ime ( ime o he
possible s ess elaxa ion a he junc ions) was
30 s o each con ac pai .
2.3 Ab asi e wea es ing
Ab asi e wea es ing was ca ied ou on Tabe
Ab ase wi h a modi ied s anda d es
condi ions, i.e. only one ab asi e olle was used
(Fig. 4). A ci cula disc (1), ha ing ou e /inne
diame e o 89/60 mm, wi h ic ion lining
sample (2) is ixed on he ho izon al u n able
pla o m, d i en wi h cons an o a ional speed
(n) o 60 pm by he elec ic mo o (3). Ab asi e
olle (4), a Tabe ab ading wheel Calib ase® CS-
10, is moun ed on ho izon al axis (5) and
p o ides h ough weigh s (6) he necessa y
no mal load (Fn). Ab asi e wea o ic ion lining
samples is calcula ed as hei mass loss, i.e. as a
di e ence be ween he ini ial mass o he sample
and i s mass a e gi en numbe o ab asion
cycles (N), coun ed by he coun e (pos. 7 in Fig.
4). Mass o he samples is measu ed by he
elec onic balance wi h accu acy o 0.1 mg.
Fig. 4. Schema ic diag am o he ab asi e wea es ing.
Fig. 3. Appea ance o he coppe -based ic ion lining es sample (le ) and he s eel coun e -body ( igh ).
M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237
231
Ab asi e olle (wheel) is d i en by he o a ing
es sample. The wheels p oduce ab asion ma ks
ha o m a pa e n o c ossed a cs o e a ci cula
ing. The wid h o he wo n a ea (ci cula ing) is
12.7 mm, wi h he inne adius o 31.75 mm and
ou e adius o 44.45 mm (Fig. 5). The e o e, he
dis ance be ween he o a ional axis o ci cula
disc sample (1) and mass cen e o he con ac
a ea (K) is 38.1 mm, and he wo n a ea is
app oxima ely 30 cm2 [8]. The sliding ac ion
be ween he ic ion lining sample and ab asi e
olle is due o he ela i e mo ion be ween hem
which is cha ac e ised by he olle slip. This
occu s because he axe o he olle is shi ed
om he cen e o o a ion o ci cula disc
sample wi h he d i ing angle o a ound 30° [9].
Fig. 5. Wea ack (ligh e ci cula ing) on sample
Cu-4Sn a e 300 ab asion cycles (app ox. 71.8 m).
Tes pa ame e s we e as ollows: no mal load o
1 kg (9.8 N); a e age angen ial eloci y o
ic ion lining sample o 0.239 m/s; sliding
dis ance o N = 400 ab asion cycles (app ox. 95.8
m); d y con ac condi ion, in ambien ai a oom
empe a u e (≈ 25 °C) and ela i e humidi y o
40 – 45 %.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 S a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion
The ob ained alues o he coe icien s o ic ion
a e p esen ed in Fig. 6. Values we e in he ange
0.22 – 0.34 o s a ic coe icien o ic ion, and
0.15 – 0.32 o kine ic coe icien o ic ion.
These alues mo e o less co espond o he
alues o sin e ed ic ion clu ch ma e ials
unde d y sliding condi ions, which a e 0.36
(s a ic coe icien o ic ion) and 0.30 (kine ic
coe icien o ic ion) [10]. The a e age
coe icien o ic ion o mode n ic ion
ma e ials is be ween 0.3 and 0.5 [11]. In ou
case, con ac p essu e was e y small ( om 12
o 47 kPa) and ha could be he eason o
smalle alues o he coe icien s o ic ion.
I is well known ha he ic ion depends on he
size o ac ual ( eal) con ac a ea. The numbe
and size o he con ac poin will inc ease wi h
he inc easing p essu e. I he con ac be ween
aspe i ies is elas ic, he coe icien o ic ion will
dec ease wi h he inc easing p essu e. On he
o he hand, i he con ac be ween aspe i ies is
plas ic, he coe icien o ic ion will inc ease
wi h he inc easing p essu e. In gene al case he
coe icien o ic ion dependence on load
possesses he minimum ha is connec ed
di ec ly wi h ansi ion om elas ic o plas ic
con ac (when load is inc easing) and associa ed
a ia ion in he ela i e con ibu ion o he
ic ion componen s [12]. In ac , some hing
simila can be no iced on Fig. 6, which shows he
in luence o no mal load on bo h, s a ic and
kinema ic coe icien o ic ion. Bo h coe icien s
o ic ion, o all ma e ials, mainly dec ease as
he no mal load inc ease up o 80 N, and a e
ha load s a s mainly o inc ease.
Di e ences be ween s a ic and kine ic
coe icien o ic ion did no di e oo much
be ween he samples. On he o he hand, his
di e ence changes wi h applied no mal load.
The a e age dec ease o kine ic compa ing o
s a ic coe icien o ic ion was 0.08 (31.2 %) o
loads o 40 and 80 N, while o 100 and 120 N
loads his a e age dec ease was 0.03 (9.7 %).
S a ic coe icien o ic ion is usually g ea e
han kine ic coe icien o ic ion o abou 20 o
30 % [13]. When he s a ic coe icien o ic ion
is no iceably g ea e han he kinema ic one, he
phenomenon o s ick-slip may occu , which is
no desi able in e ms o con inuous o que
ansmission in ic ion couplings. This is due o
he ac ha be o e he onse o mo ion, a la ge
s ess elaxa ion a he junc ions may occu ,
which causes an inc ease in he eal a ea o
con ac and allows he adhesi e o ces o ully
de elop. This is pa icula ly impo an in he
M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237
232
con ac ha a e mos ly plas ic and when he
sliding su aces a e wi hou con aminan s [13].
In luences o in (Sn) con en and silicon ca bide
(SiC) pa icles con en on he s a ic and kine ic
coe icien s o ic ion a e analysed sepa a ely.
Based on he esul s gi en in Fig. 6, app op ia e
diag ams a e d awn o he dependences o
coe icien s o ic ion on Sn con en (Fig. 7), and
on SiC pa icles con en (Fig. 8), o di e en
loads. Once again, di e en beha iou is no iced
o lowe loads and o highe loads. Gene ally,
bo h s a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion a e
highe when he amoun o Sn in coppe -based
ic ion lining is highe , bu his in luence is e y
small o do no exis a all o lowe no mal
loads (Fig. 7). Fo highe loads his in luence can
no be neglec ed. As example, ic ion linings
wi h 8 and 10 w .% Sn, a highes applied load o
160 N, show he highes alues. Thei s a ic
coe icien o ic ion is highe by 0.07 (29.2 %)
and kine ic coe icien o ic ion is highe by
0.10 (50.0 %), compa ing o he ic ion lining
wi h 2 w .% Sn a he same load.
Cu-1Sn
0.26
0.22
0.25
0.26
0.17
0.22
0.22
0.18
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
Cu-2Sn
0.26
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.15
0.20
0.20
0.17
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
Cu-4Sn
0.26
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.18
0.25
0.25
0.18
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
Cu-6Sn
0.28
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.18
0.26
0.28
0.20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
Cu-8Sn
0.28
0.26
0.31
0.31
0.18
0.28
0.30
0.20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
Cu-10Sn
0.28
0.28
0.31
0.31
0.18
0.28
0.30
0.20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
Cu-10Sn-2SiC
0.28
0.28
0.31
0.32
0.18
0.28
0.30
0.20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
Cu-10Sn-4SiC
0.28
0.29
0.32
0.33
0.18
0.28
0.31
0.20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
Cu-10Sn-6SiC
0.28
0.29
0.32
0.34
0.18
0.28
0.32
0.20
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
40 80 120 160
Load [N]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
Fig. 6. S a ic and kine ic coe icien o ic ion o es ed ma e ials (con ac pai s) o di e en loads: In luence o
load on coe icien s o ic ion alues.

M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237
233
40 N
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sn con en [w . %]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
80 N
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sn con en [w . %]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
120 N
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sn con en [w . %]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
160 N
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
012345678910 11
Sn con en [w . %]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
Fig. 7. Dependence o s a ic and kine ic coe icien o
ic ion on Sn con en , o di e en no mal loads.
40 N
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SiC con en [w . %]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
80 N
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SiC con en [w . %]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
120 N
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SiC con en [w . %]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
160 N
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SiC con en [w . %]
Coe icien o ic ion (COF)
S a ic COF
Kine ic COF
Fig. 8. Dependence o s a ic and kine ic coe icien s o
ic ion on SiC con en , o di e en no mal loads.
M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237
234
Simila ly, addi ion o SiC pa icles o coppe -based
ic ion linings did no in luence in signi ican
meane he alues o he coe icien s o ic ion a
lowe loads (Fig. 8). The mo e signi ican inc ease
o coe icien s o ic ion is no ed only a he
highes load o 160 N. A his load he highes
alues o coe icien s o ic ion we e o he
ic ion lining con aining he bigges amoun o SiC
pa icles (Cu-10Sn-6SiC). S a ic coe icien o
ic ion o his ic ion linings a load o 160 N is
highe by 0.03 (9.7 %) and i s kine ic coe icien o
ic ion is highe by 0.02 (6.7 %), compa ing o he
ic ion lining wi hou SiC pa icles a he same
load. Based on he pe cen age inc ease a 160 N
load, i can be concluded ha he addi ion o Sn
has bigge in luence on coe icien s o ic ions
alues han he addi ion o SiC pa icles.
I we analyse he mu ual e ec o Sn and SiC
pa icles addi ion, he inc ease o he coe icien s
o ic ion is e en highe . This is ob ained by
compa ing ic ion lining which showed he
highes alues o coe icien s o ic ion (Cu-10Sn-
6SiC) wi h he ic ion lining which showed he
lowes alues o coe icien s o ic ion (Cu-2Sn).
In his case, a load o 160 N, he inc ease o s a ic
coe icien o ic ion o 0.10 (41.7 %), and kine ic
coe icien o ic ion o 0.12 (60.0 %) is ob ained.
3.2 Ab asi e wea esis ance
Ab asi e wea o he ic ion linings was
de e mined a a ious numbe o cycles, i.e. a N =
100, 200, 300 and 400, which co esponds o he
ollowing sliding dis ances: 23.9, 47.9, 71.8 and
95.8 m. Ob ained mass losses o each numbe o
cycle/sliding dis ance a e p esen ed in Table 3.
Table 3. Ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion linings
Sample
designa ion
Numbe o cycles (N)
100
200
300
400
Sliding dis ance [m]
23.9
47.9
71.8
95.8
Mass loss [mg]
Cu-1Sn
15.8
25.4
44.1
53.8
Cu-2Sn
14.8
16.6
33.2
36.2
Cu-4Sn
11.6
16.0
19.4
31.1
Cu-6Sn
12.8
14.7
27.7
29.2
Cu-8Sn
12.9
21.9
27.8
28.6
Cu-10Sn
12.0
23.8
24.5
25.0
Cu-10Sn-2SiC
10.0
14.6
18.5
20.1
Cu-10Sn-4SiC
8.0
12.2
16.8
18.1
Cu-10Sn-6SiC
5.0
10.2
14.8
16.1
Using he esul s om Table 3, mass losses a e
shown as a unc ion o sliding dis ance, in he
o m o compa a i e wea cu es (Fig. 9). The
appea ance o he cons uc ed wea cu es is
simila o all es ed ic ion linings, i.e. mo e o
less linea dependence o wea on sliding
dis ance is no iced. This sugges s ha he s eady-
s a e wea occu s om he beginning o he es s,
which is common hing o he ab asi e wea .
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sliding dis ance [m]
Mass loss [mg]
Cu-1Sn
Cu-2Sn
Cu-4Sn
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sliding dis ance [m]
Mass loss [mg]
Cu-6Sn
Cu-8Sn
Cu-10Sn
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sliding dis ance [m]
Mass loss [mg]
Cu-10Sn-2SiC
Cu-10Sn-4SiC
Cu-10Sn-6SiC
Fig. 9. Mass loss s. sliding dis ance (wea cu es) o
es ed ic ion linings.
M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237
235
In o de o easie compa ison o di e en
ic ion linings and in luences o Sn and SiC
pa icles con en , alues o o al wea a es a e
calcula ed and p esen ed in Figs. 10 and 11.
To al wea a es we e calcula ed by using he
highes mass losses and sliding dis ances,
assuming ha he s eady-s a e wea occu ed
om he beginning o he es s. In addi ion o he
wea da a, he ha dness o each o es ed ic ion
linings was de e mined (Table 2), as an ancilla y
mechanical p ope y, o make app op ia e
co ela ions (Figs. 10 and 11).
The analysis o he esul s show ha he
p esence o highe amoun o in (Sn) dec eases
he ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion linings (Fig.
10). The lowes wea a e o 2.61 × 10–1 mg/m
shows sample Cu-10Sn, i.e. ic ion lining wi h
he highes amoun o Sn (10 w .%). The
inc ease o wea esis ance o his ic ion
lining is app oxima ely 2.2 imes in compa ison
o ic ion lining Cu-1Sn (sample wi h he lowes
amoun o Sn o 1 w . %) which shows he
highes wea a e o 5.62 × 10–1 mg/m.
P esence o silicon ca bide (SiC) pa icles also
dec eases he ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion
linings, and his dec ease is highe as he
amoun o SiC pa icles inc eases (Fig. 11). The
lowes wea a e o 1.68 × 10–1 mg/m shows
sample Cu-10Sn-6SiC, i.e. ic ion lining wi h he
highes amoun o Sn (10 w .%) and highes
amoun o SiC pa icles (6 w .%). The inc ease o
wea esis ance o his ic ion lining is
app oxima ely 1.6 imes in compa ison o
ic ion lining Cu-10Sn (sample wi h he same
amoun o Sn and wi hou SiC pa icles) which
shows he wea a e o 2.61 × 10–1 mg/m.
F ic ion linings wi h
di e en Sn con en
5.62
3.78
3.25
3.05
2.99
2.61
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cu-1Sn Cu-2Sn Cu-4Sn Cu-6Sn Cu-8Sn Cu-10Sn
Wea a e x 10–1 [mg/m]
Cu-1Sn
Cu-10Sn
Cu-8Sn
Cu-6Sn
Cu-2Sn
Cu-4Sn
y = -0.0602x + 8.2583
R2 = 0.9333
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Ha dness HB
Wea a e x 10–1 [mg/m]
Fig. 10. F ic ion linings wi h di e en con en o Sn: o al wea a es (le ) and dependence o ab asi e wea a e
on ha dness ( igh ).
F ic ion linings wi h
di e en SiC con en
2.61
2.10
1.89
1.68
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Cu-10Sn Cu-10Sn-2SiC Cu-10Sn-4SiC Cu-10Sn-6SiC
Wea a e x 10–1 [mg/m]
Cu-10Sn
Cu-10Sn-
2SiC
Cu-10Sn-
6SiC
Cu-10Sn-
4SiC
y = -0.0178x + 4.2957
R2 = 0.9872
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
85 95 105 115 125 135 145 155
Ha dness HB
Wea a e x 10–1 [mg/m]
Fig. 11. F ic ion linings wi h di e en con en o SiC pa icles: o al wea a es (le ) and dependence o ab asi e
wea a e on ha dness ( igh ).
M. Kande a e al., T ibology in Indus y Vol. 39, No. 2 (2017) 228-237
236
I we analyse he mu ual e ec o Sn and SiC
pa icles addi ion, he inc ease o he wea
esis ance is e en highe . This is ob ained by
compa ing ic ion lining which had he lowes
wea a e (Cu-10Sn-6SiC) wi h he ic ion lining
which had he highes wea a e (Cu-1Sn). In his
case, inc ease o wea esis ance o
app oxima ely 3.3 imes is ob ained.
The no iced dec ease o wea a e wi h he
inc ease o Sn and SiC pa icles con en is
connec ed wi h ha dness o he es ed samples.
The wea a e dec eases as ha dness inc ease, as
i could be expec ed. The ela ionships be ween
ob ained ab asi e wea alues and ha dness
(Table 2) o es ed ic ion linings a e shown in
Figs. 10 and 11. The ob ained co ela ions
be ween wea a e and ha dness o es ed
samples a e almos linea , wi h he excep ion o
sample Cu-1Sn. Indeed, he o he ic ion linings
showed good co ela ion, since he R-squa ed
(R2) alue a e ela i ely high (R2 = 0.93 o
samples wi hou SiC pa icles and R2 = 0.99 o
samples wi h SiC pa icles).
4. CONCLUSIONS
In his s udy, he ic ion and wea beha iou o
nine di e en coppe -based ic ion linings,
p oduced om powde by p essing and
sin e ing, we e in es iga ed. Di e en samples
we e ob ained by a ying he amoun o Sn (1, 2,
4, 6, 8 and 10 w .%) and SiC pa icles (0, 2, 4 and
6 w .%) in ic ion linings.
Gene ally, bo h s a ic and kine ic coe icien s o
ic ion a e highe when he amoun o Sn in
coppe -based ic ion lining is highe , bu his
in luence is e y small o do no exis a all o
lowe no mal loads. Fo highe loads his
in luence can no be neglec ed. Simila ly,
addi ion o SiC pa icles o coppe -based ic ion
linings did no in luence in signi ican meane
he alues o he coe icien s o ic ion a lowe
loads, bu only a he highes applied load. The
analysis o he wea esul s show ha he
p esence o highe amoun o Sn dec eases he
ab asi e wea o es ed ic ion linings. P esence
o SiC pa icles also dec ease he ab asi e wea
o es ed ic ion linings, and his dec ease is
highe as he amoun o SiC pa icles inc eases.
The highes alues o s a ic and kine ic
coe icien o ic ion and he lowes wea a e
showed ic ion linings wi h he highes amoun
o Sn (10 w .%) and SiC pa icles (6 w .%). I
was shown ha wi h mu ual e ec o Sn and SiC
pa icles addi ion, ibological cha ac e is ic can
be inc eased up o 1.6 imes (kine ic coe icien
o ic ion) and up o 3.3 imes (wea
esis ance).
Acknowledgemen s
This wo k has been pe o med as a pa o
ac i i ies wi hin he ollowing p ojec s: (a)
Con ac : ДН 07/28-15.12.2016 “Resea ch and
c ea ion o new wea - esis an coa ings using
composi es and nanoma e ials”, unded by he
Na ional Science Fund o he Minis y o
Educa ion and Science, Bulga ia; (b) CEEPUS III
Ne wo k: CIII-BG-0703; (c) P ojec s TR 34028
and TR 35021, suppo ed by he Republic o
Se bia, Minis y o Educa ion, Science and
Technological De elopmen ; (d) P ojec LO1202,
unded by he Minis y o Educa ion, You h and
Spo s (MEYS) o Czech Republic, unde he
Na ional Sus ainabili y P og amme I.
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